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Blood Cells and Hemopoiesis IUSM – 2016 Lab 8 – Blood Cells and Hemopoiesis IUSM – 2016 I. Introduction Blood Cells and Hemopoiesis II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords IV. Slides A. Blood Cells 1. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) 2. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) a. Granulocytes (PMNs) i. Neutrophils ii. Eosinophils iii. Basophils b. Agranulocytes (Mononuclear) i. Lymphocytes ii. Monocytes 3. Thrombocytes (Platelets) B. Bone Marrow 1. General structure 2. Cells a. Megakaryocytes b. Hemopoietic cells i. Erythroid precursors ii. Myeloid precursors V. Summary SEM of a neutrophil (purple) ingesting S. aureus bacteria (yellow). NIAID. Lab 8 – Blood Cells and Hemopoiesis IUSM – 2016 Blood I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives 1. Blood is a specialized type of fluid connective III. Keywords tissue that provides the body’s tissues with IV. Slides nutrition, oxygen, and waste removal and serves A. Blood Cells as a means of transportation for the activity of 1. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) other body systems (e.g., carrying hormones 2. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) from source to target for the endocrine system). a. Granulocytes (PMNs) 2. It consists of plasma (liquid ECM of blood) and i. Neutrophils formed elements (cells and platelets). ii. Eosinophils iii. Basophils 3. The “formed elements” of blood derive from b. Agranulocytes (Mononuclear) hematopoietic stem cells located in the red bone i. Lymphocytes marrow of flat bones in adults. ii. Monocytes 4. Blood cells can be classified as red blood cells 3. Thrombocytes (Platelets) (about 45% of blood) and white blood cells B. Bone Marrow (about 1% of blood) based upon their gross 1. General structure appearance upon centrifugation. 2. Cells a. Megakaryocytes 5. White blood cells (leukocytes) can be further classified as granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, b. Hemopoietic cells eosinophils) or agranulocytes (monocytes and i. Erythroid precursors lymphocytes) based upon the presence of ii. Myeloid precursors absence of cytoplasmic secretory granules. V. Summary Lab 8 – Blood Cells and Hemopoiesis IUSM – 2016 I. Introduction Classifying Blood Cells II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords Cells of the blood can be classified using several different schema depending upon what IV. Slides relationship between the sets is considered important or to be emphasized: A. Blood Cells 1. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) 1. Gross appearance: upon centrifugation, blood cells tend to separate into a red-colored 2. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) band and a white-colored band (“buffy coat”); this gross distinction allows for cells to be a. Granulocytes (PMNs) considered either red blood cells (RBCs) or white blood cells (WBCs). i. Neutrophils ii. Eosinophils 2. Location: blood cells can be categorized based upon where they are generally found in iii. Basophils the body, such as in the peripheral vasculature or only in the bone marrow, or more specific b. Agranulocytes (Mononuclear) locations, such as for lymphocytes. i. Lymphocytes ii. Monocytes 4. Microscopic appearance: microscopic examination of blood cells allows categorization based upon particular structures, such as the presence of cytoplasmic specific granules 3. Thrombocytes (Platelets) (i.e., granulocytes vs agranulocytes), organelle morphology (e.g., polymorphonuclear or B. Bone Marrow mononuclear nucleus), or based upon staining characteristics (i.e., neutrophil, eosinophil, 1. General structure and basophil). 2. Cells a. Megakaryocytes 5. Lineage: blood cells can be categorized depending upon their lineage relationship with b. Hemopoietic cells other blood cells; all blood cells derive from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) but soon split i. Erythroid precursors into branching lineages based upon common progenitor cells (i.e., myeloid vs. lymphoid). ii. Myeloid precursors V. Summary Lab 8 – Blood Cells and Hemopoiesis IUSM – 2016 I. Introduction Identifying “Formed Elements” II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords IV. Slides Since some “blood cells” are not actually cells when functional, the term “formed elements” is often used to describe the “cellular” content of blood. When evaluating the formed elements A. Blood Cells of blood, there are several characteristics to keep in mind when attempting to identify the 1. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) type of “cell”: 2. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) a. Granulocytes (PMNs) 1. Location the sample was taken from (if known) i. Neutrophils ii. Eosinophils 2. Size of the element iii. Basophils b. Agranulocytes (Mononuclear) 3. Nucleus to cytoplasm volume ratio (N:C) i. Lymphocytes ii. Monocytes 4. Number and shape of nuclei 3. Thrombocytes (Platelets) 5. Degree of chromatin condensation B. Bone Marrow 1. General structure 6. Presence or absence of nucleoli 2. Cells a. Megakaryocytes 7. Cytoplasmic staining b. Hemopoietic cells i. Erythroid precursors 8. Presence and staining of cytoplasmic granules ii. Myeloid precursors V. Summary Lab 8 – Blood Cells and Hemopoiesis IUSM – 2016 I. Introduction Learning Objectives II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords IV. Slides 1. Understand that blood is a connective tissue with “formed elements” A. Blood Cells (cells and platelets) in a fluid matrix (plasma). 1. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) 2. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) 2. Understand the morphology and function of red blood cells a. Granulocytes (PMNs) (erythrocytes) and the role of the spectrin membrane skeleton in i. Neutrophils maintaining their biconcave shape and flexibility. ii. Eosinophils iii. Basophils 3. Understand the relative numbers of the various types of white blood b. Agranulocytes (Mononuclear) cells in the blood of normal adults and know the major functions of i. Lymphocytes each type. ii. Monocytes 3. Thrombocytes (Platelets) 4. Understand that all leukocytes display cell motility and function in B. Bone Marrow secretion, phagocytosis, etc. primarily in the ECM of tissues after 1. General structure migrating across the blood vessel wall (diapedesis). 2. Cells a. Megakaryocytes 5. Be able to recognize and find neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, b. Hemopoietic cells monocytes, and platelets in a blood smear. i. Erythroid precursors ii. Myeloid precursors V. Summary Lab 8 – Blood Cells and Hemopoiesis IUSM – 2016 I. Introduction Learning Objectives (cont.) II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords IV. Slides 6. Understand and recognize the compartments and tissues in blood A. Blood Cells marrow. 1. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) 2. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) 7. Understand the development sequences and recognize the a. Granulocytes (PMNs) intermediate cells in the formation of red blood cells and the three i. Neutrophils types of granulocytes. ii. Eosinophils iii. Basophils 8. Be able to recognize megakaryocytes and understand how platelets b. Agranulocytes (Mononuclear) are formed and released. i. Lymphocytes ii. Monocytes 3. Thrombocytes (Platelets) B. Bone Marrow 1. General structure 2. Cells a. Megakaryocytes b. Hemopoietic cells i. Erythroid precursors ii. Myeloid precursors V. Summary Lab 8 – Blood Cells and Hemopoiesis IUSM – 2016 I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives Keywords III. Keywords IV. Slides A. Blood Cells Basophil Normoblasts 1. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) Bone marrow Platelets 2. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) Eosinophil Proerythroblasts a. Granulocytes (PMNs) Erythrocytes Red blood cells i. Neutrophils Hemopoiesis Red marrow ii. Eosinophils Hemopoietic cord Reticulocytes iii. Basophils Leukocytes Sinusoids Lymphocyte Stab cells b. Agranulocytes (Mononuclear) Megakaryocyte Stromal cells i. Lymphocytes Metamyelocytes Thrombocytes ii. Monocytes Monocyte White blood cells 3. Thrombocytes (Platelets) Myelocytes Yellow marrow B. Bone Marrow Neutrophil 1. General structure 2. Cells a. Megakaryocytes b. Hemopoietic cells i. Erythroid precursors ii. Myeloid precursors V. Summary Lab 8 – Blood Cells and Hemopoiesis IUSM – 2016 Slide 10: Blood Smear, Wright’s I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives zoom in to identify leukocytes (white blood cells) amongst all the (red blood cells) III. Keywords erythrocytes IV. Slides A. Blood Cells 1. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) Slide 35a (NW): Blood Smear 2. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) a. Granulocytes (PMNs) i. Neutrophils ii. Eosinophils iii. Basophils b. Agranulocytes (Mononuclear) i. Lymphocytes Slide 23 (464): Blood Smear, Wright’s ii. Monocytes 3. Thrombocytes (Platelets) B. Bone Marrow 1. General structure 2. Cells a. Megakaryocytes b. Hemopoietic cells notice the difference in staining of the RBCs on i. Erythroid precursors the three blood smear slides; use the coloration ii. Myeloid precursors of the acidophilic RBCs as a reference in identifying other cell types (e.g., eosinophils) V. Summary Lab 8 – Blood Cells and Hemopoiesis IUSM – 2016 I. Introduction Slide 10: Blood Smear, Wright’s stain II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords IV. Slides A. Blood Cells Diameter 6-8 µm 1. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) 2. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) N:C -- a. Granulocytes (PMNs) Nucleus -- i. Neutrophils ii. Eosinophils Chromatin -- iii. Basophils b. Agranulocytes (Mononuclear) Nucleoli -- i. Lymphocytes Cytoplasm Eosinophilic ii. Monocytes 3. Thrombocytes (Platelets) B. Bone Marrow 1. General structure 2. Cells a. Megakaryocytes b. Hemopoietic cells i. Erythroid precursors erythrocytes (red blood cells) are the most numerous type of cell found in blood; before leaving the bone ii. Myeloid precursors marrow where they are formed, they lose their nucleus and most organelles and become filled with V. Summary hemoglobin, giving them acidophilic cytoplasm; they circulate for about
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