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To Eat Or Not to Eat Red Meat. a Closer Look at the Relationship Between Restrained Eating and Vegetarianism in College Females

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To Eat Or Not to Eat Red Meat. a Closer Look at the Relationship Between Restrained Eating and Vegetarianism in College Females W&M ScholarWorks Psychological Sciences Articles & Book Chapters Psychological Sciences Fall 11-2-2011 To eat or not to eat red meat. A closer look at the relationship between restrained eating and vegetarianism in college females Catherine A. Forestell College of William and Mary, [email protected] Andrea M. Spaeth College of William and Mary Stephanie A. Kane College of William and Mary Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/psychologypub Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Forestell, Catherine A.; Spaeth, Andrea M.; and Kane, Stephanie A., To eat or not to eat red meat. A closer look at the relationship between restrained eating and vegetarianism in college females (2011). Appetite, 58(1), 319-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.10.015 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Psychological Sciences at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Psychological Sciences Articles & Book Chapters by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Our reference: APPET 1355 P-authorquery-v10 AUTHOR QUERY FORM Journal: APPET Please e-mail or fax your responses and any corrections to: E-mail: [email protected] Article Number: 1355 Fax: +31 2048 52799 Dear Author, Please check your proof carefully and mark all corrections at the appropriate place in the proof (e.g., by using on-screen annotation in the PDF file) or compile them in a separate list. Note: if you opt to annotate the file with software other than Adobe Reader then please also highlight the appropriate place in the PDF file. To ensure fast publication of your paper please return your corrections within 48 hours. For correction or revision of any artwork, please consult http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions. Any queries or remarks that have arisen during the processing of your manuscript are listed below and highlighted by flags in the proof. Click on the ‘Q’ link to go to the location in the proof. Location in Query / Remark: click on the Q link to go article Please insert your reply or correction at the corresponding line in the proof Q1 Please confirm that given names and surnames have been identified correctly. Q2 Please check the edits made in affiliation, and correct if necessary. Q3 Ref. ‘‘Perry et al. (2002)’’ is cited in the text but not provided in the reference list. Please provide it in the reference list or delete these citations from the text. Q4 This section comprises references that occur in the reference list but not in the body of the text. Please position each reference in the text or, alternatively, delete it. Any reference not dealt with will be retained in this section. Thank you for your assistance. APPET 1355 No. of Pages 1, Model 5G 7 November 2011 Highlights " Previous research has suggested that vegetarianism is a mask for restrained eating. " This study compared dietary habits of subgroups of vegetarians to non-vegetarians. " Those who were more restrictive of animal products, were less restrained. " Only semi-vegetarians and flexitarians were motivated by weight control. 1 APPET 1355 No. of Pages 8, Model 5G 7 November 2011 Appetite xxx (2011) xxx–xxx 1 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Appetite journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/appet 2 Research report 3 To eat or not to eat red meat. A closer look at the relationship between q 4 restrained eating and vegetarianism in college females ⇑ 5 Q1 Catherine A. Forestell , Andrea M. Spaeth, Stephanie A. Kane 6 Q2 Psychology Department, The College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23185-8795, USA 7 8 article info abstract 2310 11 Article history: Previous research has suggested that vegetarianism may serve as a mask for restrained eating. The pur- 24 12 Received 30 June 2011 pose of this study was to compare the dietary habits and lifestyle behaviors of vegetarians (n = 55), pesco- 25 13 Received in revised form 26 October 2011 vegetarians (n = 28), semi-vegetarians (n = 29), and flexitarians (n = 37), to omnivores (n = 91), who do 26 14 Accepted 28 October 2011 not restrict animal products from their diets. A convenience sample of college-age females completed 27 15 Available online xxxx questionnaires about their eating habits, food choice motivations, and personality characteristics. Results 28 indicated that while vegetarians and pesco-vegetarians were more open to new experiences and less food 29 16 Keywords: neophobic, they were not more restrained than omnivores. Rather semi-vegetarians; those who 30 17 Vegetarians restricted only red meat from their diet, and flexitarians; those who occasionally eat red meat, were sig- 31 18 Dieting 19 Flexitarian nificantly more restrained than omnivores. Whereas food choices of semi-vegetarians and flexitarians 32 20 Semi-vegetarians were motivated by weight control, vegetarians and pesco-vegetarians’ food choices were motivated by 33 21 Food choice motivations ethical concerns. By focusing specifically on semi-vegetarian and flexitarian subgroups, more effective 34 22 approaches can be developed to ensure that their concerns about weight loss do not lead to unhealthful 35 or disordered eating patterns. 36 Ó 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. 37 38 39 40 Introduction Hill, 1999). This has been supported by findings demonstrating 58 that vegetarians have a higher rate of disordered eating than 59 41 Greater emphasis on healthy lifestyles, which include a well- non-vegetarians (Klopp, Heiss, & Smith, 2003; Lindeman, Stark, & 60 42 balanced diet, has led to increased interest in vegetarian diets over Latvala, 2000). Other findings suggest that dietary restraint and 61 43 the past few decades (American Dietetic Association & Dietitians of weight control are primary reasons identified by high school and 62 44 Canada, 2003). As of 2009, approximately 3.4% of the US popula- college students for eliminating items such as meat and other ani- 63 45 tion (i.e., between 6 and 8 million individuals) indicated that they mal products from their diet (Gilbody et al., 1999; Janelle & Barr, 64 46 did not consume meat, poultry, or seafood, and approximately 1% 1995; Klopp et al., 2003; Perry, McGuire, Neumark-Sztainer, & 65 47 of the adult population indicated that they were vegan (The Vege- Story, 2001). Thus, some researchers have concluded that vegetar- 66 48 tarian Resource Group, 2009). Various groups have made claims ianism may provide a socially acceptable means to avoid certain 67 49 that attest to the benefits associated with the exclusion of animal foods in order to control body weight (Kadambari, Cowers, & Crisp, 68 50 products from diets for all stages of the life cycle, including during 1986; Klopp et al., 2003). 69 51 pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, and adolescence (Craig & However, not all research has supported the relationship be- 70 52 Mangels, 2009). Indeed, a well-planned vegetarian diet can meet tween dietary restraint and vegetarianism. Studies have found that 71 53 current recommendations by providing essential nutrients and samples of college-age vegetarians did not differ from their non- 72 54 lowering levels of saturated fat, and cholesterol (American Dietetic vegetarian counterparts on a range of measures that are associated 73 55 Association & Dietitians of Canada, 2003). with eating disorders such as laxative use, meal skipping, body 74 56 It has been postulated that for some individuals, vegetarian eat- mass index (Klopp et al., 2003), or on eating disturbance measures 75 57 ing patterns may be motivated by weight control (Gilbody, Kirk, & (Fisak, Peterson, Tantleff-Dunn, & Molnar, 2006) such as the Eating 76 Attitudes Test (EAT; Garner, Olmsted, Bohr, & Garfinkel, 1982) and 77 the Eating Disturbance Inventory (EDI; Garner, Olmsted, Bohr, & 78 q Acknowledgements: The authors thank the following individuals for their Garfinkel, 1982). Further, research suggests that the relationship 79 excellent technical assistance: Jason Wright, Alexandra Hayes, Gagan Jindel and between vegetarianism and dieting may only be present among 80 Sian Martin. Andrea Spaeth is currently a doctoral student at the University of 81 Pennsylvania. certain groups of people. For example, some studies have found ⇑ Corresponding author. that adolescent vegetarians who have strong feminist views are 82 E-mail address: [email protected] (C.A. Forestell). more likely to be restrained eaters than their non-vegetarian 83 0195-6663/$ - see front matter Ó 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.10.015 Please cite this article in press as: Forestell, C. A., et al. To eat or not to eat red meat. A closer look at the relationship between restrained eating and veg- etarianism in college females. Appetite (2011), doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.10.015 APPET 1355 No. of Pages 8, Model 5G 7 November 2011 2 C.A. Forestell et al. / Appetite xxx (2011) xxx–xxx 84 counterparts (Bas, Karabuduk, & Kiziltan, 2005; Fisak et al., 2006; vegetarianism and various personal characteristics. Although pre- 150 85 Greene-Finestone, Campbell, Evers, & Gutmanis, 2008; Martins, Pli- vious research has investigated individual differences in character- 151 86 ner & O’Conner, 1999). istics such as feminism (Martins, Pliner, & O’Connor, 1999) and 152 87 It is possible that these inconsistent findings are in part a result liberalism (White, Seymore, & Frank, 1999), little work has ad- 153 88 of variation in the composition of vegetarian samples. Vegetarian- dressed whether vegetarian and vegetarian-oriented individuals 154 89 ism is a broad term that encompasses a range of food avoidance differ in personality, or food-related measures such as food neo- 155 90 and selection patterns that differ primarily in the extent to which phobia. Given that food neophobia is known to be negatively asso- 156 91 animal products are included in the diet.
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