Luís Manuel Zambujal Chícharo Assistente Da

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Luís Manuel Zambujal Chícharo Assistente Da LUÍS MANUEL ZAMBUJAL CHÍCHARO ASSISTENTE DA UNIDADE DE CIÊNCIAS E TECNOLOGIAS DOS RECURSOS AQUÁTICOS UNIVERSIDADE DO ALGARVE SISTEMÁTICA, ECOLOGIA E DINÂMICA DE LARVAS E PÓS-LARVAS DE BIVALVES NA RIA FORMOSA FARO 1996 TESES SD LUÍS MANUEL ZAMBUJAL CHÍCHARO ASSISTENTE DA UNIDADE DE CIÊNCIAS E TECNOLOGIAS DOS RECURSOS AQUÁTICOS UNIVERSIDADE DO ALGARVE SISTEMÁTICA, ECOLOGIA E DINÂMICA DE LARVAS E PÓS-LARVAS DE BIVALVES NA RIA FORMOSA Dissertação apresentada à Universidade do Algarve para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências Biológicas, especialidade de Ecologia. FARO 1996 UNIVERSIDADE DO ALGARVE crpwir.O DE DOCUMENTAÇÃO Aos meus pais A benthic animal with a planktonic larval stage is a strange beast. Not only must it survive and prosper in two different realms, but it must also make the transitions to the plankton and back to the benthos. G.A. Jackson (1986) Agradecimentos Ao Professor Pedro Ré, que me acompanhou desde o trabalho de estágio sempre com a mesma disponibilidade e amizade, pela orientação. Ao Professor J. Pedro Andrade, pela orientação e pelo apoio sempre disponível durante as várias fases do trabalho. Ao Professor Martin Sprung pela ajuda na definição do plano de trabalho, bem como por ter ajudado na instalação da experiência, por ter colaborado na manutenção dos colectores e pela imensa quantidade de bibliografia que me facultou. Ao Professor Sadat Muzavor pelo empenho colocado na minha visita ao Institut Fur Meerkunde de Kiel. À Professora Lucília Sant Anna pelos esforços desenvolvidos com vista à obtenção de uma bolsa do Programa Erasmus para a minha estadia no Department of Zoology da Universidade de Abeerden. Aos Professores Bernt Zeitzschel e Heye Rumhor pelas facilidades concedidas no acesso a laboratórios e a bibliografia durante a minha estadia em Kiel, em Dezembro de 1988 e em Agosto de 1990. À Doutora Catriona Clemmesen pelos ensinamentos da técnica de determinação de ácidos nucleicos. Ao Professor Peter Boyle pelo seu esforço em tornar a minha estadia em Aberdeen o mais proveitosa possível e pelo apoio dado para a utilização do microscópio electrónico de varrimento. Ao Professor Karim Erzini pela leitura crítica dos capítulos da Dinâmica das larvas e pós-larvas e do Modelo de Recrutamento. Ao Professor José Guerreiro e Dr. Fernando Morgado pela bibliografia que me facultaram. Ao Dr. Fernando Delgado por ter passado as férias a ler o manuscrito da tese, pelo incentivo constante e pela amizade de sempre. i À Dra. Delminda Moura pela ajuda no processamento das amostras de sedimento e na análise dos resultados. Ao Sr. José Magro pelo seu apoio na realização das colheitas e pela amizade com que sempre me ajudou no trabalho de campo. Ao Dr. António Malaquias, Dr. Jorge Palma e Dr. José Ramos pela ajuda na triagem das amostras de bentos. À Dra. Ana Branco e Dra. Cristina Cardoso pela ajuda dada em várias recolhas de plâncton. Ao Kevin, pelo processamento das amostras para observação ao microscópio electrónico de varrimento e pela realização das microfotografias. À empresa Culmasur por me ter facultado as pós-larvas utilizadas para a determinação da razão RNA/DNA. Aos amigos Nani, Fernando, Célia, Helder, Guida e Miguel pelo "empurrão para cima" quando foi preciso. Aos meus pais, pelo seu apoio desde sempre. A minha mulher, Alexandra, pela sua ajuda em todas as fases do trabalho. Sem a sua organização, o seu apoio incondicional, a sua paciência e o seu carinho não teria sido possível realizar esta tese. À minha filha Ana, pelo seu sorriso e por fazer com que valha a pena. ii RESUMO Com este trabalho pretendeu-se caracterizar as larvas e pós-larvas de bivalves da Ria Formosa em termos sistemáticos, ecológicos e dinâmicos. Para tal utilizou-se uma estratégia de amostragem temporal de pequena escala de modo a que os aspectos a analisar e que decorrem no período de dias a semanas, pudessem ser eficazmente observados. As larvas de bivalves foram crivadas por 60 pm e amostradas com uma periodicidade trissemanal durante os meses de Primavera e Verão e bissemanal e semanal durante o Outono e Inverno, num total de 132 recolhas nos 16 meses amostrados. Para amostrar as pós-larvas colocaram-se 2 conjuntos com 15 colectores, com sedimento de areia e de vasa, na zona da ponte para a ilha de Faro. O sedimento foi substituído quinzenalmente num colector com areia e com vasa. Para além disso, mensalmente foi recolhido o sedimento de um colector com cada um dos tipos de sedimento, o qual foi crivado por 180 pm. Calculou-se a eficiência dos colectores e a sua representatividade, bem como determinou-se a melhor estratégia a utilizar em estudos de recrutamento de bivalves. As larvas e pós-larvas recém-fixadas de bivalves encontram-se deficientemente descritas na bibliografia. Assim, na primeira parte deste trabalho procedeu-se a uma caracterização sistemática dos vários taxa capturados na Ria Formosa. A identificação dos indivíduos baseou-se sobretudo na estrutura do provinculum larvar e na charneira pós-larvar, bem como na forma da concha, tendo-se construído séries retroactivas sempre que possível. Verificou-se, através de diagramas de caixa que a melhor separação entre os vários taxa larvares foi obtida em relações que incluíram o comprimento do provinculum. Para além disso, o cálculo de regressões lineares entre as várias medidas das conchas larvares e pós- larvares evidenciou que os eixos de crescimento que melhor se relacionaram foram o comprimento e a altura. Determinaram-se as dimensões com que as larvas ocorreram no plâncton (das prodissoconchas I e II), bem como as dimensões com que as pós-larvas recém-fixadas efectuaram a metamorfose. Com base nas características morfológicas e mensuráveis das conchas propuseram-se chaves dicotómicas para as larvas e pós-larvas de bivalves dos taxa observados. As larvas de bivalves capturadas pertenceram a 18 taxa diferentes. As larvas que ocorreram em maior abundância foram as de Mytilus edulis, Ruditapes spp., Cardium spp. e Venempis spp.. Analisou-se a variação temporal das abundâncias dos 14 taxa mais abundantes e que ocorreram de forma mais contínua no plâncton da Ria Formosa. A temperatura parece ter sido o factor determinante nas variações das abundâncias, sobrepondo-se ao efeito da salinidade, velocidade e direcção do vento ou velocidade das correntes. Analisaram-se as variações horárias das abundâncias larvares em 2 ciclos de 24 horas realizados em dois locais da Ria Formosa: na ponte para a ilha de Faro (interior) e na barra de Faro-Olhão (exterior). As abundâncias mais elevadas de larvas de bivalves ocorreram na maré enchente ou na preia-mar quando esta coincidiu com o período do pôr-do-Sol, iii altura em que ocorreram as larvas de maiores dimensões, sobretudo de Mytilus edulis. Calculou-se a duração da vida planctónica em Cardium edule e Ruditapes decussatus, respectivamente até 2 semanas e entre 2 e 4 semanas. Simultaneamente à amostragem das larvas, analisou-se a variação temporal das abundâncias das pós-larvas fixadas quinzenal e mensalmente em colectores com substrato de areia e de vasa. As abundâncias mais elevadas observadas em areia, bem como o maior número de taxa identificados, 45 taxa em areia e 24 taxa em vasa, sugerem a preferência das larvas para se fixarem naquele sedimento. A variação temporal das abundâncias pós-larvares relacionou-se sobretudo com a temperatura. Verificou-se, através do índice RNA/DNA, que as pós-larvas recém- fixadas de Ruditapes decussatus encontravam-se num bom estado nutricional, em qualquer dos dois tipos de sedimentos onde se fixaram, pelo que este não terá sido um aspecto determinante na escolha do substrato para fixação. Calculou-se a percentagem de sucesso entre o plâncton e o bentos em Cardium edule e Ruditapes decussatus, respectivamente 8,8% e 10,4%. Numa segunda fase da amostragem, analisou-se a variação espacial no recrutamento e observaram-se diferenças entre as abundâncias das várias espécies em colectores colocados numa zona interior (zona da ponte para a ilha de Faro) e numa zona exterior (barra de Faro-Olhão). Para além disso, as recolhas ao longo do canal de Faro permitiram verificar a existência de alguma limitação à distribuição espacial das várias espécies. A aplicação do método de Bhattacharyya às medições do comprimento das larvas e pós-larvas efectuadas nas várias recolhas permitiu identificar e acompanhar a evolução de coortes larvares de Mytilus edulis e Ruditapes spp. e pós- larvares de Cardium edule, Ruditapes decussatus, Venerupis aurea, Venerupis pullastra, Scrobicularia plana e Abra ovata, nos dois tipos de sedimento analisados. Para estes taxa calcularam-se as taxas de crescimento e de mortalidade, neste último caso por idade e por comprimento. Analisaram-se os modelos de Laird-Gompertz, de von Bertalanffy e os modelos linear e exponencial. O modelo de Laird-Gompertz foi o que melhor descreveu o crescimento das várias espécies em areia e em vasa, apesar de neste último substrato, o modelo linear ter explicado melhor o crescimento das pós-larvas e juvenis de R. decussatus e S. plana. As taxas de mortalidade foram, de um modo geral, mais elevadas em areia do que em vasa. No entanto, neste substrato as taxas de mortalidade não foram significativas, excepto em R. decussatus (p<0,005). Determinaram-se as razões entre a taxa de mortalidade e a de crescimento (Z/K) para os vários taxa. Esta razão evidenciou, nos taxa larvares e pós-larvares, que as populações foram globalmente dominadas pelo crescimento. Com base nas equações dos modelos lineares calculou-se a duração da vida meiobentónica (até 1 mm de comprimento). Esta variou, nos colectores com areia, entre 18 dias em A. ovata e 49 dias em S. plana. Com base nas equações de crescimento e mortalidade larvar e pós-larvar propõe-se um modelo matemático que permite calcular a abundância de recrutas durante os primeiros catorze meses de vida bentónica, com base na abundância e comprimento das larvas planctónicas, o qual foi aplicado a Ruditapes decussatus.
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