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Animal Nutrition
GCSE Agriculture and Land Use Animal Nutrition Food production and Processing For first teaching from September 2013 For first award in Summer 2015 Food production and Processing Key Terms Learning Outcomes Intensive farming Extensive farming • Explain the differences between intensive and Stocking rates extensive farming. Organic methods • Assess the advantages and disadvantages of intensive and extensive farming systems, Information including organic methods The terms intensive and extensive farming refer to the systems by which animals and crops are grown and Monogastric Digestive Tract prepared for sale. Intensive farming is often called ‘factory farming’. Intensive methods are used to maximise yields and production of beef, dairy produce, poultry and cereals. Animals are kept in specialised buildings and can remain indoors for their entire lifetime. This permits precise control of their diet, breeding , behaviour and disease management. Examples of such systems include ‘barley beef’ cattle units, ‘battery’ cage egg production, farrowing crates in sow breeding units, hydroponic tomato production in controlled atmosphere greenhouses. The animals and crops are often iStockphoto / Thinkstock.com fertilised, fed, watered, cleaned and disease controlled by Extensive beef cattle system based on pasture automatic and semi automatic systems such as liquid feed lines, programmed meal hoppers, milk bacterial count, ad lib water drinkers and irrigation/misting units. iStockphoto / Thinkstock.com Extensive farming systems are typically managed outdoors, for example with free-range egg production. Animals are free to graze outdoors and are able to move around at will. Extensive systems often occur in upland farms with much lower farm stocking rates per hectare. Sheep and beef farms will have the animals grazing outdoors on pasture and only brought indoors and fed meals during lambing season and calving season or during the part of winter when outdoor conditions are too harsh. -
Soil Regeneration Increases Crop Nutrients, Antioxidants and Adaptive Responses
MOJ Food Processing & Technology Research Article Open Access Soil regeneration increases crop nutrients, antioxidants and adaptive responses Abstract Volume 6 Issue 2 - 2018 Since 1981, the Rodale Farming Systems Trial (RFST) differentiated organic (org) from conventional (con) farming systems showing that org systems can have a transformative Paul Reed Hepperly,1 Emmanual Omondi,2 potential to increase soil quality. On the other hand, throughout the RFST history, con Rita Seidel1 system never increased soil organic carbon (SOC) nor soil nitrogen, (SON). During the 1Department of plant pathology, The Rodale Institute, USA first 5 years, org systems were increased significantly (p = 0.05) for SOC and SON. Organic 2Director of the Farming Systems Trial, The Rodale Institute, farming systems do not employ org restricted inputs i.e. synthetic fertilizers and pesticides USA instead they relied on biologically based inputs such as cover crops, extended legume rotation and organic amendment. Conventional system used recommended fertilizer and Correspondence: Paul Reed Hepperly, Department of plant herbicide without biological based inputs. Both Org systems, significantly increased both pathology, The Rodale Institute, Kutztown, 611 Siegfriedale Road, SOC and SON but were not statistically different from each other. Increased SOC and Pennsylvania, USA, Email [email protected] SON opened a research venue supporting testing hypotheses of how soil improvement can affect i) crop nutrition ii) disease reactions and iii) adaptability. Unique org and con Received: March 06, 2018 | Published: March 26, 2018 system legacies allowed effective SOC/SON differentiations and comparison. Different soil levels were compared under the same location and same genotypes eliminated confounding factors to better evaluate the effect of the differentiated soil condition. -
Sustainable Milk Production in Different Dairy Cattle Systems and Valorisation of Environmental Chain on the Basis of Added Value
Sustainable milk production in different dairy cattle systems and valorisation of environmental chain on the basis of added value Cassandro, M. Poljoprivreda/Agriculture ISSN: 1848-8080 (Online) ISSN: 1330-7142 (Print) http://dx.doi.org/10.18047/poljo.21.1.sup.4 Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni institut Osijek Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Agricultural Institute Osijek ISSN 1330-7142 UDK: 637.1:574.2 DOI: 10.18047/poljo.21.1.sup.4 SUSTAINABLE MILK PRODUCTION IN DIFFERENT DAIRY CATTLE SYSTEMS AND VALORISATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHAIN ON THE BASIS OF ADDED VALUE Cassandro, M. Scientific review SUMMARY Aim of this review is to estimate milk yield and predicted methane emissions added values in local and cosmopolitan cow breeds reared in Italian circumstances. Nowadays it is well known that over the next 50 years, the world’s farmers will be asked to produce more food than has been produced in the past thousand years, and in this concern it will be in environmentally sustainable way. The review will higlight the differences between intensive and extensive agricultural systems and this will be discussed and evaluated in dairy cattle production system context. In conclusion, animal genetic resources need to be evaluated not only per unit of output but for other direct and indirect output units related to social and human returns supporting different animal production systems, intensive or extensive ones. The intensive and extensive farming systems are not replaceable to each other, but they should be combined in order to respond to different social and envi- ronmental needs, so, to define the best sustainable production system. -
Robotic Farmers in Agriculture
Advances in Robotics & Mechanical Engineering DOI: 10.32474/ARME.2019.01.000125 ISSN: 2643-6736 Letter to Editor Robotic Farmers in Agriculture Manu Mitra* Department of Electrical Engineering, Alumnus of University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, United States *Corresponding author: Manu Mitra, Department of Electrical Engineering, Alumnus of University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, United States Received: March 06, 2019 Published: March 12, 2019 Introduction Revolution of Robotic farmer is on the way, fruit picking Robotic Weeders The increasing recognition of robotic weeders for specialty workers at one point of time. A Robot Farmer is just a one of the crops has grown – Specialty crops are vegetables like lettuce, machines are ready to roll into the fields and will replace human new technologies that will completely transform agriculture sector. broccoli, tomatoes and onions. These are not produced in mass Today’s agricultural technology helps farmers to plow and spray like corn, soybeans and wheat. The reason for robotic weeders crops. In an improved automation and big data analytics with available for usage in specialty crops. Another issue; as a matter steams from two major issues. One is a deficiency of herbicides Sachs estimates precision farming – the combination of agriculture of fact hand-weeding has become more and more expensive. farming robot technology are pointing out to big benefits. Goldman and technology could be around $240 billion market by 2050. As Without pesticides, growers have had to hire people to hand-weed analytics and machines for precision farming is one of the top it can cost around $150-$30 per acre. That is one of the reasons per Euro monitor intersection of robotics, artificial intelligence, vast fields. -
Economics of Robots and Automation in Field Crop Production by Lowenberg-Deboer, J
Economics of robots and automation in field crop production by Lowenberg-DeBoer, J. Huang, I., Grigoriadis, V. and Blackmore, S. Copyright, publisher and additional information: Publishers version distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-019-09667-5 Lowenberg‐DeBoer, J. Huang, I., Grigoriadis, V. and Blackmore, S. 2019. Economics of robots and automation in field crop production. Precision Agriculture. 17 May 2019 Precision Agriculture https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-019-09667-5 Economics of robots and automation in feld crop production James Lowenberg‑DeBoer2 · Iona Yuelu Huang1 · Vasileios Grigoriadis2 · Simon Blackmore2 © The Author(s) 2019 Abstract This study reviewed research published after 1990 on the economics of agricultural mechatronic automation and robotics, and identifed research gaps. A systematic search was conducted from the following databases: ScienceDirect, Business Source Complete, Wiley, Emerald, CAB Abstract, Greenfle, Food Science Source and AgEcon Search. This identifed 4817 documents. The screening of abstracts narrowed the range to a dataset of 119 full text documents. After eligibility assessment, 18 studies were subjected to a quali- tative analysis, with ten focused on automation of specifc horticultural operations and eight related to autonomous agricultural equipment. All of the studies found some scenar- ios in which automation and robotic technologies were proftable. Most studies employed partial budgeting considering only costs and revenues directly changed by the introduction of automation or robotics and assuming everything else constant. None examined cropping system changes, or regional and national impacts on markets, trade and labour demand. -
National 4/5 Geography Rural Change Summary Notes and Past
National 4/5 Geography Rural Change Summary Notes and Past Paper Questions 1 National 4/5 Geography Rural Change By the end of this unit you will: 1. Be able to explain key terms in farming 2. Be able to describe and explain the main characteristics of a rural landscape in a developed country (extensive commercial farming in East Anglia) 3. Be able to describe and explain changes that have taken place, the reasons and the impact of these, in a rural landscape in a developed country 4. Be able to describe and explain the main characteristics of a rural landscape in a developing country (intensive subsistence farming in India) 5. Be able to describe and explain changes that have taken place, the reasons and the impact of these, in a rural landscape in a developing country Introduction Types of Farming Intensive Farming Intensive farms generally take up a fairly small area of land, but aim to have a very high output, through massive inputs of capital and labour. These farms use machines and new technologies to become as efficient and cost-effective as possible. Extensive Farming Extensive farming is the direct opposite of intensive farming. The farms are large in comparison to the money injected into them or the labour used. The cattle ranches of central Australia area good example of extensive agriculture, where often only a few farm workers are responsible for thousands of acres of farmland. Subsistence Farming Subsistence farmers only produce enough to feed themselves and their family, without having any more to sell for profit. -
Effects of Afforestation on Soil Structure Formation in Two Climatic Regions Of
JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE, 61, 2015 (5): 225–234 doi: 10.17221/6/2015-JFS Eff ects of aff orestation on soil structure formation in two climatic regions of the Czech Republic V. Podrázský1, O. Holubík2, J. Vopravil2, T. Khel2, W.K. Moser3, H. Prknová1 1Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic 2Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Department of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Prague-Zbraslav, Czech Republic 3U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of agricultural land afforestation on soil characteristics. Two sites in two regions of the Czech Republic were evaluated, at lower as well as higher submountain elevations: in the regions of the Orlické hory Mts. and Kostelec nad Černými lesy, afforested, arable and pasture lands were com- pared for basic chemical and physical characteristics. It was determined: pH, CEC, exchangeable nutrients, SOC, bulk density, volume density, porosity (differentiated by pore size), water conductivity and soil aggregate stability. This study demonstrated the important influence of previous land use upon soil characteristics. The characteristics of the arable horizon can persist for many years; in forests, the mineral horizons (15–30 cm) can persist within 15–30 years after afforestation. Afforestation, which caused an increase in soil porosity by decreasing reduced bulk density and increasing capillary and gravitational pores (increasing the water-holding capacity and soil air capacity), is important for maintaining the soil stability. The positive effect on infiltration and retention capacity resulted not only from the presence of a forest overstorey, but also from the presence of permanent grass cover of pasture land. -
Regeneration of Soils and Ecosystems: the Opportunity to Prevent Climate Change
REGENERATION OF SOILS AND ECOSYSTEMS: THE OPPORTUNITY TO PREVENT CLIMATE CHANGE. BASIS FOR A NECESSARY CLIMATE AND AGRICULTURAL POLICY. From the International Year of the Soils and Paris COP21 to the Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030 SUMMARY We are probably at the most crucial crossroad of Humanity’s history. We are changing the Earth’s climate as a result of accelerated human---made Greenhouse Gases Emissions (GHG) and biodiversity loss, provoking other effects that increase the complexity of the problem and will multiply the speed with which we approach climate chaos1, and social too: --- Climate Change: A Risk Assessment: The report argues that the risks of climate change should be assessed in the same way as risks to national security, financial stability, or public health. (http://www.csap.cam.ac.uk/projects/climate---change---risk--- assessment/). --- “Over---grazing and desertification in the Syrian steppe are the root causes of war” (http://www.theecologist.org/News/news_analysis/2871076/overgrazing_and_des ertification_in_the_syrian_steppe_are_the_root_causes_of_war.html). We explain and justify scientifically the need to give absolute priority to the regeneration of soils and ecosystems. The sustainability concept has driven positive changes but has failed on two levels: it has been easy to manipulate because of its inherent laxness, and because of the fact that since the Earth Summit (Rio de Janeiro, 1992) indicators show much worsening and certainly no improvement. Global emissions increase and soil erosion is every year hitting new negative records. Ecological and agrosystem regeneration necessarily implies a change for the better, a positive attitude and the joy of generating benefits for all living beings, human or not. -
Assessing the Role of Soils When Developing Sustainable Agricultural Production Systems Focused on Achieving the UN-Sdgs and the EU Green Deal
Review Assessing the Role of Soils When Developing Sustainable Agricultural Production Systems Focused on Achieving the UN-SDGs and the EU Green Deal Johan Bouma 1,*,† , Teresa Pinto-Correia 2 and Cees Veerman 3,4,5,6,† 1 Department of Soil Science, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands 2 MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra Gab. 206, Edificio dos Regentes Agrícolas, Apartado 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; [email protected] 3 Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Tilburg University, 5037 AB Tilburg, The Netherlands; [email protected] 4 Department of Economic and Social Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands 5 Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands 6 Department of Economic and Social Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands * Correspondence: [email protected] † They are Prof. Emeritus. Abstract: The general concept of sustainable development has been specified in terms of goals, targets, and indicators by the UN Sustainable Development Goals, adopted in 2015, followed by the Green Deal of the European Union in 2019. The focus on targets and indicators does, however, not address the issue as to how these goals can be achieved for land-related SDGs in the real world, and Citation: Bouma, J.; Pinto-Correia, T.; attention in this paper is therefore focused on how land management can contribute to providing Veerman, C. Assessing the Role of ecosystem services in line with the aims of the SDGs and the Green Deal. Agricultural production Soils When Developing Sustainable systems should at least produce healthy food (SDG2 and 3), protect ground- and surface water Agricultural Production Systems quality (SDG6), mitigate climate change (SDG13), avoid soil degradation, and support biodiversity Focused on Achieving the UN-SDGs (SDG15). -
Farming Within Limits
University of Vermont ScholarWorks @ UVM Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources Faculty Publications Resources 2019 Farming Within Limits Lindsay Barbieri University of Vermont, [email protected] Sonya Ahamed University of Vermont, [email protected] Sam Bliss University of Vermont, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/rsfac Part of the Agricultural and Resource Economics Commons, Agriculture Commons, Environmental Studies Commons, Food Studies Commons, and the Sustainability Commons Recommended Citation Lindsay Barbieri, Sonya Ahamed, and Sam Bliss. 2019. Farming within limits. Interactions 26, 5 (August 2019), 70-73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3348795 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources at ScholarWorks @ UVM. It has been accepted for inclusion in Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ UVM. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Farming Within Limits Lindsay Barbieri, Sonya Ahamed, and Sam Bliss, University of Vermont Here’s the tragedy of agriculture in our time.... The politicians, the agricultural bureaucracies, the colleges of agriculture, and the agri-business corporations went all out to industrialize agriculture and to get first the people and then the animals off the land and into the factories. This was a mistake, involving colossal offenses against both land and people. The costs have not been fully reckoned, let alone fully paid. —Wendell Berry [1] Many still associate farming with bucolic landscapes of attentively tended plants and roaming animals. -
Assessing Shifting Cultivation Policies
A1 ASSESSING SHIFTING CULTIVATION POLICIES Through the lens of systems thinking Mai Van Thanh and Tran Duc Vien* Introduction: shifting cultivation in Southeast Asia Shifting cultivation, also commonly known as ‘slash-and-burn’ or swidden agriculture, has become a long-standing topic for intensive examination by researchers. This traditional agricultural practice is one of the most important land-use systems in tropical areas (Mertz et al., 2009a; Teegalapalli et al., 2009), and has been a part of the landscape in the uplands of Southeast Asia for centuries (Fox and Vogler, 2005). Shifting cultivation is considered to be a highly appropriate farming system in upland areas where population density is low (Tran, 2007), because in these circumstances fallow periods are long enough to allow the recovery of soil nutrients and vegetation. It also gives swidden farmers a higher quality of life than other common forms of land use, such as wet rice cultivation, because the returns per unit of land labour are much higher (Tran, 2007). Moreover, recent disasters associated with climate change have shown that this traditional land use system can have a role in maintaining and enhancing carbon stocks (Moeliono et al., 2016). Growing population pressures, along with expanding government controls over forest resources in the region, have in many ways compelled swiddeners to shorten the period for which their land can lie fallow. This has resulted in adverse impacts on the environment, including deforestation, accelerated soil erosion, soil-nutrient depletion and biodiversity loss (Gafur et al., 2000). In addition, under a high population density, shifting cultivation is incapable of improving the economic condition of swidden-farming families because returns per unit of land labour are substantially reduced (Sanchez, 1994). -
The Natural Way of Farming
Soil and Health Library This document is a reproduction of the book or other copyrighted material you requested. It was prepared on Wednesday, 8 August 2007 for the exclusive use of Niklas Wagner, whose email address is [email protected] This reproduction was made by the Soil and Health Library only for the purpose of research and study. Any further distribution or reproduction of this copy in any form whatsoever constitutes a violation of copyrights. The Natural Way of Farming The Theory and Practice of Green Philosophy By Masanobu Fukuoka Translated by Frederic P. Metreaud Japan Publications, Inc. ©1985 by Masanobu Fukuoka Translated by Frederic P. Metreaud All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form without the written permission of the publisher. Published by JAPAN PUBLICATIONS, INC., Tokyo and New York Distributors: UNITED STATES: Kodansha International/US A, Ltd., through Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 10 East 53rdStreet, New York, New York 10022. SOUTH AMERICA: Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., International Department. CANADA: Fitzhenry & Whiteside Ltd., 195 Allstate Parkway, Markham, Ontario, L3R 4T8. MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA: HARLA S. A. de C. V., Apartado 30-546, Mexico 4, D. F. BRITISH ISLES: International Book Distributors Ltd., 66 Wood Lane End, Hemel Hempstead, Herts HP2 4RG. EUROPEAN CONTINENT : Fleetbooks–Feffer and Simons (Nederland) B. V., 61 Strijkviertel, 3454 PK de Meern, The Netherlands. AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND: Bookwise International, 1 Jeanes Street, Beverley, South Australia 5007. THE FAR EAST AND JAPAN: Japan Publications Trading Co., Ltd., 1-2-1, Sarugaku-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101.