Causative Constructions
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A Crosslinguistic Approach to Double Nominative and Biabsolutive Constructions
A Crosslinguistic Approach to Double Nominative and Biabsolutive Constructions: Evidence from Korean and Daghestanian∗ Andrei Antonenko1 and Jisung Sun2 Stony Brook University1,2 1. Introduction Distribution of case among distinct grammatical relations is one of the most frequently studied topics in the syntactic theory. Canonical cases are, in accusative languages, subjects of both intransitive and transitive verbs being nominative, while direct objects of transitive verbs are usually marked accusative. In ergative languages, subjects of intransitive verbs share properties with direct objects of transitive verbs, and are marked absolutive. Subjects of transitive verbs are usually ergative. When you look into world languages, however, there are ‘non-canonical’ case patterns too. Probably the most extreme kind of non-canonical case system would be so-called Quirky Subject constructions in Icelandic (see Sigurðsson 2002). This paper concerns constructions, in which two nominals are identically case-marked in a clause, as observed in Korean and Daghestanian languages. Daghestanian languages belong to Nakh-Daghestanian branch of North Caucasian family. Nakh-Daghestanian languages are informally divided into Nakh languages, such as Chechen and Ingush, spoken in Chechnya and the Republic of Ingushetia, respectively; and Daghestanian languages, spoken in the Republic of Daghestan. Those regions are located in the Caucasian part of Russian Federation. Some Daghestanian languages are also spoken in Azerbaijan and Georgia. This study focuses on Daghestanian languages, such as Archi, Avar, Dargwa, Hinuq, Khwarshi, Lak and Tsez, due to similar behaviors of them with respect to the described phenomenon. 2. Ergativity in Daghestanian Aldridge (2004) proposes that there are two types of syntactically ergative languages, based on which argument is performing functions typical for subjects. -
Oksana's BU Paper
ACQUISITION of GENDER in RUSSIAN * Oksana Tarasenkova University of Connecticut 1 The Background In adult Russian grammar the gender feature of nouns is closely related to their declension class. Their relationship was a controversial question that evoked two opposing views regarding the way gender is represented in adult Russian grammar. The representatives of one view argue for gender to be derived from the noun declension class (Declension-to Gender account, Corbett 1982), while proponents of the opposite account argue for the reversed pattern, where the inflectional morphology can be predicted from the information on the noun gender along with a phonological cue (Gender-to-Declension account, Vinogradov 1960, Thelin 1975, Crockett 1976 among others). My goal is to focus on children’s acquisition of gender in Russian in order to compare these two major divisions of research. They provide different morphological analyses of gender forms in Russian; therefore this debate makes different predictions about the acquisition of gender by children. I tested these opposing predictions using children’s data gathered from an experiment to identify what exactly children rely on when assigning gender to nouns. The experiment results support the Declension-to-Gender view and provide evidence that children are significantly more successful at assigning gender to the novel nouns relying on the nominal declension paradigm rather than on the adjectival agreement. The way gender is represented in adults’ competence grammar might not necessarily be the correct model of children’s acquisition of gender. The child has to learn the gender of a significant number of nouns and extract the declensional paradigms first in order to then be able to learn and apply these redundancy rules for novel nouns. -
Lesson 7 | Ntgreek in Session
Second Declension Nouns (Module B) Feminine and Neuter Nouns 7 Morphology: The Nominal System (Part 2) Overview 7.0 Introduction, 7-1 7.1 Second Declension Feminine Nouns, 7-2 7.2 Second Declension Neuter Nouns, 7-7 7.3 Second Declension Paradigm Overview, 7-13 7.4 Review of Second Declension Nouns, 7-14 7.5 Flow Chart For Second Declension Nouns, 7-21 7.6 NTGreek Language Study Tools, 7-22 7.7 Vocabulary Study, 7-23 Study Guide, 7-25 7.0 Introduction The acquisition of a new language is difficult. This difficulty is compounded if it is not heard and spoken on a regular basis. Because of these special challenges, it will take repeated exposures to new elements of NTGreek grammar before it is understood. Make no mistake about it; acquiring a new language and the skills required is a daunting task! Any grammar positing anything different is selling something. Many enthusiastic students soon realize they are swimming—if not perhaps drowning—in information. Out of frustration, they blame themselves and think they are not intelligent enough or too old to tackle Greek. What they do not realize is that this is the natural learning process. Babies are at first engulfed in a sea of meaningless noise before they gradually learn to detect and recognize meaningful sounds as words. Instead of frustration, the proper response is to continue to be enthusiastic and inquisitive about what you are learning just like a child! © 1996 – 2014 by William Ramey The Nominal System (Part 2) NTGreek In Session Lesson 7: The Second Declension (Module B) 7-2 Feminine and Neuter Nouns ________________________________________________________________ Those studying NTGreek on their own may become unsure what they are learning, especially when there is no authoritative source in their immediate vicinity to ask questions and gain needed reassurance that they are on the right path. -
Basic Korean: a Grammar and Workbook
BASIC KOREAN: A GRAMMAR AND WORKBOOK Basic Korean: A Grammar and Workbook comprises an accessible reference grammar and related exercises in a single volume. This workbook presents twenty-five individual grammar points in lively and realistic contexts, covering the core material which students would expect to encounter in their first year of learning Korean. Grammar points are followed by examples and exercises which allow students to reinforce and consolidate their learning. Basic Korean is suitable for both class use as well as independent study. Key features include: • abundant exercises with full answer key • all Korean entries presented in Hangul with English translations • subject index. Clearly presented and user-friendly, Basic Korean provides readers with the essential tools to express themselves in a wide variety of situations, making it an ideal grammar reference and practice resource for both beginners and students with some knowledge of the language. Andrew Sangpil Byon is Associate Professor at the State University of New York at Albany, where he teaches courses in Korean language and civilization. 99780415774871_A01.indd780415774871_A 01.ind d i i 77/4/2008/4/2008 11:43:04:43:04 PPMM Other titles available in the Grammar Workbooks series are: Basic Cantonese Intermediate Cantonese Basic Chinese Intermediate Chinese Basic German Intermediate German Basic Italian Basic Irish Intermediate Irish Basic Polish Intermediate Polish Basic Russian Intermediate Russian Basic Spanish Intermediate Spanish Basic Welsh Intermediate Welsh -
AN INTRODUCTORY GRAMMAR of OLD ENGLISH Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies
AN INTRODUCTORY GRAMMAR OF OLD ENGLISH MEDievaL AND Renaissance Texts anD STUDies VOLUME 463 MRTS TEXTS FOR TEACHING VOLUme 8 An Introductory Grammar of Old English with an Anthology of Readings by R. D. Fulk Tempe, Arizona 2014 © Copyright 2020 R. D. Fulk This book was originally published in 2014 by the Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies at Arizona State University, Tempe Arizona. When the book went out of print, the press kindly allowed the copyright to revert to the author, so that this corrected reprint could be made freely available as an Open Access book. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE viii ABBREVIATIONS ix WORKS CITED xi I. GRAMMAR INTRODUCTION (§§1–8) 3 CHAP. I (§§9–24) Phonology and Orthography 8 CHAP. II (§§25–31) Grammatical Gender • Case Functions • Masculine a-Stems • Anglo-Frisian Brightening and Restoration of a 16 CHAP. III (§§32–8) Neuter a-Stems • Uses of Demonstratives • Dual-Case Prepositions • Strong and Weak Verbs • First and Second Person Pronouns 21 CHAP. IV (§§39–45) ō-Stems • Third Person and Reflexive Pronouns • Verbal Rection • Subjunctive Mood 26 CHAP. V (§§46–53) Weak Nouns • Tense and Aspect • Forms of bēon 31 CHAP. VI (§§54–8) Strong and Weak Adjectives • Infinitives 35 CHAP. VII (§§59–66) Numerals • Demonstrative þēs • Breaking • Final Fricatives • Degemination • Impersonal Verbs 40 CHAP. VIII (§§67–72) West Germanic Consonant Gemination and Loss of j • wa-, wō-, ja-, and jō-Stem Nouns • Dipthongization by Initial Palatal Consonants 44 CHAP. IX (§§73–8) Proto-Germanic e before i and j • Front Mutation • hwā • Verb-Second Syntax 48 CHAP. -
Multiple Case Marking As Case Copying: a Unified Approach to Multiple Nominative and Accusative Constructions in Korean
Multiple Case Marking as Case Copying: A Unified Approach to Multiple Nominative and Accusative Constructions in Korean Byong-Rae Ryu Chungnam National University Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar Freie Universitat¨ Berlin Stefan Muller¨ (Editor) 2013 CSLI Publications pages 182–202 http://csli-publications.stanford.edu/HPSG/2013 Ryu, Byong-Rae. 2013. Multiple Case Marking as Case Copying: A Unified Approach to Multiple Nominative and Accusative Constructions in Korean. In Muller,¨ Stefan (Ed.), Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Head- Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, Freie Universitat¨ Berlin, 182–202. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications. Abstract This paper presents a unified approach to multiple nominative and ac- cusative constructions in Korean. We identify 16 semantic relations holding between two consecutive noun phrases (NPs) in multiple case marking con- structions, and propose each semantic relation as a licensing condition on double case marking. We argue that the multiple case marking construc- tions are merely the sequences of double case marking, which are formed by dextrosinistrally sequencing the pairs of the same-case marked NPs of same or different type. Some appealing consequences of this proposal in- clude a new comprehensive classification of the sequences of same-case NPs and a straightforward account of some long standing problems such as how the additional same-case NPs are licensed, and in what respects the multi- ple nominative marking and the multiple accusative marking are alike and different from each other. 1 Introduction This paper deals with multiple case marking constructions (MCCs) in Korean in a unified way. MCCs notably include multiple nominative constructions (MNCs) like in (1a) and multiple accusative constructions (MACs) like in (1b).1 (1) a. -
A Study on How to Teach Tense to Chinese Korean Language Learners
Pan-Pacific Association of Applied Linguistics 15(1), 221-234 A Study on How to Teach Tense to Chinese Korean Language Learners Sun-Min Lee Namseoul University Lee, S. M. (2011). A study on how to teach tense to Chinese Korean language learners. Journal of Pan-Pacific Association of Applied Linguistics, 15(1), 221-234. Presently it is hard to find a thesis which have presented the teaching plan on how to teach the tense to Chinese learners on the spot of learning and even the textbooks in classes cover the subject of tense only in the medium or high level. The author considers that the learners' mistakes on the subject of tense are apt to be fossilized, if they are not corrected in the beginning stage. Thus, the author intends to present the exercises on 'tense', as a means to teach the learners in the basic or low intermediate step, in Chapter 3 of this thesis. Considering on the basis of the properties of Chinese language, the present tense of Korean does not seem to be so difficult to Chinese learners that it was decided to be excluded from the subject. Therefore, the subject of this research would be limited to the past tense and the future tense out of the trisected tenses of present, past and future. The reason for the exclusion of present tense will be explained in detail in the following Chapter 2. Key Words: Chinese Korean language learners, Korean tense, tense teach 1 Preface The grammatic concept of 'tense' in Korean does not exist in the language of Chinese1. -
Morphosyntactic Phenomena of Korean in Role and Reference Grammar
MORPHOSYNTACTIC PHENOMENA OF KOREAN IN ROLE AND REFERENCE GRAMMAR: PSYCH-VERB CONSTRUCTIONS, INFLECTIONAL VERB MORPHEMES, COMPLEX SENTENCES, AND RELATIVE CLAUSES by BYONG-SEON YANG May 1, 1994 A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Department of Linguistics of State University of New York at Buffalo in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ACKNOWLEDGMENTS When I arrived in Austin, Texas to study for my Ph.D. in August, 1986, it was a hot and humid summer. When I finished this dissertation in Buffalo, New York, eight years later, it was a cool and pleasant summer. To finish this dissertation, I owe thanks for many people’s help and encouragement. I would like to express my gratitude for their support in completing this dissertation. First of all, my greatest thanks go to my adviser, Robert D. Van Valin, Jr. for his helpful suggestions and guidance, not only scholarly but alos personal. My research is based on his Role and Reference Grammar, and my interest in many of the topics in the dissertation is completely inspired by his work. Without his encouragement, I would never have started or finished this dissertation. I express here all my gratitude for the various kinds of help he gave me. I also wish to thank Matthew S. Dryer and David A. Zubin, who acted as committee members for the dissertation. Professor Dryer’s guidance and suggestions for earlier drafts have especially improved my arguments. He shared his insights and knowledge with me, and these were particularily helpful in the chapter on relative clauses. -
A Case Study in Language Change
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Honors Theses Lee Honors College 4-17-2013 Glottopoeia: A Case Study in Language Change Ian Hollenbaugh Western Michigan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/honors_theses Part of the Other English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Hollenbaugh, Ian, "Glottopoeia: A Case Study in Language Change" (2013). Honors Theses. 2243. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/honors_theses/2243 This Honors Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Lee Honors College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. An Elementary Ghau Aethauic Grammar By Ian Hollenbaugh 1 i. Foreword This is an essential grammar for any serious student of Ghau Aethau. Mr. Hollenbaugh has done an excellent job in cataloguing and explaining the many grammatical features of one of the most complex language systems ever spoken. Now published for the first time with an introduction by my former colleague and premier Ghau Aethauic scholar, Philip Logos, who has worked closely with young Hollenbaugh as both mentor and editor, this is sure to be the definitive grammar for students and teachers alike in the field of New Classics for many years to come. John Townsend, Ph.D Professor Emeritus University of Nunavut 2 ii. Author’s Preface This grammar, though as yet incomplete, serves as my confession to what J.R.R. Tolkien once called “a secret vice.” History has proven Professor Tolkien right in thinking that this is not a bizarre or freak occurrence, undergone by only the very whimsical, but rather a common “hobby,” one which many partake in, and have partaken in since at least the time of Hildegard of Bingen in the twelfth century C.E. -
Morphological Causatives in Korean: Problems in Grammatical Polysemy and Constructional Relations
Morphological Causatives in Korean: Problems in Grammatical Polysemy and Constructional Relations by Jeong-Woon Park B.A. (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies) 1983 M.A (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies) 1985 M.A. (University of California at Berkeley) 1990 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA at BERKELEY Committee in charge: Professor Charles J. Fillmore, Co-Chair Professor Eve Sweetser, Co-Chair Professor George Lakoff Professor Alan Timberlake Professor Peter Sells 1994 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The dissertation of Jeong-Woon Park is approved: Co-Chaii Dai t ??y Co-i fefcrCl/A___________ University of California at Berkeley 1994 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Morphological Causatives in Korean: Problems in Grammatical Polysemy and Constructional Relations Copyright © 1994 by Jeong-Woon Park Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Abstract Morphological Causatives in Korean: Problems in Grammatical Polysemy and Constructional Relations by Jeong-Woon Park Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics University of California at Berkeley Professor Charles J. Fillmore, Co-Chair Professor Eve Sweetser, Co-Chair This dissertation is an analysis of the Korean morphological causative con struction in comparison with a range of constructions related to it either for mally or semantically. In previous work the causative marker (CM) used in the morphological causative has generally been treated as being homonymous with the marker used in the morphological passive, both variously surfacing as i, ki, li, or hi depending on context. -
2Nd Declension (O Ending)
Introduction to Greek Grammar (Mounce ch. 1-4) The Greek Alphabet: Small Letter Capital Name Sound a A Alpha a as in father b B Beta b as in Bible g G Gamma g as in God d D Delta d as in dog e E Epsilon e as in met z Z Zeta z as in zoo h H Eta e as in obey q Q Theta th as in thing i I Iota i as in inside k K Kappa k as in kitchen l L Lambda l as in lamb m M Mu m as in mother n N Nu n as in new x X Xsi x as in axe o O Omicron o as in pot p P Pi p as in peach r R Rho r as in rod s, j S Sigma s as in study t T Tau t as in talk u U Upsilon u as in book f F Phi ph as in phone c C Chi ch as in chasm y Y Psi ps as in lips w W Omega o as in tone 1 Vowels: English Greek Short Long Vowels Vowel Vowel a a e e h i i o o w u u Notice how in Greek there are two more vowels. There is a long “e” and a long “o.” The difference is in their pronunciation. It will be important to identify them for translation. Dipthongs: A dipthong is basically two vowels that go together to form one sound. The second vowel is always a iota (i) or an upsilon (u). -
History and Typology of the Instrumental Case (Based on the Comparative Study of the Literary Documents in Turkic Languages)
ISSN 2411-9598 (Print) European Journal of Jan-Apr 2016 ISSN 2411-4103 (Online) Language and Literature Studies Vol.4, Nr. 1 History and Typology of the Instrumental Case (Based on the Comparative Study of the Literary Documents in Turkic Languages) Aynur Gadimaliyeva Assistant Professor, Azerbaijan State University of Economics, Department of Azerbaijani Language [email protected] Abstract This article touches upon the research, which employing comparative historical approach has been carried on about the instrument-togetherness (instrumental) case – the seventh case of noun, which is used in most of the Turkic languages, but has been removed from grammar books after becoming archaic in the Azerbaijani literary language. This case, having kept its place in the history of development of the Azerbaijani language is still evident in stabilised state within some lexical units through the suffixes –ın, in, which are the morphological indicators of the instrumental case. As postpositions birlə, bilə, ilə, - la, -lə denote togetherness, this has caused the expulsion of the instrumental case from among the case paradigm. This article uses the samples selected from the XV century literary works, analyzes the morphological indicators of this ancient case, and compares them to the sources in other Turkic languages. Keywords: Azerbaijani-Turkic language, noun, instrument-togetherness (instrumental) case Introduction The case category of noun has been stabilised after going through a certain path of historical development. As such, as the grammatical structure of the language became stabilised, the case system has also evolved and the process of attachment of the case indicators to individual cases has gained momentum.