DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, .

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.0 INTRODUCTION The project is the “Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan”. Kualiti Alam Sdn. Bhd. (KA) (“Project Proponent”), a Cenviro company, an investee company of Khazanah Nasional Berhad, is currently operating a waste management centre (KA WMC) at Ladang Tanah Merah, A3 Division, 71960 Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan. The KA WMC in Negeri Sembilan owns and operates the only integrated toxic and hazardous (scheduled) waste management centre in . KA WMC is licensed to treat and disposed of all categories of waste code except for waste from manufacturing or processing or use of explosives.

KA has two (2) existing thermal treatment plants designated as main incinerator (INC1) and KA modularized incinerator (INC4). The INC1 is currently operating at 100 MT/day of hazardous wastes while INC4 with a nominal capacity of 33 MT/day. Based on the previous and vast experience on successfully operating waste treatment facilities, KA now wishes to treat its scheduled wastes inclusive of clinical waste in the proposed Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) plant, which has a nominal capacity of 100 MT/day. Unlike the current thermal treatment plants, the proposed SWTE plant has been designed to dispose of scheduled waste as the primary objective, and to generate energy as the secondary objective.

Report No: AMR.2015.KA.DEIA.SWTE Executive Summary l ES-1

DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan.

1.1 Project Proponent KA is the Project Proponent for this DEIA. The correspondence address together with the telephone and facsimile number of the person to whom enquiries concerning the DEIA is indicated as below:

Address : Kualiti Alam Sdn. Bhd. Waste Management Centre, Ladang Tanah Merah, A3 Division, 71960 Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan. Tel. No. : 6(06) 666 2000 Fax No. : 6(06) 666 2130 Website : www.kualitialam.com Contact Person : Mr. Idris Sulaiman (Head, Operations) Email : [email protected]

This DEIA study was carried out by AMR Environmental Sdn. Bhd. The correspondence details and contact person for the comprehensive EIA consultants are as follows:

Address : AMR Environmental Sdn. Bhd. AMR Group Building, 29 & 29A, Jalan Pulai Perdana 11, Taman Sri Pulai Perdana, 81110 Skudai, Johor Darul Takzim. Tel. No. : 6(07) 520 8334 Fax No. : 6(07) 520 8554 Website : www.amr.com.my Contact Person : Mr. Ammar Mohd Rashid (Managing Director) Email : [email protected]

Report No: AMR.2015.KA.DEIA.SWTE Executive Summary l ES-2

DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan.

1.2 Requirements

The construction of a thermal treatment facility is a Prescribed Activity under Item 14 (a) (i) of the Second Schedule, of the Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order, 2015 made under Subsection 34A (1) of the Environmental Quality Act 1974 [Act 127], as follows:-

14. WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL (a) Scheduled Waste (i) Construction of Thermal Treatment Plant

Hence, a Detailed Environmental Impact Assessment (DEIA) is required to be conducted for this project and the EIA report to be submitted and approved by the Director General before any development can take place [Section 34A (1), Environmental Quality Act (Act 127), 1974]. In this connection, the requirement on the preparation of the DEIA has been stipulated by the Department of Environment to the management of KA. To meet the DOE’s requirement for the proposed project, KA has appointed AMR Environmental Sdn. Bhd., a registered environmental consulting firm to conduct the DEIA study.

1.3 Statement of Need Scheduled waste such as spent solvent and oil have significant value as the alternative energy resources through “waste to energy” (WTE) principle in reducing cost of waste disposal. The proposed SWTE plant implements a green technology concept comprising scheduled waste disposal and energy regeneration reducing carbon foot print as part of Department of Environment (DOE) requirements and initiatives. In addition, the proposed 100 MT/day of the SWTE plant guarantees to comply with the Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 2014.

This project also emphasizes more on the environmental conservation strategy in minimising the greenhouse gas emissions which has direct impact on the climate change. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recommends WTE plant as a power source which has less environmental impact compared to almost any other source of electricity. The proposed SWTE plant will not only treat the existing waste backlog but also to support future treatment demand. In addition, SWTE plant will be built to replace two (2) containerized based thermal treatment plant, designated as INC2 and INC3 which have been fully decommissioned due to aging that led to the deterioration of plant’s performance, high maintenance and operational cost.

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DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan.

The existing thermal treatment plants i.e. INC1 and INC4 have the treatment capacity of 100 and 33 MT/day, respectively. Both plants are designed to treat halogenated and non- halogenated organic wastes and solvents, pesticide wastes, mineral oil wastes and combustible miscellaneous material including clinical wastes. With an incoming waste of approximately 160 MT/day, the existing thermal treatment plants (INC1 and INC4) are nearly reaching their respective maximum treatment capacity. Thus, the continuous growth in the generation of scheduled waste, the proposed SWTE plant is critically required to treat backlog problems facing by the existing thermal treatment facility.

The main thermal treatment plant i.e. INC1, is a rotary kiln type unit fitted with a heat recovery system (i.e. waste heat boiler), and a combination of dry and wet gas scrubber system. However, the existing INC1 has been in operation for nearly 15 years and will soon require a major overhaul. In order to avoid any backlog during the maintenance period of INC1, a new thermal treatment plant will have to be commissioned prior to the overhaul work. Currently, INC1 experiences a number of unscheduled shutdowns due to wear and tear of the plant equipment.

In the view of current situation of the INC1 and the increase in the generation of scheduled and clinical wastes to be treated, KA intends to perform a comprehensive inspection and major refurbishment on INC1 since it has served as the main thermal treatment plant in the WMC site for more than 15 years. As part of refurbishment plan, KA proposed to upgrade the air pollution control (APC) system of INC1 which in future will continue to meet and comply with the DOE’s Clean Air Regulations 2014 standard. These activities will only take place once the SWTE plant has been commissioned and achieved its stable operating condition. The need for alternative thermal treatment facility to cater the current and any incoming waste backlog due to the refurbishment of INC1 is deemed necessary.

The proposed development of SWTE plant is targeted to cater for the existing and incoming waste to be treated constantly at WMC without any interruption. The average annual period for shutdown and maintenance works for INC1 is normally 32 days but the major refurbishment is expected to take much longer. Thus in this case, the proposed SWTE plant is needed as an alternative thermal treatment unit for ensuring the smooth flow of future operations.

Figure E1 presents the current capacity of waste received and treated by the thermal treatment plant which showed that there is an increment in the number of waste received per year compared to the previous years.

Report No: AMR.2015.KA.DEIA.SWTE Executive Summary l ES-4

DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan.

Total Yearly Waste Received for Thermal Treatment Plant

60,000 48,819 50,000 46,146 46,320 39,425 38,394 35,981 40,069 40,000 34,991 34,607 33,108 32,448 33,929 29,030 28,933 28,675 30,000 19,826 20,000

10,000

-

Amount ReceivedWaste (MT) Amount of 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Year

Figure E1: Trends of Scheduled Waste Received by Thermal Treatment Plants

The proposed project will provide an extra benefit in terms of renewable energy generation which will be utilized to offset the WMC’s internal electricity consumption approximately 24,000,000 kW/year. The initiative of the proposed SWTE plant is to generate electricity and at the same time to reduce the environmental impacts on greenhouse gas emissions compared to any other source of power generation plant. The proposed SWTE facility is equipped with the proven air pollution control technologies to comply with the most recent Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 2014.

Beginning August 2012, KA had been granted a license by the DOE to treat and dispose clinical waste by thermal treatment at the WMC. Currently, there are five (5) companies namely Edgenta Mediserve Sdn. Bhd. (formerly known as Faber Medi-Serve Sdn. Bhd.), Medivest Sdn. Bhd. (formerly known as Medivest Sdn. Bhd.), Clinwaste (M) Sdn. Bhd. (formerly known as Radicare Sdn. Bhd.), Sedafiat Sdn. Bhd. and One Medicare Sdn. Bhd. has recently signed the new concession agreement with Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH) which specifies all necessary conducts for healthcare waste treatment and disposal mainly for government institutions.

However, with the continuous increase of clinical waste generation, the concession companies are experiencing constraints to cater promptly the country’s need for the treatment and disposal of the generated waste, as the capacity and ability of their thermal treatment remains critically stagnant. Aptly, taking this into consideration, it is deemed for KA to initiate the proposed SWTE plant which has the capability and excess capacity (apart as a scheduled

Report No: AMR.2015.KA.DEIA.SWTE Executive Summary l ES-5

DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan. waste thermal treatment) to also treat clinical waste in order to meet the increasing demand of clinical waste disposal activity.

With the “NO-PROJECT” options with regard to the development of SWTE plant at the existing WMC site would mean that the disposal of scheduled and clinical waste in the country will soon be at halt whereby very limited thermal treatment capacity of the existing players including KA will not be able to treat future waste generation. A worst situation is when the disposal of scheduled and clinical waste will be halted for a number of days or weeks or even months if one (1) or two (2) or even all of the concessionary thermal treatment plants undergo forced or emergency plant shutdown due to unforeseen circumstances. This illustrates the dire need of such initiatives on the part of the project proponent and thus, the approval of the proposed SWTE in this regard, is very crucial and renders the ‘no project’ option to be irrelevant in this case.

2.0 EXISTING SCHEDULED WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES The described facilities have been in operation from as early as 1997 i.e. secured landfill, to the recent Clinical Waste Treatment Centre in 2014. The continuous development of the waste management facilities in the WMC was mainly to cater for the handling and treatment of scheduled waste on a holistic approach for the country.

2.1 Scheduled Waste Treatment Facilities The received incoming wastes are treated at the designated scheduled waste treatment facilities which are listed as below:

a) Thermal treatment plant; b) Physical and chemical treatment plant; c) Solidification plant; d) Clinical waste treatment centre; and e) Secured landfill.

2.1.1 Thermal Treatment Plant Presently, KA has two (2) existing thermal treatment plants namely main thermal treatment/incinerator unit (INC1) and modularized incinerator (INC4).

2.1.1.1 Main Thermal Treatment Unit (INC1) INC1 is designed with nominal capacity of 100 MT/day of hazardous waste. The basis of the plant was centered on an average waste calorific value of 15 MJ/kg, with its normal thermal load of 24.3 GJ/hr with ratio of 70% solid and 30% liquid waste material.

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DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan.

2.1.1.2 Modularized Thermal Treatment Unit (INC4) INC4 is designed with nominal capacity of 33 MT/day. The basis of the plant was built on an average waste calorific value of 13 MJ/kg, with its normal thermal load of 24.3 GJ/hr and can take a full load of solid or clinical waste alone or a combination of waste ratio of 70% solid and 30% liquid waste material (if to treat liquid waste).

2.1.2 Physical and Chemical Treatment Plant (PCT) Physical and Chemical Treatment plant (PCT) is capable of handling all types of inorganic liquid waste such as acid, alkaline, oxidizer, chromate, cyanide and others. Currently, the PCT plant has a capacity of 5,000 MT capacities per annum with eight (8) hours operation and five (5) days per week.

2.1.3 Solidification Plant (SP) The solidification plant has a capacity of 23,000 MT capacities per annum with eight (8) hours operation and five (5) days per week. The process of stabilisation and solidification aim to immobilise the toxic constituents of hazardous wastes to prevent them from leaching once disposed.

2.1.4 Clinical Waste Treatment Centre (CWTC) Kualiti Alam Sdn. Bhd. offers the most innovative technology in clinical waste disposal (i.e. Microwave AMD-serial 250-Ecosteryl). It is a zero emission technology and no harmful effects with eco-friendly process with no requirement for water, steam, burning or smoke and is capable to process up to 300 kg/hr of clinical waste. The final residues from the process are inert and finally disposed at the existing secured landfill.

2.1.4.1 Clinical Waste Collection Kualiti Alam will mobilize its transportation to pick-up the clinical waste from the Waste Generator’s premise, mainly from hospital or medical institutions. At the premise, all clinical wastes are weighed and packed in tight clinical waste bin according to safety regulations. Upon arrival at KA WMC, the truck and its loads will have to go through a weighing bridge where the driver will declare the loads and fill-up related documentations. After being weighed and documented, the clinical waste is transported to the Clinical Waste Treatment Centre for further waste treatment.

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DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan.

2.1.4.2 Clinical Waste Disposal The treatment process starts by shredding the clinical wastes into smaller pieces using a mechanical shredder for increase surface area exposure. The wastes will then be transported by a screw conveyor to the microwave system for disinfection or sterilization. The lorry will then transport the sterilized wastes to the secured landfill for final disposal.

2.1.5 Secured Landfill The newly constructed secured landfill with a geo grid wall technology will have a total capacity of 1.6 million tonnes and estimated to be sufficient for at least 30 years of operation. Waste that is inert and the ashes from the scheduled waste thermal treatment plant are deposited in the secured landfill, which also includes solidified wastes from the solidification plant and external wastes that fulfil the direct landfill waste acceptance criteria.

2.2 Pre-Treatment Plants Currently, there are two (2) pre-treatment plants at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre which are as follows:

a) Sludge destabilization system (SDS); and b) Spent Caustic and Oily Sludge Waste.

The sludge destabilization system and spent caustic pre-treatment plants were built for the purpose of separating the incoming waste into two (2) main components i.e. water and sludge. The wastewaters generated from these plants are small in quantity and later to be treated at the existing effluent treatment plant inside the WMC.

The oily sludge waste pre-treatment plant adopts the concept of separating the waste into water, sludge and oil.

2.3 Recycling and Recovery Facilities The recycling and recovery facility inside Kualiti Alam is operated by Kualiti Kitar Alam Sdn. Bhd. which is a subsidiary company of Cenviro. Kualiti Kitar Alam provides a vast range of recycling and recovery for scheduled waste management solutions to its wide customer ranging from multi-national companies, corporations, ministries and government agencies.

Report No: AMR.2015.KA.DEIA.SWTE Executive Summary l ES-8

DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan.

2.4 Scheduled Waste Handling Process The service provided by KA includes collection, transportation, analysis, treatment, and safe disposal of the scheduled waste with all transportations designed to be compliant to legal requirements and are licensed by the Department of Environment (DOE), Malaysia. The scheduled wastes collected are treated either via thermal treatment, physical and chemical treatment, solidification, clinical waste treatment centre and finally disposed of at the existing secured landfill.

Wastes received at Kualiti Alam Sdn. Bhd. are categorized into three (3) categories i.e. solid or sludge waste, liquid waste and also clinical waste. Wastes meeting the direct landfill acceptance criteria based on the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedures (TCLP) test are disposed of at the secured landfill directly without treatment including slag from the thermal treatment plant, solidified wastes from the solidification plant and external wastes that fulfil the direct landfill acceptance criteria. However, fly ashes from the thermal treatment of organic wastes and halogenated organic solvent wastes at the thermal treatment plant will be transferred to the solidification plant through conveyor for stabilization process before depositing in the secured landfill and bottom ash will be directly transferred from slag/bottom ash bunker to the secured landfill by using tipper truck.

All contaminated surface runoff from operation area are channelled to Main Water Reservoir (MWR) and treated at the Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP). The treated water will be pumped to the Process Water Tank (PWT) and will be reused as the quenching water by the thermal treatment plants. In a secured landfill, leachate is generated as a result of the expulsion of liquid from the waste which contains inorganic and organic chemical. Hence leachate is contained and channelled out effectively to the Leachate Treatment Plant (LTP). The treated leachate will be pumped into the Process Water Tank (PWT) for thermal treatment usage while all uncontaminated surface runoff from admin building will be channelled to the nearest river.

2.5 Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) The ETP currently treats storm water run off from WMC operation area including the wastewater generated from the existing thermal treatment plants. External wastewater sources are also sent to the ETP facility with the given approval from DOE. There are two (2) streamline (designated as stream 1 and 2) for the water treatment process with 150m3/day capacity each.

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DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan.

2.6 Leachate Treatment Plant (LTP) Leachate is formed when rain water percolates through the disposed waste in hazardous and rubber sludge landfill. As the liquid moves through the landfill, many organic and inorganic compounds, like heavy metals, are transported in the leachate.

The leachate generated in the secured landfill is channelled to the leachate collection sump found within each landfill cell. Then it is pumped to Leachate Treatment Plant for further treatment.

3.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Scheduled waste to energy (SWTE) plant is an economically sound investments that provide multiple financial and environmental benefits. The facilities produce clean energy while reducing waste volume by 90%, making it a great option to manage the waste.

3.1 Location of the Proposed SWTE Plant The project site is located 15 km southwest of with GPS Coordinates of latitude 20 39’ 49.88” N and longitude 1010 49’ 39.94” E. The Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre (KA WMC) is specifically located at the following address:

KUALITI ALAM SDN. BHD. Waste Management Centre, Ladang Tanah Merah A3 Division, 71960 Bukit Pelandok, 71000 , Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.

3.2 Process Description of the Proposed SWTE Plant SWTE plant is the process of generating energy in the form of electricity as a product of the thermal treatment of scheduled and clinical waste materials. The proposed SWTE plant has been designed for the disposal of scheduled waste but simultaneously generating and supplying electricity to the main grid while treating 100MT of waste (heat load of 16.25 Gcal/day) with power output of 3.4 MW/hr. The power generated is planned to be fully exported to national grid line. The SWTE plant is supplied by Hansol, which is an experienced waste-recycling company based in South Korea, Republic of Korea. While being a leading company specialized in the environment, energy and plant sectors in Korea and abroad, Hansol also provides a total environmental and plant solution that is focused on Waste to Energy (WTE), waste-to-resource, waste treatment and environmental service businesses.

Report No: AMR.2015.KA.DEIA.SWTE Executive Summary l ES-10

DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan.

3.2.1 Components of the SWTE Plant The scheduled waste to energy process has the following eight (8) main components, which are:

a) Waste feeder; b) Core reactor (i.e. where the waste is converted to energy); c) Energy recovery; d) Air pollution control (APC) system; e) Residual product processing; f) Emission guarantee of the proposed SWTE plant; g) Continuous emission monitoring system (CEMS) of the stack gas; and h) Process control and safety.

The general process flow diagram of the scheduled waste to energy process and the energy generation at the proposed SWTE plant are presented in Figure E2.

Figure E2: General Process Flow Diagram of the Scheduled Waste to Energy Process

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DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan.

The detail description for each main component of the proposed scheduled waste to energy (SWTE) thermal treatment plant are described as follows: a) Waste Feeder Solid waste is transferred to the enclosed bunker of SWTE plant where the solid wastes are mixed to achieve homogeneity in terms of their characteristic and calorific values prior to thermal treatment process. The wastes are then transferred into a hopper and ram feed into the rotary kiln while waste containing in drum is fed directly into the kiln through different feeding system.

The aqueous or energetic waste is directly fed into the thermal treatment unit for disposal. It will assist in stabilizing the secondary combustion chamber (SCC) temperature together with the burner. b) Core Reactor (i.e. where the waste is converted to energy) Core reactor (i.e. kiln) is the main component where the actual conversion of waste to energy occurs. Combustion is the most preferred technique for scheduled waste treatment. This core reactor operate between 700 and 900oC in the rotary kiln and 1100oC in the SCC. The combustion air is injected into the reactor to ensure that there is a surplus of air at all times. An induced draft fan (IDF) is used to maintain a vacuum inside the reactor to avoid fugitive emissions of noxious gases leaking through the unit. c) Energy Recovery The flue gas temperature is maintained at 1100oC and is led from the furnace to the heat recovery system, where they are cooled down by transferring the heat to the boiler. Pumps are used to transfer feeding water of the boiler. The superheated steam generated in the boiler drum is utilized for steam turbine. Heat recovery boiler or steam turbine systems operate thermodynamically as a Rankine Cycle. d) Air Pollution Control (APC) System The end products of the combustion are ash and gases. The air pollution control unit is designed to remove fly ash, noxious and acid gases as well as organics and heavy metal exiting the thermal treatment plant. The cleaned exhaust gases are released into the atmosphere through a 60 meters stack. e) Residual Product Processing These are generally bottom ash and fly ash from the air pollution control system. Residual products are contained and disposed in the existing secured landfill.

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DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan. f) Emission Guarantee of the Proposed SWTE Plant The SWTE plant is designed to meet the most recent stringent air emission standards stipulated in the Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations, 2014 (CAR, 2014), enforced June, 2014. g) Continuous Emission Monitoring (CEM) of the Stack Gas SWTE plant will be equipped with continuous emission monitoring system installed at the stack to continuously monitor the flue gas emission quality. The data recorded by the analyzers is automatically transmitted to the control room for monitoring and control. The data will also be linked to the DOE Putrajaya. h) Process Control and Safety The SWTE plant is equipped with automatic control system to control and monitor its operation. Alarm system is designed to alert operators of any unusual situation or condition that need immediate attention. Safety interlock system is triggered if basic process control behaves beyond its design specifications in order to protect the safety of the workers, equipment and environment.

3.2.2 Waste Acceptance Criteria and Waste Handling for the SWTE Plant Wastes received at plant are categorized into three (3) categories i.e. solid or sludge, liquid waste and also clinical waste. Depending on the characteristics, the waste will undergo through thermal treatment or solidification or physical-chemical treatment before finally landfilled.

Briefly, the waste received and treated by the proposed SWTE plant comprises of the following type: a) Industrial Waste and Miscellaneous Waste The waste will be characterized, or pre-treated and transported into the bunker through a forklift. The bunker is adequately designed to contain considerable amount of pre-mixed waste before thermal treatment. The waste is conveyed into a hopper before being shifted into the rotary kiln by ram feeder system. b) Drummed Waste The SWTE plant is also designed to take up drummed waste as in the case of INC1, where a special feeding system is provided for this purpose.

Report No: AMR.2015.KA.DEIA.SWTE Executive Summary l ES-13

DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan. c) Clinical Waste Clinical waste including an exclusive container/bin is directly sent into the reception area. It is fed into the thermal treatment unit. The clinical waste which is not treated within 24 hours is being stored in existing cold room while waiting for treatment. The cold room can accommodate at least two (2) days of storage capacity. d) Energetic Waste and Aqueous Waste Energetic waste retained in organic tank farm is directly transported to the rotary kiln and secondary combustion chamber. Energetic waste could act as auxiliary fuel to maintain the required temperature of the thermal treatment plant. Aqueous waste is directly fed into the thermal treatment unit through a spray nozzle. Aqueous waste transported to the thermal treatment unit could be used to control high temperature in the thermal treatment unit. Finally, high viscosity waste (about 500 cps) is directly fed into the thermal treatment unit by feeding pump with steam for smooth feeding.

3.2.3 Air Pollution Control (APC) System The flue gas cleaning system is required to remove any pollutant that is being generated during the thermal treatment process. The main pollutants of concern are the following:

 Total Particulate Matter;  Hydrogen Chloride (HCl);

 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2);

 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2);  Total Organic Component, TOC;  Dioxin and Furan; and  Heavy Metals.

The SWTE is equipped with several mitigation flue gas cleaning system comprises of the following equipment: a) Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) SNCR is a method to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions in combustion process. The process involves injecting urea into the firebox of the boiler at a location where the flue gas is between 760 and 1,090°C to react with the nitrogen oxides formed in the combustion process.

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DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan. b) Semi Dry Reactor (SDR) and Dry Reactor The waste gases from the thermal treatment plant after passing through the waste heat boiler is then pass through a semi dry reactor (SDR) for controlling the discharge concentration of acid gases (Sulfur oxide (SOx) and Hydrogen chloride (HCl)). Lime powder mixed with water forming lime slurry is injected inside the reactor to react with acid gases mainly HCl and SOx. c) Fabric Filter Fabric filter is installed to filter particulates, along with heavy metals, organic compounds, acid mist and gases. The system is equipped with filter bags that collect dust and build up layer of fly ash, activated carbon and lime cake particle on its surface as an additional barrier for protection. d) Wet Scrubber Wet scrubbers remove the remaining acid gases and fine dust particles by capturing them in liquid droplets by absorbing principle. The type of wet scrubber is a spray tower packed with some materials, which increases the overall retention time between the contaminants and the flue gas to further enhance removal efficiency.

3.2.4 Generation of Wastewater SWTE plant is expected to generate approximately 36.5 M3/d of wastewater which is about 13,522 M3/year. The quality of the wastewater is similar to those treated at the existing treatment plant. Thus, the additional wastewater from the SWTE plant are to be treated by the existing effluent treatment plant which has a spare capacity of 30,000 M3/year due to the present of new leachate water treatment plant. Previously this existing water treatment plant was used to process wastewater from the secured landfill.

Presently the treated waste water is being reutilized or recycled into other parts of the Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre’s plant operation such as in quench tower of INC1 and INC4.

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DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan.

4.0 PROJECT OPTIONS AND SITE SELECTION

4.1 Option 1 (Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant) The proposed project will provide an extra benefit in terms of renewable energy generation which will be utilized to offset the WMC’s internal electricity consumption approximately 24,000,000 kWh/year. The initiative of the proposed SWTE plant is to generate electricity and at the same time to reduce the environmental impact on greenhouse gas emissions compared to any other source of power generation plant. The proposed SWTE facility is equipped with the proven air pollution control technologies to comply with the most recent Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 2014.

4.2 Option 2 (“No Project” Option) “NO-PROJECT” options with regard to the development of SWTE plant at WMC site would mean that the disposal of scheduled and clinical waste in the country will soon be at halt whereby very limited thermal treatment capacity of the existing players including KA will not be able to treat future waste generation. A worst situation is when the disposal of scheduled and clinical waste will be halted for number of days or weeks or even months if one (1) or two (2) or even all of the concessionary thermal treatment plants undergo forced or emergency plant shutdown due to unforeseen circumstances. Thus, the approval of the proposed SWTE in this regard, is very crucial and renders the ‘no project’ option to be irrelevant in this case.

4.2.1 Evaluation on Alternative and Available Treatment Method There are three (3) main aspects when considering the right treatment method for scheduled waste i.e. technical, environmental and regulatory requirement criteria. Selecting the right option for treatment of scheduled waste (inclusive of clinical waste) is governed by these main criteria.

The superiority of the thermal treatment method over other treatments methods for the disposal of scheduled and clinical wastes is well documented and in most cases met the above three (3) main criteria. The thermal treatment has many advantages compared to other methods due to:

 Fast detoxification process;  Inert or stabilised end products;  Tremendous mass and volume reduction; and  Option for energy or steam recovery.

Report No: AMR.2015.KA.DEIA.SWTE Executive Summary l ES-16

DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan.

The Rotary Kiln (RK) technology is well known for its capability of treating various type of scheduled waste including liquid, sludge and solid waste and different packaging’s like bulk or drums. Rotary kiln is thus the most common technology employed world-wide for high temperature thermal treatment of scheduled waste. Rotary kilns have successfully been used at Kualiti Alam (KA) since the start of the operation in 1999. Thus, experienced gained by KA over the years in treating scheduled waste using rotary kiln has been fully matured.

In addition, the proposed rotary kiln technology is an improved unit presently employed in Korea and Japan, with an extension of a stoker after the rotary kiln. The benefit of the stoker is a better burnout of the waste due to injection of combustion air through the grate. The combination of rotary kiln and stoker also minimises the operation problem and stabilises the combustion compared to the single rotary kiln. The rotary kiln and stoker combination has been used since 2004 and has proven to be more effective in thermal treatment of scheduled waste. Figure E3 presents the pictorial diagram of the rotary kiln and stoker system.

Figure E3: Rotary Kiln Thermal Treatment Unit

Report No: AMR.2015.KA.DEIA.SWTE Executive Summary l ES-17

DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan.

4.2.2 Site Selection The proposed site for the development of scheduled waste to energy (SWTE) plant is at the vacant plot of land (approximately 1.0 acres) at the premises of Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Ladang Tanah Merah, A3 Division, 71960 Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan. The area of the entire premises is approximately 140.58 acres belonging to Kualiti Alam Sdn. Bhd. The proposed site is selected due to the following reasons;

a) Land availability: The proposed site belongs to Kualiti Alam Sdn. Bhd. and is available for the proposed development works; b) Savings in capital cost: Installation of the new thermal treatment facility at the existing plant could result in savings of capital cost as the new facility could utilise or share the existing auxiliary facilities such as administrative buildings, weighbridges, transporting trucks, waste bins, cold storage room, on-site storage facility, and effluent treatment plant. c) Savings in operational and maintenance cost: Installation of the new thermal treatment facility at the existing plant could also result in savings of operational and maintenance costs in terms of transportation of scheduled waste to the plant, administration staff, supervisory and operational staff. d) Ease of operation: The staff at the existing plant could be shared with the new facility.

The entire WMC is already a gazetted area for the treatment and disposal of scheduled waste in the nation and that a complete facility for the intended purpose can be found at the same proposed site. Thus, it is aptly that the site selected for the proposed SWTE to be located in the same premise to complement and support other similar activities.

5.0 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

5.1 Physical Environment Topography for the project site is generally an undulating area with small portion of hilly terrain area at its north. Natural drainage of the project area is drained to the west by a tributary of the Sungai Unyai and also drained to the east by Sungai Kulai which is tributary of Sungai Jimah river system.

5.2 Human Environment The site lies within the jurisdiction of the Majlis Perbandaran Port Dickson (MPPD). As a result of development, the surrounding area is rapidly urbanizing and industrializing where industry, commerce and housing development activities have been and currently taking place. Project site is situated about 15 km from Sepang (Northwest), 15 km from Seremban (East) and 21

Report No: AMR.2015.KA.DEIA.SWTE Executive Summary l ES-18

DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan. km from Port Dickson (Southwest). The nearest residential area is located approximately 3 km from the WMC facility.

Syarikat Air Negeri Sembilan (SAINS) supplied clean water at Lukut area and project site via underground piping. Electricity at both residential and project site area was supplied via national grid network by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB). Syarikat Telekom Malaysia Berhad (STMB) is the provider of telecommunication facilities to project site via underground cables. Indah Water Konsortium Sdn Bhd (IWK) was the one to undertake the management of the sewerage services of the country. It is expected that the residential area around the project site uses individual septic tanks and sewerage treatment plants. For solid waste at Lukut area, MPPD appointed Southern Waste Management (SWM) to handle the matter.

Socio-economic study investigates and evaluates the public awareness and perceptions towards the proposed project and its potential impacts on their existing socio-economic environment. A total of 35.5% of assessed respondents showed that the project would bring positive impacts and 31.7% showed level of acceptability agree on the project. A public dialogue and focus group discussion had been taken on 7th December 2015 discussing on a range of diversified issues and concerns. Based on the discussion, the respondents were generally concerned on air pollution and the impacts to their health and are not against the proposed project as long as the project proponent uses the legal procedure during the construction and operation.

The existing health status of the local community was determined through health survey and review of secondary data from the nearest healthcare facilities. The potential health impacts of the proposed plant to the communities employs the Health Risk Assessment (HRA) methodology.

A total of 290 households were surveyed from sixteen (16) settlements area located within 5km radius from the proposed SWTE plant. This sample population represent 941 adults and 281 children. Majority of the respondents were Malay ethnicity (86.2%) and aged between 31 - 40 years old. Basic amenities were fairly good with 99.7% of the respondents have safe water supply and 72.8% have proper solid waste management. Majority (83.8%) of the respondents claimed themselves as healthy. Majority of the respondents (82%) were seeking treatment for their ailments or sickness from the government healthcare facilities. The prevalence of air pollution related disease such as asthma among children and adults were 8.9% and 2.9% respectively. The prevalence of other important diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart diseases and stroke among the adults were 5.1%, 3.0%, 0.9% and 0.3% respectively. These prevalence were lower than the National Health and Morbidity Survey Information System III (NHMIS III, 2006).

Report No: AMR.2015.KA.DEIA.SWTE Executive Summary l ES-19

DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan.

Figure E4 (land use map) shows the surrounding land use in the vicinity of the WMC and proposed SWTE plant site. Agricultural land in the area of Tanah Merah and Jemima Estate (Jimah Estate) dominated the surrounding 5 km area. Table E1 provides the land use activities within the 5 km radius of the WMC or proposed SWTE thermal treatment plant site.

5.3 Stack emission The total particulate matter emission concentrations of the entire plants were recorded well below the stipulated limits. Gaseous emissions (i.e. NOx, SO2 and CO) were detected on all of the plants emissions but within the limits. Low concentrations of acid mists were detected for INC1 and INC4. Traces of metals were detected for INC1 and INC4 i.e. As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Cu, Zn and Ni but within their respective limits. No trace of black smoke was recorded during the monitoring event. In conclusion, INC1 and INC4 present good emission quality during the test period and in compliance to the CAR 2014 and license limits.

5.4 Air Quality

The concentrations of Total Suspended Particulate (TSP), Particulate Matter <10µm (PM10) and Particulate Matter <2.5µm (PM2.5) monitored at all stations were recorded well below the standard limits. The concentrations of gaseous (i.e. CO, SO2 and NO2) were below their detection limits at all stations while THCs and PCBs were not detected at all monitored stations. The ambient Dioxin-Furan monitored at stations inside the WMC and the nearest residential showed low concentration compared to its guidelines value. In general, the results of ambient air monitoring showed that the measured parameters were all within their respective limits, an indicative of good ambient air quality within the WMC complex.

5.5 Surface Water Quality There are seven (7) stations monitored for surface water quality and it is found that the pH, temperature, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) were recorded well below the NWQS. Stations SW2 and SW3 are silt trap discharges from perimeter drain run-off and were compared to Standard B. The concentrations of BOD for station SW4 and SW6 were recorded slightly exceeded the standard limit, while concentrations of COD were observed to exceed its respective limit at station SW5 and SW6. Parameter of NH3N was recorded well below the standard limit except for station SW4 which observed to have exceeded its limit. However, other heavy metal concentrations are within the Class IIA of NWQS.

Report No: AMR.2015.KA.DEIA.SWTE Executive Summary l ES-20

DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan.

(Source: Kajian Rancangan Tempatan Daerah Port Dickson, 2020)

Figure E4: The 5 km Radius Land Use from the Proposed SWTE Site

Report No: AMR.2015.KA.DEIA.SWTE Executive Summary l ES-21

DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan.

Table E1: Existing Land Use Activities within 5 km Radius

Distance North North East East South East South South West West North West (m) 0-500 - Vacant Land - Vacant Land - Vacant - Vacant Land - Vacant Land - Oil Palm - Oil Palm - Oil Palm Land 501- - Oil Palm - Oil Palm - Oil Palm - Vacant Land - Oil palm - Quarry - Oil Palm - Oil Palm 1000 - Vacant land - Vacant land 1001- - Oil Palm - Oil Palm - Oil Palm - Oil Palm - Quarry - Quarry - Oil Palm - Oil Palm 2000 - Cleared land - Cleared land - Cleared - Oil palm - Oil Palm land 2001- - Rubber - Oil Palm - Oil Palm - Oil Palm - Oil Palm - Oil Palm - Oil Palm - Oil Palm 3000 plantation - Cleared land - Vacant - Kampung Jimah - Ladang - Ladang - Ladang - Cleared land (Development Land - Kampung Jimah Tanah Tanah Tanah Merah of Bandar Sri - Rubber Lama Merah Merah Sendayan) - Vacant Land - Kampung - Rubber Felda Sendayan 3001- - Taman Gadong - Kampung - Oil Palm - Kampung Jimah - Hills - Oil Palm - Oil Palm - Oil Palm 4000 Jaya Felda - Rubber - Kampung Jimah - Ladang - Ladang - Ladang - Taman Eka Sendayan Plantation Lama Tanah Tanah Tanah Merah Matahari - Oil palm - Oil Palm Merah Merah - Cleared land - Rubber Plantation 4001- - Oil Palm - Kampung - Oil Palm - Oil palm - Oil Palm - Oil Palm - Oil Palm - Oil Palm 5000 - Vacant land Gadong Jaya - Kampung - Kampung Jimah - Ladang - Ladang - Ladang - Ladang - Taman Gadong Jimah Lama Tanah Tanah Tanah Merah Tanah Merah Jaya Merah Merah

Report No: AMR.2015.KA.DEIA.SWTE Executive Summary l ES-22

DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan.

5.6 Groundwater Quality The groundwater monitoring shows that most monitored parameters were recorded well within their respective baseline and Recommended Raw Water Quality Standard. Parameters of VOCs and PCBs were not detected or below their detection limits for all stations. Certain parameters like Zn, Ca, Mg and K are seen to be slightly exceeding their baseline but within the recommended raw water quality standards. It is known that the natural reaction of water and rocks underground influence the mineral character of groundwater especially when significant precipitation increases the mobility of the subsurface flow. Thus, the results are mainly seen to be of natural minerals that percolate underground.

5.7 Noise Quality A total of four (4) monitoring stations (i.e. N1, N2, N3 and N4) were monitored for boundary noise level during the study period. The noise level (LAeq) at all monitored stations during the day and night time were within the DOE required limit of 65 dBA (day time) and 55 dBA (night time).

5.8 Odour Quality A total of six (6) stations were monitored for the ambient odour i.e. station OB1, OB3, OB4, OB5, OB6, and OOB1. Stations OB3, OB5 and OOB1 generate an odour value of 1,488ou/m3 while station OB1 which located at the boundary of the leachate treatment plant shows a value of 1,722ou/m3. Meanwhile, station OB6 which located near the KKI recovery building shows the lowest value of 724ou/m3. There is no specific regulation to control odour emission imposed by Department of Environment.

6.0 EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES FOR PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

6.1 Air Quality Impact Four (4) main cases (i.e. CASE 1, CASE 2, CASE 3, and CASE 4) that are based on a Normal and Worst Case Scenario were used to assess the impact of the proposed plan to treat scheduled waste and clinical waste in SWTE plant, as well as the cumulative impact of the proposed project along with two (2) other existing sources (i.e. INC1 and INC4) were considered in the modelling exercise.

Report No: AMR.2015.KA.DEIA.SWTE Executive Summary l ES-23

DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan.

The predicted pollutant ground level concentration for normal scenario with CASE 1 (assessment on SWTE alone) and CASE 2 (cumulative assessment on INC1, INC4 and SWTE) showed that the concentrations of pollutants are all within the guideline limits and the location of the maximum ground level concentration (Max GLC) occurs within 800 m from the source far away from the populated area. Meanwhile, the results of the predicted pollutant ground level concentration for the worst scenario, CASE 3 (assessment only on SWTE) and CASE 4 (assessment on INC1, INC4 and SWTE at WMC), showed that Max GLCs of pollutants are still within the ambient air quality guidelines of less than 10% of their respective guidelines concentrations. However, the Max GLC predicted for HCl in the worst scenario is still within the recommended guideline limits. All pollutants in CASE 4 were relatively higher compared to other cases given the fact that it is considered as the worst scenario of all where the thermal treatment plants are forced to undergo an operation without APCS. The Max GLC in CASE 4 were within 1000 m radius of the WMC, unlikely to cause any concern to residential, if the situation really takes place.

6.1.1 Mitigation Measures The SWTE flue gas treatment system comprising of ammonia injection, semi-dry lime reactor, fabric filters and a wet-scrubber system along with high stack height of 60 m, is certainly recommended as these provide full-proof mitigation measures on unwarranted air emissions. Series installation of such air pollution control system ensures that emission exiting the stack to the ambient air will be well below the prescribed standards or limits at all times.

6.2 Noise Quality Based on noise monitoring for the existing plant, it can be concluded that no residual impact is expected on the surrounding area of the project plant. The operators that works within KA, especially near the noise sources may have experience higher noise background that require them to utilize personal protective equipment. The operational noise will be long term in nature in any industrial activity and thus, applying Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to safeguard the safety of every worker must be enforced as a good working culture.

6.2.1 Mitigation Measures The transportation of equipment and construction materials during the development of the proposed project will only be temporary and therefore, the noise generated by the transportation will only cause short-term impact. Therefore, no mitigating measure is required. The piling activities are envisaged not to cause any noise impact to the surrounding area provided that hydraulic piling technique is used.

Report No: AMR.2015.KA.DEIA.SWTE Executive Summary l ES-24

DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan.

Since the operation of the proposed plant is predicted not to cause any significant noise impact to the surrounding residential areas, no mitigating measures is required to control and reduce the overall noise level emitted by the proposed plant.

6.3 Water Quality As KA practices a zero effluent discharge concept in all of its activity, it is expected to have no residual water quality impact on the surrounding area arising from the proposed activity. In fact, reutilizing of the treated wastewater in such activity can be concluded to give a beneficial impact as less fresh water will be consumed for the day-to-day plant operation.

6.3.1 Mitigation Measures None required since zero effluent discharge concept is adopted.

7.0 EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES FOR HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

7.1 Land Use The surrounding land use within the SWTE site includes Sendayan Tech Valley industrial lots (located within 1 km from the project site and under construction), agricultural activities (palm oil estate and rubber plantation, located within 1 km - 5 km from the proposed site), Bandar Sri Sendayan township (2.5 km away from the proposed project site) and several housing estate located approximately beyond 2 km from the WMC site. No land acquisition is needed, as the proposed SWTE thermal treatment plant for the disposal of scheduled waste will involve the use of the existing site inside the WMC. The types of land uses at the site and its surrounding areas within the boundary of WMC will remain the same and will not drastically change under the proposed activity.

7.2 Infrastructure The main source of domestic water for existing proposed activity is managed supplied by Syarikat Air Negeri Sembilan (SAINS). Assuming that the proposed project did not create much employment and therefore did not increase the district total population, the water consumption for household daily uses would not increase substantially.

The electricity supplied to the WMC provided by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB). Due to a very low increase in electricity demand, it is expected that the domestic demand for electricity supply is not substantial. The consumption of electricity for SWTE plant during operation is not substantial, since it regenerate energy from the scheduled wastes.

Report No: AMR.2015.KA.DEIA.SWTE Executive Summary l ES-25

DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan.

Should the plant be shut down and decommissioned, utility and electricity consumption and production of waste would decrease to the level needed to maintain ongoing environmental compliance, restoration and infrastructure maintenance, eventually reducing such consumption and production to near zero. Because water usage would be reduced, at least in short term, this decrease in use of these resources could be a beneficial impact.

7.3 Socio-economic The socio-economic are discussed based on demographic, economic process, traffic impacts, creation of employment and the economic impacts. In its operational stage, traffic impacts are expected to be less than significant. Meanwhile, a number of job vacancies will be available, which considered as beneficial.

7.4 Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) Health Impact Assessment (HIA) exercise employs the Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) approach in estimating the likelihood of potential adverse effects from exposure to environmental hazards.

The assessment on exposure to the PM10, NO2, SO2, acid gases, heavy metals and Dioxin- Furan during the normal and worst case scenarios showed that the calculated hazard quotient is below 1 (HQ<1), which indicates a non-carcinogenic risk to the local community. For exposure to hazardous pollutants the non-cancer risk is also insignificant during all scenarios (operation normal and worst case scenarios). The results of excess lifetime cancer risk for exposure to pollutants during normal and worst emission scenario shows that the cancer risks were recorded to be within the acceptable limit (i.e. between 10-4 to 10-6 as stipulated in Guidance Document on Health Impact Assessment (HIA) in EIA by the Department of Environment (DOE), Malaysia).

Report No: AMR.2015.KA.DEIA.SWTE Executive Summary l ES-26

DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan.

8.0 QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT (QRA) Risk is a measure of human injury, environmental damage or economic loss in terms of both the incident likelihood and the magnitude of the loss or injury. The objectives of risk assessment are to:

i. Provide a logical way to analyse risks, which should increase confidence that risk management decisions are rationally determined; ii. Promote greater consistency in risk-based decision-making across the organization; iii. Provide a basis for prioritizing finite resources; iv. Assist in the evaluation of the relative benefits of risk-reduction alternatives; v. Help define which level of the organization should take responsibility of the decisions that affect the risk; vi. Help protect the organization’s permission to operate and enhancing sustainability of the business; and vii. Present a better understanding of the management of the risk.

From the result of risk estimation for the failure of fuel tanks, the development of the SWTE plant inside the WMC does not pose fatality risk greater than 1x10-6 per year (the acceptable risk) to off-site population, even within the boundary of WMC.

9.0 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN (ERP) AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

9.1 Emergency Response Plan (ERP) The purpose of this ERP is to ensure that any form of emergency, which interrupts normal and safe working conditions in the facility, can be dealt with in a systematic manner. From calculation, the most hazardous event, vapour cloud explosion as a result from flammable released from existing plant but it does not reach the residential areas nearby. The precautions on the emergency events are based on:

 Direction and Control  Communication  Human Safety  Property Protection  Coordination with Outside Organizations  Recovery and Restoration  Administration and Logistics

Report No: AMR.2015.KA.DEIA.SWTE Executive Summary l ES-27

DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan.

9.2 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) The primary objective of the EMP is to protect the environment at and around the SWTE project site, and to ensure that the environment qualities of the concerned area are maintained. The main elements of EMP’s are:

 Legislative and contractual requirements and conditions that need to be observed and complied with;  Administrative set up (i.e. Safety, Health and Environment Unit) to be responsible for environmental management, well defined organizational structure and manpower requirements;  Monitoring program for ambient air, noise measurement or wastewater discharges; and  Action required and the reporting sequence for emergency response during accidents or abnormal operations of the plant.

The process work flows to monitor the environmental performance under this EMP are:

 Managing of significant environmental impacts and risk activities;  Monitoring of legal compliance; and  Monitoring of objectives, targets and programs.

In summary, the whole currently available policies of KA in safeguarding its human work force and the environment will remain to be adopted and implemented even with the proposed additional activity of thermal treatment scheduled waste and clinical waste in the SWTE plant.

10.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The studies for the Detailed Environmental Impact Assessment (DEIA) have been conducted and the impacts of the proposed facility at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan were assessed. The likely positive and negative impacts of the proposed SWTE were identified and quantified to the extent possible. Mitigation measures to be taken during construction and operation of SWTE and any possible residual negative impacts are identified.

Based on the findings in this DEIA, the main concerns are the air quality aspects. However, with the existing mitigation measures that are already in place, it is expected that the proposed activity will not impose significant adverse impact to the physical and human environment in the vicinity of the existing site at WMC. Modeling was performed to assess the impacts of the air emissions on local community. The results of the air quality modelling

Report No: AMR.2015.KA.DEIA.SWTE Executive Summary l ES-28

DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (DEIA) Proposed Development of Scheduled Waste to Energy (SWTE) Plant at Kualiti Alam Waste Management Centre, Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan. showed that the proposed SWTE will meet all ambient air quality standards. In addition, the modelling demonstrates that the facility will not result in degradation of the local air quality or the environment. Based on noise monitoring and modeling for the existing plant, it can be concluded that no residual noise impact is expected on the surrounding area of the project plant. As Kualiti Alam practices a zero effluent discharge concept in its activity, it is expected to have no residual water quality impact on the surrounding area arising from the proposed activity.

Based on the study for human environment (i.e. public health), exposures to criteria air pollutants are not likely to impose any negative non-cancer health outcome. The assessment on the different exposure scenarios (i.e. normal and worst cases) showed that the total lifetime cancer risks due to the emissions are within the acceptable limit. The proposed project will further enhance the image of the surrounding area, creating direct and indirect employment opportunities, and have social benefits for employees as well as inhabitants of the surrounding area while creating a positive impact in the social environment as well by attracting further economic development. As there is no residential and commercial area within 500 meters diameter of plant boundary, this will tremendously help to minimize the risk from fire. However, safe operating procedures and mitigation measures must be strictly implemented to further minimize any inherent risk.

In summary, the proposed SWTE facility meets all the required standards and will have positive impacts as well as is predicted to not causing any severe residual impacts onto the environment if its operation strictly adhere to the existing standard guidelines, which had been commonly practised ever since the existence of the WMC. It is also concluded that, with planned mitigation and the implementation of best practices to avoid or minimize adverse environmental impacts, the environmental impacts including cumulative environmental impacts during all phases are not rated significant, except in the event of certain worst-cases, for which some environmental impacts could be significant but are highly unlikely to occur.

Thus, it is recommended that the proposed development of scheduled waste to energy (SWTE) plant to be approved on the basis that the project proponent will continuously adhere to the requirement of the environmental guidelines, employing mitigation measures to ensure compliance with statutory requirements and recommended criteria.

Report No: AMR.2015.KA.DEIA.SWTE Executive Summary l ES-29