TAXONOMIC STUDIES OF FAMILY COCCINELLIDAE (COLEOPTERA) OF GILGIT-BALTISTAN, PAKISTAN
BY
MUHAMMAD ASHFAQUE
A dissertation submitted to the University of Agriculture, Peshawar in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN AGRICULTURE (PLANT PROTECTION)
DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PROTECTION FACULTY OF CROP PROTECTION SCIENCES The UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, PESHAWAR KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA-PAKISTAN DECEMBER, 2012 TAXONOMIC STUDIES OF FAMILY COCCINELLIDAE (COLEOPTERA) OF GILGIT-BALTISTAN, PAKISTAN BY
MUHAMMAD ASHFAQUE A dissertation submitted to the University of Agriculture, Peshawar in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN AGRICULTURE (PLANT PROTECTION) Approved by:
______Chairman, Supervisory Committee Prof. Dr. Farman Ullah Department of Plant Protection
______Co-Supervisor Dr. Muhammad Ather Rafi PSO/PL, NIM, IPEP, NARC Islamabad
______Member Prof. Dr. Ahmad ur Rahman Saljoqi Department of Plant Protection
______Member Prof. Dr. Sajjad Ahmad Department of Entomology
______Chairman and Convener Board of Studies Prof. Dr. Ahmad ur Rahman Saljoqi
______Dean, Faculty of Crop Protection Sciences Prof. Dr. Mian Inayatullah
______Director, Advanced Studies and Research Prof. Dr. Farhatullah
DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PROTECTION FACULTY OF CROP PROTECTION SCIENCES The UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, PESHAWAR KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA-PAKISTAN DECEMBER, 2012
To My Parents TABLE OF CONTENTS
CH. NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
LIST OF FIGURES ...... i
LIST OF PLATES ...... iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...... v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... vi
ABSTRACT ...... viii
I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 6
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS ...... 20
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ...... 28
Systematic Account of Family COCCINELLIDAE ...... 30
Description of family Coccinellidae ...... 31
Key to the subfamilies of family Coccinellidae of Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 32
Subfamily Chilocorinae ...... 33
Key to the genera of subfamily Chilocorinae of Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 34
Genus Chilocorus ...... 35
Chilocorus infernalis ...... 36
Genus Exochomus ...... 38
Exochomus nigromaculatus ...... 40
Genus Priscibrumus ...... 41
Priscibrumus trijunctus ...... 42
Genus Platynaspidius ...... 43
Platynaspidius saundersi ...... 43
Subfamily Coccinellinae ...... 45 CH. NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
Key to the genera of subfamily Coccinellinae of Gilgit-Baltistan ..... 46
Genus Adalia ...... 47
Adalia tetraspilota ...... 48
Genus Aiolocaria ...... 50
Aiolocaria hexaspilota ...... 51
Genus Calvia ...... 54
Calvia punctata ...... 54
Genus Menochilus ...... 57
Menochilus sexmaculatus ...... 57
Genus Coccinella ...... 60
Coccinella iranica ...... 61
Coccinella redemita ...... 63
Coccinella septempunctata ...... 65
Coccinella tranversoguttata ...... 67
Genus Harmonia ...... 70
Harmonia dimidiata ...... 72
Genus Hippodamia ...... 75
Hippodamia apicalis ...... 76
Hippodamia variagata ...... 78
Genus Oenopia ...... 81
Oenopia conglobata ...... 82
Oenopia oncina ...... 86
Oenopia sauzeti ...... 87 CH. NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
Genus Propylea ...... 90
Propylea dissecta ...... 91
Propylea japonica ...... 93
Propylea quaturodecimpunctata ...... 96
Genus Microilleis ...... 98
Microilleis hauseri ...... 98
Subfamily Epilachninae ...... 99
Key to the genera of subfamily Epilachninae of Gilgit-Baltistan ... 101
Genus Henosepilachna ...... 101
Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata ...... 102
Genus Afidentula ...... 107
Afidentula bisquadripunctata ...... 108
Afidentula manderstjarnae ...... 110
Subfamily Scymninae ...... 111
Key to the genera of subfamily Scymninae of Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 112
Genus Scymnus ...... 113
Scymnus nubilus ...... 114
Scymnus posticalis ...... 116
Genus Stethorus ...... 118
Stethorus gilvifrons ...... 119
Stethorus pauperculus ...... 122
Checklist of Ladybird Beetles (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera) of Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 124
Conclusion and Recommendations ...... 126
V. SUMMARY ...... 128
VI. LITERATURE CITED ...... 130 LIST OF FIGURES
FIG. NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
1. Map of Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 21
2. a. Adult morphology – Dorsal View ...... 23
b. Adult morphology – Ventral View ...... 24
c. Male genitalia ...... 24
d. Female genitalia ...... 24
3. Distribution of Chilocorus infernalis in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 182
4. Distribution of Exochomus nigromaculatus in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 182
5. Distribution of Priscibrumus trijunctus in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 183
6. Distribution of Platynaspidius saundersi in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 183
7. Distribution of Adalia tetraspilota in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 184
8. Distribution of Aiolocaria hexaspilota in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 184
9. Distribution of Calvia punctata in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 185
10. Distribution of Menochilus sexmaculatus in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 185
11. Distribution of Coccinella iranica in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 186
12. Distribution of Coccinella redemita in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 186
13. Distribution of Coccinella septempunctata in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 187
14. Distribution of Coccinella transversoguttata in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 187
15. Distribution of Harmonia dimitiata in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 188
16. Distribution of Hippodamia apicalis in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 188
i FIG. NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
17. Distribution of Hippodamia variagata in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 189
18. Distribution of Oenopia conglobata in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 189
19. Distribution of Oenopia oncina in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 190
20. Distribution of Oenopia sauzeti in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 190
21. Distribution of Propylea dissecta in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 191
22. Distribution of Propylea japonica in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 191
23. Distribution of Propylea quaturodecimpuntata in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 192
24. Distribution of Macroillius hauseri in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 192
25. Distribution of Henospilachna vigintiopunctata in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 193
26. Distribution of Afidentula bisquadripunctata in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 193
27. Distribution of Afidentula mansderstjernae in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 194
28. Distribution of Scymnus nubilus in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 194
29. Distribution of Scymnus posticalis in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 195
30. Distribution of Stethorus gilvifrons in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 195
31. Distribution of Stethorus pauperculus in Gilgit-Baltistan ...... 196
ii LIST OF PLATES
NO. SPECIES PAGE NO.
1. Chilocorus infernalis ...... 153
2. Exochomus nigromaculatus ...... 154
3. Priscibrumus trijunctus ...... 155
4. Platynaspidius saundersi ...... 156
5. Adalia tetraspilota ...... 157
6. Aiolocaria hexaspilota ...... 158
7. Calvia punctata ...... 159
8. Menochilus sexmaculatus ...... 160
9. Coccinella iranica ...... 161
10. Coccinella septempunctata ...... 162
11. Coccinella tranversoguttata ...... 163
12. Coccinella redemita ...... 164
13. Harmonia dimidiata ...... 165
14. Hippodamia apicalis...... 166
15. Hippodamia variegata ...... 167
16. Oenopia conglobata...... 168
17. Oenopia oncina ...... 169
18. Oenopia sauzeti ...... 170
19. Propylea dissecta ...... 171
iii NO. SPECIES PAGE NO.
20. Propylea japonica ...... 172
21. Propylea quaturodecimpunctata ...... 173
22. Macroilleis hauseri ...... 174
23. Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata ...... 175
24. Afidentula bisquadripunctata ...... 176
25. Afidentula manderstjarnae ...... 177
26. Scymnus posticalis ...... 178
27. Scymnus nubilus ...... 179
28. Stethorus gilvifrons ...... 180
29. Stethorus pauperculus ...... 181
iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
♀ Female
♂ Male
AJK Azad Jammu and Kashmir
CIBC Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control
CSO Chief Scientific Officer
DD Deputy Director
DI Khan Dera Ismail Khan
GB Bilgit-Baltistan
KOH Potassium Hydroxide
KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
JS Junior Scientist
NARC National Agricultural Research Centre
NIM National Insect Museum
Pak Pakistan
PL Program Leader
PSO Principal Scientific Officer
SO Scientific Officer
SSO Senior Scientific Officer
USA United States of America
USNM United States National Museum
USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
One of the many joys of a work done is to look over the past and remember and acknowledge all those who remained involved in the completion process. To me, the most difficult part of dissertation is to write acknowledgments page and that too in a foreign language. One fell short of words to express the feelings to acknowledge all of them in a deserving way.
Many people contributed to this dissertation in innumerable ways, and I am grateful to all of them. First and foremost, I would like to thank Dr. Farman Ullah, Professor, Department of Plant Protection, the University of Agriculture, Peshawar. He is not only my Major Supervisor but my mentor and friend. Our association started back in 1997 when I entered Department of Plant Protection for the B. Sc (Hon’s) Program. We immediately became friends and have remained so ever since. His patience, flexibility, genuine caring and concern, and faith in me enabled me to complete this assignment. He has been motivating, encouraging, and enlightening. Thank You Dr. Farman!.
I would like to give a heartfelt, special thanks to Dr. Muhammad Ather Rafi, PL, NIM for being my Co-supervisor and for his help, support and valuable suggestions during the execution of research work at NIM. The logistic and financial supports for surveying the study area are greatly acknowledged.
I am very grateful to the remaining members of my supervisory committee, Prof. Dr. Ahmad ur Rahman Saljoqi, Chairman, Department of Plant Protection and Dr. Sajjad Ahmad, Professor, Department of Entomology. Their academic support and input and personal cheering are greatly appreciated. I sincerely thank Prof. Dr. Mian Inayatullah, Dean, Faculty of Crop Protection Sciences; Dr. Inamullah Khan, Professor, Department of Plant Protection and Dr. Imtiaz Khan, Professor, Department of Entomology for their encouragement, suggestions and support during this research work. My sincere thanks are extended to Dr. Claudio Canepari for confirmation of some species.
vi I would also like to gratefully acknowledge the enthusiastic support received from Mr. Falak Naz, SSO, NIM, during the entire course of this study – right from surveys of the study area to writing the manuscript.
Many additional colleagues and friends provided valuable information that helped organize my data collection, and I am grateful to all of them for their assistance. In particular, I would like to thank Mr. Muhammad Ilyas PSO; Mr. Amir Sultan, SSO; Mr. Anjum Shehzad, SSO; Mr. Ishaque Mastoi, SSO; Dr. Ahmad Zia SO; Mrs. Alia Khalid, PhD Scholar; Mr. Muhammad Ashraf, Lab. Technician; Mr. Majid Bilal Field Man; Mr. Zareen Khan, Driver and Mr. Shahid, Driver for their kind company and support.
I would also like to acknowledge Mr. Muhammad Irshad, PSO (Retd.) for his critical comments and providing the valuable literature. I can’t ignore to remember the kind efforts of Dr. Iftikhar Ahmad, Chairman, PARC, Dr. Muhammad Ashraf (Ex-DG, NARC), Dr. Muhammad Abdul Matin CSO (Retd.) and Dr. Muhammad Shahid Masood, Member, Plant Sciences, PARC for encouraging me to pursue higher studies.
The encouragement and moral support received from my friends – Dr. Syed Ghazanfar Abbas, PSO; Dr. Javed Iqbal, PSO; Dr. Nadar Khan, SSO; Mr. Wiqar Ahmad, Deputy Director; Mr. Muhammad Ishaq, SSO; Mr. Ijaz Ali, SSO; Dr. Noor Elahi Jan, SSO; Mr. Iqbal Saeed Khattak, JS and Mr. Muhammad Qasim Kakar, PhD Scholar are highly appreciated.
I am forever indebted to my parents, wife, brothers and sisters for their understanding, endless patience and encouragement. I can’t ignore to mention the names of sons, Muhammad Shahzain and Muhammad Shahwaiz, with immense pleasure. I have always found them in the door, waiting for my return to home.
(MUHAMMAD ASHFAQUE)
vii TAXONOMIC STUDIES OF FAMILY COCCINELLIDAE (COLEOPTERA)
OF GILGIT-BALTISTAN, PAKISTAN
Muhammad Ashfaque and Farman Ullah
Department of Plant Protection Faculty of Crop Protection Sciences The University of Agriculture, Peshawar December, 2012
ABSTRACT
The coccinellid ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae; Coleoptera) fauna of Gilgit- Baltistan was explored during present study. The taxonomic study of the collected beetles revealed twenty nine (29) species of coccinellid beetles in eighteen (18) genera and four (04) subfamilies from the province of Gilgit- Baltistan. Subfamily Chilocorinae represents four (04) species, subfamily Coccinellinae eighteen (18) species, subfamily Epilachninae three (03) species and subfamily Scymninae four (04) species. Among these, seventeen (17) species are new records for the study area including five (05) new records to Pakistan. The newly recorded species from Pakistan are; Exochomus nigromaculatus, Priscibrumus trijunctus, Coccinella iranica, C. redemita and Hippodamia apicalis. The remaining species include, Chilocorus infernalis, Platynaspidius saundersi, Adalia tetraspilota, Aiolocaria hexaspilota, Calvia punctata, Menochilus sexmaculatus, Coccinella septempunctata, C. transversoguttata, Harmonia dimidiata, Hippodamia variegata, Oenopia conglobata, O. oncina, O. sauzeti, Propylea dissecta, P. japonica, P. quaturodecimpunctata, Macroilleis hauseri, Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata, Afidentula bisquadripunctata, A. manderstjarnae, Scymnus nubilus, S. posticalis, Stethorus gilvifrons and S. pauperculus. Keys to subfamilies and genera are provided. Diagnostic characters of each species are given along with genitalia description. Coloured plates of adult specimens and genitalia structure are given in this research work. Remarks pertaining to taxonomic discussion, history, taxon status, host, habitat and regional record are given for each species. Distribution maps of the species occurring in the region are provided.
viii I. INTRODUCTION
Coccinellidae is the largest family of order Coleoptera and its members are commonly known as ladybird beetles, ladybugs or coccinellid beetles. The name is derived from Latin-Greek word Kokkos means berry or seed referring to round and convex body structure of the beetles. However, some taxonomists give other explanation for the family name and considered it as a derived word from Latin Coccinus meaning scarlet colour. Majority of the ladybirds are bright in colour and with a special arrangement of spots or markings. Family Coccinellidae belongs to Superfamily Cucujoidea, series
Cucujifornia within the suborder Polyphaga and order Coleoptera. Many workers recognize six subfamilies within this family including Chilocorinae,
Coccinellinae, Coccidulinae, Scymninae, Sticholotidinae and Epilachininae.
Of these six subfamilies, five are predacious and one subfamily Epilachininae is phytophagous. Members of subfamily Epilachninae are phytophagous destroying vegetables like bitter gourd, tomato, brinjal, potato, cherry, black gram, radish, corn and other plants belonging to family Solanaceae and
Cucurbitaceae.
About 3,500 species of these beetles have been reported from the world (Majerus and Kearns, 1989) while Vandenberg (2000) provided a list of
6000 species in 370 genera world wide. Slipinski (2007) reported 6000 species in 490 genera.
1 Coccinellids are of economic importance, both as beneficial/ predators and pest/phytophagous. Due to the predatory nature of most of the coccinelids, they have an important role in biological control-based pest management in agricultural production. Most species are predators of insects that are pests of economic crops and vectors of diseases.
Predacious and phytophagous beetles can be distinguished from each other in (i) Apex of mandible usually with big tooth in phytophagous beetles whereas carnivores ladybirds have only two teeth; (ii) Subfamily Epilachninae lack basal tooth on the inner margin of mandible whereas predacious species has a basal; (iii) Epilachnine beetles have larger galea and lacina than predacious coccinellids beetles; (iv) Epilachnine beetles have thin labium thin, narrowed interiorly whereas predatory coccinellids beetles have broad mentum and (v) Epilachnine beetles have antennal insertion far distant from eyes whereas in predatory coccinellid beetles, it is between eyes and mandibles (Kuznetsov, 1997).
Initial documentation of predatory coccinellid of Pakistan was done by
Irshad (2001; 2003) and Irshad and Khan (2005). The details regarding predatory coccinellids species from Pakistan and current knowledge on the predatory coccinellid beetle of Gilgit-Baltistan is mainly based on Rafi et al.
(2005). In this compilation only nine species of predatory coccinellids belonging to three subfamilies have been listed from this area. The exact distribution of coccinellid species from Gilgit-Baltistan is still incompletely documented.
2 In addition to taxonomic work, research on biological control has also been done in Pakistan. Actually taxonomic work has been essential to identify species so that they can be used in biological control work. This linkage has established a scientific base for carrying out both type of work.
Studies on biological, ecological and use as biological based technologies have been taken place in Pakistan as elsewhere in the world. Studies on distribution in micro habitat is done by Kazimi and Ghani, 1964; Ahmad and
Ghani, 1972; Mughul et al,1985; Ahmad et al., 1999, 2004; Zahoor et al.,
2003; Mustafa et al. 1996; and Rana et al., 2009;. Biology of various coccinellids have been studied by Ahmad and Ghani (1966a, 1971, 1973);
Ahmad 1970; Rasheed et al.,1986; Ahmad et al.,1999; Burio et al,. 1996;
Hasan et al., 1999; Solangi et al., 2005; 2007 and Khuhro et al., 2008a,b.
Biotic potential has been investigated by Anwarullah et al., 1966; Azim and
Karimddin 1966; Amjad et al., 1988; Rizvi et al., 1992, 1995; Suhail et al.
1999 and Sattar et al., 2008. Rearing of predatory coccinelids was investigated by Sarwar and Saqib, 2010.
The Gilgit-Baltistan province of Pakistan (formerly the Northern Areas of Pakistan) is divided into two regions i.e. Baltistan and Gilgit. The region is spread over an area of 72,496 sq. km with major parts covered with mountains and glaciers. Geographically, the area is of hgih significance as is surrounded by major countries like China, India and Afghanistan. The area is a gate way to Central Asian States with a narrow strip of Wakhan separating it from Tajikistan. Gilgit-Baltistan lies between 72°-75° north longitude and
3 35°-37°east latitude. Administratively, the area is divided into districts of
Gilgit, Baltistan, Diamer, Ghizer, Ghanche, Astore and Hunza-Nager.
Besides these seven districts, there are 19 tehsils and 13 sub-divisions. The headquarters of Gilgit-Baltistan is Gilgit with provincial offices of major departments (Baigal, 2008). The area is considered to be very rich in natural resources with highly diversified germplasms. The area is highly diverse and climatic conditions vary from extreme cold to extreme hot spots. The area is very rich in natural resources and has diversified flora and fauna because of varied climatic conditions and unique ecology. Still little information is available on insect diversity in this region. However, some biologists have made efforts to identify butterfly species and documented their distribution and status. The area is expected to have high biological diversity of coccinellids due to diverse climatic, geographic and ecological conditions.
There is need to explore the coccinellids of Gilgit-Baltistan for better understanding of fauna of this area. Moreover, taxonomic studies are necessary for biological control of insect pests. With the passage of time the ecological condition in relation to insect pests of this area is changing fast. As per this, the management strategy of pests has to be on biological-based techniques. Whenever or wherever biological based technologies will be used the specific identification of both the pests and its natural enemy is essential. In the absence of this information the chances of failure are immense in the management of pests (Irshad and Haq, 2010).
4 Keeping in view the economic importance of predatory/phytophagous coccinellids and poor attention given to it, there is dire need to explore the ladybird beetle fauna of Gilgit-Baltistan with the following objectives:
1. To collect and identify coccinellid species in different areas of Gilgit-
Baltistan province.
2. To provide improved descriptions and key(s) for the identification of
coccinellid beetles occurring in Gilgit-Baltistan.
3. To prepare a Checklist of Ladybird Beetles (Coccinellidae:
Coleoptera) of Gilgit-Baltistan.
5 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1. Taxonomic History of Coccinellidae
It is interesting that Linnaeus the great naturalist first biological contribution was on Coccinella. He described this genus in 1758 with its 36
European representatives. Laterille put this genus under newly established given name Coccinellidae Later on; Europen taxonomists did intensive work on this group of insects. Notable work on this family is by Mulsant (1846,
1850 and 1866); Redtenbacher (1843); LeConte (1852); Crotch (1874a,b);
Weise (1885a,b; 1892 and 1900) and Ganglbauer (1899).
Family Coccinellidae was divided into two groups on the basis of their feeding habits i.e. Phytophagous and Aphidophagous (Carnivorous) by
Redtenbacher (1843) and Casey (1899 LeConte (1852) divided
Coccinellidae family into groups: Gymnosomids and Trichosomids. The former have hairs on their bodies and later group lacks this characteristic on their bodies. Chapius (1876) proposed novel classification of the family
Coccinellidae while taxonomic keys for the determination of Palaearctic fauna were established by Crotch (1874a,b) and Weise (1885, 1892 and
1900). Ganglbauer (1899) divided the family into three subfamilies.
The exact identification of up to species level can not be made only relying on the presence/pattern or absence of spots on the elytra of the mostly occuring coccinellids. Earlier, some taxonomists used this character to identify and name the so-called species, but the majority of these names
6 are not valid now. With the advance in knowledge, male genitalia was made a characteristic to differenciate and properly identify the species. Verhoeff
(1895), Dobzhansky (1926; 1927; 1931; 1941), Timberlake (1919; 1922,
1943), Chapin (1946), Smirnoff (1953; 1956; 1957) and Kapur (1948a;
1948b; 1948c) worked on taxonomy keys and gave proper description to identify certain species that are occurring in nature.
Dieke (1947) worked on the subfamily Epilachninae and revised the genus Epilachna and introduced two new genera Affidenta and Affisa while studying the fauna of Europe, Australia and Asia. Epilachna ocellata was redescribed by Kapur (1952) along with three other new species from India viz; E. nana. E. anita and E. manipurensis. In 1961, Kapur further distinguised Epilachna indica from closely related new species E. karenensis from India. The Epilachninae fauna of Taiwan was described by Li and Cook
(1961) with 30 species in genus Afidnetula (two); genus Epilachna (21) and genus Henosepilachna (seven).
Kapur (1963) and Zaslavskij (1965) revised Korschefsky’s keys with some modifications. The other important publications on classification include
Kamiya (1959; 1961; 1963), Miyatake (1959; 1961a; 1970), Chapin (1962;
1965; 1966) and Gordon (1972; 1976). Sasaji (1968a,b,c) first proposed a system based on detailed morphological study of adult and larval characteristics.
7 On the basis of phylogeny of both larval and adult characters, Sasaji
(1968a,b,c; 1971a,b; 1977) proposed a new system of classification of the
Japanese collection. He briefly reviewed history along with general classification of the family Coccinellidae based on this new system.
Fürsch (1996) revised the tribe Shirozuellini of subfamily
Sticholotidinae and included genera Ghanius, Medamatento,
Promecopharus, Sasajiella and Shirozuella. A list of species of Stethorus was prepared by Guoyue (1996) and reported 24 species along with one species; Stethorus convexus sp. nov. Diagnostic characters of genus
Oenopia with new combination and synonymy were provided by Vandenberg
(1996).
In 1998, Booth separated three Oriental species – Chilocorus gressitli,
C. melas and C. subindicus that closely resemble Chilocorus nigrita
(Fabricius). Poorani (1998) described Serangium serratum sp. nov. with elaborated keys for the Indian species. Yaghmaee and Kharzai (1998) reported the collection of beetles of subfamily Scymninae collected during surveys of Mashhad, Iran in 1991-93. Eight species were described from four genera of three tribes. Scymnus pallipedifomis, Scymnus pallipes and
Nephus (Bipunctatus) biscsignatus etesiacus Fursch were first records for the Iranian fauna.
The genus Pseudospidimerus Kapur from the Indian subregion was reviewed and keys for the known species from the region were provided by
8 Poorani (2001). She also reported two species, Pseudospidimerus muliki
Kapur and P. flviceps (Walker) for the first time while another species
Pseudaspidimerus inffluscatus from Tamil Nadu was described as new to science. In 2002, Afroze provided keys of two genera Nephus and Scymnus and reported two species Nephus ryaguus and Scymnus (Neopullus) hoffmanni from India for the first time.
Gordon and Gonzalez (2002) further modified taxonomic status of
South American Scymnobius species and elevated Scymnobius from subgeneric to generic status while the synonymy of S. ocellata was recognized as a junior synonym of S. galapagoensis while S. aricaensis, S. ealiginosus, S. ealesius, S. euadoricus, S. rotundus and S. imitator were described as new species.
The aphidophagous species of genus Oenopia from Indian subcontinent was reviewed by Poorani (2002) on the basis of male and female genetalia. Vandenberg (2002) revised the genus Cycloneda Crotch and constructed keys for both generic and species levels. In 2002, Poorani prepared an annotated checklist of the predatory coccinellid beetles of the
Indian sub region with 400 species. Poorani (2003) further reported a new to science predatory coccinelled Telsimia flavomaculata on scale insects,
Lepidosaphes sp. from Karnataka, India.
Milleo et al. (2004) redescribed five species Thalassa pentaspilota, T. flaviceps, T. similaris, T. montezumae and T. glauca during the revision of
9 genus Thalassa from Colombia. A catalogue on the Indian predaceous
Coccinellid beetles and their prey range was produced by Ahmad (2004).
The catalogue provided a list of 261 coccinellid beetles in 57 genera. Poorani
(2004) reported new additions and changes in checklist of Coccinellidae of the Indian subcontinent, including new synonymies and distribution records.
Raguraman et al. (2005) reported 19 species of predatory coccinellid beetles on agricultural and horticultural crops in Madurai and Theni districts of
Tamilnadu.
In 2005, Slipinski et al., revised the tribe Telsimini and reported 2 genera and 16 species. The Australian members of the tribe Chilocorini was revised in 2006 by Slipinski and Giorgi (2006) and reported 23 species.
Fursch (2006) redescribed genus of the African Stethorus and identified nine
(09) species on the basis of male genetalia. The subfamily Sticholotidinae from Oriental region was revised by Poorani et al. (2006) and reported new synonymies. The status of Sticholotis quadrisignata rugicollis Korschefsky,
1934 was also revised.
The Australian members of the world genus Diomus Mulsant was revised in 2009 by Pang and Slipinski and reported 30 species. Out of this,
15 species were found to be new to science. Similarly, Poorani and Slipinski,
(2009) revised two genera Scymnodes Blackburn, 1889 and Apolinus Pope and Lawrence, 1990 endemic to Australia and New Guinea and reported seven new species. The genus Macroilleis Miyatake was revised by Li et al.
10 in 2010 and reported Macroilleis borne nis (Borneo sabah) as new to science. They also provided taxonomic key for the species of the genus.
2. World Distribution of Coccinellidae
Mader (1924, 1926-1934, 1955) studied the species of Palaearctic region. A monographic work on Palaearctic fauna was published by Mader
(1926-34) and Winkler (1927). First world catalogue of the family
Coccinellidae was produced by Korschefsky (1931 and 1932) with the classification of three subfamilies; Epilachninae, Lithophilinae and
Cossineeinae. This classification of Korschefsky was used as a standard for a long time. Kapur (1942) further conducted work on bionomics of Adonia variegate Goeze, Brumus suturalis (Fabr.) and Scymus quadrillum Motsch.
The taxonomy of various higher categories of the family Coccinellidae has also been treated (Timberlake, 1943; Chapin, 1946; Dieke 1947; Daugeut,
1949; Mader, 1955; Watson, 1956 and Bielawski, 1959).
Kapur (1956) reported four (04) species viz; Chilocorus bijugus
Mulsant.,Chilocorus rubidus Hope, Pharoscymnus flexibilis (Mulsant) and
Sticholotis marginalis Kapur associated with San Jose scales on fruit plants in Kashmir while Puttarudriah and Basavanna (1956) reported 25 species of predatory coccinellids from tribes Scymini, Aspidirnerini, Hyperaspini,
Pharini, Clanini, Coelopterini, Chilochorini and Coccinellini from Mysore,
India. In another study, Kapur (1958) explored the fauna of Nepal with description of 26 species including 16 as new to the area with five (05)
11 species as new to science. Arnett (1963) produced taxonomic keys to 47 genera of family Coccinellidae of the United States. The collection of the third
Mount Everest Expedition which was conducted in 1924 was compiled by
Kapur (1963) and reported 51 species with description of 16 species recorded for the first time from that area. Kapur (1965) further expended his work on Coccinellidae with description of fauna of Andaman Island and reported 26 species with six new records from Indian region.
In 1967, Sasaji reviewed the fauna of Formosa (now an island of
Taiwan) and reported 13 species of subfamily Sticholotinae with two new genera (Hikonasukuma and Shiroznella). Ten (10) species were described as new to science while three (03) were reported as new records from
Formosa.
In 1977-78, Hoang explored the Epilachninae of North Vitenam and reported 45 species in four (04) genera. Of these, twenty five species were described as new (Hoang, 1977; 1978). Fursch (1979) worked on Saudi
Arabian fauna and reported 34 species with taxonomic keys. He also described Pharoscymnus arabicus, Nephus wittmeri as new record.
Chunram and Sasaji (1980) reported 75 species from Thailand with 37 species as new records while the status of Pseudaspidimrus siamensis was revised and five new combinations were given.
Miyatake (1985) while exploring the Hokaido University expedition to the Nepalean Himalayas in 1968, identified 46 species belonging to 27
12 genera. Seven species were recorded for the first time from the area and two species were described as new to science. Anand et al. (1988) prepared a check list of phytophagous ladybirds from India and reported 74 species with their distribution and host plants. Fursch (1990) published valid genera and subgenera of family Coccinellidae.
Canepari et al., (1997) explored the coccinellid fauna of Nepalean
Himalayas. Out of 114 species, 36 species were new records from Nepal and
27 species were new to science. A new sub genus of Scymnus
(Orthoscymnus n. sub gen.) and 2 new species Scymnus (Orthoscymnus) smetanai n. sp. and Scymnus (Orthoscymnus) rhododendri nov. sp. were described. In 1997, Gordon revised genus Nephaus with description of 32 new species. Kuznetsov (1997) recorded 91 species of Coccinellidae occurring in Russian Far East with their general morphology, biology, ecology, taxonomy and natural enemies.
From Korean Peninsula, Jadwiszczak and Park (1999) reported 47 species of Coccinellidae. Among these, three species were new to Korea. In
1999, Guoyue and Hsiauyue reported Epilachna chingjing Yu and Wang, sp. nov. and a new record Calvia championrum Booth from Taiwan. While
Fursch (1990) worked on Yemen fauna and prepared keys to the subfamilies, tribe, genera and species of the family Coccinllidae. He also provided key to all African Stethorus species. Vandenberg (2000) reported
6000 species coccinellid beetles worldwide. Gordon (2000; 2002) revised the
South American Scymnus species and provided keys to the species with
13 illustrations and synonymies. Guoyue and Wang (2001) described 2 new species of lady beetles from Taiwan, namely Calvia chinensis and Calvia hauseri on the basis of male genetalia.
Katakura et al., (2001) worked on the fauna of Indonesian islands,
Sumatra and Java, and described 26 species of sub family Epilachninae. from Indonesia. They included eleven species of Henosepilachna, thirteen species of Epilachna, one species of Afidenta. Montgomery and Goodrich
(2002) explored the fauna of Illinois State and provided keys for identification with distribution maps. They also reported six species Brachiacantha decimppustulata, B. felina, B. quadripunctata quadripunctata, B. dentips and
B. indubitabils.
Jadwiszczak and Wegrzynowicz (2003) presented a catalogue of the subfamily Epilachninae and reported 1051 species in 22 genera from all over the world. The fauna of coccinellid beetles from the islands of Tuscan
Archipelago (Elba and Pianosa) was explored and reported by Canovai in
2007. A total of 39 species belonging to 5 subfamilies were described.
Gordon (2007) reported a new genus Carinoscymnus along with six new species of South American Coccinellidae on the basis of male genetalia.
In 2007, again Slipinski reported 206 species in 57 genera of
Australian coccinellid fauna. He also provided taxonomic keys for the
Australian Coccinellidae. Hesler and Kieckhefer (2008) added 13 new
14 species of Coccinellidae to the known fauna of 66 species of South Dakota.
In 2009, Hesler provided a checklist of the lady beetles of lowa State, USA.
Shunxiang and Xingmin (2009) produced a coloured pictorial handbook of Ladybird beetles in China with 375 species and subspecies including 10 subfamilies, 22 tribes and 89 genera or subgenera. The genus
Orcus Mulsant was revised by Aczynski and Tomaszewska (2009) and provided a key up to species level.
3. Coccinellidae of Pakistan
The work on the taxonomy of family Coccinellidae in Pakistan started in 1966 when Ashrafi reported two taxa Epilachna sparsa and E. chrysomelina orientalis Fab. from Karachi with their larval morphology and biology. In same year, Ghani and Ahmad (1966) investigated the biology of
Pharoscymnus flexibilis Mulsant from Pakistan. Ahmad and Ghani 1966b described a new genus and species of Chilocorni from Pakistan.
Ahmad (1970) described Psudoscymnus simmondsi nov. sp. of
Pharoscymnus in 1970 from Pakistan, predacious on scale insects. Ahmad in 1968 described a new tribe Ghaniini of the subfamily Sticholotidinae from
Pakistan which is allied to Telsimiini and Sticholotini under which he reported only one species Ghanius karachiensis. Galany (1976) reported the predaceous Coccinellid fauna of Lyallpur (now Faisalabad).
15 Inayatullah and Siddiqui (1978, 1980) studied the skeletal anatomy of the abdomen and thorax of Coccinella septempunctata L. and Coccinella undecimpunuctata L. and discussed their taxonomic importance. Further
Inayatullah and Siddiqui (1980) discussed the taxonomic importance of thorax in Coccinella septempunctata L. and Coccinella undecimpunuctata L.
Seven species of Epilachninae viz Epilachna sparsa, E. sp., E. sp. nr. ocelleta, Epilachna dodecastigma, Henosepilachna elaterii (Rossi.) spp.
Orientalis (Zimm.) Afidentula manderstijernae (Mulsant.) Afidentula mimetica simplex Dieke were reported for the first time from Pakistan (CIBC, 1982).
Shah (1983) explored the fauna of Peshawar region and reported
Scymnus nubilus Mule, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fab.), Thea bisectonotata Muls., Adonia variegata (Goeze.), Adalia sp., Anisocalvia obversaptunctata Muls, Coccinella septempunctata L., Coccinella undecimpunctata L., Rodolia fumida Muls, Oenopia sauzeti Muls.,
Menochilus sexmaculata (Feb.), Oenopia luteopustulata (Muls.), Leis dimidiata (Fab.), Chilocorus sp., Exochomus flavipes Thunb. var.n. gripennis and Brumus suturalis (F.).
Fursch (1984) described a new species Afidentula erberi sp. nov. from
Sharkul, Battal, Hazara, Pakistan. All species of this genus from the world
(except Africa) are also presented along with adult and genitalia illustrations and their bibliography. Hashmi (1994) reported Epilachna vigintioctopunctata,
16 E. dodecastigma and E. dumurili infesting Solanaceous and Cucurbitaceous vegetables in Pakistan.
Irshad (2001a) reported about 71 species of coccinellids occur in different ecological zones of Pakistan. These predators are useful in oilseed crops, orchards and forest against control of aphids and scale insects. He also compiled data about hosts, biology, ecology and biotic potential of coccinellids of Pakistan.
Irshad (2003) provided a list of parasitoids, predators and pathogens of agricultural and forest pests of Pakistan including coccinellids beetles.
Irshad and Khan (2005) listed many coccinellids associated with insect pests of Inayatullah et al. (2005) during an extensive survey carried out for the collection of coccinellids in district Poonch of Azad Jammu Kashmir reported
16 species in 12 genera belonging to four subfamilies, Coccinellinae,
Chilocorinae, Scymninae and Epilachninae occur in the area. Subfamily
Coccinellinae is well represented with 13 species viz. Coccinella septempunctata, Coccinella undecimpunctata, Coccinella transversalis,
Coccinella conglobata, Oenopia sauzeti, Oenopia mimica, Propylea dissecta,
Menochilus sexmaculatus, Halyzia tschitscherini, Illeis confuse, Hippodomia variegate, Leis dimediata and Lemnia bisellata. The subfamilies
Chilocorinae, Scymninae and Epilachninae are represented by single species each i.e. Chilocorus infernalis, Cryptogonus nepalensis and
Epilachna sp. respectively. Of the 16 species reported, eight species viz.
Coccinella transversalis, Coccinella conglobata, Illeis confusa, Oenopia
17 mimica, Lemnia bisellata, Propylea dissecta, Halyzia tschischerini and
Cryptogonus nepalensis were recorded for the first time from Pakistan.
Information is provided on distribution, host plants and seasonal occurrence of each species.
Rafi et al., (2005) gave taxonomic notes, distribution and list of hosts/preys are provided for 75 species recorded from Pakistan. These species belong to 37 genera 2 subgenera in 14 tribes and five subfamilies.
Out of these, 24 species and three subspecies were reported for the first time in Pakistan.
Khan et al. (2007) explored and worked on the ladybirds fauna of
Chitral and reported twelve species belonging to nine genera of three tribes and two subfamilies were recorded. They reported two subfamilies:
Coccinellinae and Chilocorinae from the area. The following eight species belonged to family Coccinellinae and tribe Coccinellini: Cocccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, Hippodamia (Adonia) variegate Goeze, Calvia punctata (Mulsant), Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus), Adalia teraspilota (Hope),
Aiolocaria hexaspilota Hope, Macroilleis (Halyzia) hauseri Mader, Oenopia conglobata Linnaeus. Only one species namely Halyzia tschitscherini
Semenov represented tribe Psylloborini of the subfamily Chilocorinae
Mulsant and tribe Chilocorini Mulsant: Chilocorus rubidus Hope, Chilocorus circumdatus (Gyllenhal), Priscibrumus uropygialis (Mulsant). From the aforementioned species, six were recorded for the first time from Pakistan:
Chilocorus circumdatus, Calvia punctata, Adalia bipunctata, Macroilleis
18 (Halyzia) hauseri, Priscibrumus uropygialis, and Oenopia conglobata. Jilani and Irshad (2008) provided list of natural enemies of insect pests of food crops in Pakistan including the cocinellid beetles.
The compilation of Irshad and Haq (2010) revealed that no work exclusively has been done on coccinellid of Gilgit-Baltistan Almost negligible information is available on the taxonomy, biology and ecology of this important group from northern areas. Keeping in view their importance as a biological control agent of plant insect pests and their role as a pest on vegetable, detailed information on coccinellid fauna of northern areas is required. The exact distribution of coccinellid species from Gilgit-Baltistan is still incompletely documented. The area is expected to have high biological diversity due to diverse climatic, geographic and ecological conditions.
19 III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study area – Gilgit-Baltistan
Gilgit-Baltistan (formerly the Northern Areas of Pakistan) is spread over an area of 72496 sq. km and administratively divided into seven districts; namely Astore, Diamer, Gilgit, Ghanche, Ghizer, Hunza-Nager and
Skardu. The area lies between 72 and 75 degrees east longitude and 34.5 and 37 degrees north latitude. About 44% area is covered by mountains
(rocks, wetlands etc.), 50% alpine pasture, 4% forests, 1% cultivable waste and only 1% is under cultivation. Three highest mountain ranges; namely
Himalayas, Karakorum and Hindu Kush grace the area. The has is home to five of the world highest peaks with above 8000 meters and about fifty peaks with 7000 meters height. Besides other world famous peaks, Nanga Parbat
(well known as Killer Mountain) and K-2 (Mount Godwin-Austen) are located in the area.
Gilgit-Baltistan is also hosting three of the world's longest glaciers outside the Polar Regions: the Biafo Glacier, the Baltoro Glacier, and the
Batura Glacier. Several high-altitude lakes are occuring in the area.
The area is also famous for having Deosai Plains in Skardu district – the second-highest plateau in the world at more than 4000 meters above sea level. Lik Deosai Plains are only accessible in months of May through
September and remains cut off from rest of the Astore and Baltistan. The
Government of Paksitan has declared it as national park in 1993.
20
Fig. 1 Map of Gilgit-Baltistan
Collection
For collection of the coccinelld species, surveys were conducted in
Gilgit-Baltistan from 2006 to 2011. Surveys were conducted in all the seven districts and mostly in the months of May through September as majority of the areas of Gilgit-Baltistan are accessible only during these months due to harsh weather conditions.
The specimens were collected by hand and aerial nets, hand picking of large specimens, shaking and beating the trees and bushes. Small specimens were collected with aspirator. Each locality was visited fortnightly or monthly depending upon the accessibility to the area. Field data of each
21 specimen was recorded. In the results of these surveys, about 650 ladybird beetles specimens were collected. Besides, these fresh collections, about
120 specimens were studied in the insect collection of the following institutes:
1. National Insect Museum, NARC, Islamabad.
2. Natural History Museum, Shakarpian, Islamabad.
3. CABI-Bioscience, Regional Office, Data Gunj Bukhsh Road,
Rawalpindi.
4. Department of Entomology, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural
University, Peshawar.
5. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.
Killing
The collected specimens were killed in a jar poisoned with ethyl acetate and provided with a piece of tissue paper to absorb the killing fluid and sweatening of insect.
Pinning
The dead specimens were pinned in two ways. Small sized specimens were mounted on a small rectangular card with a small drop of hydrosoluble glue. The card was then supported on a entomological pin. Large specimens were pinned directly on right elytra just behind pronotum. The specimens were then kept in wooden insect boxes for permanent storage. Proper curation of the stored insects was made regularly.
22 Description
To minimize redundancy, only characteristics peculiar to a given lower ranking taxon are presented in its description of adult morphology and genitalia. The species were described following the literature of Kapur
(1958), Li and Cook (1961), Kuznetsov (1997), Katakura et al. (2001) and
Rafi et al., 2005. For numbering and study of elytral spots of epilachnine beetles, the system given by Dieke (1947) was followed.
Taxanomic characters used in description of adult morphology, taxonomic keys and genitalia structure are as illustrated in Figure 2 (a-d).
Fig.2 a. Adult – Dorsal View
23
Fig. 2 b. Adult – Ventral view
Fig. 2 c. Male genitalia 2 d. Female genitalia
24 Identification
The collected specimens were identified up to species level with the help of available taxonomic keys and by comparison with already identified species in reference collections. The following literature was consulted for identification and taxonomic work:
1. Kapur (1958): Coccinellidae of Nepal.
2. Kuznetsov (1997): Ladybird beetles of the Russain Far East.
3. Canepari and Milanese (1997): Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) from
the Nepal.
4. Inayatullah et al. (2005): Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of District
Poonch, Azad Kashmir.
5. Rafi et al. (2005): Predatory Lady bird beetles of Pakistan
The specimens with doubtful identification were re-confirmed from
Italian expert Dr. Claudio Canepari.
Genitalia examination
The method of Majerus and Kearns (1989) with some modification was followed for dissection and genetalia extraction. The specimens were made soft by putting in hot water for 1 or 2 minutes. With the help of two entomological needles, abdomen was detached from the body and boiled in
10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution for half an hour to dissolve extra body tissues and some partially clear densed body formations. The abdomen
25 was washed in hot water and transferred to pure glacial acetic acid for five minutes. To dehydrate it, abdomen was first washed in 80% Ethanol and then in absolute alcohol for 5 minutes, respectively. Finally abdomen was moved to clove oil. The processed abdomen was put in a cavity slide with a drop of glycerin. The abdomen was opened with the help of two entomological needles under stereoscope and the genetalia extracted. The extracted genetalia was mounted on a cardboard with the help of hydro- solvable glue and the female genetalia on a stripe of transparent plastic with
Euparal.
Construction of identification keys
Dichotomous keys for the identification of coccinellid species occurring in the study area were constructed on the basis of contrasting taxonomic characters of adult.
Photography
In order to examine the adult speciemens and fine details of genitalia,
Olympus SZX-16 steroscope was used. Adult specimens and their genitalia were photographed with attached digital DP2-BSW (CCTV) camera with microscope.
Distribution Maps
To locate identified species in the region, maps were developed through GIS using software ArcGIS-10 and distribution of each species was
26 shown according to the locality of the species. Both district and tehsil boundaries were used in map development from Survey of Pakistan.
Deposition
The identified specimens were kept in National Insect Museum,
National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad.
27 IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total of 770 specimens were examined during the present study.
Among these, 650 specimens of coccinellid beetles were collected from
Gilgit-Baltistan during 2006 to 2011. The coccinellid fauna housed in different institutes was also consulted and 120 specimens were examined both in identified and unidentified collections. During present study, twenty nine (29) species of coccinellid beetles in eighteen (18) genera and four (04) subfamilies from the province of Gilgit-Baltistan are described. Subfamily
Chilocorinae represents four (04) species, subfamily Coccinellinae eighteen
(18) species, subfamily Epilachninae three (03) species and subfamily
Scymninae four (04) species. Among these, seventeen (17) species are new records for the study area (marked †) including five (05) species which are new records for Pakistan (marked ǂ). Identification was conducted on the basis of morphological characteristics and genitalia. Keys to subfamilies and genera are provided.
The species identified in different subfamilies of Coccinellidae of Gilgit-Baltistan are as under:
1. Chilocorinae 1.1. Chilocorus infernalis Mulsant, 1853† 1.2. Exochomus nigromaculatus (Goeze, 1777)ǂ 1.3. Priscibrumus trijunctus (Kapur, 1969) ǂ
1.4. Platynaspidius saundersi Miyatake, 1961
2. Coccinellinae
2.1. Adalia tetraspilota (Hope, 1831)
28 2.2. Aiolocaria hexaspilota (Hope, 1831) 2.3. Calvia punctata (Mulsant, 1853) 2.4. Menochilus sexmaculatus Fabricius, 1781† 2.5. Coccinella iranica Dobzhansky, 1926ǂ 2.6. Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, 1758† 2.7. Coccinella transversoguttata Faldermann, 1835 2.8. Coccinella redemita (Weise 1895)ǂ 2.9. Harmonia dimidiata (Fabricius, 1781)† 2.10. Hippodamia apicalis Casey, 1899ǂ 2.11. Hippodamia variegata (Goeze, 1777)† 2.12. Oenopia conglobata (Linnaeus, 1758)† 2.13. Oenopia oncina (Olivier, 1808) 2.14. Oenopia sauzeti Mulstant, 1866† 2.15. Propylea dissecta (Mulsant, 1850) † 2.16. Propylea japonica (Thunberg, 1781) 2.17. Propylea quaturodecimpunctata (Linnaeus, 1758)
2.18. Macroilleis hauseri (Mader, 1930)†
3. Epilachninae 3.1. Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius, 1775) 3.2. Afidentula bisquadripunctata (Gyllenhal, 1808)
3.3. Afidentula manderstjarnae (Mulsant, 1853)
4. Scymninae 4.1. Scymnus nubilus Mulstant, 1850 4.2. Scymnus posticalis Sicard, 1913† 4.3. Stethorus gilvifrons (Mulstant, 1850)†
4.4. Stethorus pauperculus (Weise, 1895)†
29 Systematic account of family Coccinellidae
Family Coccinellidae Latreille, 1807
1807 Latreille, P.A. Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum secundum ordinem naturalem in familias disposita, iconibus exemplisque plurimus explicata. Tomus Teritus. A. Koeing Parisis et Argentorati. 70
1874 Crotch, G.R. A revision of the Colepterous Family Coccinellidae. E.W. Jansen, London. 53
1885 Weise, J. Bestimmungs-Tabellin der Europaischen Coleopterren.II. Heft. Coccinellidae. II. Aufflage mit Berucksichtigung der Arten aus dem Nordlichen Asien. Mdling. 3
1899 Casey, T.L. A revision of the American Coccinellidae. Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 7: 71
1926 Mader, L. Evidenz der palaarktischen Coccinelliden und ihrer Aberrationen in Wort und Bild. I. N1:1
1931 Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogue. Pars 118. Coccinellidae. I. Berlin. 3
1971 Sasaji, H. Fauna Japonica. Coccinellidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Academic Press of Japan, Tokyo. 40
1974 Chapin, J.B. The Coccinellidae of Louisiana (Insecta: Coleoptera). Louisiana State University Experimental Station Bulletin No. 682: 12
1976 Belicek, J. Coccinellidae of Western Canada and Alaska with analysis of the transmontane zoogeographic relationship between the fauna of British Columbia and Alberta (Insecta: Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Quaestiones Entomologicae 12(4): 288
1982 Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Les Coccinelles Coleopteres – Coccinellidae Tribu Coccinellini des regio’sPalearctique ey Orientale. Paris. 17
1983 Savoiskaja, G.I. The Coccinellidae Taxonomy, employment in controlling agricultural pests. Alma-Ata. 5
1985 Gordon, R.D. The Coccinellidae of America North of Mexico. Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 93(1): 33
1992 Kuznetsov, V.N. The Coccinellidae family – lady beetles. Opredelitel nasekomyh Dalnego Vostoka SSSR. 3. Zhestkokrylyje ili zhuki. Part 2. St-Petersburg. 333
30 Type Genus: Coccinella Linnaeus, 1758
Description of family Coccinellidae
Body almost round, oval, often semi-circular, mostly convex, elongate to some what depressed, glabrous to finely pubescent. Length 0.8 to 18mm.
Colour red, orange or yellow with contrasting black or white markings. Head large, deeply inserted into pronotum in most, but dorsally exposed in more elongated species. Eyes large, lying in same plan as frons, finely or sometimes coarsely faceted. Antennae seven to eleven segmented with more or less distinct club; inserted at margin of eyes. Frons broad, without grooves and carinae. Mandibles broad with sharp tooth, often split at apex sometimes with basal tooth. Maxillary palpi four segmented. Labrum short, transverse; moderately robust, strongly notched. Labial palpi two to three segmented. Pronotum transverse, broader than head, mostly tightly joined to elytral base; surface convex, smooth, usually punctate, shiny or mat. Elytra usually punctate, without grooves, carinae or processes. Epipleura more or less developed. Abdomen with six sometimes five visible sternites. Legs moderate in size, well developed and covered with dense short hairs. Tarsi cryptotetramerous (false trimerous, third segment minute, concealed between lobes of 2nd segment), often three-segmented, more seldom four- segmented.
31 Family Coccinellidae consists of six subfamilies, however, the study area reprensts four (04) subfamilies namely Chilocorinae, Coccinellininae,
Epilachninae and Scymninae.
Key to the subfamilies of family Coccinellidae of Gilgit-Baltistan
1. Antennal insertions between eyes, mandibles without basal tooth,
multidendate apically, front tibia with spurs……..……...... Epilachninae
1’. Antennal insertions between base of mandibles and eyes, mandibles
with basal tooth, with single or bifid apical tooth, front tibia without
spurs ……………………………………………………………………….2
2 (1’). Clypeus with anterior margins projecting in front of eyes, fully covering
1st segment of antennae, pronotum with broadly curved posterior
angles, separated from elytra……………………………....Chilocorinae
2’. Clypeus with anterior margins not projecting in front of eyes, 1st
segment of antennae visible from above, pronotum with blunt posterior
angle, tightly joining elytra ……………………………………………...... 3
3(2’) Antennae much shorter than width of head. Terminal segment of
maxillary palpi more or less cylindrical or slightly narrowed apically.
Body very small in size………………………………………..Scymninae
3’ Antennae not shorter than width of head, terminal segment of maxillary
palpi triangular, securiform, apically broader. Body large in
size…………………………………………………………...Coccinellinae
32 Subfamily CHILOCORINAE Mulsant, 1846
1846 Mulsant, M.E. Histoire Naturelle des Coleopteres de France, 4, Securipales. Paris. 166
1849 Costa, A. Fauna del regno di Napoli. Coleoptteri Fasc. 65. Napoli. 9
1885 Weise, J. Bestimmungs-Tabellin der Europaischen Coleopterren. II. Heft. Coccinellidae.II. Auflage mit Berucksichtigung der Arten aus dem Nordlichen Asien. Mdling. 4
1899 Casey, T.L. A revision of the American Coccinellidae. Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 7: 104
1916 Jacobson, T.G. The beetles of Russia and Western Europe. St. Petersburg. 990
1927 Mader, L. Evidenz der palaarktischen Coccinelliden und ihrer Aberrationen in Wort und Bild. I. N2: 23
1932 Korshefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogue. Pars 120. Coccinellidae. II. Berlin. 235
1955 Mader, L. Evidenz der palaarktischen Coccinelliden und ihrer Aberrationen in Wort und Bild. II Teil. Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum G. Frey. Bd 6: 772
1965 Chapin, E.A. The genera of the Chilocorini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. 133: 234
1970 Miyatake, M. The East-Asian Coccinellid-beetles preserved in the California Academy of Sciences, tribe Chilocorini. Memoires of Ehime University. 14. N3: 303
1971 Sasaji, H. Fauna Japonica. Coccinellidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Academic Press of Japan, Tokyo. 220
1983 Hoang, D.N. Coccinellidae of Vietnam (Insecta: Coleoptera). Part 2. Hanoi. 17
1983 Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Survey of the family of the Coccinellidae beetles of the USSR fauna (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Zoologicheskyi sbornik. Erevan. N19: 132
1985 Gordon, R.D. The Coccinellidae of America North of Mexico. Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 93. N1: 602
33 Diagnosis
Body oval or rounded broadly. Eyes and dorsal surface non- pubescent. Clypeus clearly broader, expanded on both lateral sides covering bases antennae. Antennae relatively short, 7 to 11 segmented. Pronotum deeply emarginated on anterior side, sides descending vertically. Elytra completely black or with red spots. Elytral base broad than pronotal base.
Epipleura well developed, without foveae, strongly infolded, reaching apex of elytra. Tibiae expanded, denticular on lower margin. Tarsal claws with or without tooth. Abdomen with 5 visible sternites.
Key to the genera of subfamily Chilocorinae of
Gilgit-Baltistan
1. Body glabrous. Pronotal carinae absent………………………………....2
1’. Body pubescent. Pronotal carinae present……………………..……….3
2(1). Anterior tibia with a tooth on outer margin. Pronotum and elytra
smooth and shining between spots………………………….Chilocorus
2’. Anterior tibia without a tooth on outer margin. Pronotum and elytra
coarse and reticulate between spots ………………...... Exochomus
3(1’) . Eyes with yellow canthus…..……………………………..Priscibrumus
3’. .... Eyes with white canthus………………………………...Platynaspidius
34 Genus Chilocorus Leach, 1815
1815 Chilocorus: Leach, W.E. In Brewster: Articles on Entomology. Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, 9: 116.
1844 Chilocorus: Redtenbacher L. Tentamen Dispositionis Generum et Specierum Coleopterorum Pseudotrimerorum Archiducatus Austriae. Vindobanae. 11
1850 Chilocorus: Mulsant, M.E. Species des Coleopteres trimeres securipalpes. Annales des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, d'Agriculture et d'Industrie, Lyon, (2) 2: 452
1873 Chilocorus: Crotch, G.R. Revision of the Coccinellidae of the United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 4: 376
1916 Chilocorus: Jacobson, T.G. The beetles of Russia and Western Europe. St. Petersburg. 990
1932 Chilocorus: Korchefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogue. Pars 120. Coccinellidae. II. Berlin. 237
1954 Chilocorus: Djadechko, N.P. The Coccinellidae of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Kiev. 56
1965 Chilocorus: Chapin, E.A. The genera of the Chilocorini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. 133: 263
1970 Chilocorus: Miyatake, M. The East-Asian Coccinellid-beetles preserved in the California Academy of Sciences, tribe Chilocorini. Memoirs of Ehime University. 14 N3: 315
1971 Chilocorus: Sasaji, H. Fauna Japonica. Coccinellidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Academic Press of Japan, Tokyo. 230
1985 Chilocorus: Gordon, R.D. The Coccinellidae of America North of Mexico. Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 93. N.1 641
1984 Chilocorus: Bielawski, R. Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of Mongolia. Annales zoologici. Warsaw. 38(14): 69
1992 Chilocorus: Kuznetsov, V.N. The Coccinellidae family – lady beetles. Opredelitel nasekomyh Dalnego Vostoka SSSR. 3. Zhestkokrylyje ili zhuki. Part 2. St-Petersburg. 352
Type species: Coccinella cacti Linnaeus, 1767
35 1. Chilocorus infernalis Mulsant, 1853
(Plate 1)
1853 Chilocorus infernalis: Mulsant, M.E. Supplément à la monographie des coléoptères trimères sécuripalpes. Annales de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon (N.S.), 1: 189
1853 Chilocorus bijugus: Mulsant, M.E. Supplément à la monographie des coléoptères trimères sécuripalpes. Annales de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon (N.S.), 1: 189;
1853 Chilocorus bijugus: Mulsant, M.E. Supplement a la monographie des Coléoptères trimères sécuripalpes. Opuscules Entomologiques, 3: 61.
1874 Chilocorus infernalis: Crotch, G.R. A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae, E. W. Janson, London. 183.
1932 Chilocorus bijugus infernalis: Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Berlin. 242
1956 Chilocorus bijugus: Kapur, A.P. Systematic and biological notes on the ladybird beetles predacious on the San Jose scale in Kashmir with description of a new species (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Records of the Indian Museum, 52 (1954):259
1967 Chilocorus bijugus: Nagaraja, H. and Hussainy, S.U. A study of six species of Chilocorus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) predaceous on San Jose and other scale insects. Oriental Insects, 1: 249
1970 Chilocorus bijugus: Miyatake, M. The East-Asian coccinellid beetles preserved in the California Academy of Sciences. Tribe Chilocorini. Memoirs of the College of Agriculture, Ehime University, 14 (3): 324- 325
1987 Chilocorus infernalis: Gordon, R.D. A catalogue of the Crotch collection of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology. 3: 23.
Material examined: 4 ♂ 2 ♀ Pak., GB, Skardu, 7. vi. 2006 (Amjad) (NIM); 1
♂ 4 ♀ Pak., GB, Skardu, 15. vii. 2006 (Anjum Shehzad) (NIM); 4 ♂ 6 ♀ Pak.,
Islamabad, Chak Shehzad, 5. vii. 2007 (Ather Rafi) (NIM).
36 Diagnosis: Body oblong, posteriorly narrowed, highly convex. Ground colour black and shiny. Head black, deeply inserted and not visible from above.
Pronotum completely black. Scutellum clearly visible and black. Elytra each with a pair of reddish testaceous or yellowish-orange spots almost in the middle portion, inner spot a little larger than the outer spot, very rarely equal in size.
Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab short and thick. Basal piece oblong and somewhat triangular dorsally. Median lobe moderate in thickness, broad at middle, gradually narrowed at apex. Parameres thick, equal in size to median lobe, slightly depressed at middle, widen distally, apex provided with short densed hairs. Siphon; siphonal capsule asymmetrical, inner arm comparatively thin and long, both arms covered with membrane, tube broadly curved semicircularly at base, tip depressed as shown in Plate 1.b.
Remarks: This is very important predator of apple scale insects, therefore, is of considerable importance to entomologists. There exists controversy about the validity of its name. Some authors like Miyatake (1970) consider C. bijugus as its valid name. Irshad (2001) reported C. infernalis and C. bijugus errorneously as two distinct species from Pakistan. Rafi et al., (2005) following Miyatake reported this species from Pakistan including the study area under C. bijugus. Recently, Gordon (1987) and Poorani (2002) considered C. infernalis as its valid name. Therefore, we also named it C. infernalis.
37 Host: Coccids and scale insects are the main host of this species in the area.
Habitat: It is widely occurring in crop lands, forest and wild habitats.
Local Distribution: Skardu
World Distribution: China, India, Nepal Pakistan.
Genus Exochomus Redtenbacher, 1844
1844 Exochomus: Redtenbacher, L. Tentamen Dispositionis Generum et Specierum Coleopterorum Pseudotrimerorum Archiducatus Austriae. Vindobanae. 11
1846 Exochomus: Mulsant, M.E. Securipalpes. Histoire Naturelle des Coleopteres de France, Paris. 4: 122
1850 Exochomus: Mulsant, M.E. Spec. Coleopt. Trimeres securipalpes, 2 (2): 465, 476, 481
1873 Exochomus: Crotch, G. R. Revision of the Coccinellidae of the United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 4: 376
1874 Exochomus Redtenbacher: Crotch, G.R. A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae, E. W. Janson, London. 192
1922 Exochomus (Exochomus): Barovsky, V. Revisio specierum palaearticarum Coccinellidarum generis Exochomus Redtb. Annuaire du Musée Zoologique de l. Académie des Sciences de Russie. 23: 289
1922 Exochomus (Parexochomus): Barovsky, V. Revisio specierum palaearticarum Coccinellidarum generis Exochomus Redtb. Annuaire du Musée Zoologique de l. Académie des Sciences de Russie. 23: 292 (Type species: Exochomus pubescens Weise, by subsequent designation of Chapin, 1965)
1922 Exochomus (Anexochomus): Barovsky, V. Revisio specierum palaearticarum Coccinellidarum generis Exochomus Redtb. Annuaire du Musée Zoologique de l.Académie des Sciences de Russie. 23: 292
38 (Type species: Exochomus undulatus Weise, by subsequent designation of Chapin, 1965)
1932 Exochomus: Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Berlin. 252
1954 Exochomus Redtenbacher: Djadechko, N.P. The Coccinellidae of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Kiev. 59
1965 Exochomus: Chapin, E.A. The genera of the Chilocorini (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. 133: 247
1965 Exochomus (Exochomus): Chapin, E. A. The genera of the Chilocorini (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. 133: 248
1970 Exochomus: Miyatake, M. Two new species of the genus Phaenochilus Weise from South India (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Transactions of the Shikoku Entomological Society, 10: 27
1970 Exochomus (Xanthocorus): Miyatake, M. The East-Asian coccinellid beetles preserved in the California Academy of Sciences. Tribe Chilocorini. Memoirs of the College of Agriculture, Ehime University, 14 (3):312 (Type species: Exochomus nigromarginatus Miyatake, by original designation)
1976 Exochomus Redtenbacher: Belicek, J. Coccinellidae of Western Canada and Alaska with analyses of the transmontane zoogeographic relationships between the fauna of British Columbia and Alberta (Insecta: Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Quaestiones Entomologicae, 12 (4): 319
1979 Exochomus Redtenbacher: Pang X.F. and Mao, J.L. Coleoptera: Coccinellidae, II. Khongguo Jingi Kunchang Zhi, 14: 74
1983 Exochomus: Savoiskaja, G.I. The Coccinellidae Taxonomy, employment in controlling agricultural pests. Alma-Ata. 117
1983 Exochomus: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Survey of the family of the Coccinellidae beetles of the USSR fauna (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Zoologicheskyi sbornik. Erevan. 19: 133
1985 Exochomus: Gordon, R.D. The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America north of Mexico. Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 93(1): 621
39 Type species: Coccinella quadripustulata Linnaeus, 1758: 367, by subsequent designation of Thomson, 1859.
2. Exochomus nigromaculatus (Goeze, 1777)
(Plate 2)
1777 Exochomus nigromaculatus: Goeze, J.A.E. Entomologische Beyträge I. Leipzig. 248
1961 Exochomus nigromaculatus (=flavipes): Fürsch, H. Revision der afrikanischen Arten um Exochomus flavipes Thunb. (Col., Cocc.). Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum G. Frey Tutzing bei Muenchen. 12: 70
Material Examined: 2 ♂ 3 ♀ Pak., GB, Hunza-Nager, Duikar, 30. vi. 2005
(Amir) (NIM).
Diagnosis: Body medium size and elongate. Head brownish yellow, broader than long, not very deeply inserted and slightly visible from above. Eyes slightly large, black and coarsely facetted. Pronotum brownish yellow and much broader than long. Elytra completely black, smooth without hairs and finely pitted. Antennae 9 segmented.
Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab long, distally expanded, slightly curved. Basal piece broad, rectangular. Parameres thick, long, straight, distally rounded, provided with dense short silky hairs. Median lobe short, about half the length of parameres, thick, distally pointed bluntly. Siphon: Siphonal capsule asymmetrical, outer arm broad, straight, inner arm comparatively narrowed, slightly curved. Siphonal tube broadly curved, uniformly thick, presenting “C”
40 shape, distally provided constrictions dorsally, apex slightly flattened, terminating bluntly.
Remarks: This is a single Exochomus species reported from the study area during present study. There remains controversy about the validity of its name and in most of the literature it is reported under the name E. flavipes
(Thunberg, 1781). Due to this reason, Rafi et al., (2005) reported as E. flavipes from Pakistan. According to law of priority, E. nigromaculatus is a valid name as Goeze reported under this name in 1777 while Thunberg reported as E. flavipes in 1781. We, therefore, suggest that the species name may be reviewed as E. nigromaculatus.
Host: It is coccophagous species.
Habitat: As it mostly feeds on scales therefore it occurs in those habitats which have population of these insects.
Local Distribution: Duikar (Hunza-Nager)
World Distribution: Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan, USA, Uzbekistan
Genus Priscibrumus Kovar, 1997
1997 Priscibrumus: Kovar, I. Revision of the genera Brumus Muls. and Exochomus Redtb. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Palaearctic region. Part I. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 44 (1995):114.
Type species: Exochomus puniceipennis Semenow, 1900, by original designation)
41 3. Priscibrumus trijunctus (Kapur, 1969) (Plate 3)
1969 Exochomus trijunctus Kapur, A.P. On some Coccinellidae of the tribe Telsimiini with descriptions of new species from India. Bulletin of Systematic Zoology, 1(2): 377
1997 Priscibrumus trijunctus: Kovar, I. Revision of the genera Brumus Muls. and Exochomus Redtb. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Palaearctic region. Part I. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 44 (1995): 117.
Material Examined: 1 ♀ Pak., GB, Diamer, Jaglot, 5. vi 2007 (Amjad) (NIM); 1 ♀ Pak., GB, Astore, Gorikot, 7. vi. 2007 (Amjad) (NIM).
Diagnosis: Body medium sized and elongated, ground colour brownish- yellow. Head black, not visible from above, eyes raised, black and surrounded by yellow canthus. Pronotum entirely black, slightly pubescent, extended anteriorly on lateral side, firmly joining elytra. Scutulum small, triangular and black. Elytra with ground colour brownish yellow, marked with three broad black longitudinal lines, one on mid-dorsal along sutural line, touching anterior margins, more broad at middle. Two on lateral sides along outer margins, terminating before anterior margins, also not touching outer margins anterior elytral margins. All the three lines touching each others on anal margins.
Remarks: This is a new record for the study area and also for Pakistan. The type locality is Indian Kashmir and Kapur (1969) reported it from Karakorum range under the name Exochomus trijunctus. It was reported preying on
PsyIlids from India by Kapur (1973). Later on, Kovar (1997) erected new genus Priscibrumus and shifted this species under the new genus. During
42 present study, only two female adults were studied. The status of species was reconfirmed by an Italian expert Claudio Canepari.
Host: It is a general predator of small and soft insects.
Habitat: It occurs in low numbers on fruit trees like peach, apple, pear and in other fruit orchards.
Local Distribution: Gorikot, Astore and Jaglot, Diamer
World Distribution: India: Jammu and Kashmir. Karakoram range
Genus: Platynaspidius Miyatake, 1961
1961 Platynaspidius: Miyatake, M. The East-Asian Coccinellid beetles preserved in the California Academy of Science, tribe Platynaspini. Memoirs of the Ehime University, (6) 6: 167
Type species: Platynaspis lewisii Crotch, 1874
4. Platynaspidius saundersi Miyatake, 1961
(Plate 4)
1874 Platynaspis saundersi: Crotch, G.R. A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae, E. W. Janson, London. 197
1932 Platynaspis saundersi: Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Berlin. 235.
1961 Platynaspidius saundersi: Miyatake, M. A new genus of the Coccinellidae from Japan and the Ryukyu Islands (Coleoptera). Memoirs of the Ehime University (6) 6: 127-133.
1985 Platynaspidius saundersi: Miyatake, M. Coccinellidae collected by the Hokkaido University Expedition to Nepal Himalaya, 1968 (Coleoptera). Insecta Matsumurana (New Series), 30: 11
43 Material Examined: 2 ♂, 4 ♀ Pak., KP, Chitral, 8. vii. 2002 (Sadaruddin)
(NIM); 3 ♂, 5 ♀ Pak. GB, Jaglot, 30. xi. 2003 (M.A. Rafi) (NIM); 2 ♂, 2 ♀ Pak.
GB, Jaglot, 6. vi. 2007 (Ashfaque) (NIM).
Diagnosis: Body small sized, oval, ground colour brownish-yellow with thin white hairs. Head black and not visible from above. Eyes black with white canthus. Pronotum and scutellum entirely black. Elytra hairy and with 10 irregular black spots, five spots on each elytron, among these two spots fused along sutural line forming single large spot. The spot beyond middle on posterior side is the largest one.
Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab; long, distally expanded, curved and transparent.
Basal piece short and oval, provided with membrane. Parameres thin, equally thick, slightly curved, tip provided with apical thorn. Median lobe thick than parameres, broad at sub-distal portion, narrowed at apex, tip bluntly pointed. Siphon: siphonal capsule thick, tube thick at base, then gradually narrowing towards apex. Apex with two constrictions, tip diminishing in membranous process.
Remarks: Initially this species was reported as Platynaspis saundersi from
India and Afghanistan. In 1961, Miyatake developed new genus
Platynaspidius and shifted this species under this genus on the basis of cardo structure and prosternal carinae. Irshad (2001) and Rafi et al. (2005) also reported this species under the name Platynaspis saundersi from
Pakistan which needs to be corrected.
44 Host: It is a general predator of Aphididae.
Habitat: It occurs in cultivated crops habitats in the region.
Local Distribution: Jaglot, Diamer
World Distribution: Afghanistan, India, Nepal, Pakistan
Subfamily COCCINELLINAE Leach, 1815
1815 Leach, W.E. In Brewster: Articles on Entomology. Edinburgh Encyclopaedia. 116
1899 Ganglbauer, L. Die Kafer von Mitteleuropa. 3. Familienreihe Staphylinoidea, 2. Theil: Familienreihe Clavicornia. 33. Family Coccinellidae. Wien 954
1916 Jacobson, G.G. Die Käfer Russlands und Westeuropas. Ein Handbuch zum Bestimmen der Käfer. Petrograd. 971
1931 Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 118. Coccinellidae I. Berlin. 79
1971 Sasaji, H. Fauna Japonica. Coccinellidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Academic Press of Japan, Tokyo. 241
1985 Gordon, R.D. The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America north of Mexico. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 93: 678
Synonyms: Gymnosomides, Coccineliti, Coccinellidae, Coccinellides, Aphidiphages
Diagnosis:
Body medium to large, dorsally glabrous. Antenna 11 segmented, club well developed, antennal insertion between mandibular bases and eyes.
Terminal segment of maxillary palpi securiform and obliquely truncate.
Pronotum not joining elytral bases completely. Epipleura broad, reaching anterior margins. Elytral punctation simple.
45 Key to the genera of subfamily Coccinellinae of Gilgit-Baltistan
1. Head deeply inserted. Meso-coxae widely separated………………....2
1’. Head not deeply inserted. Meso-coxae narrowly
separated……………………………………………..……….Hippodamia
2(1). First abdominal line arched. Body oval to slightly
elongated…………………………………………………….……….Adalia
2’. First abdominal line curving outward to sides of body. Body not
oval………………...... 3
3(2’). Epipleura moderately broad and horizontal. Presternal carinae
indistinct………………………………………..………………..Coccinella
3’. Epipleura very broad. Presternal carinae distinct…………………...... 4
4(3’). Prosternum with two carinae terminating before anterior margins.
Anterior margins of meso-sternum distinctly
emarginated………………...... 5
4’. Prosternum with two carinae reaching anterior margins. Anterior
margins of meso-sternum slightly emarginated…………………………6
5(4). Eyes small. Pronotum deeply excavated on anterior
margins…………...... Oenopia
5’. Eyes large. Pronotum slightly convex or flat on anterior
margins………………………………….………………………Macroilleis
46 6(4’). Antennal club loose, antennal last segment rounded at apex.
Epipleura reaching to anterior margins……...... Propylea
6’. Antennal club compact, antennal last segment
truncate………………………………………………………………………7
7(6’). Clypeus with anterior margins arched……………...... Menochilus
7’. Clypeus with anterior margins not arched………………………….……8
8(7’). Clypeus with anterior margins deeply excavated. Tibia with two
distinct spurs……...... Aiolocaria
8’. Clypeus with anterior margins straight. Tibial spurs lacking or
indistinct…………………………………………………………………..…9
9(8’). Elytral base broader than pronotal base, elytra bordered. First
abdominal line
complete………...... Harmonia
9’. Elytral base equal to pronotal base, elytra not bordered. First
abdominal line incomplete……………………………………..……Calvia
Genus: Adalia Mulsant, 1846
1846 Idalia: Mulsant, M.E. Securipalpes. Histoire Naturelle des Coleopteres de France, Paris. Vol. 4. 44 (preoccupied in Hübner, 1819 [Lepidoptera]). Type species: Coccinella bipunctata Linnaeus, by subsequent designation of Crotch (1874)
1846 Adalia: Mulsant, M.E. Addenda et errata (2) (replacement name for Idalia Mulsant)
47 1850 Adalia: Mulsant, M.E. Species des Coléoptères trimères sécuripalpes. Annales des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, d’Agriculture et d’Industrie, Lyon, (2) 2: 36
1916 Adalia: Jacobson, T.G. The beetles of Russia and Western Europe. St. Petersburg. 981
1925 Arrowella: Brethes, J. Sur une collection de Coccinellides (et un Phalacridae) du British Museum. Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires. 33: 44
1932 Adalia: Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Berlin. 385. (Type species: Arrowella porteri Brethes, by monotypy) .
1954 Adalia: Djadechko, N.P. The Coccinellidae of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Kiev. 113
1974 Adalia: Chapin, J.B. The Coccinellidae of Louisiana (Insecta: Coleoptera). Louisiana State University Experimental Station Bulletin No. 682: 65
1982 Adalia: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Les Coccinelles Coléoptères- Coccinellidae Tribu Coccinellini des regions Palearctique et Orientale. Boubée, Paris. 429
1983 Adalia: Savoiskaja, G.I. The Coccinellidae Taxonomy, employment in controlling agricultural pests. Alma-Ata. 97
1985 Adalia: Gordon, R.D. The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America north of Mexico. Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 93: 776
1992 Adalia: Kuznetsov, V.N. The Coccinellidae family – ladybird beetles. Opredelitel nasekomyh Dalnego Vostoka SSSR. 3. Zhestkrylyje ili zhuki. Part 2. St- Petersburg. 361
Type species: Coccinella bipuncatata Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation (Crotch, 1874b).
5. Adalia tetraspilota (Hope, 1831)
(Plate 5)
1831 Coccinella tetraspilota: Hope, F.W. Synopsis of the new species of Nepaul insects in the collection of Major General Hardwicke. In J.E. Gray: The Zoological Miscellany. London. 31
48 1850 Adalia hopii: Mulsant, M.E. Species des Coléoptères trimères sécuripalpes. Annales des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, d’Agriculture et d’Industrie, Lyon. 2: 57 (incorrect replacement name: Booth and Pope, 1989: 356).
1874 Adalia tetraspilota: Crotch, G.R. A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae, E. W. Janson, London. 101.
1932 Adalia tetraspilota: Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Berlin. 434 (cat.).
1972 Adalia tetraspilota: Nagarkatti, S. and Ghani, M.A. Coleoptera: Coccinellidae, pp. 58-89. In Rao and Ghani (eds.): Studies on the predators of Adelges spp. in the Himalayas. Miscellaneous Publication No. 3, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Trinidad 85
1982 Adalia (Adalia) tetraspilota: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Les Coccinelles Coléoptères-Coccinellidae Tribu Coccinellini des regions Palearctique et Orientale. Boubée, Paris
1989 Adalia tetraspilota: Booth, R.G. and Pope, R.D. A review of the type material of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) described by F.W. Pope and by E. Mulsant in the Hope Entomological Collections, Oxford. Entomologica Scandinavica, 20 (3): 366
Material Examined: 1 ♂ Pak. GB, Gilgit, 20. vi. 2001 (Israr Ahmad) (NIM); 1
♂ 1 ♀ Pak. KP, Chitral, 10. v. 2001 (Gul Rashid) (NIM); 3 ♀ Pak. GB, Gilgit,
26. vi. 2003 (Israr Ahmad) (NIM); 2 ♂ Pak. KP, Chitral, 26. vi. 2001 (Sadrud
Din); 1 ♂ Pak. KP, Chitral, 30. vi. 2001 (Sadrud Din) (NIM); 2 ♂ 1 ♀ Pak. GB,
Skardu, 8. xi. 2002 (Naeem) (NIM); 2 ♀ Pak. GB, Jaglot, 3. x. 2003 (M.A.
Rafi) (NIM).
Diagnosis: Body medium size, oval. Head and scutellum black, pronotum black with a white band on each side, elytra yellowish red with black spots of variable numbers. Spots sometime merged into bands, ventor dark brown.
Head small, deflexed, covered; scape, second antennal segment and distal three segment of the antennal club pale brown, the tip being somewhat darker
49 with white pubescence; antenna 11 segmented, clavate, covered with minute sensory setae.
Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab thick and curved. Basal piece rectangular.
Parameres cylindrical, slightly short than median lobe, tip rounded and provided with long hairs. Median lobe broad, straight to 2/3rd of its length then curved and narrowed on anterior side with pointed apex. Siphon: Capsule large, thick and T-shaped. Siphonal tube very thick for most of its length, abruptly curved at base, much narrowed at sub-apical portion, apex flattened and seems to be spatula-type.
Remarks: Irshad (2001 and 2003) reported this species from Himalayan region without giving exact locality. Similarly, Rafi et al. (2005) also reported this species from Himalayan region of Pakistan. During present study, this species was also recorded from this region from Jaglot, Diamer and Skardu.
All these studies confirm that in Pakistan, this species is only restricted to
Himalayan region of Pakistan.
Host: It was collected feeding on Adelgidae and Diaspididae.
Habitat: It occurs in fruit orchards and isolated fruit trees like peach.
Local Distribution: Jaglot, Diamer and Skardu
World Distribution: India, Nepal, Iran, Afghanistan, Central Asia, China
Genus: Aiolocaria Crotch, 1871
1871 Aiolocaria: Crotch, G.R. List of Coccinellidae. Cambridge. 6.
50 1872 Ithone: Solsky, S. Coléoptères de la Sibérie Orientale. Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae, 8: 276 (preoccupied). Type species: Ithone mirabilis Motschulsky, 1860, by monotypy.
1874 Aiolocaria: Crotch, G.R. A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae. E. W. Janson, London. 178
1932 Aiolocaria: Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Berlin. 277
1934 Aiolocaria: Mader, L. Evidenz der paläarktischen Coccinelliden und ihrer aberrationen in Wort und Bild, I-Teil. Epilachnini, Coccinellini, Halyziini und Synonychini. Zeitschrift des Vereins der Naturbeobachter und Sammler, Wien. 9: 304
1971 Aiolocaria: Sasaji, H. Fauna Japonica. Coccinellidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Academic Press of Japan, Tokyo. 295
1982 Aiolocaria: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Les Coccinelles Coléoptères- Coccinellidae Tribu Coccinellini des regions Palearctique et Orientale. Boubée, Paris534
1983 Aiolocaria: Hoang, D.N. Coccinellidae of Vietnam. Part. 2. Nha zuat ban khoa hoc va ky thuat, Hanoi. 97
1992 Aiolocaria: Kuznetsov, V.N. The Coccinellidae family – lady beetles. Opredelitel nasekomyh Dalnego Vostoka SSSR. 3. Zhestkokrylyje ili zhuki. Part 2. St-Petersburg. 372
Type species: Coccinella hexaspilota Hope, 1831, by subsequent designation of Crotch, 1871.
6. Aiolocaria hexaspilota (Hope, 1831) (Plate 6)
1831 Coccinella hexaspilota: Hope, F.W. Synopsis of the new species of Nepaul insects in the collection of Major General Hardwicke. In J.E. Gray: The Zoological Miscellany. London. 31
1850 Caria sexspilota: Mulsant, M.E. Species des Coleopteres trimeres securipalpes. Annales des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, d'Agriculture et d'Industrie, Lyon, (2) 2: 235
1860 Leis mirabilis: Motschulsky, V. Reisen und Forschungen im Amur Lande. Band II. Coleopteren. 246
51 1866 Caria sexspilota: Mulsant, M.E. Monographie des Coccinellides. 1. Coccinellidens. Paris. 168.
1872 Leis mirabilis: Solsky, S. Coléoptères de la Sibérie Orientale. Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae, 8: 272
1874 Aiolocaria sexspilota: Crotch, G.R. A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae, E. W. Janson, London. 178.
1928 Aeolocaria hexaspilota: Barovsky, V. De genere Ithone Sols. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Revue Russe d.Entomologie, Leningrad, 22: 232.
1932 Aiolocaria hexaspilota: Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Berlin. 277.
1934 Aiolocaria hexaspilota: Mader, L. Evidenz der paläarktischen Coccinelliden und ihrer aberrationen in Wort und Bild, I-Teil. Epilachnini, Coccinellini, Halyziini und Synonychini. Zeitschrift des Vereins der Naturbeobachter und Sammler, Wien. 9: 303.
1971 Leis mirabilis: Sasaji, H. Fauna Japonica. Coccinellidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Academic Press of Japan, Tokyo. 297
1972 Leis mirabilis: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Les types de Coccinellidae de la collection Motschulsky (Coléoptères Coccinellidae). Nouvelle Revue d’Entomologie, 2 (2): 165.
1989 Aiolocaria hexaspilota: Booth R.G. and Pope, R.D. A review of the type material of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) described by F.W. Pope and by E. Mulsant in the Hope Entomological Collections, Oxford. Entomologica Scandinavica, 20 (3): 356 (lectotype design.).
Type species: Coccinella
Material Examined: 1 ♂, Pak. Islamabad, 19. vii. 2004 (Shahzeb) (NIM); 2
♂, 3 ♀ Pak. GB, Jaglot, 30. xi. 2003 (M.A. Rafi) (NIM); 2 ♀ Pak. GB, Jaglot,
6. vi. 2007 (Ashfaque) (NIM).
Diagnosis: Body large, rounded, weakly convex, ground colour black. Head and mouthparts black or partly dark-brown, not visible from above. Pronotum black with broad white or apple yellow spots at lateral sides, deeply excavated
52 at anterior margins, angles rounded, lateral margin strongly convex. Elytra black with orange red bands, punctuations very fine. Epipleura well developed with depression.
Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab unique, long, slender, gradually curved at middle, tip provided with a cone-shaped membrane directed downward.
Basal piece oblong and pointed dorsally. Parameres thick, slightly shorter than median lobe, depressed at middle, very thick at base and terminal portion, tip swollen and provided with dense red silky hairs. Median lobe very broad at base, abruptly diminishing in thickness beyond middle up to apex, tip pointed and curved towards parameres. Siphon: Capsule unique, outer arm thick, highly elongated with swollen tip, inner arm short and thin. Tube thick for most of its length except sub-distal portion, broadly curved semi- circularly, tip provided with balloon like membrane.
Remarks: The species is remarkably polymorphic and in Pakistan two quite distinct morphs are found, one as black with orange red marks and the other one is yellowish brown. Irshad (2001), Rafi et al. (2005) and Khan et al.
(2007) also reported this species from the hilly (northern) areas of Pakistan.
All these studies and also the present study confirm that this species is only distributed in northern hilly areas of Pakistan.
Host: It was collected feeding on aphids and small chrysomelid beetles.
Habitat: Its population remains low and occurs in crops and fruit orchards and isolated fruit trees.
53 Local Distribution: Jaglot, Diamer
World Distribution: India, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar
Genus: Calvia Mulsant, 1846
1846 Calvia: Mulsant, M.E. Securipalpes. Histoire Naturelle des Coleopteres de France, Paris. 4: 140.
1871 Anisocalvia: Crotch, G.R. List of Coccinellidae. Cambridge. 329
1899 Anisocalvia: Casey, T.L. Revision of the American Coccinellidae. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 7: 96. (Type species: Coccinella quatuordecimguttata (L.) by subsequent designation of Crotch, 1874
1874 Calvia: Crotch, G.R. A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae, E. W. Janson, London. 143.
1926 Calvia: Mader, L. Evidenz der palaarktischen Coccinelliden und ihrer Aberrationen in Wort und Bild. I. N1: 20.
1932 Calvia (Anisocalvia): Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Berlin. 521.
1943 Eocaria: Timberlake, P.H. The Coccinellidae or lady beetles of the Koebele collection-Part I. Hawaiian Planters. Record. 47: 37
1982 Calvia: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Les Coccinelles Coléoptères- Coccinellidae Tribu Coccinellini des regions Palearctique et Orientale. Boubée, Paris. 176. Type species: Eocaria muiri Timberlake, by original designation.
Type species: Coccinella decemguttata Linnaeus, 1758: 367, by subsequent designation of Crotch, 1874.
7. Calvia punctata (Mulsant, 1853)
(Plate 7)
1853 Harmonia punctata: Mulsant, M.E. Supplément à la monographie des coléoptères trimères sécuripalpes. Annales de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon (N.S.), 1: 143
54 1853 Propylea obversepunctata: Mulsant, M.E. Supplément à la monographie des coléoptères trimères sécuripalpes. Annales de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon (N.S.), 1: 156
1853 Propylea obversepunctata: Mulsant, M.E. Supplement a la monographie des Coléoptères trimères sécuripalpes. Opuscules Entomologiques, 3: 28
1866 Harmonia punctata: Mulsant, M.E. Monographie des Coccinellides. 1. Coccinelliens. Paris. 69.
1866 Propylea obversepunctata: Mulsant, M.E. Monographie des Coccinellides. 1. Coccinelliens. Paris. 151
1874 Anisocalvia punctata: Crotch, G.R. A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae, E. W. Janson, London. 144
1932 Calvia punctata: Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Ber. 524
1963 Calvia punctata: Bielawski, R. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Coccinelliden von Afghanistan. III. Lunds Universitets Årsskrift (N.F.2), 59 (4): 17-18 (syn)
1987 Anisocalvia punctata: Gordon, G.R. A catalogue of the Crotch collection of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology, 3: 17
1997 Calvia punctata: Booth, R.G. A review of the species of Calvia (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from the Indian subcontinent, with descriptions of two new species. Journal of Natural History, 31: 928
Material Examined: 1 ♂ Pak. KP, Chitral, 16. vi. 2001 (Saddruddin) (NIM); 1
♂ Pak. KP, Chitral, 26. vi. 2001 (Saddruddin) (NIM); 1 ♀ Pak. Islamabad,
NARC, 5. iv. 2002 (M.A. Rafi) (NIM); 1 ♂ Pak. AJK, 3. v. 2002 (Gul Rashid)
(NIM); 2 ♂ 3 ♀ Pak. GB, Gilgit, 30. ix. 2003 (M.A. Rafi) (NIM); 1 ♂ 1 ♀ Pak.
GB, Jaglot, 30. xi. 2003 (M.A. Rafi) (NIM); 1 ♂ Pak. Islamabad, NARC, 15. xii. 2003 (Falak Naz) (NIM); 1 ♀ Pak. GB, Goharabad, 5. vi. 2007 (M.
Ashfaque) (NIM); 1 ♂ Pak. GB, Gilgit, 4. vi. 2007 (Falak Naz) (NIM); 1 ♂ 1 ♀
Pak. GB, Ghizer, Kitch, 5. vi. 2007 (M. Ashfaque) (NIM); 1 ♂ Pak. GB,
55 Rakaposhi view point 4. vi. 2007 (M. Ashfaque) (NIM); 2 ♂ 1 ♀ Pak. KP,
Chitral, Kalash, Anis, 21. vi. 2008 (Ahmad Zia) (NIM).
Diagnosis: Body broadly oval, moderately convex. Pronotum with weakly excavated anterior margin, covering eyes from above. Antennae 11 segmented; club consists of 3 apical segments. Pronotum widest at middle.
Scutellum triangular, slightly wider than long. Elytral base as wide as pronotum. Pronotum, yellow, black or yellow with two black spots. Antennae long. Eyes large, with weakly projecting minute facets. Elytra yellow or yellow brown with six black spots, some time completely black or dark brown with one brown spot on each elytron. Tibia with small spurs. Claws with tooth at base. This species occurs with different polymorphs.
Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab large, distally expanded with narrow base. Basal piece short, rectangular. Parameres long, thin at base and middle portion, distally expanded with dense hairs. Median lobe shorter than parameres, broad at base, gradually tapering towards apex, apex highly pointed. Siphon:
Capsule large, thick, outer arm stout, inner arm short and curved presenting
Y-shaped. Siphonal tube highly thick, abruptly curved at base, then slightly curved with transparent membrane on dorsal side at middle. Sub-distal portion constricted, apex with unique structure.
Remarks: Booth (1997) reported this species from Gilgit besides Otrore
(Kalam, Swat) and Parachinar while exploring genus Calvia of the Sub- continent. Rafi et al. (2005) previously reported this species from Jaglot in
56 the study area. Khan et al. (2007) reported this species from Chitral
(Pakistan) which is adjacent to the study area.
Host: It was collected feeding on aphids and psyllids.
Habitat: It occurs in low numbers and can be found on walnut trees and other wild vegetation.
Local Distribution: Jaglot, Diamer
World Distribution: Afghanistan, India, Nepal, Pakistan
Genus: Menochilus Timberlake, 1943
1836 Cheilomenes Dejean, P.F.M.A.Catalogues des Coléoptères de la collection de M. le Comte Dejean. Troisièmeme Edition, Revue, Corrigée et Augmentée.1836: 435. (Type species: Coccinella lunata Fabricius, by subsequent designation of Crotch, 1874).
1943 Menochilus Timberlake, P.H.The Coccinellidae or lady beetles of the Koebele collection-Part I. Hawaiian Planters. Record, 47: 40. (Type species: Coccinella sexmaculata Fabricius, by original designation).
Cheilomenes auctt.
8. Menochilus sexmaculatus Fabricius, 1781
(Plate 8)
1781 Coccinella sexmaculata: Fabricius, J. Ch. Species Insectorum, Kilonii. 1: 96
1808 Coccinella quadriplagiata: Schönherr, C.J. Synonymia Insectorum. Stockholm. 1(2): 195
1837 Cheilomenes sexmaculata: Dejean, P.F.M.A. Catalogue des Coleopteres de la Collection de M. Le Conte Dejean. Paris. 1-4: 435
57 1895 Orcus mollipes: Oliff, S. Entomological notes-A friendly new ladybird. Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, 6: 30
1943 Menochilus sexmaculatus: Timberlake, P.H. The Coccinellidae or lady beetles of the Koebele collection-Part I. Hawaiian Planters. Record. 47: 40
1959 Menochilus sexmaculatus: Nakane, T. and Araki, M. Entomological results from the scientific survey of the Tokara Islands. VI. Coleoptera: Coccinellidae. Scientific Reports of Kyoto Prefectural University (Natural and Living Science) 3A: 50
1979 Menochilus sexmaculatus: Sasaji, H and Akamatsu, M. Reproductive continuity and genetic relationships in the forms of the genus Menochilus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Memoirs of the Faculty of Education, Fukui University Series II, 29 (2): 2
1979 Menochilus sexmaculatus: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Genera der Paläarktischen Coccinellini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Entomologische Blätter für Biologie und Systematik der Käfer. 75 (1- 2): 58
1982 Menochilus sexmaculatus: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Les Coccinelles Coléoptères-Coccinellidae Tribu Coccinellini des regions Palearctique et Orientale. Boubée, Paris. 146
1989 Menochilus sexmaculatus: Pope, R.D. A revision of the Australian Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). Part 1. Subfamily Coccinellinae. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 2 [1988]:1989: 646
Material Examined: 6 ♂ 5 ♀ Pak. Punjab, Rawalpindi, 5. vi. 2000 (Ali)
(NIM); 1 ♀ Pak. Punjab, Changamanga, 23. iv. 2001 (Waheed) (NIM); 4 ♂ 3
♀ Pak. GB, Jaglot, 4. x. 2003 (M.A. Rafi) (NIM); 1 ♂ 2 ♀ Pak. Punjab, Gujrat
4. iv. 2003 (M.A. Rafi) (NIM);
Diagnosis: Body broadly oval or nearly rounded, glabrous, shiny and moderately convex. Ground colour variable mostly orange, light red, yellow or pinkish. Head yellowish brown, not visible from above, completely covered by pronotum. Pronotum with a T-shaped median band on anterior side, connected to a broad black band on posterior margin. Scutellum brownish
58 black. Elytra with six black markings including two zig zag lines and a posterior black spot. Sutural line with a broad black stripe. Colour of elytra highly variable but generally brownish yellow. Spots black and they may be in the form of transverse zig zag patches. On each elytron the first patch may b small inverted V- shaped, the second complete W- shaped and the third one only a round. A narrow longitudinal brownish black band along the line of junction of elytra.
Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab; long broad distally. Basal piece oblong.
Parameres long thick cylindrical slightly bent at base. Subapical portion broad. Long hairs on subapical portion. Median lobe short than parameres thick for most of its length, outer side straight, inner side convex slightly constricted apically. Tip pointed. Siphonal capsule asymmetrical outer arm longer inner arm shorter. Siphonal tube deeply curved at base then become straight up to 3/4th of its length. Sub apical portion having long thread like structure.
Remarks: Geographically this is oriental species and mostly found in plain areas, however sometimes it can be found in foot hills. The size and colour pattern of the species are highly variable. This is the commonest, highly misidentified coccinellid due to the occurrence of numerous colour variants
(Subramanium, 1924a). The various colour morphs of this species are frequently misidentified as Micraspis discolor, and Chilocorus nigrita. The following variations are frequently seen: (a) Elytra yellowish / pink/ orange without any markings except for a black sutural stripe, (b) elytra and
59 pronotum partially black leaving only the margins, (c) more or less completely black, and (d) the elytral markings coalesce and form broader bands. The pronotal marking is always constant and can be faintly seen even in completely black forms. All these intermediate forms are found in the field.
This species has been reported as predator of aphids.
Host: It is a general predator and its hosts include aphids, psyllids and mites.
Habitat: It is widely distributed in the region and can be found in different ecosystems. It can be collected in crop lands, fruit orchards, forests and wild vegetation.
Local Distribution: Basin Nala and Jaglot, Diamer
World Distribution: Oriental region; New Guinea, Japan, Iran, Afghanistan,
India. Nepal. China, Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,
Bhutan, Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam.
Genus: Coccinella Linnaeus, 1758
1758 Coccinella: Linnaeus, C. Systema Naturae, 10th edition. Stockholm. 364.
1850 Coccinella: Mulsant, M.E. Species des Coléoptères trimères sécuripalpes. Annales des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, d’Agriculture et d’Industrie, Lyon, (2) 2: 93
1916 Coccinella: Jacobson, G.G. Die Käfer Russlands und Westeuropas. Ein Handbuch zum Bestimmen der Käfer. Petrograd. 982
1926 Coccinella: Dobzhansky, T. Die Paläarktischen Arten der Gattung Coccinella L. Revue Russe d.Entomologie, 20:16
60 1962 Coccinella: Brown, W.J., de Ruette. An annotated list of the Hippdamiini of Northern America, with a key to the genera (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Canadian Entomologist. 94: 785
1971 Coccinella: Sasaji, H. Fauna Japonica. Coccinellidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Academic Press of Japan, Tokyo. 250
1979 Coccinella: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Genera der Paläarktischen Coccinellini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Entomologische Blätter für Biologie und Systematik der Käfer. 75 (1-2): 66
1979 Coccinella (Dobzhanskia): Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Genera der Paläarktischen Coccinellini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Entomologische Blätter für Biologie und Systematik der Käfer, 75 (1- 2): 70. (Type species: Coccinella undecimpunctata Linnaeus, by original designation)
1982 Coccinella: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Les Coccinelles Coléoptères- Coccinellidae Tribu Coccinellini des regions Palearctique et Orientale. Boubée, Paris. 341
1985 Coccinella: Gordon, R.D. The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America north of Mexico. Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 93:783
Type species: Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation (Latreille, 1810)
9. Coccinella iranica Dobzhansky, 1926
(Plate 9)
1926 Coccinella iranica: Dobrhanskiy, T. Die palaarktischen Arten der Gattung Coccinella L. Russkoe Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 21: 16- 32.
1930 Coccinella iranica: Mader L. Evidenz der paläarktischen Coccinelliden und ihrer aberrationen in Wort und Bild, I-Teil. Epilachnini, Coccinellini, Halyziini und Synonychini. Zeitschrift des Vereins der Naturbeobachter und Sammler, Wien. 5: 165
1932 Coccinella iranica: Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Berlin. 467.
61 1979 Coccinella (s. str.) iranica: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Genera der Paläarktischen Coccinellini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Entomologische Blätter für Biologie und Systematik der Käfer. 75 (1- 2): 68
1982 Coccinella (s. str.) iranica: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Les Coccinelles Coléoptères-Coccinellidae Tribu Coccinellini des regions Palearctique et Orientale. Boubée, Paris. 382.
Material Examined: 1 ♀ Pak., GB, Hunza-Nager, Duikar, 20. iv. 2005 (Amir)
(NIM).
Diagnosis: Body large sized, oval, slightly convex, body colour brownish- yellow. Head slightly exposed from above, black. Eyes large, surrounded by clypeus and pronotum. Pronotum large, only touching at middle with elytra, mostly black with brownish stripe along anterior margins. Scutellum rudimentary. Elytra brownish-yellow with eight irregular black spots, four on each elytron, one is common on anterior margin along sutural line, the spots along middle portion developed into L-shaped patch, other two spots on anal margins are oval and sub-equal.
Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab and basal piece typical like other Coccinella species. Median lobe; very broad for most of its length, abruptly narrowed at subdistal portion. Apex much narrow with rounded tip. Parameres; long, slightly shorter than median lobe, cylindrical, slightly curved before apex, tip rounded and without hairs. Siphon; siphonal capsule large, outer arm thick and elongated, inner arm very short and hooked. Siphonal tube abruptly curved at base, siphonal tip unique as shown in Plate 1.b.
62 Remarks: This species was first described by Dobzhansky in 1926 from northern Iran. Later on, in 1931, he placed it under C. difficilis species group.
Fürsch (1981) separated C. hodaki as a new species from the collection of C. iranica on the basis of median lobe outline. Kovar (2005) reported it from
Turkey as a new record. During the present study, only one female specimen was collected from Hunza-Nager which is confirmed as C. iranica by Claudio
Canepari, an Italian expert. C. iranica is here recorded as a new record for
Pakistan.
Host: It was collected feeding on aphids.
Habitat: It occurs in very low population and can be found on wild vegetation in the region.
Local Distribution: Duikar, Hunza-Nager
World Distribution: Iran, Turkey.
10. Coccinella redemita (Weise, 1895)
(Plate 10)
Material Examined: 1 ♂ Pak., GB, Diamer, Goharabad, 5. vi. 2007 (Falak
Naz) (NIM).
Diagnosis: Body medium, slightly oval, posteriorly pointed, ground colour black, finely pubescent. Head yellow except posterior border black touching eyes, mouth parts brown, clypeus with eight stimata arranged in two groups
63 vertically with each containing four. Eyes vertical, large, finely faceted and black. Pronotum transverse, laterally extended, anteriorly yellow, posteriorly black with four black projection. Elytra shiny black, each with eight pale patches, the patch along anterior margin is large, extended from sutural line to outer margin. Epipleura developed.
Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab short, gradually broadening towards apex, deeply excavated and distally notched. Basal piece broad than long, somewhat square- shaped. Parameres thick, cylindrical, slightly depressed at middle distally rounded, tip provided with sparsely medium sized hairs.
Median lobe thick and Broad, distally diminishing in thickness presenting cone shape, tip rounded. Siphon: Capsule unique, elongated, directed towards tube. Tube thick for most of its length, slightly curved at base then almost straight, tip tapering on one side.
Remarks: C. redemita is new record for study area, Pakistan as well as Sub- continent. During present study, only one male specimen was collected from
Diamer district.
Host: It was collected feeding on aphids.
Habitat: It occurs in very low population and can be found on wild vegetation in the region.
Local Distribution: Goharabad, Diamer
World Distribution: Iran, Turkey
64 11. Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, 1758 (Plate 11)
1758 Coccinella 7-punctata: Linnaeus, C. Systema Naturae, 10th edition. Stockholm. 365
1808 Coccinella divaricata: Olivier, A.G. Entomologie, ou Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, avec leurs caractPres génériques et spécifiques, leur description, leur synonymie, et leur figure enluminée. Coléoptères. 89: 1001
1823 Coccinella confusa Wiedemann, C.R.G. (=C.R.W.). Zweihundert neue Kafer von Java, Bengalen und dem Vorgebirge der guten Hoffnung. Zoologisches Magazin, Ultona. 2(1): 72
1850 Coccinella confuse: Mulsant, M.E. Spec. Coleopt. Trimeres securipalpes, 2 (2): 112 (as a var. of divaricata).
1866 Coccinella bruckii: Mulsant, M.E. Monographie des Coccinellides. 1. Coccinelliens. Paris. 90
1874 Coccinella bruckii: Crotch, G.R. A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae, E. W. Janson, London. 46.
1932 Coccinella divaricata: Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Berlin.457
1932 Coccinella septempunctata: Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Berlin. 486
1932 Coccinella septempunctata brucki: Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Berlin. 491
1936 Coccinella divaricata: Mader, L. Evidenz der paläarktischen Coccinelliden und ihrer aberrationen in Wort und Bild, I-Teil. Epilachnini, Coccinellini, Halyziini und Synonychini. Entomologischer Anzeiger. 16: 375
1962 Coccinella septempunctata: Sudha Rao, V. The status of Coccinella septempunctata L. and its varieties divaricata Oliv. and confusa Wied. Canadian Entomologist, 94: 1341
1987 Coccinella septempunctata: Gordon, R.D. A catalogue of the Crotch collection of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology, 3: 13
65 1992 Coccinella septempunctata: Schaefer, P.W. and Semyanov, V.P. Arthropod parasites of Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae); world parasite list and bibliography. Entomological News, 103 (4):1992. 125-134
Material Examined: 2 ♂ 3 ♀ Pak. GB, Hunza-Nager, Gulmit, 12. vi. 2008
(M. Ashfaque) (NIM); 1 ♂ 1 ♀ Pak. GB, Hunza-Nager, Nagar, 12. vi. 2008
(M. Ashfaque) (NIM); 1 ♂ Pak. GB, Skardu, Kachora lake, 16. vi. 2008 (A.
Shehzad) (NIM); 2 ♂ Pak. GB, Gilgit, Pari bangla, 15. vi. 2008 (Ashraf)
(NIM); 2 ♂ 3 ♀ Pak. Sindh, Jacobabad, 22. iii. 2008 (Ishaque) (NIM); 2 ♂ 3 ♀
Pak. Sindh, Sukkar, 24. iii. 2008 (Ishaque) (NIM); 1 ♂ 2 ♀ Pak. AJK, Mangla,
22. vi. 2008 (Ishaque/Zia) (NIM); 3 ♂ 2 ♀ Pak. Punjab, Murree, 31. v. 2007
(Rahim Khan) (NIM); 3 ♂ Pak. Punjab, Chiniot, 10. iii. 2008 (A. Shehzad)
(NIM).
Diagnosis: Body roundly oval, convex, nearly hemispherical, densely punctate. Body seven spotted, three on each elytra cover and one right behind the middle of thorax characterize it. The size of the spots can vary considerably. Elytra are patchy black. Head transverse, black with pair of yellow spots on frons near eyes. Elytra without hairs and finely pitted.
Clypeus anteriorly truncate with small yellow anterio lateral projections. Eyes small with minute facets. Pronotum twice as broad as long, densely pitted.
Scutellum brownish black. Head triangular with yellow hairs except on eye.
Antennae 11 segmented with basal segment longer. Pronotum densely and finely punctate, black with small yellow spots at anterior angles. Scutellum small, nearly equilateral.
66 Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab; short and very thick. Basal piece elongated.
Median lobe much thick, very broad at base up to 1/3rd of its length, then abruptly diminishing towards apex, deeply excavated when seen from dorsal side. Siphon; siphonal capsule bulging type and thick. Parameres relatively shorter than median lobe, covered with densed long hairs on dorsal side except base. Siphonal tube long, the distal end carries sac like structure.
Remarks: This is commonly occurring species and was collected from majority locations of the study area. This is widely distributed species in the world and hence in the study area. It is very active among all coccinellid species and can be found in all habitats and agro-ecosystems.
Host: It is a general predator and was collected feeding on aphids, scale insects, psyllids and mealybugs in the region.
Habitat: It occurs in almost all habitats and can be found in crop lands, forests, fruit orchards, isolated fruit trees and on wild vegetation in the region.
Local Distribution: Goharabad, Golapur, Gulmit, Jaglot, Karimabad, Kitch, Nilt nagar, Rakaposhi
World Distribution: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Palaearctic, North America
12. Coccinella transversoguttata Faldermann, 1835
(Plate 12)
1835 Coccinella transversoguttata: Faldermann, F. Coleopterorum ab ill. Bungio in China boreali, Mongolia et montibus Altaicis collectorum, nee non ab ill. Turczaninoffio et Stschukino e provincia Irkutzk
67 missorum illustrationes. Memoires de l’Academie Imperiale des Sciences des Saint Petersbourg, 2: 177
1850 Coccinella transversalis: Mulsant, M.E. Species des Coléoptères trimères sécuripalpes. Annales des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, d’Agriculture et d’Industrie, Lyon, (2) 2: 117
1866 Coccinella transversoguttata: Mulsant, M.E. Monographie des Coccinellides. 1. Coccinelliens. Paris. 97
1916 Coccinella transversoguttata: Jacobson, G.G. Die Käfer Russlands und Westeuropas. Ein Handbuch zum Bestimmen der Käfer. Petrograd. 982
1926 Coccinella transversoguttata: Dobzhansky, T. Die Paläarktischen Arten der Gattung Coccinella L. Revue Russe d.Entomologie, 20: 21
1930 Coccinella transversoguttata: Mader, L. Evidenz der paläarktischen Coccinelliden und ihrer aberrationen in Wort und Bild, I-Teil. Epilachnini, Coccinellini, Halyziini und Synonychini. Zeitschrift des Vereins der Naturbeobachter und Sammler, Wien. 5: 150
1932 Coccinella transversoguttata: Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Ber. 496
1970 Coccinella transversoguttata: Filatova, I.T. Ladybeetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellodae) of the territory in between the Ob-Yenisei rivers. Fauna Sibiri. Novosibirsk. 94
1972 Coccinella transversoguttata: Kuznetsov, V.N. About the fauna of the Coccinellidae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of Pymorsky Territory. Rol nasekomyh v lesnyh biotsenozah Primorja. Vladivostok. 181
1975 Coccinella transversoguttata: Ivliev, L.A., Kuznetsov, V.N. and Matis, E.G. Ecological-faunistic information on the Coccinellidae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Far Nort-East of the USSR. Entomofagi sovetskogo Dalnego Vostoka, Vladivostok. 11
1977 Coccinella transversoguttata: Ghosh, A.K., Biswas, S. and Lahiri, A.R. A preliminary study of the insect fauna of Meghalaya. 7. Coleoptera: Coccinellidae. Bulletin of the Meghalaya Science Society. 2: 12
1982 Coccinella transversoguttata: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Les Coccinelles Coléoptères-Coccinellidae Tribu Coccinellini des regions Palearctique et Orientale. Boubée, Paris. 364
68 1984 Coccinella transversoguttata: Kuznetsov, V.N. Ecologo-faunistic survey of the Coccinelldae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Far East (pests and entomophages). Vladivostok. 29
1984 Coccinella transversoguttata: Bielawski, R. Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of Mongolia. Annals zoologica. Warsaw. 416
1992 Coccinella transversoguttata: Kuznetsov, V.N. The Coccinellidae family – lady beetles. Opredelitel nasekomyh Dalnego Vostoka SSSR. 3. Zhestkorylyje ili zhuki. Part 2. St- Petersburg. 365
Material Examined: 2 ♂, 2 ♀ Pak. GB, Skardu, 7. vi. 2003 (Ather) (NIM); 1
♂ Pak. GB, Skardu, 12. vi. 2008 (M. Ashfaque) (NIM).
Diagnosis: Body broadly hemispherical, strongly convex, black, absolutely punctate with narrow transverse spots. Head nearly inserted and not visible from above and with two pale spots on each side near eyes. Head, pronotum and elytra densely punctate. Pronotum and scutellum black with anterior- laterally orange spots on pronotum. Thorax apical margin not white. Elytra dull orange with a subbasal common facia, a transverse medial spot near the suture and another towards the apex near the margin. The spots black in colour; their arrangements highly variable.
Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab; short and thick. Basal piece very broad, rectangular. Median lobe longer than parameres, wide, deeply emarginated in the distal half of its length, tip extended forming a tongue-like structure.
Siphon as like that of C. septempunctata as illustrated in Plate 12.b.
Remarks: The species is highly variable in elytral markings; therefore, Leng
(1903) reported that there are 11 varieties of this species in North America.
Casey (1899) declared American representatives of this species as C.
69 quinquenotata Kirby and Asiatic representatives as C. tranversoguttata
Falderman. Dobzhansky (1926) synonomized these species under C. tranversoguttata Falderman on basis of similarity in male genitalia. He further stated that there is no difference between the two representatives except in spot 2 which is usually absent in Asiatic specimens.
Host: It is a general predator of aphididae and was collected feeding on aphids.
Habitat: It is widely distributed in the region and it occurs in cultivated areas, forests, fruit orchards and on wild vegetation.
Local Distribution: Skardu
World Distribution: India, China, Japan, Siberia, North America
Genus: Harmonia Mulsant, 1846
1846 Harmonia: Mulsant, M.E. Securipalpes. Histoire Naturelle des Coleopteres de France, Paris. 4: 108
1850 Harmonia: Mulsant, M.E. Spec. Coleopt. Trimeres securipalpes, 2 (2): 75
1850 Leis: Mulsant, M.E. Spec. Coleopt. Trimeres securipalpes, 2 (2): 241 (Type species: Coccinella dimidiata Fabricius, by subsequent designation (Crotch, 1874) Synonymised by Miyatake, 1965)
1853 Ballia: Mulsant, M.E. Supplément à la monographie des coléoptères trimères sécuripalpes. Annales de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon (N.S.), 1: 159 (Type species: Ballia christophori Mulsant, by subsequent designation of Crotch, 1874, synonymised by Iablokoff- Khnzorian, 1979: 71)
1866 Harmonia: Mulsant, M.E. Monographie des Coccinellides. 1. Coccinelliens. Paris. 55
70 1871 Harmonia: Crotch, G.R. List of Coccinellidae. Cambridge.3
1871 Callineda: Crotch, G.R. List of Coccinellidae. Cambridge.6
1874 Stictoleis: Crotch, G.R. A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae, E. W. Janson, London. 118
1874 Ptychanatis: Crotch, G.R. A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae, E. W. Janson, London. 122 (Type species: Coccinella axyridis Pallas, 1773, by original designation, synonymised by Korschefsky, 1932)
1876 Coccinella (Harmonia): Chapuis, F. In Lacordaire and Chapuis: "Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, Genera des Coléoptères". Roret, Paris. 12: 179
1916 Harmonia: Jacobson, T.G. The beetles of Russia and Western Europe. St. Petersburg. 984
1926 Harmonia: Mader, L. Evidenz der paläarktischen Coccinelliden und ihrer aberrationen in Wort und Bild, I-Teil. Epilachnini, Coccinellini, Halyziini und Synonychini. Zeitschrift des Vereins der Naturbeobachter und Sammler, Wien. 1:19
1932 Stictoleis: Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Berlin. 275 (Type species: Coccinella corypha Guerin-Meneville, by original designation, synonymised by IablokoffKhnzorian, 1979)
1932 Coccinella (Harmonia): Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Berlin. 439.
1943 Callineda: Timberlake, P.H. The Coccinellidae or lady beetles of the Koebele collection-Part I. Hawaiian Planters. Record. 47: 17 (not Crotch, 1874. 122) (Type species: Coccinella sedecimnotata Fabricius, by subsequent designation of Rye, 1873, synonymised by Timberlake, 1943)
1943 Rhopaloneda: Timberlake, P.H. The Coccinellidae or lady beetles of the Koebele collection-Part I. Hawaiian Planters. Record. 47: 17 (replacement name for Callineda sensu Crotch, 1874) (Type species: Callineda decussata Crotch, by original designation, synonymised by Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1982)
1956 Harmonia: Watson, W.Y. A study of the phylogeny of the genera of the tribe Coccinellini (Coleoptera). Contributions of the Royal Ontario Museum, Division of Zoology and Paleontology. 42: 48
71 1971 Harmonia: Sasaji, H. Fauna Japonica. Coccinellidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Academic Press of Japan, Tokyo. 277
1979 Harmonia: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Genera der Paläarktischen Coccinellini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Entomologische Blätter für Biologie und Systematik der Käfer. 75 (1-2): 71
1982 Harmonia: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Les Coccinelles Coléoptères- Coccinellidae Tribu Coccinellini des region’s Palearctique et Orientale. Boubée, Paris. 456
1985 Harmonia: Gordon, R.D. The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America north of Mexico. Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 93(1): 832
1992 Harmonia: Kuznetsov, V.N. The Coccinellidae family – lady beetles. Opredelitel nasekomyh Dalnego Vostoka SSSR. 3. Zhestkokrylyje ili zhuki. Part 2. St-Petersburg. 369
Type species: Coccinella marginepunctata Schaller, 1783 (= Harmonia quadripunctata Pontoppidan, 1763), by subsequent designation of Timberlake, 1943)
13. Harmonia dimidiata (Fabricius, 1781)
(Plate 13)
1781 Coccinella dimidiata: Fabricius, J. Ch. Species Insectorum, Kilonii. 1: 94
1831 Coccinella dimidia: Hope, F.W. Synopsis of the new species of Nepaul insects in the collection of Major General Hardwicke. In J.E. Gray: The Zoological Miscellany. London. 30
1989 Coccinella dimidia: Booth, R.G. and Pope, R.D. A review of the type material of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) described by F.W. Pope and by E. Mulsant in the Hope Entomological Collections, Oxford. Entomologica Scandinavica, 20 (3): 352
1850 Leis dimidiata: Mulsant, M.E. Spec. Coleopt. Trimeres securipalpes, 2 (2): 242
1874 Leis dimidiata: Crotch, G.R. A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae, E. W. Janson, London. 119
72 1932 Leis dimidiata: Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Berlin. 273
1934 Leis dimidiata: Mader, L. Evidenz der paläarktischen Coccinelliden und ihrer aberrationen in Wort und Bild, I-Teil. Epilachnini, Coccinellini, Halyziini und Synonychini. Zeitschrift des Vereins der Naturbeobachter und Sammler, Wien. 9: 307-308
1831 Coccinella quindecimmaculata: Hope, F.W. Synopsis of the new species of Nepaul insects in the collection of Major General Hardwicke. In J.E. Gray: The Zoological Miscellany. London. 30 (synonymised by Sicard, 1913 and Booth, and Pope, 1989)
1831 Coccinella bicolor: Hope, F.W. Synopsis of the new species of Nepaul insects in the collection of Major General Hardwicke. In J.E. Gray: The Zoological Miscellany. London. 31 (Synonymised by Crotch, 1874 and Booth and Pope, 1989)
1965 Harmonia dimidiata: Miyatake, M. Some Coccinellidae (excluding Scymnini) of Formosa (Coleoptera). Special Bulletin of the Lepidopterists’ Society of Japan. 1: 62
1971 Harmonia dimidiata: Sasaji, H. Fauna Japonica. Coccinellidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Academic Press of Japan, Tokyo. 281
1977 Harmonia dimidiata: Sasaji, H. Larval characters of Asian species of the genus Harmonia Mulsant. Memoirs of the Faculty of Education, Fukui University Series II. 27 (1): 12
1990 Harmonia dimidiata: Singh, T. and Phaloura, S.P.S. A field key to the larvae of four spp. of genus Harmonia Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Journal of Entomological Research, 14:89
1985 Harmonia dimidiata: Gordon, R.D. The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America north of Mexico. Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 93(1): 834
Material Examined: 2 ♂ Pak. AJK, 10. vii. 2002 (Gul Rashid) (NIM); 5 ♂ 7 ♀
Pak. AJK, Kotli, Phagwari, 23. vi. 2008 (M. Ishaque and A. Zia) (NIM); 2 ♂ 1
♀ Pak. Islamabad, Margalla Hills, 25. vii. 2007 (Amir) (NIM); 2 ♂ 1 ♀ Pak.
GB, Goner farm, 6. vi. 2006 (M. Ashfaque) (NIM); 2 ♂ 2 ♀ Pak. AJK,
Rawalakot, 18. iii. 2007 (Amir and A. Bokhari) (NIM); 4 ♂ 3 ♀ Pak. Sindh,
73 Shikarpur, Kartarpur, 10. x. 2007 (Anjum) (NIM); 2 ♂ 3 ♀ Pak. Rawalpindi, 1. iv. 2008 (M.A. Rafi) (NIM); 1 ♂ 1 ♀ Pak. Rawalpindi, 18. v. 2008 (Amjad)
(NIM); 2 ♂ 3 ♀ Pak. Islamabad, Rawal Lake, 18. vii. 2008 (Asad) (NIM).
Diagnosis: Body large, round, strongly convex. Elytra with thirteen black spots, pattern variable. Head dark brown, broader than long and deeply inserted and not visible from above. Pronotum brownish with 2 black rounded spots in centre. Scutellum black posteriorly. Elytra black posteriorly and reddish anteriorly. Pronotum straw yellow with up to 5 black spots or with lateral spots usually fused to form 2 curved markings, an M shaped mark is present.
Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab thick and long, wrapped by a membrane. Basal piece long than broad, rectangular. Median lobe unique, broad for most of its length except subdistal portion, apex much reduced with rounded tip.
Parameres slightly longer than median lobe, flattened, depressed at middle, tips curved inward, provided with short hairs on proximal portion and long hairs on tips. Siphon; siphonal capsule large, outer arm much thick and long, inner short and hook like, tube curved at base, much broad at middle, tip narrowed and covered with transparent membrane.
Remarks: This species is variable in colour pattern and body size. Miyatake
(1985) also reported that there are more than five morphs exist in Nepal. In our collection, two polymorphic forms of this species exist. The black form anteriorly red is more common than the morph with reddish-brown. The later has fourteen black circular spots on elytra. This species was reported from
74 Pakistan by Rafi et al., 2005; however, it is reported first time from the study area.
Host: It is a predator of aphids and scale insects.
Habitat: Its population is very low. It can be found on fruit trees and wild vegetation.
Local Distribution: Goner farm, Diamer
World Distribution: India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Japan, Taiwan.
Genus: Hippodamia Dejean, 1837
1837 Hippodamia: Dejean, P.F.M.A. Catalogue des Coleopteres de la Collection de M. Le Conte Dejean. Paris. 1-4: 456
1840 Hemisphaerica: Hope, F.W. The Coleopterist’s Manual, Part the Third, Containing Various Families, Genera, and species of Beetles Recorded by Linnaeus and Fabricius. Also Descriptions of Newly Discovered and Unpublished Insects. London. 157
1846 Adonia: Mulsant, M.E. Securipalpes. Histoire Naturelle des Coleopteres de France, Paris. 4: 39
1850 Hemisphaerica: Mulsant, M.E. Spec. Coleopt. Trimeres securipalpes, 2 (2): 16
1850 Adonia: Mulsant, M.E. Spec. Coleopt. Trimeres securipalpes, 2 (2): 36 (Synonymised by Belicek, 1976: 338 (Type species: Coccinella mutabilis Scriba (1790), a synonym of Adonia variegata (Goeze, 1777), by monotypy)
1932 Hemisphaerica: Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Berlin. 439 (Type species: Coccinella quinquesignata Kirby, by monotypy, synonymised by Belicek, 1976)
1979 Hippodamia (Parippodamia): Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Genera der Paläarktischen Coccinellini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Entomologische Blätter für Biologie und Systematik der Käfer. 75 (1- 2): 65
75 1982 Hippodamia (Hippodamia): Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Les Coccinelles Coléoptères-Coccinellidae Tribu Coccinellini des region’s Palearctique et Orientale. Boubée, Paris. 308.
1982 Hippodamia (Parippodamia): Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Les Coccinelles Coléoptères-Coccinellidae Tribu Coccinellini des region’s Palearctique et Orientale. Boubée, Paris. 308 (Type species: Coccinella arctica Schneider, by original designation)
1982 Hippodamia (Adonia): Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Les Coccinelles Coléoptères-Coccinellidae Tribu Coccinellini des region’s Palearctique et Orientale. Boubée, Paris. 308
1990 Hippodamia: Canepari, C. Who is the author of several genera of Coccinellidae: Chevrolat or Dejean?. Coccinella, 2 (1): 38-39
1992 Hippodamia: Pope, R.D. The authorship of certain genera first defined in the catalogues of Dejean. Coccinella, 4 (1-2): 17-18
Type species: Coccinella tredecimpunctata Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation of Thomson, 1859.
14. Hippodamia apicalis Casey, 1899 (Plate 14)
Material Examined: 2 ♂, 3 ♀ Pak., GB, Astore, 7. vi. 2007 (Sohaib Ahmad)
(NIM).
Diagnosis: Body elongated, oval, large sized. Head yellowish-brown, visible from above. Pronotum black, interior lateral sides with yellow patches. Elytra ground colour black with unique red markings. Anal margins with red patch covering both sides of sutural lines. Interior and medial stripes connected to each other.
Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab short, thick and much expanded distally. Basal piece unique, large, rectangular, extended downward over median lobe.
76 Parameres short, slightly curved, moderately thick, tip blunt, apical dorsal side and apex provided with dense hairs. Median lobe very broad, deeply excavated, longer than parameres, uniformly thick for most of its length except apical portion which is terminating narrowly, tip rounded. Siphon:
Capsule absent rather presenting flattened curved structure. Tube bent at middle in U-shaped, dorsally decorated with constrictions, provided with membrane like structure beyond middle, dorsal portion much narrowed than rest of the tube, tip blunt.
Remarks: The species was first described in 1899 by T.L. Casey Jr. The species is although identified by black marking covering both sides of sutural lines. However, this marking is not visible in black specimens, therefore, male genitalia is a safe character for its identification. Externally very similar to H. expurgata and can only be separated by male genitalia. H. apicalis is being reported here as a new record for the study area as well as Pakistan during present study.
Host: It feeds on aphids and scale insects.
Habitat: It is found in low numbers in cultivated crop lands and wild vegetation.
Local Distribution: Karimabad, Hunza-Nager
World Distribution: Nepal.
77 15. Hippodamia variegata (Goeze, 1777) (Plate 15)
1777 Coccinella variegata: Goeze, J.A.E. Entomologische Beyträge I. Leipzig. 246
1846 Adonia variegata: Mulsant, M.E. Securipalpes. Histoire Naturelle des Coleopteres de France, Paris. 4: 39
1932 Adonia variegata: Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Berlin. 346
1942 Adonia variegata: Kapur, A.P. Bionomics of some Coccinellidae predaceous on aphids and coccids in north India. Indian Journal of Entomology, 4: 50-53
1957 Adonia variegata: Kapur, A.P. Variation in the colour pattern of certain ladybird beetles from high altitudes in the Himalayas. Bulletin of the National Institute of Sciences of India. 9: 269
1976 Hippodamia variegata: Belicek, J. Coccinellidae of Western Canada and Alaska with analyses of the transmontane zoogeographic relationships between the fauna of British Columbia and Alberta (Insecta: Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Quaestiones Entomologicae, 12 (4): 338
1982 Hippodamia (Adonia) variegata: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Les Coccinelles Coléoptères-Coccinellidae Tribu Coccinellini des region’s Palearctique et Orientale. Boubée, Paris. 326
Material examined: 6 ♂ 3 ♀ Pak., GB, Skardu, 8. vii. 2002 (Naeem) (NIM); 1
♂ Pak., GB, Khaplu, 8. vii. 2002 (Adnan) (NIM); 1 ♂ Pak., KP, Chitral, 24. vi.
2001 (M.A. Rafi) (NIM); 4 ♂ 2 ♀ Pak., GB, Juglot, 30. v. 2003 (M.A. Rafi)
(NIM); 1 ♂ 1 ♀ Pak., KP, Mansehra, 18. vi. 2005 (F. Naz) (NIM); 3 ♂ 1 ♀
Pak., Islamabad, NARC, 5. vi. 2005 (Mishkatullah) (NIM); 1 ♂ Pak.,
Balochistan, Ziarat, Warchom, 25. vi. 2006 (Mishkatullah) (NIM); 1 ♂ Pak.,
KP, Swat, Mingora, 21. vi. 2006 (Amir) (NIM); 1 ♂ Pak., KP, Swat, Mingora,
7. vii. 2006 (Ishaque) (NIM); 2 ♂ 1 ♀ Pak., GB, Ghizer, 20. vi. 2006 (M.
78 Ashfaque) (NIM); 1 ♂ 1 ♀ Pak., GB, Astore, 21. vi. 2006 (M. Ashfaque)
(NIM); 3 ♂ 5 ♀ Pak., GB, Basin Nala, 19. viii. 2007 (M. Asad) (NIM); 1 ♂ 2 ♀
Pak., GB, Dassu, 17. viii. 2007 (Amjad) (NIM); 1 ♂ Pak., GB, Gas Das, 20. vi. 2006 (M. Ashraf) (NIM); 3 ♂ 2 ♀ Pak., GB, Goharabad, 21. viii. 2007 (M.
Ashfaque) (NIM); 3 ♂ 5 ♀ Pak. Sindh, Karachi, Malir, 20. iii. 2007 (Ahmad
Zia) (NIM); 1 ♂ Pak., GB, Golapur, 21. viii. 2007 (M. Ashraf) (NIM); 1 ♂ Pak.,
KP, Chitral, 8. vii. 2002 (Sadaruddin) (NIM); 1 ♂ 1 ♀ Pak., GB, Gilgit, 26. iv.
2001 (Israr Ahmad) (NIM); 4 ♂ 3 ♀ Pak., GB, Gulmit, 19. viii. 2007 (M.
Ashfaque/M. Ashraf) (NIM); 2 ♂ 1 ♀ Pak., GB, Karimabad, 19. viii. 2007 (M.
Ashfaque) (NIM); 2 ♀ Pak., GB, Kitch, 15. vii. 2008 (M. Ashfaque) (NIM); 1 ♂
Pak. GB, Rakaposhi viewpoint, 20. vi. 2006 (M. A. Rafi) (NIM); 2 ♂ 5 ♀ Pak.,
GB, Gilgit, 26. iv. 2001 (Israr Ahmad) (NIM); 3 ♂ 3 ♀ Pak. GB, Saeedabad,
18. vi. 2008 (M. Ashfaque) (NIM); 1 ♂ Pak., GB, Ghizer, 26. vi. 2008 (M.
Ashfaque) (NIM); 1 ♂ 2 ♀ Pak. GB, Skardu, Deosai, 15. vi. 2008 (M.
Ashfaque) (NIM); 2 ♂ 1 ♀ Pak. GB, Skardu, Kachora Lake, 16. vi. 2008 (M.
Ashraf) (NIM).
Diagnosis: Body slightly elongated and oval in shape and creamish red. Head brown with prominent black eyes. Body with a prominent black and white pattern behind the head and black spots on red forewings. Polymorphism is common, number of spots vary; from 13 to only a few; commonly six along with one spot on the mid-dorsal line of junction of elytra near the scutellum. Among spots 4 are in line along the outer margin in which the first one is the smallest and the second is slightly larger than the first. The elytra are without hairs and
79 finely pitted. Light yellow to orange yellow and provided with brownish black spots of various sizes. The white lines that converge behind the head are common in all the individuals. Its pronotum always has a fine, raised margin along its basal edge. Pronotum yellow white with brownish black large areas in the form of transverse brownish black broad band along the posterior margin of pronotum and 4 finger like thick anterior projections. Scutellum brownish black.
Head triangular. Eyes large. Mouthparts and antennae brown yellow.
Antennae about 1.2 mm long and 11 segmented. Terminal segment is nearly rounded in shape. Maxillary palpi 4 segmented. Terminal segment widening apically and longer than other segements. Labial palpi 3 segmented Basal segment is very small. Vernter black. Tibia tarsi brownish-yellowish; femora dark and abdomen black (Shah, 1985, Kuznetsov, 1997, Hayat, 2002).
Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab short, highly thick, expanded distally with deeply concaved apex. Basal piece large, oblong. Parameres slightly shorter than median lobe, moderately thick, slightly compressed at base with tips rounded and provided with short hairs on apex and dorsal side.
Remarks: Like other areas of the country, this species is also widely distributed in the study area. According to Kapur (1958, 1963) variation in body size is related with altitude of the habitat.
Host: It feeds on aphids, scale insects and mites.
Habitat: It is widely distributed in cultivated crops, fodders, fruit trees and wild vegetation.
80 Local Distribution: Astore, Basin nala, Dassu, Gas das, Goharabad, Golapur, Gulmit, Jaglot, Karimabad, Kitch, Rakaposhi
World Distribution: India, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tibet, Mongolia,
China, Northern and eastern Africa.
Genus: Oenopia Mulsant, 1850
1850 Oenopia: Mulsant, M.E. Spec. Coleopt. Trimeres securipalpes, 2 (2): 374
1866 Oenopia: Mulsant, M.E. Monographie des Coccinellides. 1. Coccinelliens. Paris. 279
1874 Oenopia: Crotch, G.R. A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae, E. W. Janson, London. 158
1899 Synharmonia: Ganglbauer, L. Die Kafer von Mitteleuropa. 3. Familienreihe Staphylinoidea, 2. Theil: Familienreihe Clavicornia. 33. Family Coccinellidae. Wien. 994 [as Coccinella (Synharmonia)]. (Type species: Coccinella conglobata Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation of Chapin, 1965, synonymised by Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1979)
1916 Oenopia: Jacobson, T.G. The beetles of Russia and Western Europe. St. Petersburg. 988
1932 Synharmonia: Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Berlin. 440
1943 Gyrocaria: Timberlake, P.H. The Coccinellidae or lady beetles of the Koebele collection-Part I. Hawaiian Planters. Record. 47: 39 (Type species Gyrocaria guttata (Black-burn), by primary designation)
1943 Protocaria: Timberlake, P.H. The Coccinellidae or lady beetles of the Koebele collection-Part I. Hawaiian Planters. Record. 47: 28 (Type species: Protocaria scalaris Timberlake, 1943, by original designation. Synonymised by Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1979)
1954 Synharmonia: Djadechko, N.P. The Coccinellidae of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Kiev. 134
1963 Pseudoharmonia: Savojskaja, G.I. The larvae of the Coccinellidae genera Semiadalia Crotch, Hippodamia Muls., Adonia Muls., Anisosticta Dup. (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae). Trudy Instituta Zoologii
81 Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR 21: 37 (type species Pseudoharmonia montana Savojskaja)
1971 Synharmonia: Sasaji, H. Fauna Japonica. Coccinellidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Academic Press of Japan, Tokyo. 258
1979 Oenopia: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M.. Genera der Paläarktischen Coccinellini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Entomologische Blätter für Biologie und Systematik der Käfer. 75 (1-2): 69
1982 Oenopia: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Les Coccinelles Coléoptères- Coccinellidae Tribu Coccinellini des regions Palearctique et Orientale. Boubée, Paris. 398
1982 Paramulsantina: Hoang, D.N. A new genus and some new species of subfamily Coccinellinae, (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from Vietnam. Tap chi Sinh Vat Hoc, 4 (3): 10 (Type species Paramulsantina gratiosa Hoang, 1982, by original designation. Synonymised by Jadwiszczak and Pokojowczyk, 1990)
1983 Pseudoharmonia: Savoiskaja, G.I. The Coccinellidae Taxonomy, employment in controlling agricultural pests. Alma-Ata. 93
1983 Synharmonia: Savoiskaja, G.I. The Coccinellidae Taxonomy, employment in controlling agricultural pests. Alma-Ata. 98
1992 Synharmonia: Kuznetsov, V.N. The Coccinellidae family – lady beetles. Opredelitel nasekomyh Dalnego Vostoka SSSR. 3. Zhestkokrylyje ili zhuki. Part 2. St-Petersburg. 368
1996 Oenopia: Vandenberg, N. Notes on Oenopia Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 98 (3): 385 (Type species: Oenopia cinctella Mulsant, by subsequent designation of Sicard, 1907) (Korschefsky [1932] wrongly designated Oenopia (Aza) kirbyi Mulsant, 1850 as type).
Type species: Oenopia kirbyi Mulsant, 1850, by primary designation
16. Oenopia conglobata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Plate 16)
1758 Coccinella conglobata: Linnaeus, C. Systema Naturae, 10th edition. Stockholm. 366
1850 Oenopia: Mulsant, M.E. Spec. Coleopt. Trimeres securipalpes, 2 (2): 374, 420
82 1866 Oenopia: Mulsant, M.E. Monographie des Coccinellides. 1. Coccinelliens. Paris. 279
1874 Propylea conglobata: Crotch, G.R. A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae, E. W. Janson, London. 158
1899 Synharmonia conglobata: Ganglbauer, L. Die Kafer von Mitteleuropa. 3. Familienreihe Staphylinoidea, 2. Theil: Familienreihe Clavicornia. 33. Family Coccinellidae. Wien. 994 [as Coccinella (Synharmonia)] (Type species: Coccinella conglobata Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation of Chapin, 1965, synonymised by Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1979)
1931 Synharmonia conglobata: Mader, L. Evidenz der paläarktischen Coccinelliden und ihrer aberrationen in Wort und Bild, I-Teil. Epilachnini, Coccinellini, Halyziini und Synonychini. Zeitschrift des Vereins der Naturbeobachter und Sammler, Wien. 6: 200
1932 Oenopia conglobata: Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Berlin. 287
1943 Protocaria conglobata: Timberlake, P.H. The Coccinellidae or lady beetles of the Koebele collection-Part I. Hawaiian Planters. Record. 47: 28 (Type species: Protocaria scalaris Timberlake, 1943, by original designation, synonymised by Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1979)
1943 Gyrocaria conglobata: Timberlake, P.H. The Coccinellidae or lady beetles of the Koebele collection-Part I. Hawaiian Planters. Record. 47: 39
1943 Oenopia conglobata: Timberlake, P.H. The Coccinellidae or lady beetles of the Koebele collection-Part I. Hawaiian Planters. Record. 47: 56
1949 Harmonia conglobata: Dauguet, P. Les Coccinellini de France. Paris. 34
1963 Pseudoharmonia conglobata: Savojskaja, G.I. The larvae of the Coccinellidae genera Semiadalia Crotch, Hippodamia Muls., Adonia Muls., Anisosticta Dup. (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae). Trudy Instituta Zoologii Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR 21: 37
1964 Gyrocaria conglobata: Bielawski, R. Die Arten der Gattung Gyrocaria Timberlake (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Bulletin de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences, Cl.II, Serie des Sciences Biologiques. 12 (2): 83. (Type species: Coelophora guttata Blackburn, by original designation, synonymised by IablokoffKhnzorian, 1979: 69)
83 1979 Oenopia conglobata: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Genera der Paläarktischen Coccinellini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Entomologische Blätter für Biologie und Systematik der Käfer. 75 (1- 2): 69
1982 Oenopia conglobata: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Les Coccinelles Coléoptères-Coccinellidae Tribu Coccinellini des region’s Palearctique et Orientale. Boubée, Paris. 398
1982 Paramulsantina conglobata: Hoang, D.N. A new genus and some new species of subfamily Coccinellinae, (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from Vietnam. Tap chi Sinh Vat Hoc, 4 (3): 10 (Type species Paramulsantina gratiosa Hoang, 1982, by original designation, synonymised by Jadwiszczak and Pokojowczyk, 1990)
1996 Oenopia conglobata: Vandenberg, N. Notes on Oenopia Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 98 (3): 385
1997 Oenopia conglobata: Kuznetsov, V.N. Lady Beetles of the Russian Far East. Memoir No. 1, Center for Systematic Entomology. 187
Type species: Oenopia cinctella Mulsant, by subsequent designation of Sicard, 1907 (Korschefsky [1932] wrongly designated Oenopia (Aza) kirbyi Mulsant, 1850 as type).
Material Examined: 2 ♂1 ♀ Pak. GB, Goharabad, 5. vi. 2007 (M. Ashfaque)
(NIM); 2 ♂ Pak., GB, Diamer, Goharabad, 5. vi. 2007 (Falak Naz) (NIM); 3 ♂
2 ♀ Pak. GB, Goharabad, 15. vii. 2008 ((M. Ashfaque) (NIM).
Diagnosis: Body oblong-oval, weakly convex, coarsely punctate. Head transverse, yellow with black spots on vertex. Eyes small, convex, finely facetted. Antennae yellow, thin, with distinct club. Mouth parts yellowish brown. Pronotum yellow, usually with seven black spots, four of which form a semicircle, one each located at middle of base and lateral parts. Scutellum small and black. Elytra pale-yellow with black suture, 8 rectangular dark spots. Prosternum black, shiny, moderately convex at middle with 2
84 longitudinal carinae, not reaching anterior margin. Legs yellow to nearly black in darker specimens. Abdomen black; males with apex of sternite V excavated.
Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab; moderate in size, cylindrical, apically broad.
Basal piece highly oblong. Parameres moderate in size, medially constricted, apically broad turning inside. Median lobe short thick for most of its length.
Subapical portion constricted. Tip deeply concave. Siphonal capsule; outer arm straight, inner arm curved, tube thick broadly curved at base then straight up to subapical portion. Sub-apex abruptly narrow making needle like structure.
Remarks: Kuznetsov (1997) reported this species from Russia. Rafi et al.
(2005) also reported this species from Chitral and Rawalakot as new record for Pakistan. Shunxiang and Xingmin (2009) reported this species from
China with male genitalia illustrations. In the study area, this species was recorded only from Diamer which is comparatively warmer area of the region.
Host: It is a general predator of aphids, scale insects and mites.
Habitat: It is found in cultivated crops, forests, fruit orchards and on wild vegetation.
Local Distribution: Goharabad, Diamer
World Distribution: Russia, Central Asia, Siberia, Ukraine, Northern China,
Mongolia, Western Europe, North Africa and North America
85 17. Oenopia oncina (Olivier, 1808) (Plate 17)
Material Examined: 1 ♂ Pak. GB, Passu, 3. iii. 2003, (Ather) (NIM); 1 ♂
Pak. GB, Passu, 23. iii. 2003, (Amir) (NIM); 2 ♂ 1 ♀ Pak. GB, Basin Nala, 12. vi. 2006 (M. Ashfaque) (NIM); 3 ♂ 4 ♀ Pak. GB, Astore, 18. vi. 2007 (Ashraf)
(NIM); 1 ♂ Pak. GB, Goharabad, 15. vii. 2008 ((M. Ashfaque) (NIM).
Diagnosis: Body small to medium size, ground colour blackish. Head yellowish brown and visible from above. Pronotum with two prominent yellowish spots on lateral side. Elytra black, each with six yellow spots, four spots located along sutural line are circular; two along outer margin are elongated, inner spot more longer than posterior one.
Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab short, basally very thin, slightly curved. Basal piece oblong. Parameres thick, distally flattened and curved inside, dorsally provided with sparse hairs, distally with dense long hairs. Median very broad, tapering little beyond middle towards apex, tip broad and slightly notched.
Siphon: Capsule large, asymmetrical, outer arm large and elongated, inner arm short and curved. Tube thick up to half of its length, broadly curved, gradually diminishing in thickness in apical half, tip branched in four processes, outer process with long needle like structure.
Remarks: This is new record for the study area as well as from Pakistan.
Previously, this species is only recorded by Pour and Shakarami (2011) from
Khorramabad district of Iran.
86 Host: It feeds on aphids and scale insects.
Habitat: It is quite abundant species in cropped land habitats.
Local Distribution: Astore, Basin nala (Diamer), Goharabad (Diamer).
World Distribution: Iran
18. Oenopia sauzeti Mulstant, 1866 (Plate 18)
1866 Oenopia sauzeti: Mulsant, M.E. Monographie des Coccinellides. 1. Coccinelliens. Paris. 281
1874 Oenopia sauzeti: Crotch, G.R. A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae, E. W. Janson, London. 158
1932 Oenopia sauzeti: Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Berlin. 288
1958 Oenopia sauzeti: Kapur, A.P. Coccinellidae of Nepal. Records of the Indian Museum, 53: 331
1963 Oenopia sauzeti: Kapur, A.P. The Coccinellidae of the third Mount Everest expedition, 1924 (Coleoptera). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology. 14:27
1967 Gyrocaria sauzeti: Miyatake, M. Notes on some Coccinellidae from Nepal and Darjeeling district of India (Coleoptera). Transactions of the Shikoku Entomological Society. 9: 76
1972 Oenopia sauzeti: Bielawski, R. Die Marienkäfer (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) aus Nepal. Fragmenta Faunistica, 18: 302
1979 Oenopia sauzeti: Bielawski, R. Ergebnisse der Bhutan-Expedition 1972 des Naturhistorischen Museums in Basel. Coleoptera: Fam. Coccinellidae. Entomologica Basiliensia, 4: 117
1985 Gyrocaria sauzeti: Miyatake, M. Coccinellidae collected by the Hokkaido University Expedition to Nepal Himalaya, 1968 (Coleoptera). Insecta Matsumurana (New Series), 30: 15
87 1987 Oenopia sauzeti: Gordon, R.D. A catalogue of the Crotch collection of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology, 3: 19
Material Examined: 1 ♂ Pak. Islamabad, NARC, 12. iii. 2002 (M.A. Rafi)
(NIM); 2 ♀ Pak. AJK, Muzzafarabad, 17. iv. 2002 (Aftab) (NIM); 3 ♂ 1 ♀ Pak.
GB, Somer Nala, 12. vi. 2006 (M. Ashfaque) (NIM); 1 ♂ 4 ♀ Pak. GB, Sost,
16. vi. 2007 (Ashraf) (NIM); 1 ♂ 1 ♀ Pak. GB, Skardu, 22. vi. 2008 (A.
Shehzad) (NIM).
Diagnosis: Body brownish black from below, nearly rounded, elongate, strongly convex and finely pitted. Head black. Pronotum black with yellowish spots. Pronotum is loosely attached with the body. Head medium in size; broader than long; deeply inserted and eyes small. Elytra light yellowish-white with brownish-black spots. The spots are quite large and rounded, six in number, two complete on each elytron and two on the mid dorsal line of junction of the elytra. The two central spots are connected by band of the same colour to one another. Antennae 11 segmented. Basal segment is longer and broader than second segment. Basal segment provided with a lobe like thickening distally. Second segment is slightly longer and much wider than the third segment. Maxillary palpi 4 segmented. Terminal segment is broader and larger than other segments. Labial palpi 3 segmented. Basal segment small and 1/3 of the 2nd segment. Tarsi 4 segmented.
Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab; long slightly curved inward. Basal piece oblong.
Parameres; long, basal portion broad curved inward at middle. Median lobe; thick short, subapical portion broad curved inward at middle. Dorsal side
88 subapical portion provided with long hairs. Median lobe thick short subapical portion abruptly narrow. Apex curved inward. Siphonal capsule asymmetrical triangular in shape. Outer arm longer than the inner arm, siphonal tube deeply curved at base terminated in transparent structure. Siphonal tube semicircular broad, tip having constrictions.
Remarks: Rafi et al., (2005) recorded it from Northern Pakistan and Azad
Jammu Kashmir. According to the Zoological Survey of India this species was reported from Murree and Dalhousie Hills (Punjab), Kumaun Hills (U. P)
Sikkim and Darjeeling District (Northern Bengal). In this species, colour pattern does not appear to be very variable (Kapur 1958). This species is closely resemble to O. mimica and has been synonomized by Iabrokoff-
Khnzorian (1979). However, Miyatake (1985) separated these species from each other on the basis of body size, elytral and pronotal markings, anterior distal parts and male genitalia.
Host: It is a general predator and feeds on mites, aphids, scale insects and other small insects.
Habitat: It is quite abundant species and was collected from diverse habitats.
It can found in cropped land areas, forests, fruit orchards and on wild vegetation.
Local Distribution: Somer nala, Skardu, Sost
89 World Distribution: India, Himalayas, Bhutan, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar,
Thailand, China
Genus: Propylea Mulsant, 1846
1846 Propylea: Mulsant, M.E. Securipalpes. Histoire Naturelle des Coleopteres de France, Paris. 4: 147; 152 (Type species: Coccinella quatuordecimpunctata Linnaeus, 1758, by monotypy)
1850 Oenopia (Pania): Mulsant, M.E. E. Species des Coléoptères trimères sécuripalpes. Annales des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, d’Agriculture et d’Industrie, Lyon. 2: 420 (Type species: Oenopia (Pania) luteopustulata Mulsant, by subsequent designation of Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1979)
1916 Propylaea: Jacobson, G.G. Die Käfer Russlands und Westeuropas. Ein Handbuch zum Bestimmen der Käfer. Petrograd. 986
1932 Propylaea: Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Berlin. 530
1971 Propylea: Sasaji, H. Fauna Japonica. Coccinellidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Academic Press of Japan, Tokyo. 261
1979 Pania: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Genera der Paläarktischen Coccinellini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Entomologische Blätter für Biologie und Systematik der Käfer. 75 (1-2): 58
1982 Pania: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Les Coccinelles Coléoptères- Coccinellidae Tribu Coccinellini des region’s Palearctique et Orientale. Boubée, Paris. 121
1982 Propylea: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Les Coccinelles Coléoptères- Coccinellidae Tribu Coccinellini des region’s Palearctique et Orientale. Boubée, Paris. 164
1984 Propylea: Bielawski, R. Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of Mongolia. Annals zoologica. Warsaw. 444
1991 Propylea: Vandenberg, N. and Gordon, R.D. Farewell to Pania Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): a new synonym of Propylea Mulsant. Coccinella. 3: 32.
90 19. Propylea dissecta (Mulsant, 1850)
(Plate 19)
1850 Lemnia (Vola) dissecta: Mulsant, M.E. Species des Coléoptères trimères sécuripalpes. Annales des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, d’Agriculture et d’Industrie, Lyon, (2) 2: 377 (Reiche/Westermann coll.)
1853 Lemnia mystacea: Mulsant, M.E. Supplement a la monographie des Coléoptères trimères sécuripalpes. Opuscules Entomologiques, 3: 50- 51
1866 Harmonia feliciae: Mulsant, M.E. Monographie des Coccinellides. 1. Coccinelliens. Paris. 57
1866 Lemnia dissecta: Mulsant, M.E. Monographie des Coccinellides. 1. Coccinelliens. Paris. 249.
1874 Propylea dissecta: Crotch, G.R. A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae, E. W. Janson, London.158
1932 Propylea japonica ab. dissecta: Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. Berlin, 531
1985 Propylea dissecta: Miyatake, M. Coccinellidae collected by the Hokkaido University Expedition to Nepal Himalaya, 1968 (Coleoptera). Insecta Matsumurana (New Series), 30: 15
1986 Propylaea fallax: Canepari, C. Su alcuni Coccinellidi dell’India e Nepal settentrionale del Museo di Storia Naturale di Ginevra (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 93 (1): 28
1977 Propylaea fallax: Yablokov-Khnzoryan, S.M. A new species of ladybeetle from India (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Doklady Akademii Nauk Armyanskoi SSR, 64 (1): 61
1982 Propylaea fallax: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Les Coccinelles Coléoptères-Coccinellidae Tribu Coccinellini des region’s Palearctique et Orientale. Boubée, Paris. 171
1997 Propylea dissecta: Canepari, C. Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) from the Nepal Himalayas. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie A (Biologie), 565 (65): 48
91 Material Examined: 1 ♂ 1 ♀ Pak. Punjab, Changamanga, 29. iv. 2001
(Falak Naz) (NIM); 1 ♀ Pak. KP, Chitral, Bhimber, 16. v. 2001 (Arif) (NIM); 2
♂ Pak. KP, Chitral, Bhimber, 20. v. 2001 (M.A. Rafi) (NIM); 1 ♀ Pak. Punjab,
Rawalpindi, 15. x. 2001 (Falak Naz) (NIM); 1 ♂ 2 ♀ Pak. GB, Skardu,
Gorikot, 23. vi. 2007 (Khalid) (NIM).
Diagnosis: Body black from below, oval, moderately convex. Head brown, pronotum and scutellum black. Antennae short. Eyes small, finely facetted.
Body brownish with four black spots, two on each elytron, one anteriorly and one posteriorly. Mid dorsal line of junction of elytra black (Hayat, 2002).
Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab long and thin. Basal piece oblong. Parameres longer than median lobe, moderately thick, slightly expanded at apex and provided with dense hairs on apical portion. Median lobe equally thick for most of its length except apex with rounded tip.
Remarks: Mulsant reported this species three times from India as three distinct species as given in the above synonymy, however, Crotch (1874) synonomized these three species and stated that they are merely different forms of P. dissecta. Weise (1892) treated the forms dissecta and feliciae as aberrations of Halyzia (=Propylea) japonica (Thunberg, 1781). Korschefsky,
(1932) and other authors followed Weise opinion due to strong similarity in genitalia. However, Miyatake (1985) rejected Weise opinion and stated that these forms are quite different Japanese species P. japonica, and all belong to the feliciae-type of P. dissecta.
92 Host: It is a general predator and can found feeding on aphids, whiteflies and scale insects.
Habitat: It occurs in low numbers in cropped land habitats.
Local Distribution: Gorikot, Astore
World Distribution: Bangladesh, India, Nepal
20. Propylea japonica (Thunberg, 1781) (Plate 20)
1781 Coccinella japonica: Thunberg, C.P. Dissertatio Entomologica. Novas insectorum Species sistens, pars 1. 12
1843 Coccinella tetraspilota: Hope, F.W. On the Entomology of China, with descriptions of the new species sent to England by Dr. Cantor from Chusan and Canton. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. 4: 64
1873 Coccinella japonica: Lewis, G. Notes on Japanese Coccinellidae. Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine, 10: 55
1896 Propylea japonica: Lewis, G. On the Coccinellidae of Japan. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (6)17: 22-41
1926 Propylea japonica: Mader, L. Evidenz der paläarktischen Coccinelliden und ihrer aberrationen in Wort und Bild, I-Teil. Epilachnini, Coccinellini, Halyziini und Synonychini. Zeitschrift des Vereins der Naturbeobachter und Sammler, Wien. 1: 262
1943 Propylea quatuordecimpunctata japonica: Timberlake, P.H. The Coccinellidae or lady beetles of the Koebele collection-Part I. Hawaiian Planters. Record. 47: 28
1965 Propylea japonica: Kamiya, H. A revision of the tribe Coccinellini of Japan and the Ryukyus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Memoirs of the Faculty of Liberal Arts, Fukui University, Series II. Natural Sciences, 15: 44-46
1971 Propylea japonica: Sasaji, H. Fauna Japonica. Coccinellidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Academic Press of Japan, Tokyo. 262
93 1983 Coccinella japonica: Kuznetsov, V.N. and Semjanov, V.P. Ecologo- faunistic survey of the Coccinellidae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the island of Sakhalin. Sistematika I ecologo-faunisticheskii obzor otdelnyh otrajadov nasekomyh Dalnego Vostoka. Vladivostok. 9
1983 Coccinella japonica: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Survey of the family of the Coccinellidae beetles of the USSR fauna (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Zoologicheskyi sbornik. Erevan. 19: 108
1983 Coccinella japonica: Hoang, D.N. Coccinellidae of Vietnam. Part. 2. Nha zuat ban khoa hoc va ky thuat, Hanoi. 48
1984 Propylea japonica: Kuznetsov, V.N. Ecologo-faunistic survey of the Coccinelldae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Far East (pests and entomophages). Vladivostok. 29
1987 Propylea japonica: Pope, R.D. The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) described by C. P. Thunberg. Entomologica Scandinavica, 18 (1): 58
1989 Propylea japonica: Booth, R.G. and Pope, R.D. A review of the type material of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) described by F.W. Pope and by E. Mulsant in the Hope Entomological Collections, Oxford. Entomologica Scandinavica, 20 (3):1989. 366 (synonymised and lactotype designed).
1992 Propylea japonica: Kuznetsov, V.N. The Coccinellidae family – lady beetles. Opredelitel nasekomyh Dalnego Vostoka SSSR. 3. Zhestkokrylyje ili zhuki. Part 2. St-Petersburg. 368
Material Examined: 1 ♀ Pak. GB, Gilgit, 3. iii. 2002 (Israr Ahmad) (NIM); 1
♂ Pak. GB, Diamer, Chilas, 3. x. 2003 (M.A. Rafi) (NIM); 1 ♂ 1 ♀ Pak. GB,
Diamer, Jaglot, 3. x. 2003 (M.A. Rafi) (NIM).
Diagnosis: Body small to medium size, slightly elongate, oval. Head half of pronotal width, not visible from above. Pronotum pale yellow with six irregular black spots, some touching each other. Scutellum black and distinct, transverse or triangular. Elytral colouration highly variable, sometime pale yellow with 2 black spots on each elytron and black parasutural stripe. Mostly
94 elytral spots more in numbers and linked together forming anchor-like ornament. Epipleura developed and pale-yellow.
Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab long, slightly thick distally. Basal piece short, rectangular. Parameres slightly longer than median lobe, thickness uniform, slightly depressed and curved at middle, tip rounded provided with dense medium size hairs. Median lobe thick, broad, gradually diminishing in thickness towards apex, apex slightly pointed and curved.
Remarks: This species is highly variable in elytral punctation. Most common is having elytral spots mingling into anchor like ornament while some have only two black elytral spots along with parasutural line. The arrangement of elytral spots into anchor like ornament and its ground colour confuse the species with P. quatrodecipunctata. However, both can be separated by male genitalia study. In the collection of National Insect Museum, Islamabad, a specimen under P. quatrodecipunctata when examined by its genetalia study, was actually P. japonica. P. japonica is more common than P. quatrodecipunctata.
Host: It is a general predator and can found feeding on aphids, whiteflies and scale insects.
Habitat: It occurs in low numbers in cropped land habitats and can be found in maize and potato fields and on wild vegetation.
Local Distribution: Gitch, Ghizer and Chilas, Diamer
95 World Distribution: China, India, Japan, Korea, Taiwan
21. Propylea quaturodecimpunctata (Linnaeus, 1758)
(Plate 21)
1758 Coccinella 14-punctata: Linnaeus, C. Systema Naturae, 10th edition. Stockholm. 366
1846 Propylea quatuordecimpunctata: Mulsant, M.E. Securipalpes. Histoire Naturelle des Coleopteres de France, Paris. 4: 152
1926 Propylaea quatuordecimpunctata: Mader, L. Evidenz der paläarktischen Coccinelliden und ihrer aberrationen in Wort und Bild, I-Teil. Epilachnini, Coccinellini, Halyziini und Synonychini. Zeitschrift des Vereins der Naturbeobachter und Sammler, Wien. 1: 253
1933 Propylaea quatuordecimpunctata: Mader, L. Evidenz der paläarktischen Coccinelliden und ihrer aberrationen in Wort und Bild, I-Teil. Epilachnini, Coccinellini, Halyziini und Synonychini. Zeitschrift des Vereins der Naturbeobachter und Sammler, Wien. 8: 253-262
1954 Propylaea quatuordecimpunctata: Djadechko, N.P. The Coccinellidae of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Kiev. 142
1965 Propylaea quatuordecimpunctata: Kamiya, H. A revision of the tribe Coccinellini of Japan and the Ryukyus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Memoirs of the Faculty of Liberal Arts, Fukui University, Series II. Natural Sciences. 15: 46
1971 Propylaea quatuordecimpunctata: Sasaji, H. Fauna Japonica. Coccinellidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Academic Press of Japan, Tokyo. 264
1975 Propylea quatuordecimpunctata: Sasaji, H., Tahara, R. and Saito, M. Reproductive isolation and species specificity in two lady birds of the genus Propylea (Coleoptera). Memoirs of the Faculty of Education, Fukui University, Series II (N.S.), 25 (3): 13-34
1982 Propylea quatuordecimpunctata: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Les Coccinelles Coléoptères-Coccinellidae Tribu Coccinellini des region’s Palearctique et Orientale. Boubée, Paris. 108
96 Material Examined: 2 ♂ 3 ♀ Pak. GB, Gilgit, Jaglot, 3. x. 2003 (M.A. Rafi)
(NIM); 4 ♂ 1 ♀ Pak., GB, Gilgit, Jaglot, 7. vi. 2007 (Israr) (NIM).
Diagnosis: Body medium, slightly elongate and oval, finely punctuate. Head mostly yellow with black spots, sometime black. Pronotum deeply excavated for eyes, laterally narrowed, medially wide. Scutellum small and black. Elytra yellow with seven black spots on each elytron with a black strip, spots obsolete, mostly confluent forming rectangular or anchor like figure.
Sometimes spots obsolete.
Genitalia: Siphon: Siphonal capsule normal, symmetrical presenting “Y” shape, both arms equal in length, outer arm relatively thick than inner arm, inner arm slightly curved towards tube. Tube abruptly bent at base, slightly curved before middle, then straight up to apex, long, moderately thick for most of its length, provided with a longitudinal membrane dorsally after middle portion, depressed at sub-apical portion, tip straight and notched.
Remarks: Polymorphism is common in this species. The most common morph is having elytral spots mingling into anchor like ornament while some have only two black elytral spots along with parasutural line. The arrangement of elytral spots into anchor like ornament and its ground colour confuse the species with P. japonica, however, both can be separated by male genitalia study.
Host: It feeds on aphids.
97 Habitat: It occurs in low numbers in cropped land habitats.
Local Distribution: Jaglot (Gilgit)
World Distribution: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Japan, China, Europe,
North America
Genus: Macroilleis Miyatake, 1965
1965 Macroilleis: Miyatake, M. Some Coccinellidae (excluding Scymnini) of Formosa (Coleoptera). Special Bulletin of the Lepidopterists’ Society of Japan. 1: 71
Type species: Halyzia hauseri Mader, 1930, by original designation.
22. Macroilleis hauseri (Mader, 1930) (Plate 22)
1930 Halyzia hauseri: Mader, L. Evidenz der paläarktischen Coccinelliden und ihrer aberrationen in Wort und Bild, I-Teil. Epilachnini, Coccinellini, Halyziini und Synonychini. Zeitschrift des Vereins der Naturbeobachter und Sammler, Wien. 5: 162
1965 Macroilleis hauseri: Miyatake, M. Some Coccinellidae (excluding Scymnini) of Formosa (Coleoptera). Special Bulletin of the Lepidopterists’ Society of Japan. 1: 71
Material Examined: 1 ♂ Pak. KP. Chitral, 26. vi. 2001 (Sardar) (NIM); 1 ♂
Pak. Punjab, Murree, 1. viii. 2001 (M.A. Rafi) (NIM); 3 ♂ 2 ♀ Pak. AJK,
Rawalkot, 18. v. 2007 (Amjad Bokhari) (NIM); 1 ♂ 3 ♀ Pak. AJK, Rawalakot,
Binjosa, 17. v. 2007 (Amir) (NIM); 2 ♂ 3 ♀ Pak., GB, Skardu, Shigar, 16. vi.
2008 (M. Ashfaque) (NIM); 5 ♂ 3 ♀ Pak. AJK, Kotli, Phagwari, 23. vi. 2008
(Ishaque and A. Zia) (NIM).
98 Diagnosis: Body large, flattened, ground colour pale yellowish. Head visible from above, eyes prominent and black. Pronotum brown-yellowish, spotless.
Elytra pale yellow, each with two longitudinal grayish stripes connecting each other anteriorly and posteriorly.
Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab long and curved with expanded apex. Basal piece pyramid-shaped. Parameres thick, straight, slightly shorter than median lobe, tips rounded and provided with long dense hairs. Median lobe thick at base, gradually tapering towards apex, apex curved inward with pointed tip.
Remarks: Khan et al. (2006) reported this species from Chitral as a predator on the San Jose scale, (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comstock), which according to Li et al. (2010) is not correct as M. hauseri is fungus feeding beetle. They further stated that it is quite possible that the ladybeetle was actually feeding on sooty mould fungi growing on the honeydew produced by the scale.
Host: It is mycophagous.
Habitat: It occurs in low numbers in fruit orchards and on isolated fruit trees.
Local Distribution: Goharabad, Diamer and Jaglot, Gilgit
World Distribution: India, Bhutan, China, Taiwan
Subfamily: Epilachninae Mulsant, 1846
1846 Epilachniens: Mulsant, M.E. Securipalpes. Histoire Naturelle des Coleopteres de France, Paris. 4: 190 (Type genus Epilachna Chevrolat in Dejean, 1837)
99 1850 Chnootribaires: Mulsant, M.E. Spec. Coleopt. Trimeres securipalpes, 2 (2): 697 (Type genus Chnoortriba Chevrolat in Dejean, 1837)
1899 Epilachniens: Ganglbauer, L. Die Kafer von Mitteleuropa. 3. Familienreihe Staphylinoidea, 2. Theil: Familienreihe Clavicornia. 33. Family Coccinellidae. Wien. 947
1916 Subcoccinellini: Jacobson, T.G. The beetles of Russia and Western Europe. St. Petersburg. 968
1920 Epilachninae: Leng, C.W. Catalogue of the Coleoptera of America, north of Mexico. Mount Vernon. New York. 217
1924 Epilachninae: Mader, L. Bestimmungs-Tabellender europäischen Coleopteren. 94. Heft. Coccinellidae, Tribus Scymnini. Troppau. 6
1931 Epilachninae: Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 118. Coccinellidae I. Berlin. 16
1954 Epilachninae: Djadechko, N.P. The Coccinellidae of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Kiev. 47
1971 Epilachninae: Sasaji, H. Fauna Japonica. Coccinellidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Academic Press of Japan, Tokyo. 307
1974 Epilachninae: Chapin, E.A. The Coccineliidae of Louisiana (Insecta: Coleoptera). Louisiana State University Experimental Station Bulletin No. 682. 71
1979 Epilachninae: Pang, X.F. and Mao, J.L. Coleoptera: Coccinellidae, II. Khongguo Jingi Kunchang Zhi, 14: 103
1980 Epilachnini: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. The Coccinellidae of the tribe Epilachnini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the USSR fauna I. Entomologicheskoje obozrenie. 59(3): 297
1983 Epilachninae: Savoiskaja, G.I. The Coccinellidae Taxonomy, employment in controlling agricultural pests. Alma-Ata. 103
1985 Epilachninae: Gordon, R.D. The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America north of Mexico. Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 93(1): 862
1992 Epilachninae: Kuznetsov, V.N. The Coccinellidae family – lady beetles. Opredelitel nasekomyh Dalnego Vostoka SSSR. 3. Zhestkokrylyje ili zhuki. Part 2. St-Petersburg. 374
100 Diagnosis
Body medium to large, dorsally convex, pubescent, punctuated with mostly uneven pattern. Antennae 11-segmented, inserted between anterior margins of compound eyes. Mandibles broad, toothless at base, apex with several sharp teeth. Maxillary palpi densely pubescent. Pronotum strongly transverse, oval with deeply excavated anterior margin. Epipleura developed, horizontal, without (rarely with) grooves for reception of tips of femora. Tarsi cryptotetrameous, tarsal claw bifid. Abdomen with 6 visible sternite.
Abdominal or coxal lines present, complete or sub-complete.
Key to the genera of subfamily Epilachninae of Gilgit- Baltistan
1. Sixth visible abdominal sternite of female longitudinally split; yellowish
setae on upper side of median lobe in male
genitalia…………………………………………………. Henosepilachna
1’. Sixth visible abdominal sternite of female entire; no yellowish setae on
upper side of median lobe in male
genitalia…………………………………………………………. Afidentula
Genus: Henosepilachna Li, 1961
1961 Henosepilachna: Li, C.S. and Cook, E.F. The Epilachninae of Taiwan (Col.: Coccinellidae). Pacific Insects 3 (1): 35
1964 Henosepilachna (Elateria): Fürsch. Die Arten der Verwandtschaftsgruppe Henosepilachna elaterii (Rossi) (= E. chrysomelina auct.) (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae). Reichenbachia, Dresden. 3 (16): 182 (Type species Coccinella elaterii Rossi, 1794, by original designation)
101 1965 Henosepilachna: Bielawiski, R. A review of the Philippine species of the genus Henosepilachna Li et Cook (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Polskei Pismo Entomologiczne, Wroclaw. 35 (17): 535
1967 Epilachna: Kapur, A.P. Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India. 32 (3-4): 152.
1971 Henosepilachna: Sasaji, H. Fauna Japonica. Coccinellidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Academic Press of Japan, Tokyo. 307
1977 Henosepilachna: Hoang, D.N. Revue d’ Entologie de1’ URSS, 27 (4): 327 (Type species: Coccinella sparsa Herbst, 1786 (Coccinella vigintioctopunctata Fabricius, 1775) by original designation)
1979 Henosepilachna: Pang X.F. and Mao, J.L. Coleoptera: Coccinellidae, II. Khongguo Jingi Kunchang Zhi, 14: 107
1983 Epilachna: Richards, A.M. The Epilachna vigintioctopunctata complex (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). International Journal of Entomology25 (1): 14
1993 Henosepilachna: Li, J. Review of the Australian Epilachninae (Coleoptera: Epilachninae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society. 32: 210
Type species: Coccinella sparsa Herbst, 1786 (=Coccinella vigintioctopunctata Fabricius, 1775), by original designation
23. Henospilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius, 1775) (Plate 23)
1775 Coccinella 28-punctata: Fabricius, J.Ch. Systema Entomologiae, sistens Insectorum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, adiectis Synonymis, Locis, Descriptionibus, Observationibus. Officiana Libraria Kortii, Flensburgi et Lipsiae. 84
1775 Coccinella chrysomelina: Fabricius, J.Ch. Systema Entomologiae, sistens Insectorum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, adiectis Synonymis, Locis, Descriptionibus, Observationibus. Officiana Libraria Kortii, Flensburgi et Lipsiae. 82.
1786 Coccinella sparsa: Herbst, J.F.W. Erste Mantisse zum Verzeichniß der ersten Klasse meiner Insektensammlung. Archiv der Insectengeschichte, Zurich and Winterthur. 6: 160
102 1835 Coccinella pardalis: Boisduval, J.B.A. Voyage de Decouvertes de l’Astrolabe. Execute par ordre du Roi, Pendant les Annees 1826- 1827-1828-1829, sous le Commandement de M. J. Dumont d’Urville. J. Tastu, Paris: 596
1850 Epilachna dodecastigma: Mulsant, M.E. Spec. Coleopt. Trimeres securipalpes, 2 (2): 789.
1850 Epilachna territa: Mulsant, M.E. Spec. Coleopt. Trimeres securipalpes, 2 (2): 787 (synonymised by Richard, 1983)
1850 Epilachna gradaria: Mulsant, M.E. Spec. Coleopt. Trimeres securipalpes, 2 (2): 789-791.
1850 Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius): Mulsant, M.E. Spec. Coleopt. Trimeres securipalpes, 2 (2): 834
1931 Epilachna vigintioctopunctata: Korschefky, R. Coleopterum Catalogus, Part 118: 26
1967 Epilachna vigintioctopunctata: Kapur, A.P. Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India, 32 (3-4): 152
1983 Epilachna vigintioctopunctata: Richards, A.M. Int. J. Enotomol, 25: 15.
1850 Epilachna pardalis (Boisduval): Mulsant, M.E. Spec. Coleopt. Trimeres securipalpes, 2 (2): 840.
1850 Epilachna territa var. indocilis: Mulsant, M.E.. Spec. Coleopt. Trimeres securipalpes: 788. (Synonymised by Richards, 1983).
1850 Epilachna gradaria var. addita: Mulsant, M.E. Spec. Coleopt. Trimeres securipalpes: 791 (synonymised by Richards, 1983).
1850 Epilachna gradaria var. vieta: Mulsant, M.E. Spec. Coleopt. Trimeres securipalpes, 2 (2): 791.
1850 Epilachna gradaria var. Socors: Mulsant, M.E. Spec. Coleopt. Trimeres securipalpes, 2 (2): 791 (synonymised by Richard, 1983: 18).
1850 Epilachna gradaria var. Congressa: Mulsant, M.E. Spec. Coleopt. Trimeres securipalpes, 2 (2): 791.
1850 Epilachna gradaria var. Stolida: Mulsant, M.E. Spec. Coleopt. Trimeres securipalpes, 2 (2): 791 (synonymised by Richards, 1983: 18).
103 1931 Epilachna vigintioctopunctata ab pardalis (Boisduval): Korschefsky, R. Coleopterum Catalogus, Part 118: 26.
1947 Epilachna sparsa (Herbst): Dieke, G.H. Lady beetles of the genus Epilachna (sens.lat.) in Asia, Europe, and Australia. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Washington. 106 (15): 22-29
1947 Epilachna sparsa sparsa: Dieke, G.H. Lady beetles of the genus Epilachna (sens.lat.) in Asia, Europe, and Australia. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Washington. 106 (15): 32
1947 Epilachna sparsa var. gradaria: Dieke, G.H. Lady beetles of the genus Epilachna (sens.lat.) in Asia, Europe, and Australia. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Washington. 106 (15): 33.
1947 Epilachna sparsa orientalis: Dieke, G.H. Lady beetles of the genus Epilachna (sens.lat.) in Asia, Europe, and Australia. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Washington. 106 (15): 34 (synonymised by Richards, 1983).
1947 Epilachna sparsa orientalis var. cinerea: Dieke, G.H. Lady beetles of the genus Epilachna (sens.lat.) in Asia, Europe, and Australia. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Washington. 106 (15): 35.
1947 Epilachna sparsa territa Mulsant: Dieke, G.H. Lady beetles of the genus Epilachna (sens.lat.) in Asia, Europe, and Australia. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Washington, 106 (15): 35.
1947 Epilachna sparsa vagintisexpunctata: Dieke, G.H. Lady beetles of the genus Epilachna (sens.lat.) in Asia, Europe, and Australia. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Washington, 106 (15): 36
1947 Epilachna sparsa vagintisexpunctata var. Nigrescens: Dieke, G.H. Smithsonian Misc. Coll.: 37.
1957 Epilachna sparsa (Herbst): Bielawiski, R. Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) von Ceylon. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel. 68 (1): 73
1959 Epilachna sparsa: Fürsch, H. Die palaearktischen und indomalayischen Epilachnini der Zoologischen Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates München (Col., Cocc.). Opuscula Zoologica, München. 26: 2.
1959 Epilachna sparsa vagintisexpunctata: Bielawiski, R. Coccinellidae (Coleopt.) von Sumba, Sumbawa, Flores, Timor und Bali. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Sumba Expedition des Museums
104 für Völkerkunde und des Naturhistorischen Museums in Basel, 1949. 69 (2):147
1961 Henosepilachna sparsa (Herbs): Li, C.S. and Cook, E.F. The Epilachninie of Taiwan (Col.: Coccinellidae). Pacific Insects, Honolulu. 3 (1): 40
1965 Henosepilachna sparsa: Bielawiski, R. On Certain Species of the Genus Henosepilachna Li (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from New Ireland. Bulletin de 1’ Academie Polonaise des Sceince. Serie des Sciences Biologici, Warszawa, 13 (4): 211.
1971 Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fabricuius): Sasaji, H. Fauna Japonica. Coccinellidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Academic Press of Japan, Tokyo. 309
1977 Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata: Hoang, D.N. Epilachninae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Northern Viet Nam. I. Revue d’ Entomologie de 1’ URSS, Leningrad. 56 (1): 133.
1981 Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata: Katakura H. Classification and evolution of the phytophagous ladybirds belonging to Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata complex (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Jurnal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, (series VI, Zoology), Sapporo. 22(4): 327
1983 Epilachna vigintioctopunctata vigintioctopunctata: Richards, A.M. The Epilachna vigintioctopunctata complex (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). International Journal of Entomology, 25 (1): 17.
1983 Epilachna vigintioctopunctata pardalis: Richards, A.M. The Epilachna vigintioctopunctata complex (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). International Journal of Entomology, 25 (1): 21.
1993 Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata: Li, C.S. Review of the Australian Epilachninae (Coleoptera: Epilachninae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society. 32: 211
2003 Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata: Jadwiszczak A.S. and Wegrzynowicz, P.W. World Catalogue of Coccinellidae Part-1 Epilachninae: 178-180.
Material Examined: 2 ♂ 1 ♀ Pak., KP, Peshawar, Agricultural University, 18. vii. 2007 (Falak Naz) (NIM); 2 ♀ Pak., AJK, Bagh, Qadir Abad, 25. viii. 2008
105 (Falak Naz) (NIM); 3 ♂ 2 ♀ Pak., GB, Gilgit, Jaglot, 7. vi. 2007 (Israr) (NIM);
3 ♂ 2 ♀ Pak., GB, Diamer, Chilas, 6. vi. 2007 (Israr) (NIM); 2 ♀ 4 ♂ Pak., KP,
Mansehra, Shinkiari, 30. vii. 2007 (Amjad) (NIM); 3 ♂ 1 ♀ Pak., Punjab,
Shakargarh, Naina kote, 30. iv. 2010 (Naeem) (NIM); 4 ♂ 1 ♀ Pak,
Islamabad, NARC, 25. viii. 2009 (Hina) (NIM); 1 ♀ Pak., AJK, Mirpur, Jatlan,
30. iv. 2010 (Aalia) (NIM); 1 ♂ 1 ♀ Pak., AJK, Kotli City, 15. x. 2010 (Aalia)
(NIM); 2 ♂ 5 ♀ Pak., Punjab, Shakargarh, Bura dala, 3. iv. 2010 (Naeem)
(NIM).
Diagnosis: Body medium to large, ground colour pale brown or reddish brown. Elytral apex angled. Elytral spots variable, from 12 to 28 but mostly
26. Exact identification can be made by examining male genitalia which has a well developed basal knife edge and apical thorn on median lobe. Siphonal tip tapering on one side.
Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab short, curved. Basal piece small, oblong.
Parameres with an apical thorn, covered with hairs. Median lobe with basal knife edge beginning at the foot of parameres and a bulge beyond the middle, after which it curves up into an apical hook. Second half with two rows of hairs, hairs shorter than parameres. Siphon gently curved at base, then straight, ending in a point.
Remarks: This is common but quite variable and confusing species.
Variation occurs in size, shape, ground colour and elytral spots (both number and size of elytral spots vary). Therefore, previously misidentified by many
106 taxonomists. Dieke (1947) divided this specie into 4 geographical subspecies under its old synonym sparsa. But Li and Cook (1961) considered these as forms of a single highly variable species. It was reported under the name H. sparsa from solinaceous plants from Pakistan by CIBC (1982) and under the name H. vigintioctopunctata by Hashmi (1994). During this study, this species was recorded from Gilgit.
Host: It is phytophagous and feeds on cucurbitaceous vegetables.
Habitat: It occurs in low numbers in warm climate at lower altitude in vegetables fields and on wild vegetation.
Local Distribution: Gilgit
World Distribution: Australia, Bhutan, Burma, China, Fiji, India, Indonesia,
Japan, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Solomon
Islands, Thailand, Vietnam
Genus: Afidentula Kapur, 1958
1958 Afidentula: Kapur, A.P. Coccinellidae of Nepal. Records of the Indian Museum. 53: 324.
Type species: Epilachna manderstjernae Mulsant, 1853, by original designation.
107 24. Afidentula bisquadripunctata (Gyllenhal, 1808)
(Plate 24)
1808 Coccinella bisquadripunctata: Gyllenhal in Schönherr, C.J. Synonymia Insectorum. Stockholm. 1(2): 186
1850 Epilachna herbigrada: Mulsant, M.E. Spec. Coleopt. Trimeres Securipalpes 2 (2): 805.
1913 Epilachna bis-4-punctata ab. Semisqualens: Sicard, A. Notes sur quelques Coccinellides de l’Inde et de Birmanie appartenant à la collection de M.Andrewes, de Londres et description d’espèces et de variétés nouvelles. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 81 (1912): 496
1947 Afidentula bisquadripunctata: Dieke, G.H. Lady beetles of the genus Epilachna (sens.lat.) in Asia, Europe, and Australia. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Washington, 106 (15): 112
1984 Afidentula bisquadripunctata: Fürsch, H. Die Gattung Afidentula Kapur, 1958 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Entomofauna. 5 (29): 337
Material Examined: 1 ♂ Pak. GB, Astore, Rama, 5. vi. 2007 (Falak Naz)
(NIM); 5 ♂ 4 ♀ Pak. AJK, Muzaffarabad, Panjkote, 13. vii. 2009 (Amjad
Bukhari) (NIM); 1 ♀ Pak., Punjab, Lahore, Changa Manga, 20. x. 2007
(Amjad) (NIM); 1 ♀ Pak., AJK, Bhimber city, 5. iv. 2009 (Aalia) (NIM); 5 ♀
Pak., KP, Swabi, 5. vii. 2009 (Inayatullah) (NIM).
Diagnosis: Ground colour brownish red; pronotum spotless, Elytra each with four persistent spots, the first one near the base between shoulder and suture, spot 2 in front of the middle, spot 3 close to margin, spot 4 near to apex. All spots rounded and large.
108 Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab; short, distally thick. Basal piece oblong and small in size. Parameres very thin, long, bent down slightly at base, only slightly widened at apex, and apex sparsely clothed with hairs. Median lobe straight, thick just before apex, appearing to end in a sharp, upturned point.
The apex seems bi-lobed from lower side. Siphon: Capsule simple, tube bent at 180˚ near base, slightly widened at apex, compressed and then tapering sharply towards end. The apex is covered uniformly with short hairs.
Remarks: This species is similar to A. manderstjernae in its habitat but very common like the later one. It is relatively larger than A. manderstjernae and four elytral spots instead of six as in A. manderstjernae. It has unique mandible structure in whole subfamily Epilachninae. Mandibles equal in thickness to its length and width, apical and lateral teeth are broadly flattened. Dieke (1947) mentioned that there needs a separate genus to which this species may be placed. Then Kapur (1955) erected new genus
Afidentula and transferred this species to this genus.
Host: It is phytophagous and feeds on grasses.
Habitat: It occurs in low numbers in meadows.
Local Distribution: Astore
World Distribution: China, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Vietnam
109 25. Afidentula manderstjarnae (Mulsant, 1853) (Plate 25)
1853 Epilachna manderstjernae: Mulsant, M.E. Annales de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon. 3: 256
1874 Epilachna manderstjernae: Crotch, G.R. A revision of the Coleopterous family Coccinellidae. E.W. Janson, London.
1927 Epilachna manderstjernae: Mader, L. Evidenz der paläarktischen Coccinelliden und ihrer aberrationen in Wort und Bild, I-Teil. Epilachnini, Coccinellini, Halyziini und Synonychini. Zeitschrift des Vereins der Naturbeobachter und Sammler, Wien. 2: 760
1947 Affisa magerstjernae: Dieke, G.H. Lady beetles of the genus Epilachna (sens.lat.) in Asia, Europe, and Australia. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Washington, 106 (15): 125
2003 Afidentula manderstjarnae: Jadwiszczah, A.S. and Wegrzynowicz, P. World Catalogue of Coccinellidae. Part I – Epilachninae. Mantis, Olsztyn. 23
Material Examined: 2 ♀ Pak., AJK, Rawlakote, 2. iv. 2002 (Aalia) (NIM); 1 ♂
Pak., AJK, Bagh, Chatter, 29. v. 2002, (Gul Rasheed) (NIM); 1 ♂ Pak. GB,
Gilgit, 10. v. 2005 (Israr) (NIM); 1 ♂ Pak., KP, Lower Dir, Maidan, 20. v. 2007
(Rahatullah) (NIM); 2 ♂ Pak, KP, Abbottabad, Harnow, 8. viii. 2008 (M. Ather
Rafi) (NIM); 12 ♂ 10 ♀ Pak. AJK, Dheerkote, 26. viii. 2008 (Falak Naz)
(NIM).
Diagnosis: Body small, semi-circular or oval. Dorsum red, pronotum with a transverse median spot. Elytra six spotted each. Spot No. 6 has a typical shape and shows tendency to split into two. In some specimens it is completely split into two. Post coxal line is complete.
110 Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab and basal piece as that of A. bisquadripunctata.
Parameres short, very thin, thread like and sparsely provide with hairs near apex. Median lobe gradually widening from base to apex, maximum width just before apex. Apex narrows abruptly to point, point slightly turned up.
Siphon: Capsule unique, tube bended at 180◦ near base, then slightly curved in the same direction, turn outward sharply and tapering off into a very fine point.
Remarks: The type locality of the species is Asia and was also reported from
India (Dieke, 1947) and Nepal (Kapur, 1955). Dieke (1947) placed this species under genus Affisa, which was later rejected by Kapur (1958) on the basis of bifid claw with basal tooth. When Kapur (1958) erected new genus
Afidentula, he placed this species under that genus and designated this species as its type species.
Host: It is phytophagous and feeds on grasses like A. bisquadripunctata.
Habitat: It occurs in low numbers in warm climate at lower altitude in mostly shadowed places on grasses.
Local Distribution: Gilgit
World Distribution: China, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Vietnam
Subfamily: Scymninae Mulsant, 1846
1846 Mulsant, M.E. Securipalpes. Histoire Naturelle des Coleopteres de France. 4(1): 210
111 1912 Della Beffa, G. Revisione dei Coleopteres de la Collection de M. Le Conte Dejean. Paris. 168
1968 Sasaji, H. Coccinellidae collected in the paddy fields of the Orient, with descriptions of new species (Coleoptera). Mushi. 42: 23
1971 Sasaji, H. Fauna Japonica. Coccinellidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Academic Press of Japan. Tokyo. 81
1974 Chapin, E.A. The Coccineliidae of Louisiana (Insecta: Coleoptera). Louisiana State University Experimental Station Bulletin No. 682. 15
1982 Hoang, D.N. A new genus and some new species of subfamily Coccinellinae, (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from Vietnam. Tap chi Sinh Vat Hoc, 4 (3):12
1985 Gordon, R.D. The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America north of Mexico. Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 93(1):74
Diagnosis
Body small to medium size. Eyes and dorsum of body with dense pubescence. Antenna short, nine to eleven segmented, with distinct club.
Terminal segment of maxillary palpus with truncate apex, cylindrical. Mentum and submentum relatively widely articulated. Mandibles with one, usually bifid tooth at apex. Pronotum anteriorly narrowed. Tarsi cryptotetramerous.
Key to the genera of subfamily Scymninae of Gilgit-Baltistan
1. Pronotum broadly rounded at middle of anterior margin. Last segment
of maxillary palpi narrowed………………………………….....Stethorus
1’. Pronotum longitudinally trunctate at middle of anterior margin. Last
segment of maxillary palpi
cylindrical………………………………………………………….Scymnus
112 Genus: Scymnus Kugelann, 1794
1794 Scymnus: Kugelann, J.G. Verzeichniss. der in einigen Gegenden Preussens bis jetztentdeckten Kafer-Arten nebst kurzen Nachriten von denselben. Neues Mag. Liegh. Entomol. 5: 545
1846 Scymnus: Mulsant, M.E. Securipalpes. Histoire Naturelle des Coleopteres de France, Paris. 4: 219
1849 Scymnus: Costa, A. Fauna del regno di Nepal. Coleoptteri. Fasc. 65. Napoli. 82
1850 Scymnus: Mulsant, M.E. Species des Coléoptères trimères sécuripalpes. Annales des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, d’Agriculture et d’Industrie, Lyon, (2)2: 965
1874 Scymnus: Crotch, G.R. A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae, E. W. Janson, London. 239
1876 Scymnus: Chapius, F. In Lacordaire and Chapuis: "Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, Genera des Coléoptères". Roret, Paris. 12: 211
1885 Scymnus: Weise, J. Bestimmungs-Tabellen der europäischen Coleopteren. II. Heft. Coccinellidae. II. Auflage mit Berücksichtigung der Arten aus dem nöordlichen Asien. Modling. 6
1899 Scymnus: Casey, T.L. Revision of the American Coccinellidae. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 7: 134
1924 Scymnus: Mader, L. Bestimmungs-Tabellender europäischen Coleopteren. 94. Heft. Coccinellidae, Tribus Scymnini. Troppau. 8
1931 Scymnus: Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 118. Coccinellidae I. Berlin. 115
1954 Scymnus: Djadechko, N.P. The Coccinellidae of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Kiev. 82
1959 Scymnus: Bielawski, R. Klucze do oznaczania Owadow Polski. XIX. Coleoptera, 76 Coccinellidae. Warsaw. 36
1965 Scymnus: Chapin, E. A. The genera of the Chilocorini (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 133: 202
1976 Scymnus: Gordon, R.D. The Scymnini of the United States and Canada: Key to genera and revision of Scymnus, Nephus and Diomus. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. 28: 10
113 1983 Scymnus: Savoiskaja, G.I. The Coccinellidae Taxonomy, employment in controlling agricultural pests. Alma-Ata. 101
1983 Scymnus: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Survey of the family of the Coccinellidae beetles of the USSR fauna (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Zoologicheskyi sbornik. Erevan. 19: 146
1985 Scymnus: Gordon, R.D. The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America north of Mexico. Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 93(1): 115
1990 Scymnus: Yu, G.Y. Taxonomical studies of Scymnus Kugel. of China. Department of Plant Protection, South Agricultural University. 17
1992 Scymnus: Kuznetsov, V.N. The Coccinellidae family – lady beetles. Opredelitel nasekomyh Dalnego Vostoka SSSR. 3. Zhestkokrylyje ili zhuki. Part 2. St-Petersburg. 344
Type species: Scymnus nigrinus Kugelann, 1794, by subsequent designation of Westwood (Korschefsky, 1931).
26. Scymnus nubilus Mulsant, 1850
(Plate 26)
1850 Scymnus nubilus: Mulsant, M.E. Spec. Coleopt. Trimeres securipalpes, 2 (2): 972
1850 Scymnus curtisii: Mulsant, M.E. Spec. Coleopt. Trimeres securipalpes, 2 (2): 973 (Synonymised as Scymnus nubilus by Booth and Pope, 1989)
1858 Scymnus suturalis: Motschulsky, V. Insectes des Indes Orientales. Etudes Entomologiques, 7: 120
1866 Scymnus stabilis: Motschulsky, V. Essai d’un Catalogue des Insectes de l’ile de Ceylan. Supplement. Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 39(1): 426
1874 Scymnus suturalis: Crotch, G.R. A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae, E. W. Janson, London. 257
1900 Scymnus stabilis: Weise, J. Coccinelliden aus Ceylon gesammelt von Dr. Horn. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 44: 439
1913 Scymnus lateralis: Sicard, A. Notes sur quelques Coccinellides de l’Inde et de Birmanie appartenant à la collection de M.Andrewes, de
114 Londres et description d’espèces et de variétés nouvelles. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 81 (1912): 502
1931 Scymnus suturalis: Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 118. Coccinellidae I. Berlin. 144
1972 Scymnus suturalis: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Les types de Coccinellidae de la collection Motschulsky (Coléoptères Coccinellidae). Nouvelle Revue d’Entomologie, 2 (2): 166
1972 Scymnus nubilus: Bielawski, R. Die Marienkäfer (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) aus Nepal. Fragmenta Faunistica, 18: 293
1984 Scymnus (Scymnus) nubilus: Pang, X and Gordon, R.D. Lectotype designations and new synonymy in Oriental Scymnini (Col., Cocc.). The Coleopterists’ Bulletin. 38: 133
1989 Scymnus (Scymnus) nubilus: Booth, R.G. and Pope, R.D. A review of the type material of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) described by F.W. Pope and by E. Mulsant in the Hope Entomological Collections, Oxford. Entomologica Scandinavica. 20 (3): 359 (synonymised)
Material Examined: 3 ♂ 5 ♀ Pak. GB, Gilgit, Jaglot, 22. vi. 2003 (Ather)
(NIM); 1 ♂ 5 ♀ Pak. GB, Gilgit, Jaglot, 6. vi. 2007 (Amjad) (NIM).
Diagnosis: Body small, elongate, moderately convex. Head light brown to dark brown. Head deeply inserted, visible from above with eyes large and brown. Pronotum dark-brown, darker in middle with lighter and reddish brown posterior and anterior margins. Elytra ground colour yellowish to reddish brown, punctate with a dark brown to black sutural stripe from basal margin and gradually narrowed towards apex, lateral margins narrowly dark brown to black at middle. Antennae small, segmented. Basal segment is thick, broader and about twice longer than the second segment. Second segment is as long as 3rd and twice broader than the 3rd segment. Body dark brown from below densely covered with fine, short transparent yellow hairs.
115 Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab; long, thick, curved at middle. Basal piece short and rectangular. Parameres thick, slightly longer than median lobe, slightly compressed at base, tips rounded with long sparse hairs. Median lobe broad for most of its length except apex which is pointed and slightly curved.
Remarks: This species is very similar to S. (Neopullus) hoffmanni in general appearance and coloration and can be differentiated by the male genitalia.
Booth and Pope (1989) synonomized S. curtisii Mulsant and S. lateralis
Sicard and gave valid name of Scymnus nubilus Mulsant.
Host: It is a general predator of aphids, scale insects and mites.
Habitat: It can be found on lower sides of fruit trees like apple, walnut and grapes.
Local Distribution: Jaglot, Gilgit
World Distribution: Bangladesh, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan,
Sri Lanka
27. Scymnus posticalis Sicard, 1913 (Plate 27)
1913 Scymnus posticalis: Sicard, A. Notes sur quelques Coccinellides de l’Inde et de Birmanie appartenant à la collection de M.Andrewes, de Londres et description d’espèces et de variétés nouvelles. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 81 [1912]: 503 (lectotype ♂; BMNH).
1931 Scymnus (Pullus) posticalis: Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 118. Coccinellidae I. Berlin: 144 (cat.).
116 1929 Pullus hilaris: Ohta, Y. Scymninen Japans. Insecta Matsumurana. 4: 8.
1929 Pullus hilaris ab. awanus: Ohta, Y. Scymninen Japans. Insecta Matsumurana. 4: 8.
1971 Scymnus (Pullus) hilaris: Sasaji, H. Fauna Japonica. Coccinellidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Academic Press of Japan: 175. (Synonymised by Pang & Gordon, 1984: 131)
1971 Scymnus (Scymnus) ishidai: Sasaji, H. Fauna Japonica. Coccinellidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Academic Press of Japan: 175
1974 Scymnus (Scymnus) ishidai: Sasaji, H. Identity of Scymnus hilaris auct. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Japan. Kontyû, 42: 203 (Synonymised by Pong, 1984: 253 and Pang & Gordon, 1984: 131)
2002 Scymnus posticalis Sicard: Poorani, J. An annotated checklist of the Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) (excluding Epilachninae) of the Indian subregion. Oriental Insects 36: 307-383
Material Examined: 1♂ 2 ♀ Pak. GB, Hunza-Nager,Gulmit, 4. vi. 2007 (M.
Ashfaque) (NIM); 2 ♂ 3 ♀ Pak. GB, Hunza-Nager, Gulmit, 12. vi. 2008
(Ashraf) (NIM)
Diagnosis: Body small, oval, highly convex, ground colour black and densely pubescent. Head brownish black, not visible from above, eyes small, brownish black. Pronotum black, densely pubescent, transverse, curved inward posteriorly pushing scutellum. Scutellum visible and black. Elytra shiny black except anal portion which is light and reddish brown.
Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab long, thick, distally curved and expanded. Basal piece rectangular. Parameres short, comparatively thin, tips pointed and provided with long hairs. Median lobe thick, broad at base, gradually tapering towards apex, tip rounded with long hairs on dorsal and distal portions.
117 Siphon: Capsule unique, asymmetrical, both arms forming 180°C angle, outer arm short, inner arm long. Tube cylindrical, moderate in thickness, abruptly curved at base, then broadly curved at middle, distal portion comparatively thin, tip flattened with a narrow process directed downward.
Remarks: This relatively small sized black coccinellid species resembles other members of genus Scymnus like S. nubilus and S. pauperculus, as all the three species resemble in size and body colouration. However, this species is remarkably different in male genitalia structure than the other two species. Thapa (2000) reported this species from Nepal. Agarwala and
Yasuda (2001) reported this species as a predator of Aphis gossypii from
India. Poorani (2002)) also listed S. posticalis in the Indian checklist of predatory coccinellids.
Host: It is a general predator of aphids, scale insects and mites.
Habitat: It can be found on fruit trees like apple, walnut and grapes.
Local Distribution: Gulmit (Hunza-Nager)
World Distribution: China, India, Japan, Myanmar, Nepal
Genus: Stethorus Weise, 1885
1885 Scymnus (Stethorus) Weise, J. Bestimmungs-Tabellen der europäischen Coleopteren. II. Heft. Coccinellidae. II. Auflage mit Berücksichtigung der Arten aus dem nöordlichen Asien. Modling. 65
1899 Stethorus Weise, J. Coccinelliden aus Deutsche-Ostafrika. Archiv für Naturgeschichte. I(LXV): 64
118 1948 Stethorus: Kapur, A.P. On the Old World species of the genus Stethorus Weise. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 39: 297 (Type species: Coccinella minimus Rossi, 1794 (= Stethorus punctillum (Weise, 1891), by subsequent designation of Korschefsky, 1931)
1925 Nephopullus: Brethes, J. Sur une collection de Coccinellides (et un Phalacridae) du British Museum. Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires. 33: 167
1948 Nephopullus: Kapur, A.P. On the Old World species of the genus Stethorus Weise. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 39: 300 (Type species: Nephopullus darwini Brethes, by subsequent designation of Korschefsky, 1931)
1972 Stethorus (Allostethorus): Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S.M. Les types de Coccinellidae de la collection Motschulsky (Coléoptères Coccinellidae). Nouvelle Revue d’Entomologie, 2 (2): 120 (Type species: Stethorus (Allostethorus) amurensis Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1972, by original designation)
1975 Stethorus (Parastethorus): Pang, X.F. and Mao, J.L. Important natural enemies of tetranychid mites-Stethorus Weise. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 18(4): 294-304 (Type species: Stethorus (Parastethrous) yunnanensis Pang and Mao, 1975, by original designation.
28. Stethorus gilvifrons (Mulstant, 1850) (Plate 28)
1850 Scymnus gilvifrons: Mulsant, M.E. Spec. Coleopt. Trimeres securipalpes, 2 (2): 995
1874 Scymnus gilvifrons: Crotch, G.R. A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae, E. W. Janson, London. 251
1885 Scymnus (Stethorus) gilvifrons: Weise, J. Bestimmungs-Tabellen der europäischen Coleopteren. II. Heft. Coccinellidae. II. Auflage mit Berücksichtigung der Arten aus dem nöordlichen Asien. Modling. 74
1931 Stethorus gilvifrons: Korschefsky, R. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 118. Coccinellidae I. Berlin. 112
1948 Stethorus gilvifrons: Kapur, A.P. On the Old World species of the genus Stethorus Weise. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 39: 303
119 1966 Stethorus gilvifrons: Mathur, L.M.L. and Srivastava, B.K. On the immature stages of Stethorus gilvifrons Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Beiträge zur Entomologie 16: 311
Material Examined: 3♂ 4 ♀ Pak. GB, Gilgit, Jaglot, 3. vii. 2003 (Falak Naz)
(NIM); 2♂ 2 ♀ Pak. GB, Gilgit, 4. vi. 2007 (M. Ashfaque) (NIM); 3 ♀ Pak. GB,
Gilgit, Jaglot 15. vi. 2008 (Amjad) (NIM).
Diagnosis: Body small, slightly oval, widest at middle, convex, black, coarsely punctate, pubescent with rather long white hairs. Head mostly black with anterior half testaceous and sparsely punctate. Pronotum and elytra black. Dorsal surface with grayish, moderately long, sparsely semi erect hairs. Legs testaceous. Male genitalia with thin parameres, shorter than median lobe, median lobe very long, curved at subdistal portion, tip of siphonal tube blunt.
Male genitalia: Phalobase: Trab; very short and distally expanded. Basal piece; small and semicircular. Median lobe; very long, cylindrical, narrow and tapering towards apex, bent towards parameres at subdistal portion slightly and without hairs. Parameres; very thin about ¾ of median lobe without hairs, apex with a pair of setae. Siphon: Siphonal capsule; simple, without any outer hook but inner hook elongated and apically bifurcated, siphonal tube thin, long, forming a complete loop with pointed tip.
Remarks: The type locality of this species is Derbent, Caucasus (USSR).
Kapur (1948), while working on genus Stethorus Weise from Old World
Species described this species. He also reported some materials of this
120 species from Mastung (Balochistan) and Faisalabad (formerly Lyallpur)
(Punjab) – Pakistan, collected while feeding on mites of apple and castor oil plants. It was also reported by Rafi et al., in 2005 from Northern Pakistan without consulting genitalia.
This species is confused with another Stethorus species, S. pauperculus. Both species are very similar in general appearance and colouration. However, it can be distinguished from S. pauperculus by the structure of male genitalia. The siphon of S. gilvifrons forms complete loop while that of S. pauperculus is somewhat straight. Some authors incorrectly illustrated male genitalia of this species with S. siphonulus. This species is also confusing with S. wollastoni Kapur (Syn. S. minimus) due to similarities in colouration especially testaceous interior part of head.
Host: It is a general predator of mites.
Habitat: It can be found in fruit orchards and isolated fruit trees like pear, apple, walnut and grapes.
Local Distribution: Jaglot, Gilgit
World Distribution: Cyprus, India, Iran, Italy, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia,
Yemen.
121 29. Stethorus pauperculus (Weise, 1895) (Plate 29)
1895 Scymnus (Stethorus) pauperculus: Weise, J. Insectes du Bengale. Coccinellidae. Annales de la Société Entomologique du Belgique. 155
1900 Stethorus pauperculus: Weise, J. Coccinelliden aus Ceylon gesammelt von Dr. Horn. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 44: 440
1948 Stethorus pauperculus: Kapur, A.P. On the Old World species of the genus Stethorus Weise. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 39: 309
Material Examined: 2 ♂, 2 ♀ Pak. GB, Gilgit, 3. vi. 2003 (Ather) (NIM); 1♂ 5
♀ Pak. GB, Gilgit, Jaglot, 3. vii. 2003 (Falak Naz) (NIM); 3♂ 1 ♀ Pak. GB,
Gilgit, 4. vi. 2007 (M. Ashfaque) (NIM).
Diagnosis: Body small with yellow mouth parts. Elytra and thorax wholly black, devoid of spots, pubescence distinctly apparent, legs brownish, short and profusely setose.
Genitalia: Phalobase: Trab; short apex slightly expanded, Basal piece; semicircular. Parameres; long slender, gradually tapering toward apex forming hairs like tip. Median lobe; very long cylindrical thickness up to ¾ of its length then slightly turned and tapering towards apex. Siphonal tip; abruptly turned and pointed. Siphon capsule absent, small tube replacing capsule. Siphonal tube turn abruptly, slightly bent at middle, tip blunt.
Remarks: This species also resemble with other Stethorus species. Its distinguishing characters from S. gilvifrons are given under remarks of S. gilvifrons. This species can be distinguished from S. yunnanensis by
122 comparing male genitalia. Siphonal tube in S. pauperculus is somewhat straight at the base while that of S. yunnanensis is semicircular at the base.
Median lobe of S. pauperculus is comparatively thin with rounded tip whereas it is broad with notched tip in the S. gilvifrons.
Host: It is a general predator of mites.
Habitat: It can be found in fruit orchards and isolated fruit trees like pear, apple, walnut and grapes.
Local Distribution: Jaglot; Gilgit
World Distribution: India, Malaysia, Pakistan, Thailand, Yemen.
123 Checklist of Ladybird Beetles (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera) of Gilgit-Baltistan
S. Subfamily Genus Species Localities No.
1. Chilocorinae Chilocorus infernalis Skardu
Exochomus nigromaculatus Duikar, Hunza- Nager
Priscibrumus trijunctus Jaglot, Diamer; Gorikot, Astore
Platynaspidius saundersi Jaglot, Diamer
2. Coccinellinae Adalia tetraspilota Jaglot, Diamer; Skardu
Aiolocaria hexaspilota Jaglot, Diamer
Calvia punctata Jaglot, Diamer
Menochilus sexmaculatus Basin Nala, Jaglot, Diamer
Coccinella iranica Duikar, Hunza- Nager
redemita Goharabad
septempunctata Goharabad, Golapur, Gulmit, Jaglot, Karimabad, Kitch, Nilt nagar, Rakaposhi
transversoguttata Khaplu, Skardu
Harmonia dimidiata Goner farm
Hippodamia apicalis Karimabad, Hunza- Nager
variegata Astore, Basin nala, Dassu, Gas das, Goharabad, Golapur, Gulmit,
124 Juglot, Karimabad, Kitch, Rakaposhi
Oenopia conglobata Goharabad
oncina Astore, Basin nala, Goharabad
sauzeti Somer nala, Skardu, Sost
Propylea dissecta Gorikot, Skardu
japonica Kitch, Chilas
quaturodecimpunctata Jaglot, Diamer
Macroilleis hauseri Goharabad, Jaglot
3. Epilachninae Henospilachna vigintioctopunctata Gilgit
Afidentula bisquadripunctata Astore
manderstjernae Gilgit
4. Scymninae Scymnus nubilus Gulmit
posticalis Jaglot, Diamer
Stethorus gilvifrons Jaglot, Diamer
pauperculus Jaglot, Diamer
125 Conclusion and Recommendations
Some species of coccinellids are highly polymorphic in appearance; therefore, genitalia based identification was carried out for confirmation. This is first genitalia based study of family Coccinellidae in Pakistan focusing
Gilgit-Baltistan region. The ladybird beetle fauna of Gilgit-Baltistan is diverse with twenty nine (29) species in eighteen (18) genera and four (04) subfamilies. This study shows five (05) new records for Pakistan and fourteen (14) new records for the study area. The results of the present study could serve as a baseline study for the region of Gilgit-Baltistan.
Polymorphism was observed in some species. Micro-coccinellids of genera Stethorus and Scymnus are similar in appearance and needed to be separated on genitalia.
Keeping in view the geographical position of Gilgit-Baltistan and ecosystem diversity, it is assumed that there will be high diversity of ladybird beetles in the region. Therefore, it is recommended that such type of efforts may be continued for further exploration of fauna of the region which will yield more species of the family Coccinellidae. Apparently taxonomic studies along with distributional records seem to be basic studies but these are highly beneficial for applied work. In the absence of this type of information it is difficult to achieve effective results in many works especially in biological control.
Predatory ladybird beetles have a great potential for use in IPM with host plant resistance and judicious use of pesticides to regulate some
126 serious pests of crops and vegetables. As Coccinella septempunctata and
Menochilus sexmaculatus are abundant, prevailing almost in each cropping systems in the region; therefore, these two species can be utilized in biological control-based IPM. In the present scenario this region is not much disturbed, therefore, the present work will serve as bench work to see if some change(s) do occur in future, especially in the coccinellid fauna.
Indiscriminate use and broad spectrum pesticides must be avoided especially in fruit orchards to protect the predatory coccinellids which are involved in regulating the population of mites, scale insects and mealy bugs.
There is also need to investigate the predator-prey relationship of common occurring species and diversity and bionomics of the reported species of the
Gilgit-Baltistan region.
127 V. SUMMARY
Coccinellidae is well known and the largest family of order Coleoptera.
Coccinellids are of economic importance, both as beneficial/predators and pest/phytophagous. Many workers recognize six subfamilies within this family including Chilocorinae, Coccinellinae, Coccidulinae, Scymninae,
Sticholotidinae and Epilachninae. Epilachninae is phytophagous and the remaining subfamilies are predacious. Predacious and phytophagous beetles can be easily distinguished from each other by their dull colour, even and unique elytral spots arrangements.
World coccinellids fauna is estimated to have 3500 to 6000 species.
Majerus and Kearns (1989) reported 3,500 species of these beetles from the world, while Vandenberg (2000) provided a list of 6000 species in 370 genera and Slipinski (2007) reported 6000 species in 490 genera world wide.
Initial documentation of predatory coccinellid of Pakistan was done by
Irshad, (2001, 2003) and Irshad and Khan, (2005). The details regarding predatory coccinellids species from Pakistan and current knowledge on the predatory coccinellid beetle of Gilgit-Baltistan is mainly based on Rafi et al.
(2005). In this compilation only Nine (09) species in three (3) subfamilies have been listed from this area.
Gilgit-Baltistan has diversified flora and fauna because of varied climatic conditions and unique ecology. There was a need to explore the coccinellids of Gilgit-Baltistan for better understanding of fauna of the region.
Moreover, taxonomic studies are necessary for biological control of insect
128 pests. In the absence of this information the chances of failure are immense in the management of pests.
During present study, the fauna of ladybird beetles of the province of
Gilgit-Baltistan was explored and identified. The taxonomic study of the collected beetles revealed twenty nine (29) species of coccinellid beetles in the region. The area is represented by four (04) subfamilies and eighteen
(18) genera. Among subfamilies, Coccinellinae is highly diverse with eighteen (18) species in ten (10) genera followed by Chilocorinae with four
(04) species in four (04) genera. Scymninae and Epilachninae are represented with four (04) species in two (02) genera and three (03) in two
(02) genera, respectively. Among genera, Coccinella was more rich with four
(04) species followed by Propylea with three species. Genera Afidentula,
Hippodamia, Oenopia, Scymnus and Stethorus are represented by two species each. Seventeen (17) species are new records for the study area including five (05) new records for Pakistan. Exochomus nigromaculatus,
Priscibrumus trijunctus, Coccinella iranica, C. redemita and Hippodamia apicalis are reported as new records for Pakistan. Taxonomic keys for identification of genera and subfamilies of Coccinellidae occurring in Gilgit-
Baltistan are provided. Diagnostic characters of each species are given along with genitalia description. Coloured plates of adult specimens and genitalia structure are given in this research work. Remarks pertaining to taxonomic discussion, history, taxon status, host, habitat and regional record are given for each species. Distribution maps of the species occurring in Gilgit-Baltistan are also provided.
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152 Plate 1
Chilocorus infernalis
a. Adult
b. Male genitalia
153 Plate 2
Exochomus nigromaculatus
a. Adult
b. Male genitalia
154 Plate 3
Priscibrumus trijunctus
a. Adult
b. Female genitalia
155 Plate 4
Platynaspidius saundersi
a. Adults
b. Male genitalia
156 Plate 5
Adalia tetraspilota
a. Adults
b. Male genitalia
157 Plate 6
Aiolocaria hexaspilota
a. Adults
b. Male genitalia
158 Plate 7
Calvia punctata
a. Adult (Morph-I) b. Adult (Morph-II)
c. Adult (Morph-III) d. Male genitalia
159 Plate 8
Menochilus sexmaculatus
a. Adult (Morph-I) b. Adult (Morph-II)
b. Male genitalia
160 Plate 9
Coccinella iranica
a. Adult
b. Female genitalia
161 Plate 10
Coccinella septempunctata
a. Adult
b. Male genitalia
162 Plate 11
Coccinella transversoguttata
a. Adults
b. Male genitalia
163 Plate 12
Coccinella redemita
a. Adult
b. Male genitalia
164 Plate 13
Harmonia dimidiata
a. Adult (Morph-I) b. Adult (Morph-II
c. Male genitalia
165 Plate 14
Hippodamia apicalis
a. Adults
b. Male genitalia
166 Plate 15
Hippodamia variegata
a. Adult (Morph-I) b. Adult (Morph-II)
b. Male genitalia
167 Plate 16
Oenopia conglobata
a. Adult (Morph-I) b. Adult (Morph-II)
c. Male genitalia
168 Plate 17
Oenopia oncina
a. Adults
b. Male genitalia
169 Plate 18
Oenopia sauzeti
a. Adult
b. Male genitalia
170 Plate 19
Propylea dissecta
a. Adults
b. Male genitalia
171 Plate 20
Propylea japonica
a. Adults
b. Male genitalia
172 Plate 21
Propylea quaturodecimpunctata
a. Adult
b. Male genitalia
173 Plate 22
Macroilleis hauseri
a. Adults
b. Male genitalia
174 Plate 23
Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata
a. Adult
b. Male genitalia
175 Plate 24
Afidentula bisquadripunctata
a. Adult
b. Male genitalia
176 Plate 25
Afidentula manderstjarnae
a. Adult
b. Male genitalia
177 Plate 26
Scymnus posticalis
a. Adult
b. Male genitalia
178 Plate 27
Scymnus nubilus
a. Adult
b. Male genitalia
179 Plate 28
Stethorus gilvifrons
a. Adult
b. Male genitalia
180 Plate 29
Stethorus pauperculus
a. Adult
b. Male genitalia
181
Fig. 3. Distribution of Chilocorus infernalis in Gilgit-Baltistan
Fig. 4. Distribution of Exochomus nigromaculatus in Gilgit-Baltistan
182
Fig. 5. Distribution of Priscibrumus trijunctus in Gilgit-Baltistan
Fig. 6. Distribution of Platynaspidius saundersi in Gilgit-Baltistan
183
Fig. 7. Distribution of Adalia tetraspilota in Gilgit-Baltistan
Fig. 8. Distribution of Aiolocaria hexaspilota in Gilgit-Baltistan
184
Fig. 9. Distribution of Calvia punctata in Gilgit-Baltistan
Fig. 10. Distribution of Menochilus sexmaculatus in Gilgit-Baltistan
185
Fig. 11. Distribution of Coccinella iranica in Gilgit-Baltistan
Fig. 12. Distribution of Coccinella redemita in Gilgit-Baltistan
186
Fig. 13. Distribution of Coccinella septempunctata in Gilgit-Baltistan
Fig. 14. Distribution of Coccinella transversoguttata in Gilgit-Baltistan
187
Fig. 15. Distribution of Harmonia dimitiata in Gilgit-Baltistan
Fig. 16. Distribution of Hippodamia apicalis in Gilgit-Baltistan
188
Fig. 17. Distribution of Hippodamia variagata in Gilgit-Baltistan
Fig. 18. Distribution of Oenopia conglobata in Gilgit-Baltistan
189
Fig. 19. Distribution of Oenopia oncina in Gilgit-Baltistan
Fig. 20. Distribution of Oenopia sauzeti in Gilgit-Baltistan
190
Fig. 21. Distribution of Propylea dissecta in Gilgit-Baltistan
Fig. 22. Distribution of Propylea japonica in Gilgit-Baltistan
191
Fig. 23. Distribution of Propylea quaturodecimpuntata in Gilgit-Baltistan
Fig. 24. Distribution of Macroillius hauseri in Gilgit-Baltistan
192
Fig. 25. Distribution of Henospilachna vigintioctopunctata in Gilgit-Baltistan
Fig. 26. Distribution of Afidentula bisquadripunctata in Gilgit-Baltistan
193
Fig. 27. Distribution of Afidentula mansderstjernae in Gilgit-Baltistan
Fig. 28. Distribution of Scymnus nubilus in Gilgit-Baltistan
194
Fig. 29. Distribution of Scymnus posticalis in Gilgit-Baltistan
Fig. 30. Distribution of Stethorus gilvifrons in Gilgit-Baltistan
195
Fig. 31. Distribution of Stethorus pauperculus in Gilgit-Baltistan
196