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Capitulo 3 Tesis
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital.CSIC 1 Flowering phenology of invasive alien plant species compared to native 2 species in three mediterranean-type ecosystems 3 4 Oscar Godoy*1,4, David M. Richardson2, Fernando Valladares1,3 & Pilar Castro-Díez4 5 6 1 Laboratorio Internacional de Cambio Global (Linc-Global). Instituto de los Recursos 7 Naturales, Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales. CSIC. Serrano 115 dpdo E-28006 8 Madrid Spain. ! 9 2 Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany & Zoology, Stellenbosch 10 University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa. 11 3 Departamento de Biología y Geología. Área de Biodiversidad & Conservación, 12 Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, ESCET, Tulipán s/n E-28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain. 13 4 Departamento Interuniversitario de Ecología. Sección de Alcalá. Edificio de Ciencias. 14 Universidad de Alcalá, E-28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain. 15 16 *Correspondence author: [email protected] 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 1 1 Fenología de floración de las especies de plantas exóticas invasoras en 2 tres ecosistemas mediterráneos en comparación con las especies 3 nativas. 4 5 Resumen 6 • Antecedentes y Objetivos: La fenología de floración es un componente esencial 7 del éxito de las especies invasoras, ya que una elevada fecundidad incrementa su 8 potencial invasor. Por tanto, estudiamos la relación existente entre los patrones 9 de floración de las especies invasoras y nativas en tres regiones con clima 10 mediterráneo: California, España y la Región Sudafricana de El Cabo 11 • Métodos: 227 pares de especies invasoras-nativas fueron utilizados 12 • Resultados clave: Las especies invasoras tienen diferentes patrones de floración 13 en comparación con las especies nativas en las tres regiones. -
Sand Mine Near Robertson, Western Cape Province
SAND MINE NEAR ROBERTSON, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE BOTANICAL STUDY AND ASSESSMENT Version: 1.0 Date: 06 April 2020 Authors: Gerhard Botha & Dr. Jan -Hendrik Keet PROPOSED EXPANSION OF THE SAND MINE AREA ON PORTION4 OF THE FARM ZANDBERG FONTEIN 97, SOUTH OF ROBERTSON, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE Report Title: Botanical Study and Assessment Authors: Mr. Gerhard Botha and Dr. Jan-Hendrik Keet Project Name: Proposed expansion of the sand mine area on Portion 4 of the far Zandberg Fontein 97 south of Robertson, Western Cape Province Status of report: Version 1.0 Date: 6th April 2020 Prepared for: Greenmined Environmental Postnet Suite 62, Private Bag X15 Somerset West 7129 Cell: 082 734 5113 Email: [email protected] Prepared by Nkurenkuru Ecology and Biodiversity 3 Jock Meiring Street Park West Bloemfontein 9301 Cell: 083 412 1705 Email: gabotha11@gmail com Suggested report citation Nkurenkuru Ecology and Biodiversity, 2020. Section 102 Application (Expansion of mining footprint) and Final Basic Assessment & Environmental Management Plan for the proposed expansion of the sand mine on Portion 4 of the Farm Zandberg Fontein 97, Western Cape Province. Botanical Study and Assessment Report. Unpublished report prepared by Nkurenkuru Ecology and Biodiversity for GreenMined Environmental. Version 1.0, 6 April 2020. Proposed expansion of the zandberg sand mine April 2020 botanical STUDY AND ASSESSMENT I. DECLARATION OF CONSULTANTS INDEPENDENCE » act/ed as the independent specialist in this application; » regard the information contained in this -
Systematics and Relationships of Tryssophyton (Melastomataceae
A peer-reviewed open-access journal PhytoKeys 136: 1–21 (2019)Systematics and relationships of Tryssophyton (Melastomataceae) 1 doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.136.38558 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://phytokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Systematics and relationships of Tryssophyton (Melastomataceae), with a second species from the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana Kenneth J. Wurdack1, Fabián A. Michelangeli2 1 Department of Botany, MRC-166 National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA 2 The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10458, USA Corresponding author: Kenneth J. Wurdack ([email protected]) Academic editor: Ricardo Kriebel | Received 25 July 2019 | Accepted 30 October 2019 | Published 10 December 2019 Citation: Wurdack KJ, Michelangeli FA (2019) Systematics and relationships of Tryssophyton (Melastomataceae), with a second species from the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana. PhytoKeys 136: 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3897/ phytokeys.136.38558 Abstract The systematics of Tryssophyton, herbs endemic to the Pakaraima Mountains of western Guyana, is re- viewed and Tryssophyton quadrifolius K.Wurdack & Michelang., sp. nov. from the summit of Kamakusa Mountain is described as the second species in the genus. The new species is distinguished from its closest relative, Tryssophyton merumense, by striking vegetative differences, including number of leaves per stem and leaf architecture. A phylogenetic analysis of sequence data from three plastid loci and Melastomata- ceae-wide taxon sampling is presented. The two species of Tryssophyton are recovered as monophyletic and associated with mostly Old World tribe Sonerileae. Fruit, seed and leaf morphology are described for the first time, biogeography is discussed and both species are illustrated. -
Vegetation Survey of Mount Gorongosa
VEGETATION SURVEY OF MOUNT GORONGOSA Tom Müller, Anthony Mapaura, Bart Wursten, Christopher Chapano, Petra Ballings & Robin Wild 2008 (published 2012) Occasional Publications in Biodiversity No. 23 VEGETATION SURVEY OF MOUNT GORONGOSA Tom Müller, Anthony Mapaura, Bart Wursten, Christopher Chapano, Petra Ballings & Robin Wild 2008 (published 2012) Occasional Publications in Biodiversity No. 23 Biodiversity Foundation for Africa P.O. Box FM730, Famona, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe Vegetation Survey of Mt Gorongosa, page 2 SUMMARY Mount Gorongosa is a large inselberg almost 700 sq. km in extent in central Mozambique. With a vertical relief of between 900 and 1400 m above the surrounding plain, the highest point is at 1863 m. The mountain consists of a Lower Zone (mainly below 1100 m altitude) containing settlements and over which the natural vegetation cover has been strongly modified by people, and an Upper Zone in which much of the natural vegetation is still well preserved. Both zones are very important to the hydrology of surrounding areas. Immediately adjacent to the mountain lies Gorongosa National Park, one of Mozambique's main conservation areas. A key issue in recent years has been whether and how to incorporate the upper parts of Mount Gorongosa above 700 m altitude into the existing National Park, which is primarily lowland. [These areas were eventually incorporated into the National Park in 2010.] In recent years the unique biodiversity and scenic beauty of Mount Gorongosa have come under severe threat from the destruction of natural vegetation. This is particularly acute as regards moist evergreen forest, the loss of which has accelerated to alarming proportions. -
Tree Condition and Natural Regeneration in Disturbed Sites of Bwindi Impenetrable Forest National Park, Southwestern Uganda
EILU AND OBUA 99 Tropical Ecology 46(1): 99-111, 2005 ISSN 0564-3295 © International Society for Tropical Ecology Tree condition and natural regeneration in disturbed sites of Bwindi Impenetrable Forest National Park, southwestern Uganda GERALD EILU1 & JOSEPH OBUA Department of Forest Biology and Ecosystems Management, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda Abstract: Tree condition and characteristics of natural regeneration of tree species was assessed in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. Sampling was done in anthropogenically undisturbed, lightly disturbed, heavily disturbed and completely disturbed forest types. Nested plots measuring 25 x 30 m were established to assess tree size classes from seedlings (diameter < 2 cm and height ≤ 150 cm) to large trees (DBH > 15 cm). Higher stem densities were found in undisturbed and lightly disturbed forest types compared to heavily or completely disturbed types. Tree species richness and diversity were highest in lightly disturbed forest. Acacia mearnsii, an introduced tree species in Uganda, was recorded in completely disturbed forest. Regeneration from vegetative sprouts was highest in disturbed sites while regeneration from seeds was highest in undisturbed sites. High intensity human disturbance was associated with fewer signs of mammal damage. Damage to trees by physical agents and climber abundance increased with intensity of disturbance except in completely disturbed forest. High intensity human disturbance adversely affected tree species abundance, diversity and regeneration and increased the incidence of damage to trees. Regeneration from vegetative sprouts was most important in heavily disturbed sites. Intensity of disturbance and slope influenced the distribution of regenerating tree species. Resumen: La condición de los árboles y las características de la regeneración natural de especies arbóreas fueron evaluadas en el Parque Nacional del Bosque Impenetrable Bwindi. -
REHABILITATION of ALIEN INVADED RIPARIAN ZONES and CATCHMENTS USING INDIGENOUS TREES: an ASSESSMENT of INDIGENOUS TREE WATER-USE Volume 1: Research Report
REHABILITATION OF ALIEN INVADED RIPARIAN ZONES AND CATCHMENTS USING INDIGENOUS TREES: AN ASSESSMENT OF INDIGENOUS TREE WATER-USE Volume 1: Research Report Report to the WATER RESEARCH COMMISSION and DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS by C.S. Everson (Editor)a,b,c With Contributions by: Scott-Shaw B.C, Everson C.S, Geldenhuys C.J, Starke, A, Atsame-Edda A, Schutte S, R, Mupemba Mwamba aDepartment of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria bSchool of Agriculture, Earth & Environmental Sciences, CWRR, University of KwaZulu-Natal cSAEON, Grasslands-Forests, Wetlands Node, Pietermaritzburg WRC Report No. 2081/1/16 ISBN 978-1-4312-0828-9 August 2016 Obtainable from Water Research Commission Private Bag X03 Gezina, 0031 [email protected] or download from www.wrc.org.za DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Water Research Commission (WRC) and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the WRC nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. © Water Research Commission Rehabilitation of Alien Invaded Riparian Zones and Catchments Using VOLUME 1 Indigenous Trees: An Assessment of Indigenous Tree Water-use EXECUTIVE SUMMARY water-use research is based on forest hydrology REPORT STRUCTURE and has focused on exotic tree species and their impacts on streamflow. In order to support the Government’s rural tree programmes, there is a This report is organized in two volumes: need to expand current research to include the water-use of indigenous trees used in forest Volume 1 (Research Report) outlines innovative expansion, the rehabilitation of degraded lands approaches to the rehabilitation of invaded and the restoration of riparian zones. -
TAXON:Halleria Lucida L. SCORE:8.0 RATING:High Risk
TAXON: Halleria lucida L. SCORE: 8.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Halleria lucida L. Family: Stilbaceae Common Name(s): African honeysuckle Synonym(s): Halleria abyssinica Jaub. & Spach notsung tree fuchsia white olive Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 22 Jan 2018 WRA Score: 8.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Tropical Tree, Naturalized, Fast-Growing, Suckers, Bird-Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 ? outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n Creation Date: 22 Jan 2018 (Halleria lucida L.) Page 1 of 16 TAXON: Halleria lucida L. -
Fire-Scaping Your Garden
THE BUFFER ZONE THE MEDIUM RESISTANCE ZONE THE LOW RESISTANCE ZONE AROUND THE HOUSE IF YOU LIVE IN THE GARDEN ROUTE AREA This area should be the furthest away from the house, This should be the area between the peripheral buffer This is the area closest to the house. Indigenous species that can be planted to create a FIRESCAPING within the essential 10 metre zone. zone and the inner band (low-resistance zone) around fire-proof thicket/foresthedge include: the house. • This area must be kept free of large shrubs. It should • Plant low-growing groundcov- contain low-growing plants and groundcovers, inter- • Shrubs: Aloe arborescens IN THE FYNBOS ers with fleshy leaves that have • It is possible to plant a fynbos spersed with gravel or lawn. (Krantz Aloe), Azima tetracantha a high resistance to fire like garden here, but remember (Needle Bush), Carissa bispi- vygies (Lampranthus, Malepho- to space tall and short shrubs • Groundcovers for sunny areas nosa (Num-Num), Osteosper- Andrew Brown Andrew Colin Paterson-Jones GARDEN IN ZONES ra, Drosanthemum, Delosperma to prevent a large dense thicket include Cliffortia ferruginea, mum moniliferum (Bietou), Colin Paterson-Jones Plant your garden with a fire-resistant buffer zone on and Carpobrotus), Gazania, of continuous fuel developing Otholobium decumbens, Buddleja salviifolia the periphery, a medium resistant ring within that and Arctotis, Cliffortia ferruginea that could support a very hot Dymondia margaretae, Gazania (Sagewood), Cassine an approximately 3m wide zone of low resistant plant- and Aloe brevifolia. These need fire. Protea cynaroides spp., Helichrysum argyrophyl- Colin Paterson-Jones tetragona (Climbing Saffron), ing around the house. -
Effects of Thirty-Five Years of Afforestation with Pinus Radiata on the Composition of Mesic Mountain Fynbos Near Stellenbosch
Effects of thirty-five years of afforestation with Pinus radiata on the composition of mesic mountain fynbos near Stellenbosch D.M. Richardson and B.W. van Wilgen South African Forestry Research Institute, Jonkershoek Forestry Research Centre, Stellenbosch The fynbos vegetation of Biesievlei, Jonkershoek, was surveyed Introduction and described in 1945. In 1948 the catchment was afforested The Jonkershoek Forest Influences Research Station, as it was with Pinus radiata. This paper presents results of a reassessment of the vegetation in 1984 using the same then known, was established in 1935, chiefly to investigate methods that were used in 1945. Afforestation has reduced the the effects of afforestation on streamflow. Biesievlei is one cover of the vegetation (excluding P. radiata) from 75% to 20%. of seven experimental catchments that was afforested for this The total number of species was reduced by 58% from 298 to 126. At least 190 species found in 1945 were not found in 1984, purpose. A study of the fynbos vegetation of Biesievlei was and at least 18 species were added to the list. The mean plant undertaken in October - November 1945 (Rycroft 1950). This density was reduced from 260 to 78 plants m - 2. Only stream study was the first to analyze sclerophyllous fynbos vegetation bank vegetation, comprising mainly large-leaved sprouting using quantitative methods. Its main purpose was to develop shrubs, persisted in a relatively unmodified state. Away from the stream , annuals, geophytes and hemicryptophytes were methods for sampling vegetation in the fynbos but the results dominant. Dominant spe.cies in the pre-afforestation flora were provide a unique opportunity to assess the effects of afforesta not resilient to afforestation. -
Summary: Monitoring for Sustainable Indigenous Forest
MONITORING FOR SUSTAINABLE INDIGENOUS FOREST MANAGEMENT IN THE GARDEN ROUTE NATIONAL PARK Knysna 2014 ii CONTENTS Page 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 FOREST DYNAMICS MONITORING 2 2.1 Diepwalle Research Areas 2 2.2 Tsitsikamma strip plots 3 2.3 Permanent Sample Plots (PSPs) in nature reserves 3 2.4 National system of forest plots 3 3 FOREST DISTURBANCE AND RECOVERY 4 3.1 Gap dynamics research 5 3.2 Storms River big tree 5 3.3 Photo-monitoring of burnt forest 6 3.4 Koomansbos fire gap 7 3.5 Forest establishment 7 3.6 Forest succession on a burnt forest margin 7 4 UTILISATION OF FOREST PRODUCTS 8 4.1 Timber utilization 8 Permanent sample plots (PSPs) 9 Post-harvesting audit 11 4.2 Ferns 12 4.3 Bulbine 13 4.4 Bark 13 5 PLANT SPECIES OF CONSERVATION CONCERN 14 6 BLACKWOOD 15 6.1 Incidence of spread monitoring 15 6.2 Success of control action monitoring 16 6.3 Harkerville blackwood plot 16 iii 7 FAUNA 16 7.1 Antelope population monitoring 16 7.2 Rare mammal monitoring 16 7.3 Crowned eagle monitoring 17 7.4 The Knysna elephants 18 8 CULTURAL HERITAGE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 19 9 SOCIAL MONITORING 19 9.1 Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment 19 9.2 Employment Equity 19 9.3 People and Conservation Park Based Education and Youth Development Programmes 20 9.4 Expanded Public Works Programmes (EPWP’s) 20 10 WASTE DISPOSAL 20 10.1 Hazardous waste 20 10.2 Household waste 21 11 CHEMICAL USAGE 21 12 COSTS, PRODUCTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY OF FOREST MANAGEMENT 21 13 CONCLUSION 22 APPENDIX 1: HARVEST TREE SELECTION CRITERIA APPLIED IN THE INDIGENOUS FORESTS OF THE GARDEN ROUTE NATIONAL PARK 23 APPENDIX 2: TREE LIST FOR THE INDIGENOUS FORESTS OF THE GARDEN ROUTE 24 1 1 INTRODUCTION The Garden Route National Park (GRNP) consists of a mosaic of diverse terrestrial, freshwater, estuarine and marine ecosystems, landscapes, and cultural heritage. -
NUMBERED TREE SPECIES LIST in SOUTH AFRICA CYATHEACEAE 1 Cyathea Dregei 2 Cyathea Capensis Var. Capensis ZAMIACEAE 3 Encephalart
NUMBERED TREE SPECIES LIST IN SOUTH AFRICA 23 Hyphaene coriacea CYATHEACEAE 24 Hyphaene petersiana 1 Cyathea dregei 25 Borassus aethiopum 2 Cyathea capensis var. capensis 26 Raphia australis 27 Jubaeopsis caffra ZAMIACEAE 3 Encephalartos altensteinii ASPHODELACEAE 3.1 Encephalartos eugene-maraisii 28 Aloe barberae 3.2 Encephalartos arenarius 28.1 Aloe arborescens 3.3 Encephalartos brevifoliolatus 28.2 Aloe africana 3.4 Encephalartos ferox 28.3 Aloe alooides 4 Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi 28.4 Aloe angelica 5 Encephalartos ghellinckii 28.5 Aloe candelabrum 5.1 Encephalartos inopinus 28.6 Aloe castanea 5.2 Encephalartos lanatus 28.7 Aloe comosa 6 Encephalartos laevifolius 28.8 Aloe excelsa var. excelsa 7 Encephalartos latifrons 29 Aloe dichotoma 8 Encephalartos senticosus 29.1 Aloe dolomitica 8.1 Encephalartos lehmannii 29.2 Aloe ferox 9 Encephalartos longifolius 29.3 Aloe khamiesensis 10 Encephalartos natalensis 29.4 Aloe littoralis 11 Encephalartos paucidentatus 29.5 Aloe marlothii subsp. marlothii 12 Encephalartos princeps 29.6 Aloe plicatilis 12.5 Encephalartos relictus 29.7 Aloe marlothii subsp. orientalis 13 Encephalartos transvenosus 30 Aloe pillansii 14 Encephalartos woodii 30.1 Aloe pluridens 14.1 Encephalartos heenanii 30.2 Aloe ramosissima 14.2 Encephalartos dyerianus 30.3 Aloe rupestris 14.3 Encephalartos middelburgensis 30.4 Aloe spicata 14.4 Encephalartos dolomiticus 30.5 Aloe speciosa 14.5 Encephalartos aemulans 30.6 Aloe spectabilis 14.6 Encephalartos hirsutus 30.7 Aloe thraskii 14.7 Encephalartos msinganus 14.8 Encephalartos -
Competition Effects in an Afrotemperate Forest Thomas Seifert1*†, Stefan Seifert1†, Armin Seydack2, Graham Durrheim2 and Klaus Von Gadow1†
Seifert et al. Forest Ecosystems 2014, 1:13 http://www.forestecosyst.com/content/1/1/13 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Competition effects in an afrotemperate forest Thomas Seifert1*†, Stefan Seifert1†, Armin Seydack2, Graham Durrheim2 and Klaus von Gadow1† Abstract Background: Information about competition responses is mainly available for monospecific stands or mixed stands with a small number of species. Studies on complex multi-species and highly structured forest ecosystems are scarce. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to quantify competition effects and analyse competition responses in a species-diverse afrotemperate forest in South Africa, based on an observational study with mapped tree positions and long-term diameter increment records. Methods: The sensitivity to competition was analysed for individual species and involved the calculation of the slope of the linear relation between the value of a competition index (CI) and diameter growth as a measure of sensitivity. In a next step different competition indices were combined and tree diameters were grouped in three classes as surrogates for canopy status and ontogenetic stage. Results: Five competition indices were found to be effective in showing sensitivity to competition for a number of canopy and sub-canopy species. Significant linear regressions were fitted for 18 of a total of 25 species. Species reactions varied significantly in their sensitivity to the different CIs. The indices were classified as belonging to two groups, those that responded more to local crowding and those that are more sensitive to overtopping, which revealed species-specific sensitivities to both factors. The analysis based on diameter classes revealed that species clearly changed their sensitivity to crowding or overtopping depending on diameter.