TAXONOMIC STUDIES OF FAMILY COCCINELLIDAE (COLEOPTERA) OF GILGIT-BALTISTAN, PAKISTAN BY MUHAMMAD ASHFAQUE A dissertation submitted to the University of Agriculture, Peshawar in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN AGRICULTURE (PLANT PROTECTION) DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PROTECTION FACULTY OF CROP PROTECTION SCIENCES The UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, PESHAWAR KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA-PAKISTAN DECEMBER, 2012 TAXONOMIC STUDIES OF FAMILY COCCINELLIDAE (COLEOPTERA) OF GILGIT-BALTISTAN, PAKISTAN BY MUHAMMAD ASHFAQUE A dissertation submitted to the University of Agriculture, Peshawar in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN AGRICULTURE (PLANT PROTECTION) Approved by: _________________________ Chairman, Supervisory Committee Prof. Dr. Farman Ullah Department of Plant Protection _________________________ Co-Supervisor Dr. Muhammad Ather Rafi PSO/PL, NIM, IPEP, NARC Islamabad _________________________ Member Prof. Dr. Ahmad ur Rahman Saljoqi Department of Plant Protection _________________________ Member Prof. Dr. Sajjad Ahmad Department of Entomology _________________________ Chairman and Convener Board of Studies Prof. Dr. Ahmad ur Rahman Saljoqi _________________________ Dean, Faculty of Crop Protection Sciences Prof. Dr. Mian Inayatullah _________________________ Director, Advanced Studies and Research Prof. Dr. Farhatullah DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PROTECTION FACULTY OF CROP PROTECTION SCIENCES The UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, PESHAWAR KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA-PAKISTAN DECEMBER, 2012 To My Parents TABLE OF CONTENTS CH. NO. TITLE PAGE NO. LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................... i LIST OF PLATES ....................................................................................... iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................. vi ABSTRACT ............................................................................................... viii I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ........................................................................... 6 III. MATERIALS AND METHODS ....................................................................... 20 IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ..................................................................... 28 Systematic Account of Family COCCINELLIDAE ....................................... 30 Description of family Coccinellidae ........................................................ 31 Key to the subfamilies of family Coccinellidae of Gilgit-Baltistan .......... 32 Subfamily Chilocorinae .................................................................... 33 Key to the genera of subfamily Chilocorinae of Gilgit-Baltistan ....... 34 Genus Chilocorus ....................................................................... 35 Chilocorus infernalis .............................................................. 36 Genus Exochomus ..................................................................... 38 Exochomus nigromaculatus .................................................. 40 Genus Priscibrumus ................................................................... 41 Priscibrumus trijunctus .......................................................... 42 Genus Platynaspidius ................................................................. 43 Platynaspidius saundersi ...................................................... 43 Subfamily Coccinellinae ................................................................... 45 CH. 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Key to the genera of subfamily Coccinellinae of Gilgit-Baltistan ..... 46 Genus Adalia .............................................................................. 47 Adalia tetraspilota .................................................................. 48 Genus Aiolocaria ........................................................................ 50 Aiolocaria hexaspilota ........................................................... 51 Genus Calvia .............................................................................. 54 Calvia punctata ...................................................................... 54 Genus Menochilus ...................................................................... 57 Menochilus sexmaculatus ..................................................... 57 Genus Coccinella ........................................................................ 60 Coccinella iranica .................................................................. 61 Coccinella redemita ............................................................... 63 Coccinella septempunctata ................................................... 65 Coccinella tranversoguttata ................................................... 67 Genus Harmonia ......................................................................... 70 Harmonia dimidiata ............................................................... 72 Genus Hippodamia ..................................................................... 75 Hippodamia apicalis .............................................................. 76 Hippodamia variagata ........................................................... 78 Genus Oenopia ........................................................................... 81 Oenopia conglobata .............................................................. 82 Oenopia oncina ..................................................................... 86 Oenopia sauzeti .................................................................... 87 CH. 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Genus Propylea .......................................................................... 90 Propylea dissecta .................................................................. 91 Propylea japonica .................................................................. 93 Propylea quaturodecimpunctata ........................................... 96 Genus Microilleis ........................................................................ 98 Microilleis hauseri .................................................................. 98 Subfamily Epilachninae .................................................................... 99 Key to the genera of subfamily Epilachninae of Gilgit-Baltistan ... 101 Genus Henosepilachna ............................................................ 101 Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata .................................... 102 Genus Afidentula ...................................................................... .107 Afidentula bisquadripunctata ............................................... .108 Afidentula manderstjarnae .................................................. .110 Subfamily Scymninae .................................................................... .111 Key to the genera of subfamily Scymninae of Gilgit-Baltistan ...... .112 Genus Scymnus ....................................................................... 113 Scymnus nubilus ................................................................. 114 Scymnus posticalis .............................................................. 116 Genus Stethorus ...................................................................... 118 Stethorus gilvifrons .............................................................. 119 Stethorus pauperculus ........................................................ 122 Checklist of Ladybird Beetles (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera) of Gilgit-Baltistan ................................................................................. 124 Conclusion and Recommendations .................................................... 126 V. SUMMARY ............................................................................................. 128 VI. LITERATURE CITED ................................................................................ 130 LIST OF FIGURES FIG. NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 1. Map of Gilgit-Baltistan ........................................................................ 21 2. a. Adult morphology – Dorsal View .................................................... 23 b. Adult morphology – Ventral View ................................................... 24 c. Male genitalia .................................................................................. 24 d. Female genitalia ............................................................................. 24 3. Distribution of Chilocorus infernalis in Gilgit-Baltistan ........................ 182 4. Distribution of Exochomus nigromaculatus in Gilgit-Baltistan ............ 182 5. Distribution of Priscibrumus trijunctus in Gilgit-Baltistan .................... 183 6. Distribution of Platynaspidius saundersi in Gilgit-Baltistan ................ 183 7. Distribution of Adalia tetraspilota in Gilgit-Baltistan ............................ 184 8. Distribution of Aiolocaria hexaspilota in Gilgit-Baltistan ..................... 184 9. Distribution of Calvia punctata in Gilgit-Baltistan ............................... 185 10. Distribution of Menochilus sexmaculatus in Gilgit-Baltistan ............... 185 11. Distribution of Coccinella iranica in Gilgit-Baltistan ............................ 186 12. Distribution of Coccinella redemita in Gilgit-Baltistan ......................... 186 13. Distribution of Coccinella septempunctata in Gilgit-Baltistan ............