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Vehicle Technology and Fuels 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111ngr CENTER FOR CLEAN AIR POLICY Part Two: Vehicle Technology and Fuels Written and Developed by: Greg Dierkers, Mark Houdashelt, Erin Silsbe, Shayna Stott, Steve Winkelman & Mac Wubben www.ccap.org/guidebook [email protected] With Support from the: US Department of Transportation’s Center for Climate Change and Forecasting 750 First Street, NE Suite 940 Washington, DC 20002 CCAP’S MISSION (202) 408-9260 Phone The Center for Clean Air Policy was established in 1985 by a group of (202) 408-8896 Fax www.ccap.org state governors to develop and promote innovative policy solutions to energy and environmental problems. From our initial work as a key player in the development of a SO2 trading system to help control acid rain to ongoing projects that focus on market-oriented approaches to ozone, climate change, and air toxics, we have promoted the idea that sound energy and environmental policy solutions serve both environmental and economic interests. The Center has over 20 years of Governor Tony Earl* experience addressing climate change, air emissions, and energy policy Quarles & Brady Chairman in ways that are both efficient and effective. Robert C. Shinn, Jr* S2 Concepts The Center has been actively engaged in analyzing and advancing Vice-Chairman policies in all sectors of the economy-electricity, transportation and land- Ned Helme use, buildings, commercial, industrial, agriculture, and forestry-as well as President cross-cutting experience in emissions trading and emissions registries. Board of Directors The Center uses a number of tools in its efforts to support policy Commissioner James D. Boyd development, including stakeholder dialogues and economic and policy California Energy Commission analysis. Through carefully directed stakeholder dialogues, the Center is Brad Campbell able to integrate technical analyses with political realities to create Wolff and Samson PC recommendations for policy designs that have support from multiple E. Donald Elliott Willkie, Farr & Gallagher/Yale Law groups and strong prospects for implementation. The Center is also School highly experienced in many of the analyses needed to inform the policy Marianne Lais Ginsburg (Retired) development process, including cost-effectiveness analysis, power sector German Marshall Fund of the U.S. modeling, and economy-wide modeling. David G. Hawkins* Natural Resources Defense Council Stanley LaBruna PSEG Services Corporation Dr. Mark Levine Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Jim Maddy* Association of Zoos & Aquariums John Wells BP Mary D. Nichols UCLA Institute of the Environment D. Louis Peoples* Nyack Management Company, Inc. Conrad Schneider Clean Air Task Force Ronald Sims King County Government John Stowell Duke Energy Corporation Dr. Fernando Tudela Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Mexico *Executive Committee member CCAP Transportation Emissions Guidebook Part Two: Vehicle Technology and Fuels GUIDEBOOK OVERVIEW States and localities have influence over a number of decisions that affect transportation emissions such as land use regulation, transportation planning, tax incentives and infrastructure spending. The purpose of this guidebook is to engage state and local officials in understanding the extent to which policy decisions impact air pollution, energy use, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The Transportation Emissions Guidebook consists of two parts: Part One: Land Use, Transit & Travel Demand Management This first section focuses on policies related to travel demand and examines the impacts of land use and investment decisions on transportation emissions. Policies analyzed in part one include: transit-oriented development, bicycle initiatives, pay- as-you-drive insurance, light rail, comprehensive smart growth policy, etc. Part Two: Vehicle Technology and Fuels The second part of the guidebook focuses on measures that influence vehicle technology, fuel and operational choices that impact transportation emissions. Policies discussed in Part Two include: feebates, hybrid vehicles, biofuels, low-rolling resistance tires, truck stop and vessel electrification, locomotive technologies, driver training, etc. The purpose of the Transportation Emissions Guidebook is to provide basic ‘rules of thumb’ to calculate emissions reductions from the implementation of specific transportation and land use policies. The guidebook is a unique tool that consists of a user-friendly spreadsheet tool, or Guidebook Emissions Calculator, which enables users to quantify the emissions benefits from a variety of projects and policies, a series of policy briefs, and a technical appendix. Each of these is discussed in more detail below. Guidebook Emissions Calculator The Guidebook Emissions Calculator consists of individual worksheets for all of the quantified policy briefs, a summary matrix table across measures, and documentation of emission factors used. For Part One, the Guidebook Emissions Calculator incorporates the rules of thumb into a VMT calculation. For Part Two, the Guidebook Emissions Calculator is based on emissions profiles of drivers and vehicles. The calculation is not meant to give an exact estimate of the reductions from the policy measures; rather it presents an order of magnitude sense of potential emissions reductions. In Part One, the emissions impacts are typically calculated by applying standard emissions factors to the VMT reduction estimates. In Part Two, emissions savings are calculated by estimating the improved driver or vehicle emissions profiles and applying them to a fixed level of VMT. The policies analyzed within the spreadsheet tool (identifiable with the same numbering as in the report) present impacts based on default or average data on the left (coded in blue), but allow the user to enter regional specific data in the right column (coded in orange). The shaded cells represent the areas typically adjusted by users, but all assumptions can be changed. The default tables from the spreadsheet tool are also incorporated into the policy briefs in the report to give the reader a general idea of the possible reductions from each of the policies quantified. Center for Clean Air Policy 2 [email protected] Dialogue. Insight. Solutions. CCAP Transportation Emissions Guidebook Part Two: Vehicle Technology and Fuels Policy Briefs Each part of the guidebook contains a series of policy briefs subdivided into key subject areas. An important point to note is that the dividing line between these subject areas is not hard and fast, rather, its purpose is to allow for a more navigable report. Each of the policy briefs includes: A qualitative description including case studies, implementation issues, and references; A quantitative analysis including an assessment of potential air quality benefits, energy savings, and GHG reductions (note: the default data tables from the spreadsheet tool are included in the policy briefs); and Web-links to relevant models and resources Background and Technical Appendix The final component of the Transportation Emissions Guidebook is the supplementary information found in the background and in the technical appendix (located together on the website under the Background header on the toolbar). In the background section the reader will find relevant introductory text about transportation emissions, and in the technical appendix, the user will find more information on relevant models and quantitative tools that go beyond the scope of the Guidebook Emissions Calculator. A Comment on Data and Assumptions The authors would like to note that the Transportation Emissions Guidebooks are not designed to model actual reductions in criteria pollutants, greenhouse gases, fuel use, etc., from the Guidebook's transportation policies and programs. Rather, this tool is designed to allow users to obtain an initial order of magnitude estimate of the emissions and fiscal benefits that might occur from implementing the identified policies. Any further certainty will require more thorough analyses. For more information, please contact us at www.ccap.org. A LIVING DOCUMENT Part Two of the Transportation Emissions Guidebook places an emphasis on current and emerging vehicle technology and fuel measures that help to reduce emissions and energy use in the transportation sector. The guidebook highlights recent case studies and incorporates the latest data sources whenever possible. To keep the Transportation Emissions Guidebook relevant and as useful as possible to the users, we hope to update it at regular intervals with the latest information. To accomplish this however we would greatly appreciate any feedback you, the user, may offer. If you know of a case study or a better “number” for example, please send your feedback to Erin Silsbe, [email protected] CCAP would like to thank the United States Department of Transportation and the Center for Climate and Environmental Forecasting as well as the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the Surdna Foundation for their support in the development of this guidebook. Center for Clean Air Policy 3 [email protected] Dialogue. Insight. Solutions. CCAP Transportation Emissions Guidebook Part Two: Vehicle Technology and Fuels TABLE OF CONTENTS BACKGROUND 5 1.0 PASSENGER VEHICLES 9 1.1 Low-GHG tailpipe emission standards 1.2 Feebates 1.3 Tax Incentives for Efficient Vehicles 1.4 Fuel Tax 1.5 Procurement of Low-GHG/Alternative Fuel Fleet Vehicles 1.6 Biofuels Standards 1.7 Vehicle Scrappage 1.8 Driver Training 1.9 Anti-idling
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