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Collected by Mr. Macgillivray During the Voyage of HMS Rattlesnake

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Collected by Mr. Macgillivray During the Voyage of HMS Rattlesnake WE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 201)1 49( 1>: 149-166 & National University D*f Singapore ADAM WHITE: THE CRUSTACEAN YEARS Paul F. Clark Difinmem of'/Aiology. The Natural History MUStUOt, Cromivcll Row/. London SW~ 5BD. England. Email: pfciffnhm.ac.uk. Bromvcn Prcsswell Molecular c.?nnic\. University of Glasgow. Ppniecoryp Building, 56 Dumbarton Road, Glasgow Gil 6NU. Scotland and Department of Zoology, 'Ifif statural Itisturv Museum. ABSTRACT. - Adam While WBJ appointed 10 the Zoology Branch of Ihe Nalural History Division in (he British Museum at Bloomshury in December 1835. During his 2S yean, service us an assistant, 1ii> seicnii lie output was prodigious. This study concentrates on his contribution to Crustacea and includes a hricf life history, a list of crustacean species auribulcd to White with appropriate remarks and a lull list of his crustacean publications, KEYWORDS. - Adam While. Crustacea. Bibliography, list of valid indications. INTRODUCTION removing ihe registration numbers affixed to the specimens, thereby creating total confusion in the collections. Samouelle Adam White was born in Edinburgh on 29"' April 1817 and was eventually dismissed in 1841 (Steam, I981;lngle. 1991). was educated ai ihe High School of ihe city (McUichlan, 1879). At the age of IS, White, already an ardent naiuralisl. Subsequently. While was placed in charge of the arthropod went to London with a letter of introduction to John Edward collection and, as a consequence, he published extensively Gray at ihe British Museum. White was appointed as an on Insecta and Crustacea. As his experience of the advantages Assistant in the Zoological Branch of Nalural History enjoyed by a national museum increased. White wrote Division of Ihe British Museum in December I 835 ( Dunning. tirelessly to Scottish newspapers, under the pseudonym 1879: Gilbert, 1977). Arachnophilus, campaigning for the establishment of a Naiional Museum in Scotland. The name was meant to While was remembered fondly by several authors. Cowlan signify patient perseverance, and he lived up to it. the (1872). for example commenting on his "first appearance at campaign continuing for a number of years. He felt strongly ihe Museum in a short jacket, which, together with his ruddy about education for all in the elitist society of ihe day. a view- and youlhtul appearance, gained for him ihe epithet of llie that became cenlral in the debate leading to Ihe eslahlishmenl boy White". McLachlan (1879) asserts that "no one was more of Scotland's national museum (Walerslon. 1997). willing to go out of his way to oblige" and to proffer "wise counsel and ready assistance". Dunning (1879) further recalls Ai the British Museum. White's relationship with J.F. Gray White's "broad Scotch accent with which his words of sound (appointed Keeper of Zoology in 1840) was not entirely advice were delivered". Photographs of White in later life Satisfactory. In a letter (White. 1862: letter to Smith. Natural have been published in Ingle (1991J and Waters ton (1997). History Museum |NHM1 Archives) to Frederick Smith [then Assistant Keeper) White speaks of "...poor Dr Gray "s enmity Ingle (1991) notes thai White initially worked on the bird to me - very marked since 1850...". Later, in a letter to his collections, bui laier was instructed to assist Mr George good friend Carruthers (White. 1870; letter lo Carniihers. Samouelle in the Insect Room iwo days a week and curate NHM Archives), White exhihiled genuine sorrow for the the arthropod collection. Samouelle trod an unsteady path breakdown v[~ his relationship with Gray. "1 wish I could as Assistant. He took to drink, neglected his duties, was from ihs u£arl forgive him for the many injuries he has constantly absent from work and was insulting to his occasioned to me. by his calumniating tongue" (White's supervisors. He even spiled co-worker While by deliberately underlining). Received 31 Aug 201)0 Accepted 3 Apr 2001 149 Clark & Press well: Adam While: ihc crustacean years While remained only an Assistant in tlie Zoology Department popular Ilisto/y of British Crustacea. He (White. 1855b) also after 28 years in service despite his prodigious output. (White edited with notes a volume on "A collection of documents 1862; letter to Smith. Nl 1M Archives). The death of his first on Spitsbergen & Greenland, comprising a translation from wife precipitated a mental breakdown and he was forced to F. Martens' voyage to Spitsbergen: A translation from Isaac retire prematurely (Carnithers. 1873; letter lollooker. NHM rftf la Peyerc's hisSoire du Groenland". for the Hakluyl Archives i. Society. In addition to his fascination with animal life. White was also a keen botanist and apparently contributed many Embittered by his treatment at the bauds of Gray, and by his specimens to the British Museum Herbarium<Anon* 1879). "miserable pension of JJI15" (White. 1862: letter to Smith, NHM Archives). White fell into emotional and pecuniary This present study comments upon White's publications decline and spent some lime in the Sunnysidc Lunatic relating to his descriptions o\' new Crustacea species in the Asylum. Montrose. Scotland (Carnithers. 1873. letter to Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London and their Hooker. NHM Archives). However, his urge to write duplication in the Annuls and Magazine of Natural History, continued even while in confinement, and he edited and including Zoology, Botany, and Geology - which journal was largely contributed to a journal, the contents of which were published first and took priority? Further difficulties were supplied by patients (McLachlan. 1879). His sense of encountered with the precise dates of White's papers ignominy was further compounded when the Trustees of tlte published in the Journal of Proceedings ofthe Entomological British Museum apparently refused him access. White was accused of the willful destruction of a hook and dishonesty. Society of London. A matter also confused by duplication in He begs for support, writing "if any friends I have at the the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Museum were to write me that they deem me incapable Of Zoology, Botany, ami Geology. Strangely neither the Nl IM such conduct it would cheer me" (White, 1871); letter to Library nor Crustacea Section possesses a compendium of Canuthers. NHM Archives). White's reprints that might help resolve these issues, but the Crustacean Section Library does have White's (1847a) personal, annotated copy ol his Catalogue id Crustacea in White remarried and had three more children (he had one the Uritish Museum and this has been the source of much daughter from his first marriage), but his financial worries information- continued. He begged for help from his friend Carniihers. White was an industrious worker, but access to his and applied for a small gratuity from the Royal Society publications is restricted because they are approximately 150 (White. 1870; letter to Carnithers. NHM Archives: years old. rare and therefore difficult to obtain. This is a Carnithers 1873; letter to Hooker. NHM Archives). problem as White described a large number of new arthropod species, A measure of White's endeavours can be gained Sadly, despite White's considerable contribution to the fields from the catalogue of scientific papers compiled by the Royal of entomology and eareinology he grew despondent in later Society of London (1872: 347-349. 763). but although 59 life, describing himself us "one who has been somewhat unsuccessful in the race of life*" (White. 187-4; letter to journal references relating to Anhropoda are listed, it is Carruthers. NHM Archives). White died in January 1879 ai incomplete and sometimes misleading. For example. Glasgow, aged 63 t Dunning. 1879). reference 31 slates "Short descriptions of some new species of Crustacea in the collection of the British Museum. Proe. Zool. Soc.l.ond.. XV. 1847, pp. 84-86. 118-127". This publication is in fact two separate papers, with almost WIDTH'S PUBLICATIONS identical lilies (White. I847d, 1847g). Further, citation 32 White published a truly prodigious number o\' works on is dated 1847. but Waterhouse (1893: 438) and Duncan natural history, including such diverse works as A popular (1937; 81)) suggested it was published on the 29th March history of Mammalia (1850). A popular history of Birds 1848. Moreover, none of While's catalogues, books or 118551, and Heads and Tails; orAnecdotes .,. of Quadrupeds contributions to the identification of expedition collected and other beasts i 1870). WiUl K. M Stark he wrote The specimens, is cited. The latter are recorded in the Library instructive picture book (1857) and for the Society for Catalogue of the British Museum (Natural History) 11915: Promoting Christian Knowledge he arranged the plates for 2306-2307) and a total of 26 arthropod (Insecta and Tabular view of Myriapoda. Arachnida. A Crustacea, and Crustacea) publications are indexed. Yet again the list is not Tabular view of the orders and leading families of insects, complete and is inaccurate, especially for his crustacean for the Diagrams of Natural History series. The Tabular view works. For example the Crustacea of the 11.M.S. Samarang of Crustacea arranged by White (1861c: pis 2, 3) for the voyage, published jointly wiih Arthur Adams, is dated 1848. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge appears to be However, according to Sherborn (1922: exi), the Crustacea an obscure publication. The two pages of plates contain chapter was published in two parts dated 1848 and 1849. beautifully engraved illustrations of various Crustacea laxa The Library Catalogue (1915: 2307) cites White's by J. W. Lowry and the list of species represented has been contribution to the "Narrative of the voyage of H.M.S. tabulated (Tables l 2). White made two important r Battlesnake" as 1852. the date on (he title page, bin during contributions to British cureinology. In 1850. White catalogued the Crustacea for a series which attempted to list this present study the copy in the British Library was specimens of British animals and (While.
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