Plant Diseases and Pests2011, 2(4)46 -48

Community Structure and Diversity of Ladybugs in Baihualing of Gaoligong Mountain I Species Composition and Population Structure

WU Weil,LIU De -bog ZHANG Pei-yi3 ZHANG Zhen3 * 1.Institute of Conservation Biology, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; 2. Forest Plant Quarantine Station in Southeast Guizhou, Kaili 556001China; 3.Institute of Forest Ecology Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091China

Abstract[ Objective] The paper was to study the community structure and diversity of ladybugs in Baihualing of Gaoligong Mountain, and fill gaps in research about ladybugs in this region.[ Method ] Using sampling plot investigation method, the species composition and population structure of ladybugs in Baihualing of Gaoligong Mountain were surveyed.[ Result ] A total of 3 218 ladybugs specimens had been collectedbelonging to 5 subfamilies , 20 genera , 56 species. Two spe- cies were new records for Yunnan Province. The species and number of Coccinellinae were the greatest, followed by Epilachninae and Aspidimerinaewhile Coccid- ulinae and Scymninae were the least. The dominant species were Coccinella septempunctata L.Harmonia eucharis (Mulsant) and Afissula hydrangeae Pang et Mao.[ Conclusion] The study laid foundation for further study on ladybugs in Baihualing of Gaoligong Mountain. Key wordsLadybug; Community structure; Gaoligong Mountain ; China

Coccinellidae belongs to Cucujoidea, Polyphaga Coleoptera, 1 Research Methods is a kind of important economic insect . A total of more than 1.1MaterialsThe ladybugs in Baihualing of Gaoligong Moun- 5 000 species of ladybugs have been recorded throughout the tain were selected as the investigation object. world [21, and 680 species of ladybugs have been recorded in Chi- 1.2Methods naw. The researches about community structure of ladybug at 1. 2. 1 Sampling and investigation methods. According to the home and abroad are mainly developed in the habitats such as tea vegetation types in Baihualing of Gaoligong Mountain, the sam- plantationswheat fieldsfarmlandssugarcane garden ,coconut pling belts were set with the interval of 300 m in vertical level of groves and orchards in agro-ecosystem, and predatory ladybug spe- Baihualing, and a total of 7 sampling belts were selected. Three cies are mostly investigated. The investigation of community struc- quadrats were set in each sampling belt with altitude interval of ture of ladybugs in forest ecosystem has not been reported. 100 m, and a total of 21 quadrats were set in vertical level. The Baihualing sectionof Gaoligong Mountainislocatedin size of quadrat was 20 m x 30 m. The investigation was carried out Mangkuan of Baoshan City in Yunnan Province. Monsoon ever- once every one month from April 2008 to February 2009 , the spe- green broad-leaved forest is distributed between the altitude of cies of ladybugs adopted the sum of each investigation, and the 1 000 and 1 800 m; middle mountain moist evergreen broad- number of ladybugs adopted the average value of each quadrat. leaved forest is distributed between the altitude of 1 800 and 2 800 The specific investigation methods were as follows: 0 Inves- m; cool-temperate shrubs, Tsuga dumosa( D. Don) Eichler and tigation in small arbor layer. 20 plants were randomly selected in summit mossy dwarf forest are distributed between the altitude of quadrat, the white cloth with the size of 2 m x 2 m was laid under 2 700 and 3 100 m. Due to the impact of human logging and graz- the trees, and the ladybug specimens were collected using vibra- ing, the vegetation below the altitude of 1 900 m has been hyper- tion method. 0 Investigation in shrub layer and grass layer. genic or transformed into plantation[41. The vegetation and climate Swept within quadrat for 120 times according to parallel line meth- in the section have pronounced vertical changes , so the section be- od ( sweeping back and forth counted for one time )the speci- comes the first choice for botany and entomology research.At mens were collected after the ladybugs were poisoned. 0 Investi- presentthere has no report about community structure of ladybug gation in ground layer. Five quadrats with the size of 1 m x 1 m in Baihualing of Gaoligong Mountain. To this end, the author were set in quadrat according to five-point method, and the lady- studied the community structure of ladybug within the section, so bug specimens were collected according to searching method. as to lay the foundation for further study on ladybug in Baihualing 1. 2. 2Preparation and identification of specimen and statistical of Gaoligong Mountain. methods. The ladybug specimens was preserved by 75% alcohol in plastic container, labeled and taken back to the laboratory. The common species were made into specimens fixed with needle and Received: July 20, 2011 Accepted: September 212011 the individuals difficult to identify were continued to save in 75% Supported by Sub-projects of Standardized Sorting, Integration and Sharing of ethanol solution for genital anatomy. The specimens were separate- Biological Specimens in Nature Reserve. ly classified and identified using morphological taxonomy method, * Corresponding author. E-mail: zhangzhen@ caf. ac. en which were identified to species as far as possible, and those could WU Wei et al. Community Structure and Diversity of Ladybugs in Baihualing of Gaoligong Mountain I 47

not be identified tospecies were counted with morphological Tab.1The species composition of ladybugs in Baihualing of Gaoligong species. Mountain Pro- The determination of dominant species, common species and Number Family Genus Scientific name portion rare species referred to the method by XU Zheng-hui et al. who head studied ants[51. When the proportion of the number of species was Coccinellinae 211365.67 greater than 10%it was dominant speciesrepresented with A ; Illeis koebelei Timberlake 71 2.21 Macroilleis Macroilleis hauseri ( Mader) 3 0.09 when the proportion was between 1% and 10% ,it was common Halyzia Halyzia sanscrita Mulsant 1 0.03 species , represented with B ; when the proportion was lower than Mealocaria Mealocaria diladata ( Fab. ) 2 0.06 Alloneda Alloneda dodecastima (Hope) 1 0.03 1%it was rare species, represented with C. Aiolocaria Aiolocaria hexaspilota Hope 3 0.09 Lemnia Lemnia melanaria ncasura ( Crotch) 1 0.03 Lemnia Lemnia saucia Mulsant 19 0. 59 2Results and Analysis Lemnia Lemnia bissellata ( Mulsant ) 50 1.55 2.1Species composition of ladybug in Baihualing of Gaoli- Lemnia Lemnia lushuiensis Jing 1 0.03 gong Mountain A total of 3 128 ladybugs specimens had been Lemnia Lemnia sp. 1 0.03 Menochilus Menochilus sexmaculatus ( Fab. ) 178 5.53 collected ,belonging to 5 subfamilies ,20 genera, 56 species. Coccinella Coccinella septempunctata L. 65820.45 Thirty-one species belonged to Coccinellinae, 17 species belonged Coccinella Coccinella transversoguttata Falderman 6 0. 19 Coccinella Coccinella luteopicta Mulsant 1 0.03 to Epilachninae, 6 species belonged to Aspidimerinae, and 1 spe- Harmonia Harmonia dimidiate ( Fab. ) 35 1.09 cies belongedtoCoccidulinae and Scymninae,respectively. Harmonia Harmonia axyridis ( Pallas ) 28 0.87 Among them, 45 species were already known, 2 species were new Harmonia Harmonia eucharis ( Mulsant ) 547 17.00 Harmonia Harmonia sedecimnotata ( Fab. ) 24 0.75 species distributed in Yunnan Province, and 11 species needed to Oenopia Oenopia kirbyi Mulsant 171 5.31 be determined. The number of individuals belonging to Coccinll- Oenopia Oenopia sauzeti Mulsant 113 3.51 1 0.03 nae, Epilachninae, Aspidimerinae, Coccidulinae and Scymninae Oenopia Oenopia chinensis( Weise) Oenopia Oenopia degenensis Jing 1 0.03 were 2 1131 027 761 and 1, respectively (Tab. 1). Oenopia Oenopia quadripunctata Kapur 3 0.09 The altitude difference in Baihualing of Gaoligong Mountain Micraspis Micraspis discolor ( Fab. ) 7 0.22 Micraspis Micraspis allardi Mulsant 1 0.03 is large, and unique climatic condition and rich vegetation types Calvia Calvia muiri ( Timberlake) 54 1.68 are formed , so it becomes the distribution area of many animals Calvia Calvia shiva Kapur 1 0.03 plants and rare species of macro-fungi which is also the place that Calvia Calvia albida Bielawski 2 0.06 Calvia Calvia sicardi Mader 1 0.03 experts have discovered more new species. The richness of lady- Pania Pania luteopustulata ( Mulsant ) 128 3. 98 bug species depends on its host or preyso rich host plants and Aspidimerinae 76 2.36 Cryptogonus Cryptogonus guangdongiensis Pang 1 0.03 prey in Baihualing of Gaoligong Mountain lead to the abundant et Mao species of ladybug in the area. Cryptogonus Cryptogonus complexus Kapur 15 0.47 2.2Population structure of ladybug in Baihualing of Gaoli- Cryptogonus Cryptogonus himalayensis Kapur 53 1. 65 Cryptogonus Cryptogonus orbiculus Gyllenhal 2 0.06 gong MountainAs shown in Tab. 1 a total of 31 species be- Cryptogonus Cryptogonus sp. 1 0.03 longing to Coccinellinae were collected in the investigation, ac- Platynaspis Platynaspis bimaculata Pang et Mao 4 0. 12 counting for 55. 36% ; 17 species belonging to Epilachninae were Epilachninae 102731.91 Epilachna Epilachna macularis Mulsant 21 0.65 collected , accounting for 30. 36% ; 6 species belonging to Aspi- Epilachna Epilachna yongshanensis Cao et Xiao 2 0. 06 dimerinae were collected, accounting for 10. 70% ;1 species sep- Epilachna Epilachna concuongensis Hoang 34 1.06 Epilachna Epilachna sp. 1 84 2.61 arately belonging to Coccidulinae and Scymninae were collected, Epilachna Epilachna sp. 2 10 0.31 accounting for 1.79 %. Viewed from the individual number, 2 113 Epilachna Epilachna sp. 3 1 0.03 ladybugs belonging to Coccinellinae were collected, accounting for Epilachna Epilachna sp. 4 189 5.87 Epilachna Epilachna sp. 5 1 0.03 65. 67% ;1 027 ladybugs belonging to Epilachninae were collect- Epilachna Epilachna sp. 6 2 0.06 ed , accounting for 31. 91% ;128 ladybugs belonging to Aspidimer- Henosepilachna Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata 19 0. 59 inae were collected, accounting for 2. 36% ;1 ladybug separately ( Motschulsky) Henosepilachna Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata 29 0.90 belonging to Coccidulinae and Scymninae were collected , account- ( Fabricius )

ing for 0. 03% .The species number of various subfamilies and the Henosepilachna Henosepilachna kaszabi( Bielawski et 1 0.03 proportion of individual numbers in total number successfully were Fursch) Coccinllnae > Epilachninae > Aspidimerinae > Coccidulinae Henosepilachna Henosepilchna sp. 13 0.40 Afissula Afissula uniformis Pang et Mao 37 1. 15 = Scymninae. Afissula Afissula hydrangeae Pang et Mao 56717.62 Fifty-six species of ladybugs contained 3 dominant species, Afissula Afidenta misera Weise 1 0.03 Afissula Afissula sp. 16 0.50 13 common species and 40 rare species. According to the individ- Coccidulinae 1 0.03 ual numbers, the sequence of 3 dominant species successfully was Sumnius Sumnius brunneu Jing 1 0.03 Coccinella septempunctata L.(20. 45 %) > Harmonia eucharis Scymninae 1 0.03 Amida Amida sp. 1 0.03 (Mulsant) (17. 62% ) > Afissula hydrangeae Pang et Mao (17.00 % ). Note represents new species distributed in Yunnan Province. 48 Plant Diseases and Pests 2011

According to the proportion of individuals in total numbers from 2 150 high to low, the sequence of 13 common species successfully was 1 850 Epilachna sp. 4, Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fab. ), Oenopia kirbyi 1 550 Mulsant, Pania luteopustulata ( Mulsant)Oenopia sauzeti Mul- sant, Epilachna sp. 1, filets koebelei Timberlake, Calvia muiri 1 250 ( Timberlake ) Cryptogonus himalayensis Kapur, Lemnia bissel- 950 lata (Mulsant)Afissula unifmmis Pang et Mao, Harmonia dimid- 650 tate (Fab. ), Epilachna concuongensis Hoang. The other 40 spe- 350 cies were rare species. 50 The species composition of various ladybugs in Baihualing of Predatory Phytophagous Fungivorous group group group Gaoligong Mountain was shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. A total of 2 116 predatory ladybugs belonging to 36 species1 027 phytopha- Species gous ladybugs belonging to 17 species, 75 fungivorous ladybugs Fig. 2 Composition of individual numbers of various ladybug belonging to 3 species were collected. Among predatory ladybugs , species C. septempunctata L. and A. hydrangeae Pang et Mao were the longing to 5 subfamilies, 20 genera, 56 species. Forty-five ofthem dominant species; among phytophagous ladybugsEpilachna sp. 4 were already known, 2 of them were new species distributed in and H.eucharis( Mulsant ) were the dominant species; among Yunnan Province, and 11 of them were the species needed to be fungivorous ladybugs, I.koebelei Timberlake was the dominant further classified. Viewed from the species and number of each species. According to species number and proportion of individu- subfamily , Coccinellinae were the greatestfollowed by Epilachni- als in total numbers from high to low, the sequence of various la- nae and Aspidimerinae, while Coccidulinae and Scymninae were dybugs was predatory ladybugs > phytophagous ladybugs > fun- the least. When the feeding habits of ladybugs were considered, givorous ladybugs. the species and number of predatory ladybugs were the largest, 40 followed by phytophagous ladybugs ,and fungivorous ladybugs were the least. C. septempunctata L.H. eucharis ( Mulsant) and 32 A. hydrangeae Pang et Mao were the dominant species.

24 References 16 [1] LIU CL. Economic Insect in China, book 5, Coccinellidae (1) [M]. Bei- jing; Science Press, 1963;101. (in Chinese). [2] PANG H. Current situation of the systematics of Coccinellidae[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Entomology, 2002, 39(1) ;17 -22. (in Chinese). [3] GAO AB. Species diversity of ladybirds (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera) in Chi- Predatory Phytophagous Fungivorous group group group na[J]. Jiangxi Plant Protection, 2006, 29(1) ; 31 -33. (in Chinese). [4] XU ZH, JIANG XC, CHEN ZQ, et al. Study on the ant communities of the Species vertical band on east slope of the Gaoligongshan Mountains Nature Reserve Fig.1Species composition of various ladybugs [J]. Forest Research, 2001, 14(2) ;115 -124. (inChinese). [5] XU ZH, WU DM, CHEN ZQ, et al. Study on the ant communities of the level band on east slope of the Gaoligongshan Mountains Nature Reserve 3Conclusions [J]. Forest Research, 2001, 14(2) ; 603 -609. (in Chinese). A total of 3 218 ladybug specimens had been collected , be-

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