TRANSPORTATION MODEL for WASTE COLLECTION in the KUMASI METROPOLIS by Agyen Kwaku James B. Sc. (Hons.) a Thesis Submitted To
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TRANSPORTATION MODEL FOR WASTE COLLECTION IN THE KUMASI METROPOLIS By Agyen Kwaku James B. Sc. (Hons.) A Thesis Submitted to Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE) Faculty of Biosciences, College of Science January 2011 i DECLARATION I hereby declare that this submission is my own work towards the MSc and that, to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published by another person nor material, which has been accepted for the award of any other degree of the university, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text. AGYEN Kwaku James ....................................... ..................................... PG 88686-05 Signature Date (Student Name& ID) Dr. F. T. Oduro ........................................ ....................................... (Supervisor) Signature Date Dr. P.K. Baidoo ........................................ ....................................... (Head of Department) Signature Date ii ABSTRACT This thesis seeks to provide waste management companies, especially Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly-Waste Management Department (KMA-WMD) an alternative way of allocating limited collection trucks over the numerous collection points and to ensure minimum total cost. Data were collected from the KMA-WMD their contracted companies as regards to the waste generation levels of all the collection points in the metropolis, and how much of these refuse are collected to the two dump sites over a period of three months. The data gathered were modelled as linear programming problem with clear objective functions for each month under consideration subject to its associated constraints. These objective functions and constraints were minimized using a computer software solver, EXCEL, to generate an optimal solution. The objective function value represented the minimized cost for the period under consideration if the waste generation levels of all the collection points were constant within the data collection period. iii DEDICATION This study is dedicated to the Almighty God, my mother, the late Afia Akyaa, my dear wife Mrs. Ruth Agyen and my God sent daughter Ohenewaa-Kobi Akyaamaa Nyantakyiwaa Agyen. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My deepest gratitude goes to the Almighty God for seeing me through this work successfully. I wish to express my sincere appreciation to all people who contributed to this master piece in one way or the other. Especially, I want to thank Dr. F.T. Oduro for giving me the chance to work on this topic. I owe my gratitude to the supervision, helpful comments, discussions and support he readily offered me, I am indebted to Prof Kwadwo Obiri-Danso for helping me choose search public bordering topic, Dr. P.K. Baidoo and Dr. J.I Adam for the tuition and advice they gave me throughout the entire course. My deepest appreciation goes to the lecturers and all the workers at the department of Theoretical and Applied Biology. I am also indebted to my family and friends for all the love, support, and humour that I have received from them, especially my wife for giving me the moral support and encouragement even in the most difficult times. I would also like to thank the management of Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly-Waste Management Department, Zoomlion Ghana Limited, Maersk Waste limited and ABC waste limited, for providing helpful data and assistance for my work. v TABLE OF CONTENT CONTENT PAGE DECLARATION.................................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................ iii DEDICATION........................................................................................................................ iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.............................................................................................. v TABLE OF CONTENT......................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TAABLES.............................................................................................................. x LIST OF FIGURES.............................................................................................................. xii CHAPTER 1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 1 Background to the Study........................................................................................................ 1 Statement of the Problem....................................................................................................... 2 Justification.............................................................................................................................. 2 Objectives of the Study........................................................................................................... 2 Methodology............................................................................................................................ 3 CHAPTER 2 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 4 Definition of Waste.................................................................................................................. 6 Classification of Waste............................................................................................................ 6 Solid Waste Transportation................................................................................................... 6 Motor Vehicle Transport........................................................................................................ 7 Railway Transport.................................................................................................................. 7 Water Transport..................................................................................................................... 7 Solid Waste............................................................................................................................... 8 vi Solid Waste Disposal............................................................................................................... 8 Landfill..................................................................................................................................... 9 Composting............................................................................................................................ 10 Incineration............................................................................................................................ 11 Ocean or Sea Dumping......................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 3 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 13 Linear Programming............................................................................................................ 13 Standard Form...................................................................................................................... 13 Simplex Method..................................................................................................................... 14 Definition of the Transportation Model.............................................................................. 16 Methods of Solving Transportation Model......................................................................... 16 Solution Techniques of Transportation Model................................................................... 17 Solving the Transportation Model Using Simplex Method............................................... 28 Overview of Domestic – Type Refuse Management In The Kumasi Metropolis............ 29 Refuse Collection Equipment............................................................................................... 30 Structure of the Waste Management Problem to Solve..................................................... 30 Storage.................................................................................................................................... 31 Collection................................................................................................................................ 31 Transportation....................................................................................................................... 32 vii Treatment of Domestic-Type Refuse In the Metropolis.................................................... 32 Material Recovery/Recycling............................................................................................... 33 Refuse Disposal...................................................................................................................... 33 Data Collection Methods...................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER 4 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 37 Explicit Model Formulation................................................................................................. 37 Parameters of the model......................................................................................................