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Agroforestry Systems As a Technique for Sustainable Land Management

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Agroforestry Systems As a Technique for Sustainable Land Management Agroforestry systems as a technique for sustainable land management AECID Unicopia ediciones ISBN: 978-84-96351-59-2 Depósito Legal: LU-168-2009 Agroforestry Systems as a Technique for Sustainable Territorial Management Main Editors: María Rosa Mosquera-Losada Departamento de Producción Vegetal Escuela Politécnica Superior Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. Campus de Lugo Juan Luis Fernández-Lorenzo Departamento de Producción Vegetal Escuela Politécnica Superior Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. Campus de Lugo Antonio Rigueiro-Rodríguez* Coordinator Departamento de Producción Vegetal Escuela Politécnica Superior Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. Campus de Lugo Associate Editors for Andalusia block: Ana Belén Robles Cruz Pastos y Sistemas Silvopastorales Mediterráneos Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC) CIFA-IFAPA José Luis González-Rebollar Pastos y Sistemas Silvopastorales Mediterráneos Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC) CIFA-IFAPA Associate Editors for Extremadura block: María Lourdes López-Díaz EUIT Forestal Centro Universitario de Plasencia Universidad de Extremadura Gerardo Moreno Marcos EUIT Forestal Centro Universitario de Plasencia Universidad de Extremadura Associate Editors for Galicia block: José Javier Santiago-Freijanes Departamento de Producción Vegetal Escuela Politécnica Superior Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. Campus de Lugo Esther Fernández-Núñez Departamento de Producción Vegetal Escuela Politécnica Superior Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. Campus de Lugo Associate Editors for MAGREB block Aziza Boubaker Institut National Agronomique de Tunis Taha Najar Institut National Agronomique de Tunis Ali Aloui Institut Sylvo-Pastoral de Tabarka. Tunisie Translation: Juan Luis Fernández-Lorenzo Manuel Bertomeu García Design: José Javier Santiago-Freijanes 3 Preface Agroforestry Systems as a Technique for Sustainable Territorial Management Preface The Spanish Agency for International Cooperation and Development (AECID) has funded the II Edition of the Advanced Seminar on Agroforestry Systems for Sustainable Land Management within the framework of the Azahar Program on sustainable development and natural resource management. The seminar was organised by the University of Santiago de Compostela, The University of Extremadura, the CSIC (Spanish National Research Council, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Granada), and the working group on Agroforestry Systems of the Spanish Society of Forestry Science. The objective of the seminar was to share with scientists, managers, and technicians from the MAGREB countries and Palestine, knowledge of sustainable natural resource management, in particular, on the management of silvopastoral agroforestry systems that consider environmental, economic, and socio-cultural factors. These systems have been promoted by several international organizations such as FAO and the European Union. Agroforestry systems are key to rural development in that they combine income generation with environmental protection (biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation) and enhanced landscape values. In this seminar, Spain and Palestine and the MAGREB countries have developed a framework for the short, medium, and long-term cooperation with the establishment and evaluation of agroforestry systems, with an emphasis on silvopastoral systems that consider productive, environmental, and socio-cultural aspects. The seminar provided a good opportunity to discuss various theoretical and practical aspects of agroforestry in a diverse range of environments (uplands, humid, and dry Mediterranean areas). Several members of forester and farming associations actively participated in the seminar as agroforestry practicioners involved in the management and 7 Azahar Program conservation of authoctonous livestock in agroforestry systems. Special emphasis was also put on agroforestry systems and practices for the sustainable management of forest lands. The content of this book represents the work presented at the seminar by scientists, university professors, and government technicians, as well as the papers and case studies developed by the participants. We would like to express our gratitude to all the authors and institutions involved for their collaboration. Finally, our most sincere gratitude also goes to the AECID for the financial support that made this seminar possible. The editors 8 Contents Agroforestry Systems as a Technique for Sustainable Territorial Management Contents General characteristics of the course field sites: Andalusia and Southeast Spain González-Rebollar JL 15 The land and its resources, livestock, and forestry: Livestock resources of Andalusia Boza-López J 29 The Mediterranean pastures and silvopastoral systems: basic concepts Robles AB 59 Methods of analysis of pasture and silvopastoral systems at the plot and farm scale Robles AB 71 The forests and rural landscapes of Andalusia Guzmán Álvarez JR 95 The Tunisian cork oak forests: environmental, economic, and social importance Garchi S 105 Importance of sylvopastoralism to the income of populations that exploit Ordha cork oak forests (NW Tunisia) Aloui A 117 Silvopastoral systems for forest fire prevention in Andalusia Ruiz-Mirazo J 123 Non-trade amenities for sustainable management of Mediterranean Rural Areas: The environmental goods of traditional mountainous agrarian systems in the South-eastern of Spain Sayadi S 131 Social demand for the aesthetic externality of rural landscape: Monetary and non- monetary valuation for sustainable agri-environmental policy design in Mediterranean rural areas Sayadi S 145 11 Azahar Program Creation of Dehesas: A History Pulido F 163 The Dehesa: The most extensive agroforestry system in Europe Moreno G, López-Díaz ML 171 Nutritional resources in the dehesa: Improved pastures López-Díaz ML 185 Roles and Functioning of Agroforestry Systems Moreno G, López-Díaz ML 197 Biodiversity in the dehesa Díaz M 209 Hunting in dehesas: a sustainable resource? González-Bornay G 227 Efficiency in the use of natural resources for recreation and tourism Moya M 235 The decline of Quercus ilex and Q. suber in the Iberian Peninsula Vivas M, Cubera E, Moreno G, Solla A. 247 SEXTANTE, a gvSIG–based platform for geospatial analysis Olaya-Ferrero V, Giménez-Fernández JC 257 Fighting desertification in Mauritania: Remedial techniques for mechanical stabilisation and biological dune fixation Moustapha Ould Mohamed1, Zouleikha N’Dao2 273 Carbon sequestration in the cork oak forests and in their substitution and degradation stages Aloui Ali 285 Management and opportunities of agroforestry systems Mosquera-Losada MR, Santiago-Freijanes JJ, Fernández-Núñez E, Rigueiro- Rodríguez A 293 Economic Assessment of Silvopastoral Systems Fernández-Núñez E, Rigueiro-Rodríguez A, Mosquera-Losada MR 303 12 Agroforestry Systems as a Technique for Sustainable Territorial Management Silvopastoral systems and biodiversity Silva-Pando FJ, Rozados-Lorenzo MJ, González-Hernández MP 317 Qualitative study of the reproduction cork in the cork oak forests of Ain Draham Aloui A 327 Silvopastoral systems for forest fire prevention Rigueiro-Rodríguez A, Fernández-Núñez E, Santiago-Freijanes JJ, Mosquera- Losada M 335 Non-Timber forest products of agroforestry systems in Galicia Rodríguez-Barreira S, Romero-Franco MR, Mosquera-Losada MR, Rigueiro- Rodríguez A 345 Medicinal plants: Cultivation possibilities Romero-Franco R 353 Quality of Vegetation in Silvopastoral Systems González-Hernández MP 363 Support to the transformation of comunal forest land in Galicia Villada-Legaspi E 373 Chemical composition of several species of the maquis in the northwest of Tunisia Gasmi-Boubaker A, Kayouli C 383 Use by young sheep of a mixture of a shrub-based silage fodder Najar T, Nacef N, Nasr H 395 Long-term effects of total forest protection on sandarac conservation and agro- pastoral practices of forest users in Tunisia’s Boukornine mountains Ben Mansoura A, Mechergui R 405 13 General characteristics of the course field sites: Andalusia and Southeast Spain González-Rebollar JL Mediterranean pastures and silvopastoral systems. Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC). IFAPA-CIFA. Camino de Purchil s/n E-18004 Granada. Spain The environment of Andalusia Andalusia occupies a bio-geographic transition area between the South of Europe and the North of Africa, comprising a vast representation of the meridian environments of the continent (Mota et al. 1997). The following characteristics describe the Mediterranean climate: 1) a young and active orography; 2) a varied geology and soils; 3) a paleo-ecological history influenced by time and space; 4) a long history of human influence and transformation of the environment. Geomorphologic units In Andalusia it is possible to differentiate three large geomorphologic units. The first is the Sierra Morena (I), located in the north of the Guadalquivir valley, with an average altitude of 600 m and the highest 15 Azahar Program elevation of 1,323 m in Sierra Madrona (Jaén). The second is the Guadalquivir valley (II), which is the extensive alluvial plain forming the main river valley in the region, with elevation ranging from 200-400 m. And the third is the Betic Cordillera (III), the so called “Alta Andalusia” (or High Andalusia), that covers more than half of the region’s land area, including the highest elevation of the Iberian Peninsula found in the province of Granada (Mulhacén, 3 481 m) (Junta de Andalusia 1989, 2007) (Figure 1). Associated to these geomorphologic
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