JAPCC) Is a NATO-Accredited Centre of Excellence Which Provides Support to NATO but Is Not Part of the NATO Command Structure

Joint Air Power Competence Centre Space Branch Lt Col Henry Heren, USA Space Force

J Royal Danish Defence College Space Webinar NATO‘s Take on Space as a Separate Operational Domain 23 November 2020

1 Disclaimer

– The Joint Air Power Competence Centre (JAPCC) is a NATO-accredited Centre of Excellence which provides support to NATO but is not part of the NATO Command Structure. – This briefing is a product of the JAPCC. It does not represent the opinions or policies of NATO and is designed to provide an independent position. – Personal and non-commercial use of this material is permitted. Permission to reprint/republish this material or to reuse any part of this work for any other purposes must be obtained from the Joint Air Power Competence Centre. – For permission and further information, please email us at [email protected]. Agenda

• Organisation & Background

• NATO Space Functional Areas

• Military use of Space – the NATO perspective

• Evolution of Space in NATO

• Future Space Considerations Organization & Background

Joint Air Power Competence Centre (JAPCC) A NATO Centre of Excellence (COE) multi-nationally established and sponsored entity, which offers recognized expertise and experience Air & Space Power to the benefit of the Alliance within the four pillars of NATO`s COE program. Not a part of the NATO Command Structure or of other NATO entities, but forms part of the wider framework that contributes to the functioning of the Alliance. JAPCC Vision Be NATO’s catalyst for the improvement and transformation of Joint Air and Space Power; delivering effective solutions through independent thought and analysis. JAPCC Mission The JAPCC, as a team of multinational experts, is to provide key decision- makers effective solutions on Air and Space Power challenges, in order to safeguard NATO and the Nations’ interests. Lt Col Henry Heren NATO Space & Cyberspace Strategist assigned to the JAPCC. He is a Master Space Operator with operational and planning experience in the Pacific, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. After more than 28 years' service in the US Air Force, he transitioned to the US Space Force in October 2020. Space Functional Areas

© NATO BiSCSpWG • PNT: location data in mobile telephones and automobiles, timing to enable financial transactions • ISR: Electro-Optical, Infrared, and Synthetic Aperture Radar Images • METOC: Global and exo-atmospheric weather data • SSA: Constellation status, orbit monitoring and collision avoidance • SATCOM: Global telecommunications • MD: Monitoring and Warning of potential missile threats to friends and allies Who is working in Space?

Civilian Endeavors Military Operations

Science & Commercial Space as Utility Space Operations Exploration Ventures Intelligence Space Launch European Space Danish Aerospace Agency (ESA) Company (Medical) Weather Space Domain Awareness / Space National Space SpaceX (Launch) Communications Situational Awareness Institute at the Technical University of Ikonos (Imagery) Position, Navigation, & Collision Avoidance Denmark (DTU Space) Timing INMARSAT Counter-Space National Aeronautics (Communications) and Space Electronic Warfare Administration (NASA) Military use of Space – the NATO perspective

Key principles:

• NATO is dependent on Space capabilities

• NATO does not own Space-based assets – “NATO has no intention to put weapons into Space”

• NATO owns and operates some ground-based assets

• Space capabilities that contribute to NATO operations currently come from government, military, civilian and commercial providers

• Allies retain full command and control over their assets Military Use of Space – the NATO Perspective

Principles for Space: • Space-based capabilities enable NATO’s operations in all other domains (air, land, maritime and cyberspace) • Space provides data, products, and services to warfighters • The use of Space increases effectiveness and efficiency: . decreases the required resources . reduces of risk to personnel . reduces the time needed to achieve the desired end-state • Space Professionals plan and execute operations within the NATO Command Structure

“No single NATO operation without Space” Military Use of Space – the NATO Perspective

• The lack of Space Capabilities and products could hamper the ability of NATO to achieve its objectives Loss of Space-based assets does not mean that operations cannot be conducted, rather that the level of technical capability will be diminished to that of previous generations affecting military employment and tactics

• NATO’s dependence on Space Systems implies the need to ensure that resources and capabilities are available during all operational phases • Opponents will try to deny NATO’s access to Space, while at the same time seeking to use their Space Capabilities to achieve their own objectives Timeline of the Evolution of “Space “in NATO

• At the 2018 Brussels Summit, NATO Leaders recognised that space is a highly dynamic and rapidly evolving area, which is essential for the Alliance's security, and agreed to develop an overarching NATO Space Policy.

• At the June 2019 Defence Ministers' meeting, Allies adopted NATO's Space Policy.

• At the December 2019 Leaders' Meeting in London, Allies declared space a fifth operational domain, alongside air, land, sea and cyberspace. In their declaration, NATO Leaders stated: "We have declared space an operational domain for NATO, recognising its importance in keeping us safe and tackling security challenges, while upholding international law.“

• On 22 October 2020, Defence Ministers decided to establish a new NATO Space Centre at Allied Air Command in Ramstein, Germany. It will help to coordinate Allied space activities; support NATO missions and operations from space, including with communications and satellite imagery and protect Allied space systems by sharing information about potential threats.

https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_175419.htm? NATO Overarching Space Policy

• High Level Framework for Guiding NATO’s approach to Space

• Aim of the policy: . To guide NATO’s approach to Space, the opportunities and challenges • Main Outcomes: . NATO is not aiming to develop Space capabilities of its own . NATO is not aiming to become an autonomous Space actor . NATO still depends on national contributions

“We can play an important role as a forum to share information, increase interoperability, and ensure that our missions and operations can call on the support they need.”

NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg, 27 June 2019 Future Space Considerations

• Should NATO define minimum requirements for the national level of contributions related to Space-based capabilities?

• Should NATO develop Rules of Engagement for national operations in Space which support NATO operations?

• Should NATO provide protection to contributing national Space Assets? If so, how does NATO go about accomplishing this?

• Does NATO need/require additional Space-derived Data, Products, and Services?

• Does ‘Space Support in Operations’ transition to ‘Operational Space Support’?

• What are the personnel requirements for NATO Space Professionals? What are the education, training, and work experience requirements of those personnel? Review

• Organisation & Background

• NATO Space Functional Areas

• Military use of Space – the NATO perspective

• Evolution of Space in NATO

• Future Space Considerations Thank you for your attention.