DOCSLIB.ORG

LBRT: Humanity Should Establish a Space Colony by 2050. Content: 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
LBRT: Humanity Should Establish a Space Colony by 2050. Content: 1 LBRT: Humanity should establish a space colony by 2050. Content: 1. Background Information 2. Pro and Con Arguments 3. Timeline 4. Key Articles 5. Additional Resources LearningLeaders – All Rights Reserved - 9/14/17 1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION LearningLeaders – All Rights Reserved - 9/14/17 2 LearningLeaders – All Rights Reserved - 9/14/17 3 LearningLeaders – All Rights Reserved - 9/14/17 4 LearningLeaders – All Rights Reserved - 9/14/17 5 SOURCE: https://www.space.com/22228-space-station-colony-concepts- explained-infographic.html LearningLeaders – All Rights Reserved - 9/14/17 6 SOURCE: http://www.homospaciens.org/extrasolar-colony.html LearningLeaders – All Rights Reserved - 9/14/17 7 LearningLeaders – All Rights Reserved - 9/14/17 8 LearningLeaders – All Rights Reserved - 9/14/17 9 LearningLeaders – All Rights Reserved - 9/14/17 10 SOURCE: https://i.pinimg.com/736x/f1/05/5a/f1055a6de089b3f8abed8d81dd4a3 552--space-law-lunar-moon.jpg LearningLeaders – All Rights Reserved - 9/14/17 11 SPACE SETTLEMENT BASICS Who? You. Or at least people a lot like you. Space settlements will be a place for ordinary people. Presently, with few exceptions, only highly trained and carefully selected astronauts go to space. Space settlement needs inexpensive, safe launch systems to deliver thousands, perhaps millions, of people into orbit. If this seems unrealistic, note that a hundred and fifty years ago nobody had ever flown in an airplane, but today nearly 500 million people fly each year. Some special groups might find space settlement particularly attractive: The handicapped could keep a settlement at zero-g to make wheelchairs and walkers unnecessary. Penal colonies might be created in orbit as they should be fairly escape proof. People who wish to experiment with very different social and political forms could get away from restrictive social norms. Although some colonies may follow this model, it's reasonable to expect that the vast majority of space colonists will be ordinary people. Indeed, eventually most people in space settlements will be born there, and some day they may vastly exceed Earth's population. Based on the materials available, the human population in orbit could one day exceed ten trillion living in millions of space colonies with a combined living space hundreds of times the surface of the Earth. What? A space settlement is a home in orbit. Rather than live on the outside of a planet, settlers will live on the inside of gigantic spacecraft. Typical space settlement designs are roughly one half to a few kilometers across. A few designs are much larger. Settlements must be air tight to hold a breathable atmosphere, and must rotate to provide psuedo-gravity. Thus, people stand on the inside of the hull. LearningLeaders – All Rights Reserved - 9/14/17 12 Enormous amounts of matter, probably lunar soil at first, must cover the settlements to protect inhabitants from radiation. On Earth our atmosphere does this job, but space settlements need about five tons of matter covering every square meter of a colony's hull to protect space settlers from cosmic rays and solar flares. Each settlement must be an independent biosphere. All oxygen, water, wastes, and other materials must be recycled endlessly. Where? In orbit, not on a planet or moon. Why should we live in orbit rather than on a planet or moon? Because orbit is far superior to the Moon and Mars for colonization, and other planets and moons are too hot, too far away, and/or have no solid surface. For an alternate view, see Robert Zubrin's powerful case for Mars exploration and colonization. Mars' biggest advantage is that all the materials necessary for life may be found on Mars. While materials for orbital colonies must be imported from the Moon or Near Earth Objects (NEO's -- asteroids and comets), there are many advantages to orbital colonies. Advantages include: Earth-normal 'gravity'. The Moon and Mars have a surface gravity much less than Earth normal (which called 1g - the g stands for 'gravity'). The lunar surface is at roughly 1/6g and Mars is a 1/3g planet. Children raised in low-g cannot be expected to develop bones and muscles strong enough to visit Earth except in desperation -- it will be too painful and exhausting. For example, this author weighs 73kg (160 pounds). If I went to a 3g planet, the equivalent of moving from Mars to Earth, I would weigh 225 kg (almost 500 pounds) and would have great difficulty getting out of bed. For children raised on the Moon or Mars, attending college on Earth will be out of the question. By contrast, orbital colonies can rotate to provide any g level desired, although it's not true gravity. Spinning the colony creates a force called pseudo-gravity, that feels a lot like gravity. Pseudo- gravity is much like what you feel when a car takes a sharp turn at high speed. Your body is pressed up against the door. Simillarly, as an orbital space colony turns, the inside of the colony pushes on the inhabitants forcing them to go around. The amount of this force can be controlled and for reasonable colony sizes and LearningLeaders – All Rights Reserved - 9/14/17 13 rotation rates the force can be about 1g. For example, a colony with an 895 meter (a bit less than 1000 yards) radius rotating at one rpm (rotations per minute) provides 1g at the hull. Children raised on orbital colonies should have no trouble visiting Earth for extended periods. Rapid resupply from Earth. The Moon is a few days away from Earth, and trips to Mars take many months. Early colonies in Earth orbit will be only hours away. This is a huge logistical advantage for a large project like building space settlements. Continuous, ample, reliable solar energy. In orbit there is no night. Solar power is available 24/7. Most places on the Moon or Mars are in darkness half of the time (the only exception is the lunar poles). Mars, in addition, is much farther from the Sun and so receives about half the solar power available at Earth orbit. Mars also has dust storms which interfere with solar power. Great views from Earth (and eventually other planets). Space colonization is, at its core, a real estate business. The value of real estate is determined by many things, including "the view." Any space settlement will have a magnificient view of the stars at night. Any settlement on the Moon or Mars will also have a view of unchanging, starkly beautiful, dead-as-a-doornail, rock strewn surface. However, settlements in earth orbit will have one of the most stunning views in our solar system - the living, ever- changing Earth. Weightless recreation. Although space colonies will have 1g at the hull, in the center you will experience weightlessness. If you've ever jumped off a diving board, you've been weightless. It's the feeling you have after jumping and before you hit the water. The difference in a space colony is that the feeling will last for as long as you like. If you've ever seen videos of astronauts playing in 0g you know weightlessness is fun. Acrobatics, sports and dance go to a new level when constraints of gravity are removed. It's not going to be easy to keep the kids in 1g areas enough to satisfy Mom and Dad that their bones will be strong enough for a visit to Disneyland. Zero-g construction means bigger colonies. Space colonists will spend almost all of their time indoors. It is impossible for an unprotected human to survive outside for more than few seconds. In this situation, obviously bigger colonies are better. Colonies on LearningLeaders – All Rights Reserved - 9/14/17 14 the Moon or Mars won't be much bigger than buildings on Earth, especially at first. However, in orbit astronauts can easily move spacecraft weighing many tons by hand. Everything is weightless and this makes large scale construction much easier. Colonies can be made so large that, even though you are really inside, it feels like the out-of-doors. Much greater growth potential. The Moon and Mars together have a surface area roughly the size of Earth. But if the single largest asteroid (Ceres) were to be used to build orbital space colonies, the total living area created would be approximately 150 times the surface area of the Earth. Since much of the Earth is ocean or sparsely inhabited, settlements built from Ceres alone could provide uncrowded homes for more than a trillion people. Economics. Near-Earth orbital colonies can service Earth's tourist, energy, and materials markets more easily than the Moon. Mars is too far away to easily trade with Earth. Space colonies, wherever they are built, will be very expensive. Supplying Earth with valuable goods and services will be critical to paying for colonization. The best place to live on Mars is not nearly as nice as the most miserable part of Siberia. Mars is far colder, you can't go outside without a space suit, and it's a months-long rocket ride if you want a Hawaiin vacation. The Moon is even colder at night, and it's literally boiling during the day. By contrast, orbital colonies have unique and desirable properties, particularly 0g recreation and great views. Building and maintaining orbital colonies should be quite a bit easier than similar sized homesteads on the Moon and Mars. Colonies in orbit are better positioned to provide goods and services to Earth. For these reasons, orbital colonies will almost certainly come first, with lunar and martian colonization later. Mars and the Moon have one big advantage over most orbits: there's plenty of materials.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Project Selene: AIAA Lunar Base Camp
    Project Selene: AIAA Lunar Base Camp AIAA Space Mission System 2019-2020 Virginia Tech Aerospace Engineering Faculty Advisor : Dr. Kevin Shinpaugh Team Members : Olivia Arthur, Bobby Aselford, Michel Becker, Patrick Crandall, Heidi Engebreth, Maedini Jayaprakash, Logan Lark, Nico Ortiz, Matthew Pieczynski, Brendan Ventura Member AIAA Number Member AIAA Number And Signature And Signature Faculty Advisor 25807 Dr. Kevin Shinpaugh Brendan Ventura 1109196 Matthew Pieczynski 936900 Team Lead/Operations Logan Lark 902106 Heidi Engebreth 1109232 Structures & Environment Patrick Crandall 1109193 Olivia Arthur 999589 Power & Thermal Maedini Jayaprakash 1085663 Robert Aselford 1109195 CCDH/Operations Michel Becker 1109194 Nico Ortiz 1109533 Attitude, Trajectory, Orbits and Launch Vehicles Contents 1 Symbols and Acronyms 8 2 Executive Summary 9 3 Preface and Introduction 13 3.1 Project Management . 13 3.2 Problem Definition . 14 3.2.1 Background and Motivation . 14 3.2.2 RFP and Description . 14 3.2.3 Project Scope . 15 3.2.4 Disciplines . 15 3.2.5 Societal Sectors . 15 3.2.6 Assumptions . 16 3.2.7 Relevant Capital and Resources . 16 4 Value System Design 17 4.1 Introduction . 17 4.2 Analytical Hierarchical Process . 17 4.2.1 Longevity . 18 4.2.2 Expandability . 19 4.2.3 Scientific Return . 19 4.2.4 Risk . 20 4.2.5 Cost . 21 5 Initial Concept of Operations 21 5.1 Orbital Analysis . 22 5.2 Launch Vehicles . 22 6 Habitat Location 25 6.1 Introduction . 25 6.2 Region Selection . 25 6.3 Locations of Interest . 26 6.4 Eliminated Locations . 26 6.5 Remaining Locations . 27 6.6 Chosen Location .
    [Show full text]
  • Documenting Apollo on The
    NASA HISTORY DIVISION Office of External Relations volume 27, number 1 Fourth Quarter 2009/First Quarter 2010 FROM HOMESPUN HISTORY: THE CHIEF DOCUMENTING APOLLO HISTORIAN ON THE WEB By David Woods, editor, The Apollo Flight Journal Bearsden, Scotland In 1994 I got access to the Internet via a 0.014 Mbps modem through my One aspect of my job that continues to amaze phone line. As happens with all who access the Web, I immediately gravi- and engage me is the sheer variety of the work tated towards the sites that interested me, and in my case, it was astronomy we do at NASA and in the NASA History and spaceflight. As soon as I stumbled upon Eric Jones’s burgeoning Division. As a former colleague used to say, Apollo Lunar Surface Journal (ALSJ), then hosted by the Los Alamos NASA is engaged not just in human space- National Laboratory, I almost shook with excitement. flight and aeronautics; its employees engage in virtually every engineering and natural Eric was trying to understand what had been learned about working on science discipline in some way and often at the Moon by closely studying the time that 12 Apollo astronauts had spent the cutting edge. This breadth of activities is, there. To achieve this, he took dusty, old transcripts of the air-to-ground of course, reflected in the history we record communication, corrected them, added commentary and, best of all, man- and preserve. Thus it shouldn’t be surprising aged to get most of the men who had explored the surface to sit with him that our books and monographs cover such a and add their recollections.
    [Show full text]
  • Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition
    Tf Freewheel simply a tour « // o é Z oon" ‘ , c AUS Figas - 3 8 tion = ~ Conds : 8O man | S. | —§R Transhu : QO the Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition Science Slightly Over the Edge ED REGIS A VV Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. - Reading, Massachusetts Menlo Park, California New York Don Mills, Ontario Wokingham, England Amsterdam Bonn Sydney Singapore Tokyo Madrid San Juan Paris Seoul Milan Mexico City Taipei Acknowledgmentof permissions granted to reprint previously published material appears on page 301. Manyofthe designations used by manufacturers andsellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book and Addison-Wesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial capital letters (e.g., Silly Putty). .Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Regis, Edward, 1944— Great mambo chicken and the transhuman condition : science slightly over the edge / Ed Regis. p- cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-201-09258-1 ISBN 0-201-56751-2 (pbk.) 1. Science—Miscellanea. 2. Engineering—Miscellanea. 3. Forecasting—Miscellanea. I. Title. Q173.R44 1990 500—dc20 90-382 CIP Copyright © 1990 by Ed Regis All rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Text design by Joyce C. Weston Set in 11-point Galliard by DEKR Corporation, Woburn, MA - 12345678 9-MW-9594939291 Second printing, October 1990 First paperback printing, August 1991 For William Patrick Contents The Mania..
    [Show full text]
  • Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
    National Aeronautics and Space Administration Commercial Orbital Transportation Services A New Era in Spaceflight NASA/SP-2014-617 Commercial Orbital Transportation Services A New Era in Spaceflight On the cover: Background photo: The terminator—the line separating the sunlit side of Earth from the side in darkness—marks the changeover between day and night on the ground. By establishing government-industry partnerships, the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program marked a change from the traditional way NASA had worked. Inset photos, right: The COTS program supported two U.S. companies in their efforts to design and build transportation systems to carry cargo to low-Earth orbit. (Top photo—Credit: SpaceX) SpaceX launched its Falcon 9 rocket on May 22, 2012, from Cape Canaveral, Florida. (Second photo) Three days later, the company successfully completed the mission that sent its Dragon spacecraft to the Station. (Third photo—Credit: NASA/Bill Ingalls) Orbital Sciences Corp. sent its Antares rocket on its test flight on April 21, 2013, from a new launchpad on Virginia’s eastern shore. Later that year, the second Antares lifted off with Orbital’s cargo capsule, (Fourth photo) the Cygnus, that berthed with the ISS on September 29, 2013. Both companies successfully proved the capability to deliver cargo to the International Space Station by U.S. commercial companies and began a new era of spaceflight. ISS photo, center left: Benefiting from the success of the partnerships is the International Space Station, pictured as seen by the last Space Shuttle crew that visited the orbiting laboratory (July 19, 2011). More photos of the ISS are featured on the first pages of each chapter.
    [Show full text]
  • (NTPS): a Key Space Asset for Human Exploration and Commercial Missions to the Moon
    NASA/TM—2014-218105 AIAA–2013–5465 The Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Stage (NTPS): A Key Space Asset for Human Exploration and Commercial Missions to the Moon Stanley K. Borowski Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio David R. McCurdy Vantage Partners, LLC, Brook Park, Ohio Laura M. Burke Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio October 2014 NASA STI Program . in Profi le Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to the • CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. Collected advancement of aeronautics and space science. The papers from scientifi c and technical NASA Scientifi c and Technical Information (STI) conferences, symposia, seminars, or other program plays a key part in helping NASA maintain meetings sponsored or cosponsored by NASA. this important role. • SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientifi c, The NASA STI Program operates under the auspices technical, or historical information from of the Agency Chief Information Offi cer. It collects, NASA programs, projects, and missions, often organizes, provides for archiving, and disseminates concerned with subjects having substantial NASA’s STI. The NASA STI program provides access public interest. to the NASA Aeronautics and Space Database and its public interface, the NASA Technical Reports • TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. English- Server, thus providing one of the largest collections language translations of foreign scientifi c and of aeronautical and space science STI in the world. technical material pertinent to NASA’s mission. Results are published in both non-NASA channels and by NASA in the NASA STI Report Series, which Specialized services also include creating custom includes the following report types: thesauri, building customized databases, organizing and publishing research results. • TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of completed research or a major signifi cant phase For more information about the NASA STI of research that present the results of NASA program, see the following: programs and include extensive data or theoretical analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Deployable Modular Frame for Inflatable Space Habitats
    70th International Astronautical Congress (IAC), Washington D.C., United States, 21-25 October 2019. Copyright ©2019 by the International Astronautical Federation (IAF). All rights reserved. IAC-19,B3,8-GTS.2,4,x48931 DMF: Deployable Modular Frame for Inflatable Space Habitats Vittorio Netti1, * 1University of Houston, [email protected] *Corresponding author Abstract Inflatable Space Modules for space exploration are now a reality. In 2016, Bigelow Aerospace tested the first inflatable module Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) on the International Space Station (ISS), achieving success. This technology has higher volume limits than other launchers, substantially changing the previous concepts of construction and life in space. Nevertheless, inflatable modules technology lacks a reliable and functional platform to efficiently use all this space. Due to its limited dimension, the International Standard Payload Rack (ISPR), currently used on ISS, is not suitable for this purpose. The project aims at developing a new standard for payload rack in the inflatable space modules: the Deployable Modular Frame (DMF). The DMF expands itself radially from the center of the module, starting from four structural pylons. It creates a solid infrastructure allowing for the configuration of a variety of spaces, including storage space, laboratories, workstations and living quarters. The DMF consists of two main parts: the Deployable Frame (DF) and the Modular Rack (MR). Once the frame is deployed, it provides four linear slots suitable to install the modular racks. The rack is the basic element that allows for the storage of equipment inside the frame. Once they are installed, the racks can slide on the frame’s rails, dynamically changing the space inside the module.
    [Show full text]
  • To Intercontinental to Interplanetary to Intersolar
    Why Editorials? Why some, not all? In compiling the MMM Classics volumes, with precious few exceptions, editorials were not included. Why? Yes, some addressed temporary conditions, and are of no lasting interest. But indeed, many MMM editorials through the years have addressed concerns that remain pertinent today, if indeed they are not timeless. So we have taken another look and here reprint those “In Focus” editorials that, we think, speak to conditions and issues still very relevant today. These pieces represent the editor’s opinions alone, and have never been presented as the opin- ions or policies of the Lunar Reclamation Society, the National Space Society, the Artemis Society, or the Moon Society. There are none for the first year, as we didn’t start writing editorials until MMM #11. The Topics: The relation between the Moon and Mars in Manned Space Exploration Policy is clearly the num- ber one issue addressed. What we mean by “space” difers widely among “space proponents.” This is a critical issue. Space is more than the boundary layer of Earth, a place for space stations and satellites. This is a realm already part of Earth’s “econosphere” and will take care of itself. It is the endless fron- tier, beyond that needs our attention. The endless hiatus between Apollo 17 and what we all want to come next is a key topic. There is much we can do to make the next human lunar opening a stronger and more lasting one. Asteroids, promise and threat, are looked at and put in perspective with a nearer term threat: space debris, which could end up confining humans forever on our home world.
    [Show full text]
  • Cryopreservation Page 3
    2nd quarter 2010 • Volume 31:2 funding Your Cryopreservation page 3 Death of Robert Prehoda Page 7 Member Profile: Mark Plus page 8 Non-existence ISSN 1054-4305 is Hard to Do page 14 $9.95 Improve Your Odds of a Good Cryopreservation You have your cryonics funding and contracts in place but have you considered other steps you can take to prevent problems down the road? Keep Alcor up-to-date about personal and medical changes. Update your Alcor paperwork to reflect your current wishes. Execute a cryonics-friendly Living Will and Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care. Wear your bracelet and talk to your friends and family about your desire to be cryopreserved. Ask your relatives to sign Affidavits stating that they will not interfere with your cryopreservation. Attend local cryonics meetings or start a local group yourself. Contribute to Alcor’s operations and research. Contact Alcor (1-877-462-5267) and let us know how we can assist you. Alcor Life Extension Foundation is on Connect with Alcor members and supporters on our official Facebook page: http://www.facebook.com/alcor.life.extension.foundation Become a fan and encourage interested friends, family members, and colleagues to support us too. 2ND QUARTER 2010 • VOLUME 31:2 2nd quarter 2010 • Volume 31:2 Contents COVER STORY: PAGE 3 funding Your Cryopreservation Without bequests and page 3 donations Alcor’s revenue falls 11 Book Review: The short of covering its operating Rational Optimist: How expenses. This means that Prosperity Evolves Alcor should further cut costs Former Alcor President or increase revenue.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Fiber Optic Structural Health Sensors for Inflatable Space Habitats Osgar John Ohanian III*A, Naman Garga, Matthew A
    Integrated Fiber Optic Structural Health Sensors for Inflatable Space Habitats Osgar John Ohanian III*a, Naman Garga, Matthew A. Castelluccia aLuna Innovations, Incorporated, Blacksburg, VA USA 24060 *[email protected], phone: 540-443-3872 ABSTRACT Inflatable space habitats offer many advantages for future space missions; however, the long term integrity of these flexible structures is a major concern in harsh space environments. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of these structures is essential to ensure safe operation, provide early warnings of damage, and measure structural changes over long periods of time. To address this problem, the authors have integrated distributed fiber optic strain sensors to measure loading and to identify the occurrence and location of damage in the straps and webbing used in the structural restraint layer. The fiber optic sensors employed use Rayleigh backscatter combined with optical frequency domain reflectometry to enable measurement of strain every 0.65 mm (0.026 inches) along the sensor. The Kevlar woven straps that were tested exhibited large permanent deformation during initial cycling and continued to exhibit hysteresis thereafter, but there was a consistent linear relationship between the sensor’s measurement and the actual strain applied. Damage was intentionally applied to a tensioned strap, and the distributed strain measurement clearly identified a change in the strain profile centered on the location of the damage. This change in structural health was identified at a loading that was less than half of the ultimate loading that caused a structural failure. This sensing technique will be used to enable integrated SHM sensors to detect loading and damage in future inflatable space habitat structures.
    [Show full text]
  • NASA at 50: Interviews with NASA Senior Leadership / Rebecca Wright, Sandra Johnson, Steven J
    Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data NASA at 50: interviews with NASA senior leadership / Rebecca Wright, Sandra Johnson, Steven J. Dick, editors. p. cm. 1. Aerospace engineers—United States—Interviews. 2. United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration—History—Sources. I. Wright, Rebecca II. Johnson, Sandra L. III. Dick, Steven J. IV. Title: NASA at fifty. NASA SP-2012-4114 TL539.N36 2011 629.40973—dc22 2009054448 ISBN 978-0-16-091447-8 F ro as el t yb eh S epu ir tn e edn tn fo D co mu e tn .U s S G , . evo r emn tn P ir tn i O gn eciff I tn re en :t skoob t ro e . opg . vog enohP : lot l f eer ( 668 ) 215 - 0081 ; D C a er ( a 202 ) 215 - 0081 90000 aF :x ( 202 ) 215 - 4012 aM :li S t I po CCD W , ihsa gn t no D , C 20402 - 1000 ISBN 978-0-16-091447-8 9 780160 914478 ISBN 978-0-16-091447-8 F ro leas b y t eh S pu e ri tn e dn e tn D fo co mu e tn s , .U Svo . e G r mn e tn P ri tn i gn fficeO I tn er en t: koob s t ro e. opg . vog : Plot l nohf ree e ( 668 ) 215 - 0081 ; C Da re a ( 202 ) 215 - 0081 90000 Fa :x ( 202 ) 215 - 4012 il:M S a t po DCI C, W a hs i gn t no , D C 20402 - 1000 ISBN 978-0-16-091447-8 9 780160 914478 Rebecca Wright Sandra Johnson Steven J.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Private Spaceflight Companies - Wikipedia
    6/18/2020 List of private spaceflight companies - Wikipedia List of private spaceflight companies This page is a list of non-governmental (privately owned) entities that currently offer—or are planning to offer—equipment and services geared towards spaceflight, both robotic and human. List of abbreviations used in this article Contents Commercial astronauts LEO: Low Earth orbit GTO: Geostationary transfer Manufacturers of space vehicles orbit Cargo transport vehicles VTOL: Vertical take-off and Crew transport vehicles landing Orbital SSTO: Single-stage-to-orbit Suborbital TSTO: Two-stage-to-orbit Launch vehicle manufacturers SSTSO: Single-stage-to-sub- Landers, rovers and orbiters orbit Research craft and tech demonstrators Propulsion manufacturers Satellite launchers Space-based economy Space manufacturing Space mining Space stations Space settlement Spacecraft component developers and manufacturers Spaceliner companies See also References External links Commercial astronauts Association of Spaceflight Professionals[1][2] — Astronaut training, applied research and development, payload testing and integration, mission planning and operations support (Christopher Altman, Soyeon Yi)[1][3] Manufacturers of space vehicles Cargo transport vehicles Dry Launch Return Company Launch Length Payload Diameter Generated Automated Spacecraft mass mass Payload (kg) payload S name system (m) volume (m3) (m) power (W) docking (kg) (kg) (kg) 10.0 (pressurized), 3,310 plus 14 2,500 Falcon 9 pressurized or (unpressurized), Dragon 6.1 4,200[4] 10,200 capsule
    [Show full text]
  • The Ultimate High Ground—U.S. Intersector Cooperation in Outer Space C
    Journal of Air Law and Commerce Volume 81 | Issue 4 Article 2 2016 The Ultimate High Ground—U.S. Intersector Cooperation in Outer Space C. Brandon Halstead Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc Recommended Citation C. Brandon Halstead, The Ultimate High Ground—U.S. Intersector Cooperation in Outer Space, 81 J. Air L. & Com. 595 (2016) https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc/vol81/iss4/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at SMU Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Air Law and Commerce by an authorized administrator of SMU Scholar. For more information, please visit http://digitalrepository.smu.edu. THE ULTIMATE HIGH GROUND—U.S. INTERSECTOR COOPERATION IN OUTER SPACE C. BRANDON HALSTEAD* I. INTRODUCTION PACE, THE FINAL FRONTIER.” Those words opened “Seach episode of the original 1960s’ television series Star Trek.1 In a seemingly relentless effort to dominate this final fron- tier, the second half of the 20th century was marked by a space race of United States and Soviet Union competition to attain superior space capabilities. Those few States2 able to achieve or- bit comprised an exclusive club, with the technology and fi- nances necessary to successfully launch, orbit, and recover space vehicles embodying State prestige and power. Yet as the campy science fiction films and television series of the 1950s and 1960s gave way to blockbuster space movies and television dramas from the 1970s onward, so too has science fiction and space ca- pabilities transformed from the silver screen to reality.
    [Show full text]