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Quantification of Settlement and Recruitment Processes in Bivalve M Ollusks

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Quantification of Settlement and Recruitment Processes in Bivalve M Ollusks W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1994 Quantification of settlement and ecruitmentr processes in bivalve mollusks Patrick Kelly Baker College of William and Mary - Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Marine Biology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Baker, Patrick Kelly, "Quantification of settlement and ecruitmentr processes in bivalve mollusks" (1994). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539616555. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.25773/v5-psh5-eg48 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with with permission permission of the of copyrightthe copyright owner. owner. Further Further reproduction reproduction prohibited prohibitedwithout permission. without permission. Order Number 9414201 Quantification of settlement and recruitment processes in bivalve m ollusks Baker, Patrick Kelly, Ph.D. The College of William and Mary, 1994 UMI 300N.ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, M I 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with with permission permission of the of copyrightthe copyright owner. owner. Further Further reproduction reproduction prohibited prohibitedwithout permission. without permission. QUANTIFICATION OF SETTLEMENT AND RECRUITMENT PROCESSES IN BIVALVE MOLLUSKS A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the School of Marine Science The College of William and Mary In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Patrick Kelly Baker 1993 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Patrick Kelly Baker Approved January, 1994 Roger (Mann, Ph.D. Joiin Brubaker, Ph.D. Romuald Lipcius, Ph.D. il vv r i i u u ) Anson H. Hines, Ph.D. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Edgewater, Maryland ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................... iv LIST OF TABLES............... V LIST OF FIGURES........................................ viii ABSTRACT.................................................. X CHAPTER 1. Review of the Ecology and Study of Recruitment of Bivalve Mollusks...................... 2 CHAPTER 2. Competency to settle in oyster larvae, Crassostrea virginica: wild versus hatchery-reared larvae................................. 47 CHAPTER 3. Temporal and spatial variability in abundance of late stage bivalve larvae in Chesapeake Bay...................................... 71 CHAPTER 4. A field comparison of planktonic abundance of oyster larvae, Crassostrea virginica and Ostrea equestris, with subsequent settlement......... 12 3 CHAPTER 5. Proportional settlement and recruitment of Crassostrea virginica: a quantitative field test using larval enclosures.............................. 176 CHAPTER 6. Conclusions and Summary..................... 240 APPENDIX A. Review of Cues for Marine Invertebrate Larval Settlement and Metamorphosis.................. 256 APPENDIX B. Effect of neutral red stain on settlement ability of oyster pediveligers, Crassostrea Virginia................................. 330 APPENDIX C. Occurrence of post-metamorphic bivalves the plankton in lower Chesapeake Bay................. 341 VITA................. 381 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Portions of this research were made possible by Minor Research Grants from the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (1989, 1992, 1993), and by a Grant-In-Aid of Research from Sigma Xi (1993). Most other funding was provided by the Commonwealth of Virginia, through the Bivalve Ecology program at VIMS. The following VIMS facilities and services were instrumental in my research. The oyster hatchery provided oyster larvae and algae; thanks to Valerie Shaffer for doing a great job. VIMS East at Wachapreague provided bivalve larvae and laboratory facilities. Vessel Operations maintained vessels; special thanks to Shirley Crossley and Raymond Forrest. The photo lab (Bill Jenkins) and APRC (Kay Stubblefield and Harold Burrell) cheerfully, skillfully, and characterfully provided graphics for presentations. Thanks to Marilyn Lewis and Diane Walker of the library for fast and friendly reference assistance (It's a bird! It's a plane! No, it's Reference Librarian!) Danny Gouge of the dive locker provided and maintained scuba gear. Thanks to fiscal agents Regina Burrell and Carol Tomlinson for keeping my head screwed on straight. Appreciation is due to persons assisting in laboratory and field work, especially Shirley Baker, Reinaldo Morales- Alamo, and Kenneth Walker. Many thanks to scuba divers who assisted me, including Aaron Adams, Mark Brotman, Marty Cavalluzzi, Judy Haner, Kirt Moody, David Plotner, and Rochelle Seitz. Thanks also to the members of my dissertation committee for their reviews of this dissertation. The Aquaculture Division of the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, and the Smithsonian Marine Station at Linkport, graciously permitted me the use of their facilities at Fort Pierce, Florida. Thanks to Sherry Reed of SMSL for her help. And thanks to the 'gators for not eating me during night field work. Thanks to Dan Hornbach and Macalester College in St. Paul, Minnesota, for the use of their facilities while preparing the final drafts of this dissertation, and to Tony Deneka for use of his personal computer during this time. Thanks to Roger Mann, my primary advisor. I realize that, in many ways, this was as much a learning experience for him as for me, but in the long analysis, he was usually right. I appreciate his patience, support, and his stubborn British syntax, throughout this process. Special thanks to my wife, Shirley, for her many hours of assistance, for her patience and understanding, and for iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES Tables numbered separately for each chapter. Page Chapter 2. 1. Summary of proportional settlement of Crassostrea virginica larvae from the York River................ 69 2. Proportional settlement of hatchery-reared Crassostrea virginica larvae........................ 70 Chapter 3. 1. Correlation coefficients r for planktonic larval abundance data, between pairs of species........... 106 2. Mean abundance of larvae for four sample times, 1990........................ 107 3. Summary of analysis of variance for the effects of tidal phase and depth on larval abundance.......... 108 4. Summary of analysis of variance for the effects of depth near the benthos on proportional abundance of larvae.......................................... 109 5. Summary of analysis of variance for the effects of time of day and tidal phase on proportion of larvae in near-bottom water, for three species...... 110 Al. Correlation coefficients r between larval abundance, and water temperature and salinity, lagged for 17 days prior to commencement of sampling........................................... 118 Bl. Abundance of three species of pediveliger larvae at three depths in 1991, for four tidal cycles..... 119 Chapter 4. 1. Mean proportional abundance of three species of bivalve pediveliger larvae at two times and two depths, at the Indian River, Florida site....... 162 2. Summary
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