DOCSLIB.ORG

An Analysis of Sulphide Deformation in Low Grade Metamorphic Environments

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Analysis of Sulphide Deformation in Low Grade Metamorphic Environments Ci) AN ANALYSIS OF SULPHIDE DEFORMATION IN LOW GRADE METAMORPHIC ENVIRONMENTS A Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. of the University of London. by Kenneth R. McClay BSc. (Hons.), MSc., DIC. Geology Department, Imperial College, London. August 1978. LIST OF CONTENTS Page No. ABSTRACT 1 CHAPTER 1 AN ANALYSIS OF SULPHIDE DEFORMATION IN LOW 3 GRADE METAMORPHIC ENVIRONMENTS. 1.1 AIM AND SCOPE OF THIS STUDY. 3 1.2 METHODS USED. 4 1.3 OUTLINE OF CONTENTS. 6 1.4 SUMMARY OF RESULTS. 7 1.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. 9 CHAPTER 2 11 2.1 CONDITIONS IN THE CRUST. 11 2.2 SULPHIDE MINERAL EQUILIBRIA. 18 2.3 METAMORPHISM OF SULPHIDES - A BRIEF SUMMARY. 21 CHAPTER 3 DEFORMATION MECHANISMS AND MICROSTRUCTURES. 25 INTRODUCTION 25 3.1 DEFORMATION MECHANISMS. 26 3.1(i) DISLOCATION GLIDE : SLIP-TWINNING-KINKING. 28 3.1(ii) THE DISLOCATION CREEP REGIME. 32 3.1(iii) DIFFUSIONAL FLOW. 36 3.1(iv) RECOVERY PROCESSES. 44 3.1(v) RECRYSTALLIZATION. 45 3.1(vi) GRAIN GROWTH. 50 3.2 MICROSTRUCTURES. 53 3.2(i) INTRODUCTION. 53 3.2(ii) DISLOCATION GLIDE. 54 3.2(iii) DISLOCATION CREEP. 55 3.2(iv) DIFFUSIONAL CREEP. 60 3.2(v) RECRYSTALLIZATION. 61 3.3 GALENA (PbS). 64 3.4 SPHALERITE (ZnS). 71 3.5 CHALCOPYRITE (CuFeS2). 74 3.6 PYRRHOTITE (Fel_x S - Fe7S8). 75 3.7 PYRITE (FeS2). 77 3.8 CONCLUSIONS. 79 Page No. CHAPTER 4 DEFORMATION OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OF GALENA. 82 4.1 INTRODUCTION. 82 4.2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE. 84 4.3 SERIES 1 EXPERIMENTS. 89 4.4 SERIES 2 EXPERIMENTS. 108 4.5 SERIES 3 EXPERIMENTS. 123 4.6 SERIES 4 EXPERIMENTS. 131 4.7 SERIES 5 EXPERIMENTS. 135 4.8 CONCLUSIONS. 136 CHAPTER 5 CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC PREFERRED ORIENTATIONS. 145 5.1 INTRODUCTION. 145 5.2 THE THEORY OF TEXTURE DEVELOPMENT AND THE 148 BASIS OF TEXTURE SIMULATIONS. 5.3 MEASUREMENT OF PREFERRED ORIENTATIONS. 149 5.4 SIMULATIONS OF TEXTURES IN GALENA. 150 5.5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. 158 CHAPTER 6 THE RAMMELSBERG MINE, WEST GERMANY. 162 6.1 INTRODUCTION. 162 6.2 THE GEOLOGICAL SETTING OF THE OREBODIES. 163 6.3 MACROSTRUCTURES IN THE ORES. 173 6.4 MICROSTRUCTURES IN THE ORES. 176 6.5 PREFERRED ORIENTATIONS IN THE RAMMELSBERG ORES. 197 6.6 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. 205 CHAPTER 7 MOUNT ISA MINE, QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA. 213 7.1 INTRODUCTION. 213 7.2 GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND. 215 7.3 STRUCTURES IN THE SILVER-LEAD-ZINC OREBODIES. 225 7.3(i) FOLDS OF AMPLITUDE 2 - 30 METRES. 225 7.3(ii) FOLDS OF AMPLITUDE 1 - 100 CM. 230 7.3(iii) ANALYSIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF FOLDS. 238 7.4 MICROSTRUCTURES. 241 7.4(i) INTRODUCTION. 241 7.4(ii) TECHNIQUES. 241 7.4(iii) LITHOLOGIES. 241 7.4(iv) SEDIMENTARY AND DIAGENETIC MICROSTRUCTURES. 242 7.4(v) DEFORMATION MICROSTRUCTURES. 257 ( iv) Page No. 7.4(vi) SULPHIDE MICROSTRUCTURES. 260 7.5 CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC PREFERRED ORIENTATIONS. 279 7.6 DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS. 289 CHAPTER 8 SHEARED GALENA. 295 8.1 INTRODUCTION. 295 8.2 SHEARED GALENA Pibram DP. 296 8.2(i) INTRODUCTION. 296 8.2(ii) MICROSTRUCTURES. 297 8.2(iii) PREFERRED ORIENTATIONS. 301 8.2(iv) CONCLUSIONS. 301 8.3 RUTH HOPE MINE, BRITISH COLUMBIA. 303 8.3(i) INTRODUCTION. 303 8.3(ii) MICROSTRUCTURES. 304 8.3(iii) PREFERRED ORIENTATIONS. 308 8.3(iv) CONCLUSIONS. 308 8.4 SAMPLE SW1 (SOUTH WEST AFRICA). 308 8.4(i) INTRODUCTION. 308 8.4(ii) MICROSTRUCTURES. 310 8.4(iii) PREFERRED ORIENTATIONS. 314 8.4(iv) CONCLUSIONS. 317 8.5 BRAUBACH, WEST GERMANY 318 8.5(i) INTRODUCTION. 318 8.5(ii) MICROSTRUCTURES. 318 8.5(iii) PREFERRED ORIENTATIONS. 325 8.5(iv) CONCLUSIONS. 325 8.6 YERRANDERIE, N.S.W. 325 8.6(i) INTRODUCTION. 325 8.6(ii) MICROSTRUCTURES. 329 8.6(iii) PREFERRED ORIENTATIONS. 337 8.6(iv) CONCLUSIONS. 337 8.7 HALKYN, NORTH WALES. 341 8.7(i) INTRODUCTION. 341 8.7(ii) MICROSTRUCTURES. 343 8.7(iii) PREFERRED ORIENTATIONS. 348 8.7(iv) CONCLUSIONS. 351 8.8 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 351 (v) Page No. CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSIONS. 354 APPENDIX A ETCH TECHNIQUES. 358 APPENDIX B PUBLISHED WORK. 375 REFERENCES 376 (vi) LIST OF FIGURES Page No. CHAPTER 2 Figure 2.1 Metamorphic facies and metamorphic 14 reactions. 2.2 Sulphide mineral equilibria. 20 2.2 Atomic ratios of Kerogens from coals and 24 ores. CHAPTER 3 Figure 3.1 Idealized stress-strain curves for various 27 deformation regimes. 3.2 Elements of slip, twinning and kinking. 31 3.3 Schematic diagram of glide polygonization 33 and kink band formation. 3.4 Models of diffusion controlled creep and 35 of superplastic flow with grain neighbour switching. 3.5 Diffusional creep and grain boundary 38 sliding. 3.6 Deformation mechanism plots for quartz, 42 calcite and galena. 3.7 Microstructures of diffusional creep. 56 3.8 Recrystallization - core and mantle 58 microstructures. 3.9 Static recrystallization microstructures. 63 3.10 Slip systems in galena. 66 3.11 Deformation mechanism maps for galena. 68 - 69 3.12 Structures in sphalerite. 72 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.1 Inverse pole figures for resolved shear 90 stress in galena. 4.2 Lattice rotations for (110)<110> slip. 93 (vii) Page No. Figure 4.3 Stress strain curves for series 1 96 experiments. 4.4 Sketches of deformed single crystals from 98 series 1 experiments. 4.5 Deformation microstructures, series 1 99 experiments. 4.6 Deformation microstructures, series 1 102 experiments. 4.7 Partial pole figures, series 1 experiments. 107 4.8 Stress stain curves for series 2 111 experiments. 4.9 Stress strain curves for series 2 112 experiments. 4.10 Stress strain curves for series 2 113 experiments. 4.11 Stress strain curves for series 2 114 experiments. 4.12 Microstructures, series 2 experiments. 116 4.13 Microstructures, series 2 experiments. 119 4.14 Schmid factors and lattice rotations for 124 {100}<110> slip. 4.15 Stress strain curves for series 3 126 experiments. 4.16 Microstructures, series 3 experiments. 128 4.17 Microstructures, series 4 experiments. 132 4.18 CRSS for {110} and {100} slip versus 138 temperature. 4.19 Synopsis of microstructures. 142 CHAPTER 5 Figure 5.1 Diffraction peaks for the common sulphides 151 with relative intensities. 5.2 Inverse rotation diagram for compression 152 of galena. (viii) Page No. Figure 5.3 Texture simulations. Flattening, 154 22.62% strain. 5.4 Texture simulations. Flattening, 155 64.15% strain. 5.5 Texture simulations. Plane strain, 156 22.62% strain. 5.6 Texture simulations. Plane strain, 157 64.15% strain. 5.7 Texture simulations. Simple shear 0.5 Y. 159 5.8 Texture simulations. Simple shear 3.0 Y. 160 CHAPTER 6 Figure 6.1 Hercynian Geosyncline of Central Europe. 164 6.2 Local geology. 165 6.3 Cross section of New Orebody. 168 6.4 Longitudinal section, Rammelsberg mine. 169 6.5 Macrostructures in the ores. 174 6.6 Microstructures in the ores. 177 6.7 Barite Microstructures. 180 6.8 Barite Microstructures. 183 6.9 Pyrite Microstructures. 186 6.10 Chalcopyrite Microstructures. 189 6.11 Chalcopyrite, Galena microstructures. 191 6.12 Sphalerite microstructures. 195 6.13 X-ray diffraction traces, Rammelsberg 198 ores. 6.14 Pole figures, Rammelsberg ores. 200 6.15 Pole figures, Rammelsberg ores. 201 6.16 Pole figures, Rammelsberg ores. 202 6.17 Pole figures, Rammelsberg ores. 204 6.18 Pole figures, Rammelsberg ores. 206 6.19 Pole figures, Rammelsberg ores. 207 (ix) Page No. Figure 6.20 Hypothetical conditions of deposition of 210 the Rammelsberg ores. CHAPTER 7 Figure 7.1 Locality and local geology of Mount Isa. 214 7.2 Stratigraphic column, Mount Isa Group. 2.7 7.3a Mount Isa Mine - cross section. 220 7.3b Mount Isa Mine - Level plan 14 level. 221 7.4 Illite crystallinities - Mount Isa shales. 223 7.5 Bedding trends, 5 Orebody, 14-C sub-level. 226 7.6 Fold profile sections. 227 7.7 Detailed section of 72 stope 14 C sub- 228 level. 7.8 Orientation data 14 C sub-level. 229 7.9 Folds in the silver-lead-zinc ores. 231 7.10 Folds in laminated pyrite rich siltstones. 233 7.11 Folds and microstructures in pyritic - 236 silver-lead-zinc ores. 7.12 Dip isogons - Mount Isa folds. 239 7.13 ti/a plots Mount Isa folds. 240 7.14 3000N cross section. Mount Isa Mine. 243 7.15 Silica Dolomite Microstructures. 245 7.16 Diagenetic Microstructures in the Silica 247 Dolomite. 7.17 Silica Dolomite Microstructures. 250 7.18 Silica Dolomite Microstructures. 252 7.19 Microstructures Urquhart Shales. 254 7.20 Details of folds 525 S cross cut. 258 7.21 Minor folds and cleavage development 259 Urquhart Shales. 7.22 Chalcopyrite Microstructures. 261 7.23 Pyrrhotite Microstructures. 264 (x) Page No. Figure 7.24 Pyrite Microstructures. 267 7.25 Sphalerite Microstructures. 270 7.26 Galena Microstructures. 273 7.27 Galena Microstructures. 275 7.28 Detail of sample M64. 278 7.29 Partial pole figures Mount Isa Galena. 280 7.30 Partial pole figures Mount Isa Galena. 281 7.31 Partial pole figures Mount Isa Galena. 282 7.32 Partial pole figures Mount Isa Galena. 284 7.33 Partial pole figures Mount Isa Galena. 285 7.34 Partial pole figures Mount Isa Galena. 287 7.35 Partial pole figures Mount Isa Galena. 288 7.36 Relative competencies of sulphide minerals 293 at Mount Isa. CHAPTER 8 Figure 8.1 Specimen DP. 298 8.2 Microstructures sample DP. 299 8.3 Pole figures sample DP. 302 8.4 Sheared galena - Ruth Hope. 305 8.5 Microstructures - Ruth Hope.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Classification of Living and Fossil Genera of Decapod Crustaceans
    RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2009 Supplement No. 21: 1–109 Date of Publication: 15 Sep.2009 © National University of Singapore A CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING AND FOSSIL GENERA OF DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS Sammy De Grave1, N. Dean Pentcheff 2, Shane T. Ahyong3, Tin-Yam Chan4, Keith A. Crandall5, Peter C. Dworschak6, Darryl L. Felder7, Rodney M. Feldmann8, Charles H. J. M. Fransen9, Laura Y. D. Goulding1, Rafael Lemaitre10, Martyn E. Y. Low11, Joel W. Martin2, Peter K. L. Ng11, Carrie E. Schweitzer12, S. H. Tan11, Dale Tshudy13, Regina Wetzer2 1Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PW, United Kingdom [email protected] [email protected] 2Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007 United States of America [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 3Marine Biodiversity and Biosecurity, NIWA, Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie Wellington, New Zealand [email protected] 4Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, Republic of China [email protected] 5Department of Biology and Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602 United States of America [email protected] 6Dritte Zoologische Abteilung, Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria [email protected] 7Department of Biology, University of Louisiana, Lafayette, LA 70504 United States of America [email protected] 8Department of Geology, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242 United States of America [email protected] 9Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, P. O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands [email protected] 10Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 10th and Constitution Avenue, Washington, DC 20560 United States of America [email protected] 11Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 12Department of Geology, Kent State University Stark Campus, 6000 Frank Ave.
    [Show full text]
  • Biogenic Habitats on New Zealand's Continental Shelf. Part II
    Biogenic habitats on New Zealand’s continental shelf. Part II: National field survey and analysis New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 202 E.G. Jones M.A. Morrison N. Davey S. Mills A. Pallentin S. George M. Kelly I. Tuck ISSN 1179-6480 (online) ISBN 978-1-77665-966-1 (online) September 2018 Requests for further copies should be directed to: Publications Logistics Officer Ministry for Primary Industries PO Box 2526 WELLINGTON 6140 Email: [email protected] Telephone: 0800 00 83 33 Facsimile: 04-894 0300 This publication is also available on the Ministry for Primary Industries websites at: http://www.mpi.govt.nz/news-and-resources/publications http://fs.fish.govt.nz go to Document library/Research reports © Crown Copyright – Fisheries New Zealand TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 1. INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 Overview 3 1.2 Objectives 4 2. METHODS 5 2.1 Selection of locations for sampling. 5 2.2 Field survey design and data collection approach 6 2.3 Onboard data collection 7 2.4 Selection of core areas for post-voyage processing. 8 Multibeam data processing 8 DTIS imagery analysis 10 Reference libraries 10 Still image analysis 10 Video analysis 11 Identification of biological samples 11 Sediment analysis 11 Grain-size analysis 11 Total organic matter 12 Calcium carbonate content 12 2.5 Data Analysis of Core Areas 12 Benthic community characterization of core areas 12 Relating benthic community data to environmental variables 13 Fish community analysis from DTIS video counts 14 2.6 Synopsis Section 15 3. RESULTS 17 3.1
    [Show full text]
  • Surat Thani Blue Swimming Crab Fishery Improvement Project
    Surat Thani Blue Swimming Crab Fishery Improvement Project -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Milestone 33b: Final report of bycatch research Progress report: The study of fishery biology, socio-economic and ecosystem related to the restoration of Blue Swimming Crab following Fishery improvement program (FIP) in Bandon Bay, Surat Thani province. Amornsak Sawusdee1 (1) The Center of Academic Service, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160 The results of observation of catching BSC by using collapsible crab trap and floating seine. According to the observation of aquatic animal which has been caught by main BSC fishing gears; floating seine and collapsible crab trap, there were 176 kind of aquatic animals. The catch aquatic animals are shown in the table1. In this study, aquatic animal was classified into 11 Groups; Blue Swimming Crab (Portunus Pelagicus), Coelenterata (coral animals, true jellies, sea anemones, sea pens), Helcionelloida (clam, bivalve, gastropod), Cephalopoda (sqiud, octopus), Chelicerata (horseshoe crab), Hoplocari(stomatopods), Decapod (shrimp), Anomura (hermit crab), Brachyura (crab), Echinoderm (sea cucambers, sea stars, sea urchins), Vertebrata (fish). Vertebrata was the main group that was captured by BSC fishing gears, more than 70 species. Next are Helcionelloida and Helcionelloida 38 species and 29 species respectively. The sample that has been classified were photographed and attached in appendix 1. However, some species were classified as unknow which are under the classification process and reconcile. There were 89 species that were captured by floating seine. The 3 main group that were captured by this fishing gear are Vertebrata (34 species), Brachyura (20 species) Helcionelloida and Echinoderm (10 Species). On the other hand, there were 129 species that were captured by collapsible crab trap.
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Tviassic Mineralization in Central New Brunswick: Implications of the Mcbean Brook Zn-Pb-Ag Occurrence
    ATLANTIC GEOLOGY 1 Post-TViassic mineralization in central New Brunswick: implications of the McBean Brook Zn-Pb-Ag occurrence Russell M. Crosby Canadian Pacific Forest Products Limited, P.O. Box 148, Boiestown, New Brunswick EOH 1A0, Canada John D. Greenough* ** Geology Department, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick EOA 3C0, Canada Donald Hattie P.O. Box 480, Sackville, New Brunswick EOA 3C0, Canada and Dodda V. Venugopal New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy, P.O. Box 6000, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5H1, Canada Date Received June 8,1989 Date Accepted December 7,1989 Mineralization at the McBean Brook Zn-Pb-Ag prospect (central New Brunswick) occurs in fault-brecciated Ordovician metasedimentary rocks and Mesozoic diabase dyke rocks. The dyke is interpreted to form part of the early Jurassic Caraquet dyke because it is on strike with the Caraquet dyke, has the same NE-SW orientation, and is similar in mineralogy (containing large plagioclase phenocrysts and olivine) and chemistry (e.g., T i02 and Ga concentrations and Zr/Y ratios). Thus the mineralization at McBean Brook, consisting of carbonate, quartz, pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, galena, and chalcopyrite, is probably early Jurassic or younger. Available data indicate chemical similarity with Ordovician massive sulphide deposits near Bathurst, New Brunswick, possibly reflecting the control of similar source rocks on the composition of hydrothermal solutions despite different tectonic conditions. Many Mesozoic or younger hydrothermal sulphide, magnetite and native copper showings occur in the Appalachian belt. Although these tend to be Pb-, Fe- or Cu-dominated, many have the reactivated fault zone-diabase association like that at McBean Brook.
    [Show full text]
  • Systema Brachyurorum: Part I
    THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2008 17: 1–286 Date of Publication: 31 Jan.2008 © National University of Singapore SYSTEMA BRACHYURORUM: PART I. AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF EXTANT BRACHYURAN CRABS OF THE WORLD Peter K. L. Ng Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260, Republic of Singapore Email: [email protected] Danièle Guinot Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Département Milieux et peuplements aquatiques, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France Email: [email protected] Peter J. F. Davie Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT. – An annotated checklist of the extant brachyuran crabs of the world is presented for the first time. Over 10,500 names are treated including 6,793 valid species and subspecies (with 1,907 primary synonyms), 1,271 genera and subgenera (with 393 primary synonyms), 93 families and 38 superfamilies. Nomenclatural and taxonomic problems are reviewed in detail, and many resolved. Detailed notes and references are provided where necessary. The constitution of a large number of families and superfamilies is discussed in detail, with the positions of some taxa rearranged in an attempt to form a stable base for future taxonomic studies. This is the first time the nomenclature of any large group of decapod crustaceans has been examined in such detail. KEY WORDS. – Annotated checklist, crabs of the world, Brachyura, systematics, nomenclature. CONTENTS Preamble .................................................................................. 3 Family Cymonomidae .......................................... 32 Caveats and acknowledgements ............................................... 5 Family Phyllotymolinidae .................................... 32 Introduction .............................................................................. 6 Superfamily DROMIOIDEA ..................................... 33 The higher classification of the Brachyura ........................
    [Show full text]
  • Crabs, Holothurians, Sharks, Batoid Fishes, Chimaeras, Bony Fishes, Estuarine Crocodiles, Sea Turtles, Sea Snakes, and Marine Mammals
    FAOSPECIESIDENTIFICATIONGUIDEFOR FISHERYPURPOSES ISSN1020-6868 THELIVINGMARINERESOURCES OF THE WESTERNCENTRAL PACIFIC Volume2.Cephalopods,crustaceans,holothuriansandsharks FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE FOR FISHERY PURPOSES THE LIVING MARINE RESOURCES OF THE WESTERN CENTRAL PACIFIC VOLUME 2 Cephalopods, crustaceans, holothurians and sharks edited by Kent E. Carpenter Department of Biological Sciences Old Dominion University Norfolk, Virginia, USA and Volker H. Niem Marine Resources Service Species Identification and Data Programme FAO Fisheries Department with the support of the South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) and the Norwegian Agency for International Development (NORAD) FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 1998 ii The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries. M-40 ISBN 92-5-104051-6 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced by any means without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permissions, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. © FAO 1998 iii Carpenter, K.E.; Niem, V.H. (eds) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 2. Cephalopods, crustaceans, holothuri- ans and sharks. Rome, FAO. 1998. 687-1396 p.
    [Show full text]
  • Sulphur Isotope Composition of the Sandstone Lead Deposits in Southern Norway
    Sulphur Isotope Composition of the Sandstone lead Deposits in Southern Norway ARNE BJØRLYKKE Bjørlykke, A. 1983: Sulphur isotope composition of the sandstone-lead deposits in southern Norway. Norges geol. Unders. 380, 143-158. Samples of galena, pyrite and barite from the Norwegian sandstone-lead occurences in the Gjøvik area and at Osen and Galåa have been analyzed for their sulphur isotope composition. Samples from the Vassbo and Laisvall deposits in Sweden were also analyzed. The galena samples are characterized by a large variation in the sulphur isotopic composition (+lO to +26 %o) and they have an average composition of +18.56 %o. The sulphur source has earlier been interpreted to be oil field waters, and these data are not inconsistent with this interpretation. However, the data also permit, as an alternative source for the sulphur, sea-water sulphate locally reduced by bacteria. A. Bjørlykke, Norges geologiske undersøkelse, Postboks 3006, - 7001N-Trondheim, Norway Introduction Several deposits and occurrences of lead are known in Late Precambrian to Early Cambrian sandstones of the Baltic Shield. They occur mainly along the eastern and southeastem frontal zone of the Scandinavian Caledonides, over a distance of approximately 2000 km (Fig. 1). Galena is the main base-metal sulphide in the deposits and the Pb/Zn ratio varies from 5-15, but locally within each deposit Zn may be the dominant base metal. Laisvall is the largest deposit with 80 million metric tons of ore at an average grade of 4% Pb (Rickard et al. 1979). Two different genetic models for these deposits have recently been published.
    [Show full text]
  • Reza Naderloo
    Reza Naderloo Atlas of Crabs of the Persian Gulf Atlas of Crabs of the Persian Gulf Reza Naderloo Atlas of Crabs of the Persian Gulf Reza Naderloo Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms School of Biology University of Tehran Tehran Iran ISBN 978-3-319-49372-5 ISBN 978-3-319-49374-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-49374-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017945213 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Reclassification of Brachyuran Crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura)
    NAT. CROAT. VOL. 14 Suppl. 1 1¿159 ZAGREB June 2005 THE RECLASSIFICATION OF BRACHYURAN CRABS (CRUSTACEA: DECAPODA: BRACHYURA) ZDRAVKO [TEV^I] Laco Sercio 19, HR-52210 Rovinj, Croatia [tev~i}, Z.: The reclassification of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura). Nat. Croat., Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1–159, 2005, Zagreb. A reclassification of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) including a re-ap- praisal of their whole systematics, re-assessment of the systematic status and position of all extant and extinct suprageneric taxa and their redescription, as well as a description of new taxa, has been undertaken. A great number of new higher taxa have been established and the majority of higher taxa have had their systematic status and position changed. Key words: brachyuran crabs, Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, systematics, revision, reclassifi- cation. [tev~i}, Z.: Reklasifikacija kratkorepih rakova (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura). Nat. Croat., Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1–159, 2005, Zagreb. Reklasifikacija kratkorepih rakova (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) odnosi se na preispitivanje cjelokupnog njihovog sustava, uklju~uju}i preispitivanje sistematskog statusa i polo`aja sviju recentnih i izumrlih svojti iznad razine roda kao i njihove ponovne opise. Uspostavljeno je mnogo novih vi{ih svojti, a ve}ini je izmijenjen sistematski status i polo`aj. Klju~ne rije~i: kratkorepi raci, Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, sistematika, revizija, reklasi- fikacija INTRODUCTION Brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) are one of the most diverse animal groups at the infra-order level. They exhibit an outstanding diversity in the numbers of extant and extinct taxa at all categorical levels. Recently, especially dur- ing the past several decades, judging from the number of publications and new taxa described, the knowledge of their systematics has increased rapidly.
    [Show full text]
  • Crustacean Bycatch from Trawl Fishery Along North Tamil Nadu Coast
    Indian J. Fish., 61(2) : 7-13, 2014 7 Crustacean bycatch from trawl fishery along north Tamil Nadu coast S. LAKSHMI PILLAI, SHOBA JOE KIZHAKUDAN*, E. V. RADHAKRISHNAN AND P. THIRUMILU* Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, P. B. 1603, Ernakulam North P. O., Kochi – 682 018 Kerala, India *Research Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 75, Santhome High Road, R. A. Puram Chennai - 600 028, Tamil Nadu, India e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Monthly and seasonal diversity of crustacean bycatch landed by trawl at the Chennai Fisheries Harbour from June 2005 to December 2009 is discussed. Seventy to eighty percent of the catch from the trawlers is made up of finfish, both commercial and non-commercial, and other resources like molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms. Crustaceans find a prominent place in the low value trawl bycatch that is usually landed in a state of decomposition and fetches only very low price. About 53% of the crustaceans in the bycatch are crabs, followed by stomatopods (23%) and shrimps (18%). A total of 64 crustacean species were recorded which include 37 species of brachyuran crabs, 1 species of anomuran crab, 16 species of shrimps, 2 species of lobsters and 8 species of stomatopods. Univariate and multivariate analysis was done for monthly and seasonal data sets. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H) ranged from 3.13 to 5.53 and species evenness (J) 0.92 to 0.99 for monthly data sets. Species richness (d) was highest (10.28) in July 2008. Seasonal diversity indices revealed Shannon-Weiner index to range from 4.76 to 5.59, species richness from 7.18 to 10.71 and Evenness Index (J) from 0.94 to 0.98.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fossil Decapod Crustacea of New Zealand and the Evolution of the Order Decapoda
    NEW ZEALAND DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH NEW ZEALAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (R. W. WILLETT, Director) Paleontological Bulletin 31 The Fossil Decapod Crustacea of New Zealand and the Evolution of the Order Decapoda by MARTIN F. GLAESSNER University of Adelaide, South Australia DECEMBER 1960 PRICE: Paper cover, 16s. 6d. Quarter bound, 20s. N.Z. geol. Surv. paleont. Bull. 31 R. E. OWEN, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND—1960 Contents PAGE ABSTRACT ...... 5 INTRODUCTION ...... 5 PART 1. THE FOSSIL DECAPOD CRUSTACEA OF NEW ZEALAND 7 Systematic list of New Zealand fossil decapod Crustacea 7 Descriptions ...... 8 Paleo-ecological observations .... 32 Stratigraphic distribution and faunal relations . 32 PART 2. EVOLUTION AND TAXONOMY OF THE DECAPOD CRUSTACEA 36 Evolution of the carapace .... 36 The carapace and the internal skeleton 36 Morphology and evolution of the carapace furrows 39 Origin of carapace furrows 42 The reduction of the abdomen 44 Evolutionary trends in the Brachyura . 45 Outline of the classification of decapod Crustacea 47 REFERENCES ...... 50 APPENDIX 1: Catalogue of Specimens 52 APPENDIX 2: Localities of New Zealand Fossil Decapoda 55 APPENDIX 3: Stratigraphic Distribution of Decapod Collections 59 INDEX ....... 60 TEXT FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1 a, b Mecochirus marwicki, carapace and abdomen, restored 9 2 Callianassa awakina, palms of right and left chelae 11 3 /(O^M^-j^e/w/wg/, pleura of abdominal segments 14 4 Laeviranina perarmata, restoration of carapace 15 5 Lyreidus elegans, restoration of carapace 17 6 Leptomithrax atavus, restoration of carapace 18 7 Leptomithrax uruti, restoration of carapace 19 8 Leptomithrax irirangi, restoration of carapace 20 9 Portunites granulifer, restoration of carapace 21 10 Tumidocarcinus tumidus, anterior portion of carapace 26 11 Tumidocarcinus giganteus, anterior portion of carapace 26 12 Carapace shape in Goneplax rhomboideSy Ommatocarcinus arenicola, O.
    [Show full text]
  • Collected by Mr. Macgillivray During the Voyage of HMS Rattlesnake
    WE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 201)1 49( 1>: 149-166 & National University D*f Singapore ADAM WHITE: THE CRUSTACEAN YEARS Paul F. Clark Difinmem of'/Aiology. The Natural History MUStUOt, Cromivcll Row/. London SW~ 5BD. England. Email: pfciffnhm.ac.uk. Bromvcn Prcsswell Molecular c.?nnic\. University of Glasgow. Ppniecoryp Building, 56 Dumbarton Road, Glasgow Gil 6NU. Scotland and Department of Zoology, 'Ifif statural Itisturv Museum. ABSTRACT. - Adam While WBJ appointed 10 the Zoology Branch of Ihe Nalural History Division in (he British Museum at Bloomshury in December 1835. During his 2S yean, service us an assistant, 1ii> seicnii lie output was prodigious. This study concentrates on his contribution to Crustacea and includes a hricf life history, a list of crustacean species auribulcd to White with appropriate remarks and a lull list of his crustacean publications, KEYWORDS. - Adam While. Crustacea. Bibliography, list of valid indications. INTRODUCTION removing ihe registration numbers affixed to the specimens, thereby creating total confusion in the collections. Samouelle Adam White was born in Edinburgh on 29"' April 1817 and was eventually dismissed in 1841 (Steam, I981;lngle. 1991). was educated ai ihe High School of ihe city (McUichlan, 1879). At the age of IS, White, already an ardent naiuralisl. Subsequently. While was placed in charge of the arthropod went to London with a letter of introduction to John Edward collection and, as a consequence, he published extensively Gray at ihe British Museum. White was appointed as an on Insecta and Crustacea. As his experience of the advantages Assistant in the Zoological Branch of Nalural History enjoyed by a national museum increased.
    [Show full text]