DOCSLIB.ORG

Fire-Scaping Your Garden

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fire-Scaping Your Garden THE BUFFER ZONE THE MEDIUM RESISTANCE ZONE THE LOW RESISTANCE ZONE AROUND THE HOUSE IF YOU LIVE IN THE GARDEN ROUTE AREA This area should be the furthest away from the house, This should be the area between the peripheral buffer This is the area closest to the house. Indigenous species that can be planted to create a FIRESCAPING within the essential 10 metre zone. zone and the inner band (low-resistance zone) around fire-proof thicket/foresthedge include: the house. • This area must be kept free of large shrubs. It should • Plant low-growing groundcov- contain low-growing plants and groundcovers, inter- • Shrubs: Aloe arborescens IN THE FYNBOS ers with fleshy leaves that have • It is possible to plant a fynbos spersed with gravel or lawn. (Krantz Aloe), Azima tetracantha a high resistance to fire like garden here, but remember (Needle Bush), Carissa bispi- vygies (Lampranthus, Malepho- to space tall and short shrubs • Groundcovers for sunny areas nosa (Num-Num), Osteosper- Andrew Brown Andrew Colin Paterson-Jones GARDEN IN ZONES ra, Drosanthemum, Delosperma to prevent a large dense thicket include Cliffortia ferruginea, mum moniliferum (Bietou), Colin Paterson-Jones Plant your garden with a fire-resistant buffer zone on and Carpobrotus), Gazania, of continuous fuel developing Otholobium decumbens, Buddleja salviifolia the periphery, a medium resistant ring within that and Arctotis, Cliffortia ferruginea that could support a very hot Dymondia margaretae, Gazania (Sagewood), Cassine an approximately 3m wide zone of low resistant plant- and Aloe brevifolia. These need fire. Protea cynaroides spp., Helichrysum argyrophyl- Colin Paterson-Jones tetragona (Climbing Saffron), ing around the house. to be watered at least once a lum, Hermannia saccifera, Diospyros dichrophylla week to retain their high fire- • To prevent mud slides after a fire and to ensure a Cotula lineariloba, Agathosma (Common Star-apple), Euclea See inside for lists of suggested plant species for each resistant quality. Lampranthus aureus speedy recovery, it is important to plant sprouters ovata (Kluitjies kraal) and racemosa (Sea Guarri), Aloe plicatilis zone within fynbos environments (with an addendum here. These plants have an underground ligno-tuber vygies. For shady areas, grow Gymnosporia buxifolia (Common for suitable species for the mixed vegetation area of the • Suitable bulbs could include or rootstock that re-sprouts if burnt to the ground and Plectranthus verticillatus, Spike-thorn), Grewia occiden- Garden Route, in the Southern Cape). Tulbaghia violacea, could include Leucadendron salignum, Chondropeta- P. neochilus (which can also Carpobrotus acinaciformis talis (Cross-berry), Searsia Agapanthus and Watsonia. If lum tectorum, Erica spp, Maytenus oleoides, Brachyl- grow in the sun), and P. ciliatus (Rhus) crenata (Dune Crowber- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS a hedge is needed, use (Drege). aena discolor, Salvia spp, Pelargonium cucullatum, ry), Searsia (Rhus) lucida Colin Paterson-Jones Contributions from Firewise USA, Living with Wildfire. plants that re-sprout and do not Protea cynaroides, Felicia echinata, Olea europaea (Glossy Currant). SANBI Alice Notten, Portions reproduced from an article by Clare Bell, The have large quantities of dead subsp. africana (Wild olive), Kiggelaria africana (Wild • Small shrubs can be planted (Plant these closely together to Garden Centre, Kirstenbosch. material accumulating in the peach), and Searsia lucida. alone with groundcovers create a thick hedge). plant such as happens with round them. These could include Colin Paterson-Jones Anthony Hitchcock, Dave McDonald, Wendy Madsen and proteas. The hedge (or fence) • Some plants also have corky Agathosma serpyllacea, Phylica • Trees: Ekebergia capensis Sideroxylon inerme Annelize Vlok are thanked for their help. s h o u l d b e 3 0 m f r o m t h e h o u s eAgapanthus . africanus bark that will protect them if a ericoides, Felicia spp., Carissa (Cape Ash), Kiggelaria Africa- fire is mild. These will start bud- macrocarpa, Cotyledon orbicula- na (Wild Peach), Buddleja saligna (False Olive), Photographs reproduced with kind permission of Colin • Good hedge plants include Searsia (Rhus) crenata, ding soon after a fire. They Colin Paterson-Jones ta, Scabiosa spp. and Athanasia Diospyros whyteana (Bladder-nut), Nuxia floribunda Paterson-Jones, Andrew Brown and SANBI. S. glauca and S. lucida, all of which will re-sprout include Leucospermum dentata. (Forest Elder), Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus (Candle- if burnt, as will Tarchonanthus camphoratus and conocarpodendron, Protea Mimetes cucullatus Drosanthemum speciosum wood), Sideroxylon inerme (White Milkwood Tree), ‘Firescaping your Garden’ first produced in association Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus. Osteospermum nitida (Waboom), Mimetes • No climbers or trellises should be attached to the Tarchonanthus camphoratus (Wild Camphor Bush), with the Botanical Society of SA, 2001. moniliferum will burn more slowly because of its cucullatus and Aloe plicatilis. walls of the house in a high-risk fire area as these act Pittosporum viridiflorum (Cheesewood). succulent-like leaves. as ‘ladders’ for the fire. Edited: FireWise SA. • Forest trees have a natural • For the low-resistance zone around the house, resistance to fire and do not suitable indigenous species include: FOR MORE INFORMATION VISIT: burn easily, including Rapanaea Colin Paterson-Jones • In sunny and dry, well-drain- www.firewise.org melanophloeos (Cape Beach), ed areas plant Portulacaria Watsonia aureus www.workingonfire.org Brabejum stellatifolium, Cunonia afra (Spekboom), Aloe capensis (Rooiels), Ilex mitis, Maurocenia frangularia, arborescens (Krantz Aloe), Pasquini Lorena www.firewisesa.org.za Halleria lucida (Tree Fuchsia) and Canthium Osyris compressa (Cape www.fynbosfire.org.za mundianum. Sumach), Osteospermum moniliferum (Bietou), Roep- FIRESCAPING • Bulbs also will re-sprout quickly after a fire and era (Zygophyllum) spp. prevent mudslides by ensuring that the soil is held (Twinleaf) and other indige- together. These would include Agapanthus, Watsonia, nous plants with thick or YOUR GARDEN Haemanthus coccineus, Cyrtanthus ventricosus and fleshy leaves. Portulacaria afra Kniphofia. • Groundcovers for sunny and sandy areas include • If you intersperse some re-seeding plant species Tetragonia decumbens, Gazania spp. (Botterblom), amongst the mix of fynbos plants, they will ensure Dymondia spp., Falkia repens (oortjies). that the ‘moon landscape’ left after a fire will soon come to life. These include the many different species • Grass species include Cynodon dactylon (Kaapse Brown Andrew of Protea, Erica, Ursinia, Leucadendron, Phylica, Heli- Kweekgras) and Stenotaphrum secundatum chrysum, Metalasia, Roella, Selago, Agathosma as well (Buffalo Grass). Tarchonanthus camphoratus Colin Paterson-Jones Carissa bispinosa Lorena Pasquini as Pelargonium cordifolium and Felicia aethiopica. Kniphofia uvaria - Kniphofia uvaria Firescaping Your Garden DL BrochureFINAL.indd 1-6 9/2/13 9:47 AM THE FIREWISE APPROACH • Communal Survivable Space 4 - REDUCE FUEL IN THE ENTIRE SURVIVABLE SPACE FIRESCAPING YOUR GARDEN If creating an adequate Survivable Space for your Beyond the essential 10 metre zone, uncleared ground FIRESCAPING FireWise Communities is a concept originally home means encroaching into your neighbours’ space, fuels (such as excessive vegetation) can provide an 30 metres of garden Chimney cleaned developed in the U.S.A. (www.firewise.org), currently then it makes sense to work together and create open route for the rapid spread and increased intensity hose attached and screened being adapted and implemented in South Africa a joint Survivable Space. Each owner should take of fire. (www.firewisesa.org.za). The Firewise approach responsibility for their own area, but work according Woodpile, fuel tanks YOUR GARDEN to a jointly agreed hazard reduction plan. This is very Storage shed located emphasizes community responsibility in designing • Remove all dead branches and lower limbs of shrubs and other burnable effective and can be achieved without losing away from home Firescaping specifically refers to landscaping in ways a safe community as well as effective emergency and trees. Thin out vegetation, so that there is not materials 10 metres aesthetics or privacy. that will reduce the probability of fire catching and response, and individual responsibility for safer a continuous fuel bed for the fire to move forwards from structures • A Community Ignition Zone spreading through the firescaped area (e.g. a garden). home construction and design, landscaping and through. maintenance. A Community Ignition Zone usually includes the entire • Group shrubs and trees in small clumps or islands. WUI Zone and may include both private and public In this pamphlet are some points to consider in your Space out the clumps so that the spreads are 1.5 - Grass green and land. The work within the Community Ignition Zone planning. By making changes in the home ignition zone - the area 3 metres apart in flat areas, and crowns are up to mowed including and immediately surrounding the home - home- is planned and implemented to create Survivable 10 metres apart for big trees on a steep slope. owners can substantially reduce the risk of their home Space for the entire community, however firescaping • Prevent fire moving from the ground into the trees Scattered trees within 10 metres of structures 10m and maintaining the Survivable Space around by pruning lower branches and leaving a generous THE BEST OF BOTH
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Finding Fynbos of the Western Cape, Via Grootbos
    Finding Fynbos Of The Western Cape, Via Grootbos A Professional & Personal Journey To South Africa September 13th - 21st October 2018 By Victoria Ind !1 Table Of Contents 1………………………Itinerary 2………………………Introduction 3…………………….. Grootbos - My Volunteering - Green Futures Plant Nursery & Farms 4…………………….. Botanising - Grootbos Conservation Team - Hike With Sean Privett - Milkwood Forest - Self-Guided Botanising 5…………………….. Fernkloof Flower Festival 6……………………Garden Visits - Vergelegen - Lourensford - Stellenbosch - Dylan Lewis Sculpture Garden - Kirstenbosch - Green Point Diversity Garden - The Company’s Garden 7…………………… Conclusion 8…………………… Breakdown Of Expenses 9……………………. Appendix & Bibliography 10………………….. Acknowledgments !2 1: ITINERARY 13th-15th September 2018: Travel from Dublin Ireland to Cape Town. x2 nights in Cape Town. 15th September 2018: Collection from Cape Town by Grootbos Foundation, transport to Grootbos staff accommodation, Gansbaai. 16th September-15th October 2018: Volunteer work with Green Futures, a division of the Grootbos Foundation. Mainly based on the Grootbos Nature Reserve & surrounding areas of Gansbaai & Masakhane township. 20-23rd September 2018: Weekend spent in Hermanus, attend Fernkloof Flower Festival. 15th October 2018: Leave Grootbos, travel to Cape Town. 16th October 2018: Visit to Vergelegen 17th October 2018: Visit to Lourensford & Stellenbosch 18th October 2018: Visit to Dylan Lewis Sculpture Garden 19th October 2018: Visit to Kirstenbosch Botanic Garden 20th October 2018: Visit to Green Point Diversity Garden & Company Gardens 21st October 2018: Return to Dublin Ireland. Fig: (i) !3 2: INTRODUCTION When asked as a teenager what I wanted to do with my life I’d have told you I wanted to be outdoors and I wanted to travel. Unfortunately, as life is wont to do, I never quite managed the latter.
    [Show full text]
  • Capitulo 3 Tesis
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital.CSIC 1 Flowering phenology of invasive alien plant species compared to native 2 species in three mediterranean-type ecosystems 3 4 Oscar Godoy*1,4, David M. Richardson2, Fernando Valladares1,3 & Pilar Castro-Díez4 5 6 1 Laboratorio Internacional de Cambio Global (Linc-Global). Instituto de los Recursos 7 Naturales, Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales. CSIC. Serrano 115 dpdo E-28006 8 Madrid Spain. ! 9 2 Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany & Zoology, Stellenbosch 10 University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa. 11 3 Departamento de Biología y Geología. Área de Biodiversidad & Conservación, 12 Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, ESCET, Tulipán s/n E-28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain. 13 4 Departamento Interuniversitario de Ecología. Sección de Alcalá. Edificio de Ciencias. 14 Universidad de Alcalá, E-28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain. 15 16 *Correspondence author: [email protected] 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 1 1 Fenología de floración de las especies de plantas exóticas invasoras en 2 tres ecosistemas mediterráneos en comparación con las especies 3 nativas. 4 5 Resumen 6 • Antecedentes y Objetivos: La fenología de floración es un componente esencial 7 del éxito de las especies invasoras, ya que una elevada fecundidad incrementa su 8 potencial invasor. Por tanto, estudiamos la relación existente entre los patrones 9 de floración de las especies invasoras y nativas en tres regiones con clima 10 mediterráneo: California, España y la Región Sudafricana de El Cabo 11 • Métodos: 227 pares de especies invasoras-nativas fueron utilizados 12 • Resultados clave: Las especies invasoras tienen diferentes patrones de floración 13 en comparación con las especies nativas en las tres regiones.
    [Show full text]
  • Sand Mine Near Robertson, Western Cape Province
    SAND MINE NEAR ROBERTSON, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE BOTANICAL STUDY AND ASSESSMENT Version: 1.0 Date: 06 April 2020 Authors: Gerhard Botha & Dr. Jan -Hendrik Keet PROPOSED EXPANSION OF THE SAND MINE AREA ON PORTION4 OF THE FARM ZANDBERG FONTEIN 97, SOUTH OF ROBERTSON, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE Report Title: Botanical Study and Assessment Authors: Mr. Gerhard Botha and Dr. Jan-Hendrik Keet Project Name: Proposed expansion of the sand mine area on Portion 4 of the far Zandberg Fontein 97 south of Robertson, Western Cape Province Status of report: Version 1.0 Date: 6th April 2020 Prepared for: Greenmined Environmental Postnet Suite 62, Private Bag X15 Somerset West 7129 Cell: 082 734 5113 Email: [email protected] Prepared by Nkurenkuru Ecology and Biodiversity 3 Jock Meiring Street Park West Bloemfontein 9301 Cell: 083 412 1705 Email: gabotha11@gmail com Suggested report citation Nkurenkuru Ecology and Biodiversity, 2020. Section 102 Application (Expansion of mining footprint) and Final Basic Assessment & Environmental Management Plan for the proposed expansion of the sand mine on Portion 4 of the Farm Zandberg Fontein 97, Western Cape Province. Botanical Study and Assessment Report. Unpublished report prepared by Nkurenkuru Ecology and Biodiversity for GreenMined Environmental. Version 1.0, 6 April 2020. Proposed expansion of the zandberg sand mine April 2020 botanical STUDY AND ASSESSMENT I. DECLARATION OF CONSULTANTS INDEPENDENCE » act/ed as the independent specialist in this application; » regard the information contained in this
    [Show full text]
  • Field Guide for Wild Flower Harvesting
    FIELD GUIDE FOR WILD FLOWER HARVESTING 1 Contents Introducing the Field Guide for Wild Flower Harvesting 3 Glossary 4 Introducing The Field Guide Fynbos 6 for Wild Flower Harvesting What is fynbos? 7 The Cape Floral Kingdom 7 Many people in the Overberg earn a living from the region’s wild flowers, known as South African plants 8 fynbos. Some pick flowers for markets to sell, some remove invasive alien plants, and Threats to fynbos 8 others are involved in conservation and nature tourism. It is important that people The value of fynbos 9 who work in the veld know about fynbos plants. This Field Guide for Wild Flower Harvesting describes 41 of the most popular types of fynbos plants that are picked from Fynbos and fire 9 our region for the wild flower market. It also provides useful information to support Classification of plants 9 sustainable harvesting in particular and fynbos conservation in general. Naming of plants 10 Picking flowers has an effect or impact on the veld. If we are not careful, we can Market for fynbos 10 damage, or even kill, plants. So, before picking flowers, it is important to ask: Picking fynbos with care 11 • What can be picked? The Sustainable Harvesting Programme 12 • How much can be picked? • How should flowers be picked? The SHP Code of Best Practice for Wild Harvesters 12 Ten principles of good harvesting 13 This guide aims to help people understand: The Vulnerability Index and the Red Data List 13 • the differences between the many types of fynbos plants that grow in the veld; and Know how much fynbos you have 14 • which fynbos plants can be picked, and which are scarce and should rather be Fynbos plants of the Agulhas Plain and beyond 14 left in the veld.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Thirty-Five Years of Afforestation with Pinus Radiata on the Composition of Mesic Mountain Fynbos Near Stellenbosch
    Effects of thirty-five years of afforestation with Pinus radiata on the composition of mesic mountain fynbos near Stellenbosch D.M. Richardson and B.W. van Wilgen South African Forestry Research Institute, Jonkershoek Forestry Research Centre, Stellenbosch The fynbos vegetation of Biesievlei, Jonkershoek, was surveyed Introduction and described in 1945. In 1948 the catchment was afforested The Jonkershoek Forest Influences Research Station, as it was with Pinus radiata. This paper presents results of a reassessment of the vegetation in 1984 using the same then known, was established in 1935, chiefly to investigate methods that were used in 1945. Afforestation has reduced the the effects of afforestation on streamflow. Biesievlei is one cover of the vegetation (excluding P. radiata) from 75% to 20%. of seven experimental catchments that was afforested for this The total number of species was reduced by 58% from 298 to 126. At least 190 species found in 1945 were not found in 1984, purpose. A study of the fynbos vegetation of Biesievlei was and at least 18 species were added to the list. The mean plant undertaken in October - November 1945 (Rycroft 1950). This density was reduced from 260 to 78 plants m - 2. Only stream study was the first to analyze sclerophyllous fynbos vegetation bank vegetation, comprising mainly large-leaved sprouting using quantitative methods. Its main purpose was to develop shrubs, persisted in a relatively unmodified state. Away from the stream , annuals, geophytes and hemicryptophytes were methods for sampling vegetation in the fynbos but the results dominant. Dominant spe.cies in the pre-afforestation flora were provide a unique opportunity to assess the effects of afforesta­ not resilient to afforestation.
    [Show full text]
  • Norrie's Plant Descriptions - Index of Common Names a Key to Finding Plants by Their Common Names (Note: Not All Plants in This Document Have Common Names Listed)
    UC Santa Cruz Arboretum & Botanic Garden Plant Descriptions A little help in finding what you’re looking for - basic information on some of the plants offered for sale in our nursery This guide contains descriptions of some of plants that have been offered for sale at the UC Santa Cruz Arboretum & Botanic Garden. This is an evolving document and may contain errors or omissions. New plants are added to inventory frequently. Many of those are not (yet) included in this collection. Please contact the Arboretum office with any questions or suggestions: [email protected] Contents copyright © 2019, 2020 UC Santa Cruz Arboretum & Botanic Gardens printed 27 February 2020 Norrie's Plant Descriptions - Index of common names A key to finding plants by their common names (Note: not all plants in this document have common names listed) Angel’s Trumpet Brown Boronia Brugmansia sp. Boronia megastigma Aster Boronia megastigma - Dark Maroon Flower Symphyotrichum chilense 'Purple Haze' Bull Banksia Australian Fuchsia Banksia grandis Correa reflexa Banksia grandis - compact coastal form Ball, everlasting, sago flower Bush Anemone Ozothamnus diosmifolius Carpenteria californica Ozothamnus diosmifolius - white flowers Carpenteria californica 'Elizabeth' Barrier Range Wattle California aster Acacia beckleri Corethrogyne filaginifolia - prostrate Bat Faced Cuphea California Fuchsia Cuphea llavea Epilobium 'Hummingbird Suite' Beach Strawberry Epilobium canum 'Silver Select' Fragaria chiloensis 'Aulon' California Pipe Vine Beard Tongue Aristolochia californica Penstemon 'Hidalgo' Cat Thyme Bird’s Nest Banksia Teucrium marum Banksia baxteri Catchfly Black Coral Pea Silene laciniata Kennedia nigricans Catmint Black Sage Nepeta × faassenii 'Blue Wonder' Salvia mellifera 'Terra Seca' Nepeta × faassenii 'Six Hills Giant' Black Sage Chilean Guava Salvia mellifera Ugni molinae Salvia mellifera 'Steve's' Chinquapin Blue Fanflower Chrysolepis chrysophylla var.
    [Show full text]
  • Kirstenbosch NBG List of Plants That Provide Food for Honey Bees
    Indigenous South African Plants that Provide Food for Honey Bees Honey bees feed on nectar (carbohydrates) and pollen (protein) from a wide variety of flowering plants. While the honey bee forages for nectar and pollen, it transfers pollen from one flower to another, providing the service of pollination, which allows the plant to reproduce. However, bees don’t pollinate all flowers that they visit. This list is based on observations of bees visiting flowers in Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden, and on a variety of references, in particular the following: Plant of the Week articles on www.PlantZAfrica.com Johannsmeier, M.F. 2005. Beeplants of the South-Western Cape, Nectar and pollen sources of honeybees (revised and expanded). Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook No. 17. Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa This list is primarily Western Cape, but does have application elsewhere. When planting, check with a local nursery for subspecies or varieties that occur locally to prevent inappropriate hybridisations with natural veld species in your vicinity. Annuals Gazania spp. Scabiosa columbaria Arctotis fastuosa Geranium drakensbergensis Scabiosa drakensbergensis Arctotis hirsuta Geranium incanum Scabiosa incisa Arctotis venusta Geranium multisectum Selago corymbosa Carpanthea pomeridiana Geranium sanguineum Selago canescens Ceratotheca triloba (& Helichrysum argyrophyllum Selago villicaulis ‘Purple Turtle’ carpenter bees) Helichrysum cymosum Senecio glastifolius Dimorphotheca
    [Show full text]
  • Plants for Windy, Sandy Gardens with Alkaline Soil
    Plants suited to Strandveld Gardens and Cape Flats Gardens, with windy, sandy conditions and alkaline (or acidic) soil. (plants that do well in alkaline soil will also grow in acidic soil, but plants that need acidic soil will not grow in alkaline soil) Plants listed are water-wise in the Western Cape, i.e. needing little or no additional water during summer, once established. Proteaceae Protea subulifolia Adenandra gummifera Diastella proteoides Protea susannae Adenandra obtusata Leucadendron coniferum Serruria adscendens Adenandra odoratissima Leucadendron flexuosum Serruria aemula Adenandra rotundifolia Leucadendron floridum Serruria brownii Agathosma ‘San Sebastian’ Leucadendron galpinii Serruria furcellata Agathosma apiculata Leucadendron laureolum Serruria glomerata Agathosma cerefolium Leucadendron laxum Serruria nervosa Agathosma ciliaris Leucadendron levisanus Serruria pinnata Agathosma collina Leucadendron linifolium Serruria trilopha Agathosma glabrata Leucadendron meridianum Agathosma gonaquensis Leucadendron modestum Ericaceae Agathosma imbricata Leucadendron salicifolium Erica abietina Agathosma ovata Leucadendron salignum Erica baueri Agathosma serpyllacea Leucadendron stellare Erica bolusiae Coleonema pulchellum Leucadendron stelligerum Erica caffra Diosma haelkraalensis Leucadendron thymifolium Erica calycina Diosma hirsuta Leucadendron verticillatum Erica capitata Euchaetis meridionalis Leucospermum ‘Thomson’s Erica cerinthoides Gift’ Erica coccinea Restios Leucospermum arenarium Erica corifolia Askidiosperma capitatum
    [Show full text]
  • A Phytosociological Study of the Cape Fynbos and Other Vegetation at Jonkershoek, Stellenbosch by M
    Bothalia, 10, 4: 599-614 A Phytosociological Study of the Cape Fynbos and other Vegetation at Jonkershoek, Stellenbosch by M. J. A. Werger,* F. J. Krugerf and H. C. Taylor J A b s t r a c t The Braun-Blanquet phytosociological method was tested in the complex Fynbos vegetation of the South-western Cape Region of South Africa. In the Swartboschkloof Nature Reserve, Jonkers- hoek, the Fynbos, riverine scrub and forest vegetation was classified preliminarily into eight com­ munities, which are described floristically and related to habitat. The results hold promise, and the possibilities of classifying the Cape Fynbos in a formal phytosociological system are discussed. I ntroduction The Braun-Blanquet phytosociological method commonly used in Europe has remained relatively unknown in Southern Africa. Possible reasons for this are language difficulties, the need for more general, rather than more detailed information on the vegetation, and the general non-acceptance of the method by English and American plant ecologists. For many years the only source of information in the English-speaking world was Fuller & Conard’s (1932) authorised translation of Braun-Blanquet’s first edition of Pflanzensoziologie (1928), a work that omitted certain important details of the phytosociological technique. More detailed German works of the phytosociological school were largely inaccessible (for example Ellenberg, 1956; Braun-Blanquet, 1951. 1964). In recent years an English evaluation of the method was given by Poore (1955, 1956), although his main criticisms were shown by Moore (1962) to be largely unfounded. Becking (1957) reviewed the phytosociological school and its concepts, and Kiichler (1967) translated the tabulation techniques from Ellenberg (1956).1 Originally, nearly all vegetation surveys undertaken in Southern Africa were on a physiognomic or on a non-formal descriptive basis, with the exception of Acocks (1953) who used his own floristic technique to construct a system of veld types.
    [Show full text]
  • The Potential of South African Indigenous Plants for the International Cut flower Trade ⁎ E.Y
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com South African Journal of Botany 77 (2011) 934–946 www.elsevier.com/locate/sajb The potential of South African indigenous plants for the international cut flower trade ⁎ E.Y. Reinten a, J.H. Coetzee b, B.-E. van Wyk c, a Department of Agronomy, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag, Matieland 7606, South Africa b P.O. Box 2086, Dennesig 7601, South Africa c Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa Abstract A broad review is presented of recent developments in the commercialization of southern Africa indigenous flora for the cut flower trade, in- cluding potted flowers and foliages (“greens”). The botany, horticultural traits and potential for commercialization of several indigenous plants have been reported in several publications. The contribution of species indigenous and/or endemic to southern Africa in the development of cut flower crop plants is widely acknowledged. These include what is known in the trade as gladiolus, freesia, gerbera, ornithogalum, clivia, agapan- thus, strelitzia, plumbago and protea. Despite the wealth of South African flower bulb species, relatively few have become commercially important in the international bulb industry. Trade figures on the international markets also reflect the importance of a few species of southern African origin. The development of new research tools are contributing to the commercialization of South African plants, although propagation, cultivation and post-harvest handling need to be improved. A list of commercially relevant southern African cut flowers (including those used for fresh flowers, dried flowers, foliage and potted flowers) is presented, together with a subjective evaluation of several genera and species with perceived potential for the development of new crops for the florist trade.
    [Show full text]
  • Leucospermum R
    Leucospermum R. Br. 1810 The type species is L. hypophyllocarpodendron, which was first described by Linneaus as a member of his large genus Leucadendron. Linneaus later moved this to Protea. Various authors prior to Robert Brown proposed names for Pincushions, these being Conocarpus Adanson 1763, Lepidocarpus Adanson 1763, and Leucadendrum Salisb. 1807. Robert Brown’s name is conserved. There are x sections of Pincushions, and we have followed Rourke’s (1972) treatment, with the exception of a new section discovered in 198* for the Hook Pincushions, and the removal of the section Xericola to the genus Vexatorella. Part 6 - 1 THE PROTEA ATLAS 1/25/2008 Leucospermum cuneiforme (Burm. f.) Rourke 1768, 1967 Wart-stemmed Pincushion Gewoneluisiesbos Other Common Names: Common Pincushion, Seedlings (1729 records): Absent in 97%: fewer Large-tufted Pincushion, Phyllanthus-leaf seedlings than prefire adults in 22 cases, and Leucadendrum, Stagshorn-leaf more in 8 cases. Seedlings found in Mar (3), Leucadendrum, Yellow Pincushion, Yellow- Apr (4), Jun (6), Jul (4), Aug, Sep, Oct (5), flame Pincushion, Boontjiesbos, Nov (3) and Dec (3). Geelspeldekussing, Klipboom, Fire Survival (292 records): 71% resprouted Kreupelbossie, Luisiesboom, Luisiesbos, from underground boles, 13% escaped fires Mielieput, Wildemielie. in fire-safe areas, 13% resprouted from aerial Other Scientific Names: attenuatum R.Br. trunks, 2% eliminated from the area by fires. 1810, cervinum (Salisb. ex Knight) 1809, Age to first flowering: First flowers recorded ellipticum (Thunb.) 1781, phyllanthifolium at 1 year, 50% estimated at 2-3 years, and (Salisb. ex Knight) 1809, septemdentatum reaching a peak of 90% at 4 years. Gand. & Schinz 1913, zeyheri Meisn.
    [Show full text]
  • Proteaceae Floral Crops; Cultivar Development and Underexploited Uses
    Proteaceae Floral Crops; Cultivar Development and Underexploited Uses Kenneth W. Leonhardt and Richard A. Criley The Proteaceae apparently originated on the southern supercontinent Gondwana long before it divided and began drifting apart during the Mesozoic era, accounting for the presence of the Proteaceae on all of the southern continents (Brits 1984a). The Protea family comprises about 1400 species in over 60 genera, of which over 800 species in 45 genera are from Australia. Africa claims about 400 species, including 330 species in 14 genera from the western Cape. About 90 species occur in Central and South America, 80 on islands east of New Guinea, and 45 in New Caledonia. Madagascar, New Guinea, New Zealand, and South- east Asia host small numbers of species (Rebelo 1995). Proteas are neither herbaceous nor annual, and they are always woody. Their structural habit is vari- able from groundcover forms with creeping stems, and those with underground stems, to vertical to spread- ing shrubs, to tree forms. The leaves are generally large, lignified, hard, and leathery. A mature leaf will generally snap rather than fold when bent. The leaf anatomy is specially adapted for water conservation and drought resistance. These characteristics and the high leaf carbon to nitrogen ratio render the leaves indi- gestible to most insect pests (Rebelo 1995), accounting for the relatively pest-free status of most commer- cial protea plantings. The distribution of the family is linked to the occurrence of soils that are extremely deficient in plant nutrients (Brits 1984a). An accommodating characteristic of the family is the presence of proteoid roots.
    [Show full text]