The CRISIS Vol. 8—No. 4 AUGUST, 1914 Whole No. 46

ONE DOLLAR A YEAR TEN CENTS A COPY The National Religious Training School

"I cordially commend the school's interest and needs to all who believe in the Negro race and in our obligation to help promote its intellectual, moral and religious uplift." —REF. DR. CHARLES H. PARKHURST, New York City.

IT IS MORE THAN A MERE SCHOOL IT IS A COMMUNITY OF SERVICE AND UPLIFT Its influence is destined to be felt in all sections of the country in improved Negro community life wherever our trained workers locate. Settlement workers, missionaries for home and foreign mission fields, Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. secretaries and district nurses receive a comprehensive grasp of their studies under a Wellesley graduate and experienced co-workers and actual every-day practice through the school's SOCIAL SERVICE DEPARTMENT. We aim also to create a better qualified ministry. Industrial training, advanced literary branches, business school. Thirty-two acres ; ten modern buildings ; healthful location. We can accommodate a few more earnest, ambitious students. Communities requiring social workers should write us.

For catalog and detailed information address : PRESIDENT JAMES E. SHEPARD National Religious Training School Durham, N. C. The school has no endowment fund and must raise a yearly maintenance fund of $15,000 for running expenses. Won't you help us this year?

The Cheyney Training School for Teachers CHEYNEY, PENNSYLVANIA

Under the management of the Society of Friends. Beautifully located, healthful, well appointed, and within easy reach of a great variety of educa­ tional institutions, public and private, extending from West Chester to Philadelphia; representing a wide range of educational problems and practice. This school offers to young colored men and women who have a reasonable secondary school preparation, and who earnestly desire to become teachers, carefully graded courses in academic work, domestic science, domestic art, manual crafts and agriculture. For teachers of experience and intending teachers it offers also a six weeks' summer-school course, extending from July 1 to August 12. Tuition is free. Board, lodging, heat, light and laundry privileges are offered for nine months for $100. The charge for the same during the summer-school course is $15. Write for particulars to

LESLIE PINCKNEY HILL, Principal

Mention THE CRISIS THE CRISIS A RECORD OF THE DARKER RACES

PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE, AT 70 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY Conducted by W. E. BURGHARDT DU BOIS AUGUSTUS GRANVILLE DILL, Business Manager

Contents Copyrighted,: 1914, by the National Association for the Advancement ot Colored People

Contents for August, 1914

PICTURES

COVER. "August." A study from life by L. R. Miner. SOCIAL LIFE IN COLORED AMERICA. III.—A Dinner at the Lo- Page endi Club, Pittsburg. Photograph from life 182

ARTICLES

THE AWAKENING. A Poem. By Otto Bohanan 171 HOW THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE BEGAN. By Mary White Ovington 184 HIS MOTTO. A Story. By Lottie Burrell Dixon 188 THE NEW WILBERFORCE. (Illustrated) 191

DEPARTMENTS

ALONG THE COLOR LINE 163 MEN OF THE MONTH 169 OPINION 172 EDITORIAL 179 PROBLEM LITERATURE 195 THE BURDEN 197

TEN CENTS A COPY; ONE DOLLAR A YEAR

FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS TWENTY-FIVE CENTS EXTRA RENEWALS: When a subscription blank is attached to this page a renewal of your subscrip­ tion is desired. The date of the expiration of your subscription will be found on the wrapper. CHANGE OF ADDRESS: The address of a subscriber can be changed as often as desired. In ordering a change of address, both the old and the new address must be given. Two weeks' notice is required. MANUSCRIPTS and drawings relating to colored people are desired. They must be accom­ panied by return postage. If found unavailable they will be returned. Entered as Second-class Matter in the Post Office at New York, N. Y. 160 THE CRISIS ADVERTISER

Atlanta University LINCOLN INSTITUTE Is beautifully located in the City of Atlanta, Jefferson City, Missouri Ga. The courses of study include High Founded by the Negro soldiers of School, Normal School and College, with the 64th and 65th Regiments. Sup­ manual training and domestic science. Among ported by the State of Missouri. the teachers are graduates of Yale, Harvard, Dartmouth and Wellesley. Forty-five years One of the best-equipped schools in of successful work have been completed. the country for the education of Negro Students come from all parts of the South. boys and girls. Normal, Collegiate, Graduates are almost universally successful. Agricultural and Industrial Courses. For further information address Normal diplomas carrying with them the degree B. Pd. are life certificates to President EDWARD T. WARE teach in the public schools of Missouri. ATLANTA, GA. The degree A. B. conferred upon those who complete the collegiate course. Four teachers of Music: Voice Culture, Piano, Violin, Band and Orchestra Knoxville College Practice. Elocution, Athletics, Draw­ ing and Art. Beautiful Situation. Healthful Location. The Best Moral and Spiritual Environ­ Board $9.50 a month. Tuition $3.00 the year to Missouri students. All ment. A Splendid Intellectual Atmos­ others pay $13.00 a year. Catalog free. phere. Noted for Honest and Thorough B. F. ALLEN, A. M., LL. D. Work. President- Offers full courses in the following departments: College, Normal, High School, Grammar School and Industrial. Good water, steam heat, electric lights, good drain­ age. Expenses very reasonable. MOREHOUSE COLLEGE Opportunity for self-help. Fall Term Begins September, 1914. (Formerly Atlanta Baptist College) For information address ATLANTA, GA. President R. W. McGRANAHAN College, Academy, Divinity School KNOXVILLE. TENN. An institution famous within recent years for its emphasis on all sides of manly develop­ ment—the only institution in the far South devoted solely to the education of Negro young men. The Agricultural and Graduates given high ranking by greatest northern universities. Debating, Y. M. C. A., Mechanical College athletics, all live features. For information address JOHN HOPE, President. Maintained by the govern­ ments of North Carolina and ST. MARY'S SCHOOL of the United States. Open An Episcopal boarding and day school for all the year round. For girls, under the direction of the Sisters of St. males only. Fall term be­ Mary. Address. gins September 1, 1914. THE SISTER-IN-CHARGE Board, lodging and tuition, 611 N. 43d St. W. Philadelphia, Pa. $7 per month. Best oppor­ tunities for Negro youth. FISK UNIVERSITY Night school for indigent NASHVILLE, TENN. but ambitious young men. Founded 1866 C. W. MORROW, Dean For catalog or further infor­ Thorough Literary, Scientific, Educational and Social Science Courses. Pioneer in mation, address Negro music. Special study in Negro history. Ideal and sanitary buildings and grounds. PRESIDENT DUDLEY Well-equipped Science building. A. & M. College Greensboro, N. C. Christian home life. High standards of independent manhood and womanhood.

Mention THE CRISIS THE CRISIS ADVERTISER 161

1875 State Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes 1914 Normal, Alabama A combination hard to beat. A thorough English Education combined with a Trade. WHAT TRADE WOULD YOU LIKE TO TAKE ? Trades for Boys, 12 Trades for Girls, 7 Trades for both sexes, 2

STATE AND UNITED STATES APPROPRIATIONS Property consists of 182 acres of land, 20 buildings for all purposes, live stock and general equipment valued at $160,500.

SUMMARY OF OUR GRADUATES-1875-1914 Department of Academics 1,020 Department of Agriculture ' 88 Department of Domestic Economy 533 Department of Mechanic Arts 276

T°tal 1,917 WHAT THEY ARE DOING Principals of district schools 156 United States Government Service 25 Teachers in rural schools 263 Jeanes teachers 7 Principals of secondary or high schools 12 Directors of book establishments 2 Teachers in grammar and high schools 75 Editors and Journalists 8 Doctors 30 Bookkeepers 15 Lawyers 5 United States Farm Demonstrators 1 Dentists 5 Undertakers and Embalmers 5 Pharmacists 3 Contractors and Builders 8 Druggists 10 United States Bureau of Education 1 Working at Trades 246 Farmers 326 Bankers 3 Housekeepers 480

WHAT ARE YOU PREPARING TO DO ?

DEPARTMENTS Primary, Grammar, High School, College, Mechanic Arts, Agricultural Science, Home Economics, Commercial Arts, Music and Nurse Training. Catalog free. ^ WALTER S. BUCHANAN, President.

HOWARD UNIVERSITY STEPHEN M. NEWMAN, A. M, D. D., President.

College of Arts and Sciences Commercial College A. B. and B. S. Courses Stenography, Typewriting, Economics, Etc. Teachers College Library School A. B. and B. S. in Pedagogy Courses

School of Manual Arts and Applied PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS Sciences Courses in School of Theology Engineering Domestic Arts Domestic Science Manual Arts School of Medicine Conservatory of Music College of Medicine College of Dentistry Academy College of Pharmacy Three Preparatory Courses (Classical, Scientific, Normal) School of Law

ALL COURSES BEGIN SEPTEMBER 30, 1914. For Catalog, Address : HOWARD UNIVERSITY, Washington, D. C.

Mention THE CRISIS 162 THE CRISIS ADVERTISER

STORER COLLEGE OF INTEREST TO VOCAL STUDENTS FOUNDED IN 1867 TONE-PLACING FAND VOICE- DEVELOPMENT Normal, College Preparatory, Music and Points explained, vi2. : Breath in Manual Training Courses offered. Co-edu­ Singing, Trying the Voice, the Soprano, the Mezzo-Soprano, the cational. High scholastic ideals. Situated in Contralto, Tenor Leggiero or High historic John Brown Land. Magnificent loca­ Tenor, the Baritone, the Bass, tion. Fine library, twelve buildings, good Parts of the Vocal Apparatus, the Mouth, the Tongue, Position when equipment, thoroughly trained faculty, modern Practising, Position when Singing, laboratories, expenses small. A place for the How to Practice, Good Rules for earnest, poor young man or woman. No Singing. drones wanted. Comment from the world-renowned conductor of the Paulist Choir of Chicago, 111., whose choir has Write to Pres. HENRY T. McDONALD, just received the first prize awarded at the Singing Contest held in Paris, on May 25, 1912: HARPERS FERRY, W. VA. "Dear Mr. Tinsley: "I take great pleasure in commending your very useful and succinctly written book on 'Tone-Placing DOWNINGTOWN INDUSTRIAL and Voice-Development.' Your own appreciation of the psychology of singing and the fundamental prin­ and AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL ciples of the arc you have cleverly reduced to a DOWNINGTOWN, PA. simple system. Cordially yours, "Father WILLIAM J. FINN, C. S. P., Director Paulist Choristers of Chicago." Tenth Session begins September 16, 1914 From "Musical Courier," N. Y. : "A very practical little book is 'Tone-Placing and Voice-Development,' by Pedro T. Tinsley. It contains some very excellent COURSES: Literary; Trades; Agricul­ material and vocal exercises, and should be in the ture and Practical Farming; Domestic hands of all vocal students." From "Music News," Chicago, 111.: "Accordingly Science ; Art, etc. For information write his 'Practical Method of Singing' is a most concise and practical little manual, containing many valuable WM. A. CREDITT; Pres., 628 South 19th vocal exercises. It cannot fail to be helpful to all St., Philadelphia, Pa. B. C. BURNETT, ambitious vocal students." Sec'y. Industrial School, Downingtown, HELPED HIM GREATLY "Since I practised your exercises of 'Tone-Placing Pa. and Voice-Development' my voice is more resonant than it has been for years. It seems to me that I am getting a new voice." Prof. John T. Layton, Director Coleridge-Taylor Musical Society, 1722 10th Georgia State Industrial College St., N. W., Washington, D. C. Graduated in June 51 members : 2 from Col­ PRICE $1.00 lege Department, 15 from Normal Depart­ Address the publisher: Pedro T. Tinsley, 6448 Drexel ment and 34 from Industrial Department. Ave., Chicago, 111.; or Clayton F. Summy, 64 E. Van Buren St., or Lyon & Healy, Adams and Wabash Opens October 1st. Ave., Chicago, 111. R. R. WRIGHT, PRESIDENT, SAVANNAH, GA. ANNOUNCEMENT AGENTS WANTED We desire intelligent persons to act as our local Others Receive $15 to $65 Weekly! distributors in communities where we are not already Why Not You? represented. Would be pleased to hear from students and teachers during vacation, or any reliable person Write immediately for full particulars, sample, picture, lit­ able to furnish best references. Salary $9 a week. erature, etc. Experience unnecessary. Enclose 10 cents to cover cost. SOUTHERN DISTRIBUTORS COMPANY P. O. Box 2. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Odd Fellows Auditorium Atlanta, Ga.

ANY SPARE TIME? WHY NOT TURN IT INTO MONEY? Our agents are making $10.00 per day and more, selling our new Negro picture, "A Joyful Welcome Into Heaven," the finest picture ever produced with the Negro as a subject. Pleasant agreeable work. Sells at sight! Write today for particulars, or send 15 cents stamps or coin for 50 cent sample and agent's terms. Money back if not satisfied at first glance ! The Douglas Specialties Co. Department K 3548 Vernon Avenue, :: Chicago, 111. (Trade Mark)

Mention THE CRISIS THE CRISIS Vol. 8-No. 4 AUGUST, 1914 Whole No. 46

ALONG THE COLOR LINE

MUSIC AND ART • The commencement exercises of the In­ COLERIDGE-TAYLOR'S "Kubla Khan" stitute of Musical Art in the City of New was lately presented at the first con­ York, of which Mr. Frank Damroseh is di­ cert of the New Gainsborough Orchestral rector, were held in Aeolian Hall on June 1. Society, Nottingham, England. The London Mr. Alfred J. Thomas, the only colored Musical Times states that the conductor, Mr. member of the graduating class, was former­ A. Henderson, placed the audience under a ly a leader in the United States Tenth decided obligation to both choir and orches­ Cavalry Band. tra for the introduction of so interesting a • A May Musical Festival was held by work. the Coleridge-Taylor Club of the Raymond • The fourth annual Festival for com­ Social Settlement, J. A. Mundy, conductor, peting choirs was held May 1 and 2 at Glas­ in Orchestra Hall, Chicago, 111., on May 17. gow, Scotland. The tests selected were the The club was assisted by Mrs. Willa Sloan, three choruses, "Summer is Gone" and soprano; Mr. W. A. Hahn, baritone; Mr. "Death in the Sierras" for mixed voices, and Carroll K. Dickerson, violinist, and Mr. "Fall on Me Like Silent Dew" for female Walter Gossette, organist. Mr. N. Clark voices, and the solo for tenor, "Onaway, Smith was assistant conductor. The first Awake, Beloved." part of the program consisted mainly of • At the Commencement recital given at compositions by colored musicians. Two Wells College, Aurora, N. Y., on June 8, choral numbers by Mr. Mundy, "Ethiopia" Miss Kitty Cheatam, the noted American and "Sons of Freedom" are deserving of singer, devoted one part of her program to special mention. Mrs. Sloan sang selections a brief talk of the origin and development by Cadman, Campbell-Tipton, and Puccini. of old Negro folk song's, a field in which she has won high recognition. Of the concert the Chicago Tribune says: • An Indian opera, "The Sun Dance," a "The chorus sang finely for its regular con­ representation of America's aboriginal life, ductor, who is unusually gifted. He has a was recently produced by the Brigham fine sense of dramatic values and has estab­ Young University Opera Company at the lished an excellent ensemble. . . . Several Salt Lake City theatre. The libretto is by of the individual voices were attractive, and that of Mrs. Willa Sloan, a warm and bril­ Zitkala Sa (Mrs. R. T. Bonum), a highly liant soprano, possessed rare beauty of educated Sioux woman, and the music by quality." William F. Hanson, an instructor in the Unita State Academy at Vernal. During «I At Galloway Hall, Wilberforce, O., a the evening of the presentation, the customs Carnival of Folk Dances was given on May and legends incorporated in the opera were 27 by the pupils of the Physical Culture de­ explained by Zitkala Sa. partment of Wilberforce University, under 164 THE CRISIS

the direction of Miss Hallie Q. Brown, in­ Dallas, Texas, by the Dallas Colored High structor of English and Physical Culture. School. The chorus, which numbered three • On June 3, Miss Brown gave an address hundred sang to a large audience of both on Negro Folk Lore and Folk Song at the races. Mme. Azalia Hackley conducted the commencement exercises of the Scribner choruses and sang a group of small songs High School at People's College, New Al­ of the lighter character by colored musi­ bany, Ind. cians. Just before the close of the program, C| Mrs. Alice Moore Dunbar gave an in­ remarks were made by W. H. Atwell, former teresting and instructive lecture on "The In­ United States District Attorney. Laying fluence the Afro-American has on the Liter­ stress upon the fact that the Negro race was ature of This Country," at the A. M. E. achieving successes, Mr. Atwell closed by Zion Church, Pittsburg, Pa. calling it "a great race and one destined to • During the month of June, Mr. Rich­ be greater." ard B. Harrison, elocutionist, has been heard tj Carl R. Diton, pianist, won a prize of in a number of recitals in Pittsburg, Pa. $100 in a recent Chicago contest for the • A piano recital was given on May 28 most appropriate setting for the words of at True Reformer's Hall, Washington, D. "I Feel Thy Spirit." Mr. Diton and Mrs. C, by Mr. Henry Lee Grant of the faculty Effie J. West were married on June 8 in of the Washington Conservatory of Music, Augusta, Ga., where they have both been assisted by Dr. C. Sumner Wormley, bari­ teaching at Paine College. Mr. Diton is tone, and the L'Allegro Glee Club, Mr. Er­ now located in Atlanta, Ga. nest Amos, director. Mr. Grant opened his •J The annual festival of the Georgia program with the Handel "Fugue in E Music Festival Association was held in At­ Minor" and disclosed a beautiful and sym­ lanta on July 8, 9 and 10. The first night pathetic touch in the Chopin group and in was "All Women's Night," and Bemberg's other pieces ranging from Beethoven to cantata, "The Death of Joan of Arc" was Moszkowski. rendered. Sylvia Ward Olden, of New Or­ • The graduating exercises of the Wash­ leans, took the leading role. On the second ington Conservatory of Music were held on night the Fisk Jubilee Singers, under the June 2 at Washington, D. C. Diplomas in direction of Prof. J. W. Work, rendered the the teachers course were awarded to Misses program. On the third night Mme. Anita Mamie Hope, Celestine Lott, and Pearl Patti Brown, soprano, gave a concert, as­ Christmas. sisted by a chorus of one hundred voices, • While having his violin, a genuine under the direction of Prof. Carl Diton. Steiner, repaired at the Badgett violin re­ • Mme. Anita Patti Brown, soprano; pair shop on Peachtree St., Atlanta, Ga., Mr. W. Henry Hackney, tenor; Mr. Ernest Mr. Joseph Douglass, violinist, now touring R. Amos, baritone, and Mr. R. Nathaniel in the South, attracted the tenants of the Dett, composer and pianist, gave a concert building by his beautiful playing, and soon of the works of Negro composers on June 3, gathered an admiring audience. The At­ at Orchestral Hall, in Chicago. lanta Journal, referring to the incident, de­ EDUCATION clares that if Mr. Douglass returns for a concert later in the summer, those who heard him will not fail to attend. THE following are graduates of 1914, whose names did not reach us in time • Among interesting pupils' recitals giv­ for publication in the Educational Number: en by private teachers during the month of Ralph H. Young received a degree of Doc­ June were that of Miss Georgine Glover, tor of Medicine, and James L. Wilson a pianist, at Court Hall, Boston, Mass., on Bachelor of Arts degree from Columbia Uni­ June 26; and a piano pupils' recital by Mrs. versity. Drue King received a degree of Helen Young-Dammond, at Philadelphia, Doctor of Medicine from Tufts College Penn., on June 5. Miss Glover was a pri­ Medical School. Walter S. Madison received vate pupil of the late Petersilea of Boston. a Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineer­ Mrs. Dammond is a graduate of the musical ing from the Iowa State College; there were department of the University of Pennsyl­ four other graduates. Among the colored vania. colleges omitted, E. E. Franklin and U. G. Benson led the college class of nineteen • A festival of Negro Folk Song was graduated from Biddle University. G. W. given on May 26 at the Fair Park Coliseum, ALONG THE COLOR LINE 165

Jordan and J. D. Merida ranked highest in by the Board of Education, has been rein­ the class of fifteen receiving Bachelor's de­ stated by Assistant Commissioner Betts. He grees from Wiley University. Mrs. Alberta will receive full salary for the time he has M. Diggs received a Master's degree from been under suspension. Selma University. M. C. Carmichael and • The late Mrs. William M. Elliot, of Wilhelmina Tanner led the college class of Baltimore, has bequeathed $150,000 for the five graduating from Samuel Houston Col­ creation of a corporation to educate Negroes lege. A. S. Phillips and Naomi R. Hunt in the State of Maryland. ranked highest in the college department of • The National Kindergarten Association Virginia Theological Seminary and College. of New York has opened an experimen­ Through a mistake, the Dean sent in the tal kindergarten in Richmond, Va., for col­ name of L. H. Newman as graduating with ored children. second honor from Howard University. • The Committee on Appropriations in Miss Grace Coleman received second honor the House of Representatives has given graduating, magna cum laude. Howard University $99,000 of the $101,000 Altogether we have received names of 275 asked for. The committee approved an ap­ graduates from colored schools receiving propriation of $66,640 for Freedmen's Hos­ Bachelor's degrees and three receiving Mas­ pital, in Washington, which is an increase ter's degrees. of $5,600 over last year's appropriation. Robert Hardon, a colored boy, graduated • The Rising Sons and Daughters of from the East Saginaw (Mich.) High School Protection, a colored fraternal organization, with highest honors in a class of one hun­ contributed $300 to Tuggle Institute in Bir­ dred white boys. mingham, Ala., at its annual meeting held • Nineteen colored students were gradu­ in Talladega recently. ated from the two high schools of Indianap­ • Julius Rosenwald, the Chicago philan­ olis, Ind., which is an increase over former thropist, has agreed to duplicate the amount years. There are in the two high schools of money raised in any southern community two hundred and two colored students, and for colored rural schools. there are nine at the Technical Institute. • A report presented before the General Butler College, in the same place, has four Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in colored students, and there are a large num­ Chicago showed that the Freedman's Board ber of students who have finished from the expended $247,000 last year. This is an in­ high school and are studying at colleges crease of $34,000 over the preceding year. away from home. Forty-three were gradu­ • The colored graduates of the Univer­ ated from one grammar school and large sity of Iowa in Iowa City have formed an numbers from the other graded schools. organization to be known as the Iowa col­ Many colored students have made unusual ored alumni. The students of the Univer­ records. sity have organized the Delta Chapter of • Beatrice B. Mills, a colored girl, re­ the Kappa Alpha Nu, a Negro college men's ceived a gold medal from School No. 69 in fraternity, composed of eleven students and New York City. She led a class of thirty- three alumni. eight white competitors in shorthand, French • The colored industrial school, made and music. possible by the gift of Mrs. Sallie J. McCall, • Twenty colored and Indian students is located in Cincinnati, O., with W. L. from Hampton Institute, camping in the Ricks as principal. mountains and on the sea shores of New • Rufus Jackson, a colored graduate of England, are presenting pageants during the the East Des Moines (la.) High School, has summer. They are giving the folk-songs and been awarded a scholarship to the Slate Col­ folk-lore of both races and the tribal dances lege at Ames. and ceremonial chants of the Indians. • Plans were discussed at a meeting in • Tuskegee Institute contributed the com­ Philadelphia recently for the federation of mencement Sunday collection, which amount­ all Negro secondary and industrial schools, ed to about fifty dollars, to Atlanta Univer­ with a general office in New York. One of sity. the chief purposes of this consolidation • Dr. Edward B. Terry, the colored would be the reduction of expenses in rais­ Medical Inspector of Schools in Atlantic ing funds. City, N. J., who was indefinitely suspended •The late Mrs. Maria Van Antwerp 166 THE CRISIS

Jesup of New York City bequeathed $50,000 corp of five teachers, is a good one but in­ each to Tuskegee and Hampton Institutes, adequate, because of the growth of the com­ • All of the schools under the Freedmen's munity. Many of the farmers take the farm Aid Society will be called colleges instead of journals and use modern machinery in their universities, except Clark University in At­ work. The local stores, mills and farms fur­ lanta. The name of this school will remain nish much of the produce needed in the town. unchanged and the curriculum will be im­ • At this year's commencement of the West proved. Virginia Colored Institute in Institute, W. SOCIAL UPLIFT Va., a bronze tablet in memory of Prof. J. THE second Universal Race Congress will McHenry Jones, who was President of the meet in Paris in 1915. Institute for eleven years, was unveiled. • The colored children of Greensboro, N. • Albert Randree, a colored cook on the C., have, themselves, raised $250 for a play­ Southern Pacific Railway, received a reward ground by minding babies, washing dishes, of $500 for felling a bandit who held up a raising chickens and flowers, etc. There is train out of San Francisco. still need for $250. • The new $100,000 colored Y. M. C. A. in • The Afro-American Ledger of Baltimore, Kansas City, Mo., has been dedicated. Mr. Md., held a five-mile race on May 23. S. A. Rosenwald gave $25,000, the colored people Jones was the winner. raised $25,000, and the white people contri­ • The Hotel Worthy in Springfield, Mass., buted $50,000. has taken back its entire force of colored • Titustown, a suburb of Norfolk, Va., is waiters, whose places were recently given to a Negro settlement in which every man owns white men by a new management. his own home. The county gave a good • The District of Columbia has been order­ school and the Negroes furnished their ed by the House of Representatives to pay church. There is no saloon in the place, and $41,209.73 to Freedmen's Hospital as one- there never has been an arrest made there. half the cost of maintenance of indigent pa­ • Negroes, under the direction of William tients treated from 1906 to 1913. Benson, of the Kowaliga (Ala.) Community, • Courtland Lewis, a colored postal clerk have built a railroad from Kowaliga to employed in the post office in Cincinnati. Alexander, a distance of fifteen miles. O., made 100 per cent, in a case examination. • Timothy Williams, a colored laborer on The examination was on the distribution of the Panama Canal railroad, saved Joseph firm mail, represented by 970 cards. Every Lewis, a French co-laborer, from drowning card was thrown correctly with a speed of at the risk of his own life. The governor 64.47 cards per minute. of the Panama Canal Zone presented to the • Frank Jenkins, a colored boy of Jamaica, rescuer a medal awarded by the government. L. I., broke all former records in the mile • Mary Carter Langston, a colored woman, and half-mile race in the annual high started a library in St. Augustine, Fla., schools' track and field championship meet about two years ago for the colored children on the Public School Athletic Field in who had access to none. This library was Brooklyn, N. Y. made a kind of a settlement house with • The tablet of the late Harriet Tubman games, meetings, music, etc. The work has Davis at Auburn, N. Y., was unveiled on grown and recently a domestic science class June 12. The tablet was the gift of the has been opened for the girls and a manual Cayuga County Historical Society, a white training class for the boys. organization. Prominent white and colored • E. Smith, a colored student of Colorado men and women participated in the pro- College, won the 440-yard and 220-yard grain. dashes in the meet between Colorado College • June 6 was clean-up day for colored peo­ and Denver University. ple in Alabama. • W. H. Daly, a colored business man of • There are several towns in the State of Baltimore, Md., will build a $75,000 vaude­ Oklahoma inhabited and governed entirely ville and moving picture theatre in that city by colored people. Lima, situated in the for colored patrons. center of Seminole County, is one of the • The three colored soldiers of the Tenth newest of these and has the advantage of a United States Cavalry who took examina­ great many natural resources. The one tions at Fort Huachuca, Arizona, in May school, a two-story brick building, with its for the office of Captain of United States ALONG THE COLOR LINE 167

Volunteers, passed with averages above 80 • State associations of colored women's per cent. The examinations extended over clubs are planning for the national meeting a period of thirteen days. on August 2 in Chicago. • The Washington (D. C.) Bee published an anniversary number of sixteen pages on ECONOMICS June 27. This number celebrated the thirty- THROUGH the efforts of H. P. Ewing, fourth anniversary of the Bee and contained a successful colored farmer, the Kaw accounts of colored schools and philan­ Valley Truck Farm Company has been in­ thropic institutions, sketches of successful corporated under the laws of Kansas. One colored men, etc. hundred and five acres just west of Armour- • Jack Johnson easily maintained his title dale, Kansas, have been leased. The capital to the championship of the world in a fight stock of $5,000 is divided into 500 shares, at Paris with Frank Moran, the "white • Colored people in Philadelphia have hope" from Pittsburg. Thirty-five thousand fourteen building and loan associations, fif­ people witnessed the fight, which was a very teen insurance companies, two hospitals, a tame one, Moran not having the slightest bank doing over $1,000,000 worth of busi­ chance. ness, and own $10,000,000 worth of real MEETINGS estate. • It is said that young colored men between THE President of the National Federation twenty and thirty years of age have acquired of Colored Women's Clubs has fifty houses in Bennetsville, N. C, during sent out notices to all the local and state the past five years. federations for the four days' meeting at • Up to June 30, the last day for the pay­ Wilberforce, from August 4 to 6. Many ment of income tax, $10,000,000 had been noted men and women will speak at this paid into the office of Charles W. Anderson, meeting. the colored Internal Revenue Collector. Col­ • The New Jersey League of Republican lector Anderson has the richest district in Organizations of colored voters held its an­ New York in which 15,000 people are esti­ nual convention in Atlantic City, June 26 mated to have an income of more than $1,- and 27. 000,000,000. Five million dollars will prob­ • The State Federation of Women's Clubs ably be paid in before the extra time has of South Carolina met at Sumter on June 17. expired. • Several hundred people of Washington, • The Afro-American Realty and Amuse­ D. C, attended a memorial service on May ment Company of St. Louis has purchased 31, held at Howard Theatre for colored a corner lot about 130 feet square for a soldiers. $150,000 building which will contain a thea­ • The fiftieth anniversary of the enlistment tre, club rooms, and offices. of Negroes in the United States Army from • The colored people of Charlotte, N. C, the State of Pennsylvania was celebrated in who form about one-half of the population Philadelphia during the week of June 26. of the city, own one-seventh of the city land • The Young Peoples' Congress was held in 1,225 city lots. There are 762 colored under the auspices of the A. M. E. Church men listed for poll tax between the ages of in Atlanta, July 8-12. twenty-one and fifty years. • The National Negro Business League will GHETTO meet in Muskogee, Okla., in August, • Institutes for colored teachers are being A REPORT by Edith Elmer Wood in the held in thirty-three places in Alabama dur­ Southern Workman tells that in 1906 ing the summer. one-seventh of the Negro population of • The Empire State Federation of Colored Washington lived in alleys. In 1912 condi­ Women's Clubs met at Concord Baptist tions had been greatly improved, partly be­ Church in Brooklyn, N. Y., July 1, 2 and 3. cause of new sanitary laws, and largely be­ • The Grand Lodge of the Knights of cause the inhabitants of the alleys desired Pythias of Virginia met in Richmond in better homes. But still the death rate on the June. streets of Washington was 17.32 per thou­ • About fifty publications were represented sand of population, and in the alleys it was at the annual meeting of the Colored News­ 28.52. The Alley Elimination Bill is now paper Men's Association of Texas in Dallas. before the Senate and House. This bill pro- 168 THE CRISIS

vieles that ten years after its passage there not approve of provisions for colored chil­ shall be no more inhabited alleys in Wash­ dren as was planned at first. ington. CRIME • About eight hundred colored people gath­ ered in a mass meeting in Louisville, Ky., on THE following colored men have been July 5, to protest against the segregation lynched since the last report: ordinance recently passed in that city. Dr. William Robinson, accused of killing a Joel E, Spingarn, President of the Board of white man, was lynched near Navasoto, 'Jex. Directors of the National Association for Samuel Bains was shot by a sheriff in a the Advancement of Colored People, and posse which hunted him down near Warrior, Prof. William Pickens of Talladega College, Ala.; he was wanted for robbery and lar- spoke. Funds were pledged for a legal fight, cency. John Smith, accused of holding up • Prof. Carl J. Murphy, an instructor of and robbing a pay-car of the Gilchrist Ford- German in Howard University, was refused ney Company near Stearns, La., was lynched accomodation in the main dining room of at Louisville, Miss. the ship Koenigen Luise of the North Ger­ • A young colored woman, Miss Mary man Lloyd Steamship Company. He was Brooks, was shopping with her mother in told that he must take his meals in the Nashville, Tenn., when some dispute con­ smoking room. He returned the ticket which cerning change arose. The floor walker set­ he had purchased and secured passage on tled the matter and then ordered them out. another steamer. When they did not move fast enough he as­ • A crowd of two hundred white men saulted them, knocking both of them down wrecked a moving picture house for colored and beating the mother while a clerk held people in Jackson, Miss. They ran the ticket Miss Brooks. seller out of the office, cut the wires, dis­ • John Frazier, a partially deaf colored connected the moving picture apparatus and man of Nashville, Tenn., is dead from a blow locked the doors. on the head inflicted by a white officer. The • The management of the Y. M. C. A. in officer had arrested a man and Frazier start­ Detroit, Mich., has decided that colored ed across the street to see what the trouble members will no longer be admitted. The was. He was ordered back but did not un­ Detroit branch of the National Association derstand at first and when he did start back for the Advancement of Colored People is the officer ran and struck him a fatal blow protesting. across the head, allowing his prisoner to • When George Baxter, a colored man escape. working in a mine in Pottsville, Pa., was • Charles M. Doran, a white man, was seriously injured by an explosion, the local stabbed by Edward Anderson, a colored hospital refused to take him in on account of man, in self defense at St. Paul, Minn. An­ color. His employer obtained a mandamus derson was on the car with a colored woman which would have eventually admitted the whom Moran thought to be white. When wounded man to the hospital, but he died the two colored people got off the car Moran while the argument was going on. The and a party of friends got off also and in- charter of the hospital prohibits discrimina­ terferred, threatening to shoot the Negro tion. and crying, "lynch the nigger," with the • Several of the white nurses resigned above result. from the Charity Hospital in New Orleans • William Brion, a colored man of Coates- when colored nurses were admitted. Colored ville, Pa., came near losing his life at the nurses were admitted because the supply of hands of a mob for scolding some boys who white nurses was not large enough. were throwing firecrackers into the street. • Plans for sleeping tents in a park for He was knocked on the back of his head with poor mothers and their children have been a glass bottle which made a deep cut. He made by the Mothers' Congress in St. Louis, drew his knife and cut two men in the Mo. Colored women raised $127 which they crowd. He was hurried off to jail, wished to contribute to the care of colored • Fred Young killed James Hollis; both women and children, but the President of are white men. Young mistook Hollis for a the Mothers' Congress, a white Woman, re­ colored man, John Farmer, for whom a ported that Park Commissioner Davis did posse was hunting. MEN OF THE MONTH

national Council of Women in 1899, and lec­ tured throughout the country, meeting many of the most distinguished Englishmen. Later she returned to England and raised $10,000 there for the beautiful new dormitory re­ cently erected by the university. In the United States she has lectured in almost every community of the country. Her inter­ pretations of literature, and particularly of Negro authors, are always true and sympa­ thetic, and seldom fail to entertain audiences of all sorts and conditions. Lady Henry Somerset has referred to her "musical voice" and the "charm of her graceful presence." It is rumored that the National Confeder­ ation will confer the highest honor on Miss Brown by making her National President in succession to Mrs. Margaret Washington.

MISS HALLIE QUINN BROWN

A PUBLIC SPEAKER THE meeting' of the National Federation of Colored Women's Clubs, at Wilber- force this month, makes them, in a sense, the guests of Hallie Quinn Brown. This is as it should be, for of all present forces among colored women, she is perhaps the strongest and most far-reaching. Miss Brown was born at Pittsburg and educated at Wilberforce. She has held po­ sitions at Allen University, Tuskegee, and Wilberforce. She has been active in club life, and has published some essays. But it is chiefly as a lecturer and inter­ preter of literature that Hallie Q. Brown is known all over the country and in Europe. In England she was a delegate to the Inter­ DR. EDWARD ALBERT CARTER 170 THE CRISIS

M. DIAGNE M. GRATIEN CANDACE M. RENE BOISNEUF

A BUSY PHYSICIAN Buxton, Iowa, a town of nearly 5,000 inhabi­ EDWARD ALBERT CARTER was one tants (nearly all colored miners), and is now of twelve children and was born in Vir­ local surgeon for the railroad and coal com­ ginia in 1881. His father moved to Iowa in pany with a white assistant under him. 1882 and became a coal miner. Edward at­ THREE MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT tended the public school and then the High THERE are to-day three colored members School of Oskaloosa, where for a time he of the French Chamber of Deputies, walked ten miles a day to his lessons. Dur­ and as Le Journal says : "Is not this evi­ ing the summers he worked as a miner and dence of the good instruction which our went to school in winter, graduating from brothers in the colonies receive?" M. Gra- the State University tien Candaee and M. of Iowa in 1903, and Rene Boisneuf are the College of Medi­ deputies from the cine in 1907. He was Island of Guade­ a member of the loupe. Candace stu­ German society "Die died in France, is a Germania," the Uni­ professor of science, versity Mandoline and was attached to Club, and was elect­ the Ministry of ed at the end of his Works under Vivi- junior year to the ani. Boisneuf was "Scimitar and Fez" for many years May­ senior boys society. or of Pointe-a-Pitre, After receiving the Guadeloupe. M. Di- degree of M. D. he agne, formerly Col­ was employed as first lector of Customs, is assistant to the local a deputy from Sene­ surgeon for the Bux­ gal, West Africa. ton Mining Colony, Imagine a black and assistant local member of the Eng­ surgeon for the Con­ lish Parliament from solidation Coal Com­ South Africa, or a pany, and the Chi­ black Congressman cago and Northwest­ from Mississippi! ern Railway Com­ They do things bet­ pany. He is still at ter in France. MRS. WATERLOO BULLOCK SNELSON MEN OF THE MONTH 171

ing appearance and engaging personality." in fact, Mrs. Snelson was in many ways the ideal wife for the itinerant Methodist preacher: she lectured, sang and worked. She even occupied her husband's pulpit, and she brought up a family of four children ; with all this work and her own restless ner­ vous energy she was personally charming, full of humor, and one of the most beautiful women in America.

A LEFT HANDED STRUGGLE

"I WOULD give my right hand to be able to do that." Would you? And if you did, how would you fight out the rest of your life without it? And if, at the same time, you were also deprived of your right foot, would you consider life worth the struggle, especially if entirely dependent upon your own resources for support?

This is the way one woman proved that success depends more upon brains than up­ on hands or feet:

In 1861 Charlotte Searles, a colored girl MISS CHARLOTTE SEARLES of sixteen, of Galesburg, 111., lost both right hand and right foot in an accident. "Poor A BRILLIANT WIFE child, poor dear child, nothing for her to do but study for a teacher," said they all. But MRS. WATERLOO BULLOCK SNEL- the girl did not intend to have the plan of SON was born in Atlanta, Ga., and married to the Rev. Floyd G. Snelson in her life shattered by a cruel fate. Sewing 1890. She was a graduate of Atlanta Uni­ she loved and sewing she was determined to versity, a teacher in the public schools, and do. a club woman. In Georgia she organized Two days after the accident she spied a the first colored women's club; in San Fran­ partly hemmed handkerchief on the table cisco she founded an orphans' home; in New near her bed. Beaching for it she pinned England she edited a club paper, the North­ one corner to the quilt and one to her shoul­ eastern, for two years; in the Bermudas she der. Then and there the left hand come into met large numbers of English and American its own, beginning its work of more than visitors and the Bermuda Advocate said, half a century. Dressmaking, hemstitching, "This talented lady is unquestionably an ac­ machine work, all neatly done, bear witness quisition to the community, of pre-possess- to its accomplishments.

THE AWAKENING.

By OTTO BOHANAN

A Misty star in a misty sky, A night of years and a night of tears! But never a sign of moon! Where the rain is sobbing low.

And the lone star pales to the lone]y eye And the wild heart grieves mid the withered Mid the heart's lamenting croon. leaves, Dead dreams of long ago ! OPINION

THE SUFFRAGE was a question of expediency. We had by THE COST OF No time is gained by our white primary absolutely gotten rid of SETTLING settling a great question the Negro vote. This was done by common THINGS WRONG wrong. The disfranchise­ consent. Nothing done since has made it ment of the southern Negro more effective. is illegal and immoral. The result is "As to the wisdom, under the circumstances, that it continues to be a live question in the of putting our white primary system into a South. Every matter which brings up in the statute, there was honest difference of opin­ slightest degree the question of voting opens ion. For there was at the time quite a dis­ the whole argument. For instance, Annie tinct movement to cut down representation Riley Hale, who is "Opposed," sends this according to the vote in the Southern States. warning to the New Orleans Times-Demo­ Had this been pushed by Republicans as crat: threatened Georgia would not have been "A mass meeting in Carnegie Hall, opened amenable, because she had not disfranchised and presided over by the Mayor, closed the any voters. She accomplished her purpose New York program for what is henceforth without any statute law, and hence her rep­ to be known as 'Suffragette Day.' resentation could not be disturbed, as noth­ "An incident fraught with special interest ing prevented the Negro voters from holding to Southerners—and the immediate inspira­ their own primary—something we all knew tion of this letter—occurred in Riverside they would not do. Our primary nullified Park, near Grant's tomb, when Mrs. Inez no Federal statute. Milholland-Boissevain was speaking. A man "The Republicans being in full power by in the crowd asked her: 'How are you go­ sufferance did not disturb the disfranchise­ ing to give the vote to colored women?' She ment acts. But there is no stability to them promptly replied: 'Why, certainly, we in­ now. Read the debate between the lamented tend to give the vote to colored women in Senator Bacon and Senator Root on the precisely the same way we shall give it to Bristow amendment and discover the facts all other women.' in the ease. There you see the situation. "Will Mrs. Helen Gardener, Miss Jean Gor­ * * * don, Ellen Glasgow et al, kindly sit up and "The foundation for enforcement of the make a note of this? They and their suf­ Fifteenth Amendment was laid when the fragette following in the South have been Bristow amendment was passed. It has put hugging the fond illusion that white women the Democrats in a hole. We whipped our­ could obtain the ballot through a State law selves by introducing that Sutherland amend­ which would exclude the Negro women ; but ment in the Senate. It brought the Bristow happily not many Southern men are obsessed amendment, and that gave Congress absolute with any such impracticable nonsense about control of all registration and elections of a law making." national character. Senator Root maintained A staff correspondent of the Macon Tele­ that it conferred the power on Congress to graph speaks of the instability of the pres­ declare the "disfranchisement" acts void. ent disfranchisement laws of the South and The debate between Senator Bacon and Sen­ continues: ator Root will disclose the situation. * * * "There was no difference among the white "So there is no stability about our 'dis­ Democratic voters of Georgia as to white su­ franchisement' acts. A few years may show premacy. All were in accord as to that. It that it had been wiser to have stuck to our OPINION 173

efficient white primary system. The day The Boston Advertiser continues with this may come when the name of Clarke of Ar­ strong utterance: kansas, who proved traitor to his party on "In other words, if the House of Repre­ this Bristow amendment, will be hissed by sentatives were honestly and legally made all southern people. Mr. Bryan insisted on up in obedience to the Constitution, instead the change in the election of Senators, the of ten seats in the House, Alabama would Bristow amendment and all, because, he said, have five; instead of seven, Arkansas would 'it would be a stepping-stone to other re­ have five; instead of four, Florida would forms' he had in contemplation, one of have two; instead of eight, Louisiana would which is the election of President by the have four; instead of six, Maryland would masses at large, regardless of States." have four; instead of eight, Mississippi would The perpetual discussion of the Negro have four; instead of sixteen, Missouri problem in the South leaves little time for would have thirteen; instead of ten, North anything else. The Washington Times Carolina would have five; instead of seven, points out that "one of the penalties south­ South Carolina would have four; instead of ern States are paying for the privilege of eighteen, Texas would have twelve. In other eliminating the Negro from their politics words, there are at least more than thirty springs from the largely inefficient constitu­ members of the House of Representatives tions through which this elimination was who are sitting there illegally and in abso­ brought about. The States were so deter­ lute defiance of the constitution of the mined to destroy the Negro vote that they United States. forgot other considerations which now rise "President Wilson knows this. He knows up to plague them. The final decision of the that the Electoral College which chose him Supreme Court on these constitutional in­ as President was packed to that extent with hibitions of Negro voting is expected within fraudulent votes. He accepted the fraudu­ a week, and it will be a curious circumstance lent votes complaisantly, without any if all the trouble and inconvenience they thought of protest. Although he is sworn represent shall go for naught." to obey and to defend the Constitution of the United States, he winks at this violation, On the other hand, the papers of the every day of his term as President. That is North continue to hammer at the southern why we say that, in honoring his right and rotten boroughs. The Watertown (N. Y.) honest and manly stand on the right of the Standard says : Negro to some consideration as a human "If representatives were fixed upon votes being and a citizen, he is utterly inconsis­ east the southern States would be less of a tent, in shutting his eyes so deliberately to factor in Washington. As it stands 1,000 a great wrong, which he has already sworn southern voters have as much political to abolish." power as 10,000 citizens of the North who vote. The Republican party should be more concerned in preventing the South voting SOCIAL EQUALITY Negroes it drives from the polls than in Like the question of voting, lessening southern representation in national SOME the deeper question as to conventions when the disproportion is due CURIOUS whether Negroes have the right not to the lack of Republican votes but to ARGUMENTS to be treated in all respects as the failure of government to protect the men according to their attainments, insists rights of such voters. In the election of upon discussing itself. Often the discussion 1912, Georgia with 121,000 votes had 14 is brought on by the deliberate attempt to electors, while Maine with 129,000 had 6; force people into an extreme position. For Alabama with 98,000 cast 12 votes in the instance, the Cleveland Gazette says: electoral college, and South Dakota with "Wednesday's Cleveland Leader an­ 116,000 votes, 6; Mississippi on 64,000 cast nounced in its news-columns that Mr. Os­ 10 and Rhode Island with 77,000, 5; South wald Garrison Villard in his address at the Carolina cast 9 on 50,000 votes and Mon­ Chamber of Commerce, Tuesday, 'advocated tana 4 on 78,000. The parallel runs through­ out the list of States, the South exercising a national law to prevent the inter-marriage greater power for voting population than of whites and Negroes.' Wednesday's Plain other sections." Dealer in its news-columns stated that Mr. Villard said: 'Inter-marriage of whites and 174 THE CRISIS

Negroes is opposed by the National Asso­ Various other scientists, biologists and eu- ciation for the Advancement of Colored genicists have found that the offspring of People. The Association, however, also mixed races are the hardier offspring. fights laws forbidding inter-marriage, hold­ "While in some cases a mixed progeny is ing the problem will solve itself, naturally.' worse, in others it is better than a pure We do not believe that Mr. Villard advo­ breed, and that scientific fact is enough to cated any such 'national law,' or that the show the absurdity of the belief in the South N. A. A. C. P. 'is opposed to the inter-mar­ that the inter-marriage of the white and riage of whites and Negroes,' as stated in black races should be considered a felony. Wednesday's Cleveland Leader and Plain 'America is itself the result of a mixture of Dealer. However, we await a communica­ races.'" tion from Mr. Villard." The Portland Journal does not, of course, Mr. Villard promptly replied: like this sort of thing and when one of the "In reporting my recent address before high school teachers of Seattle remarked at the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce you de­ a public meeting, "Perhaps all of us would clared that I advocated a national law to be handsomer if we had a dash of Negro prevent inter-marriage with whites and blood in us," called this "open-mindedness" Negroes. This is quite incorrect. I stated startling and unfortunate. But the Port­ that neither the National Association for the land Advocate, the colored paper, replies : Advancement of Colored People nor myself "Uncle Sam's most handsome women are individually advocated or urged inter-mar­ the quadroons and octoroons of the South. riage, but that we were absolutely opposed Even in the state of Washington can the to any laws forbidding inter-marriage, since writer point out scores of families with a we hold that this is a matter of individual dash of Negro blood in them, yea, not only right to be controlled by public opinion. I a dash, but a goodly proportion, and they stated distinctly that if inter-marriage be­ are not only exceedingly handsome, but far tween blacks and whites was a wrong against above the average person in intelligence. nature, nature herself would visit the sever­ One of the members of the first legislature est punishment upon those inter-marrying." of the state of Washington was the son of Those all too eager folk who have based a man, who was jet black, and yet he passed their opposition to the decent and legal in­ for white. One of the mayors of Tacoma termingling of white and colored races on was a Negro in the middle west. Some of biological grounds have had small comfort the most prominent attorneys in Seattle this month. Professor Franz Boas, of Co­ have heavy dashes of Negro blood in them. lumbia, went to California, the hot-bed of In fact, in every city of any size in the state anti-Japanese feeling, and said : of Washington are to be found one or more "All this feeling out here in California persons with great dashes of Negro blood against the inter-marriage of Americans and in them, but who pass for white. So, if the Japanese as well as between whites and leading thinkers have condemned the idea of other oriental peoples, is simply foolish sen­ the white man having a dash of Negro blood timentality without the slightest biological in him, they have done so without having foundation. the facts to bear out their allegations. It is "Practically all the population of Europe a fact that the white men and women with a is the product of the most widely divergent clash of Negro blood in them are not only racial inter-mixtures. Humanity, funda­ the finest looking, but are really the most mentally, is very nearly identical the world intelligent." over, no matter what may be the color or It takes the St. Luke's Herald, another race." colored paper, to do the plain talking: And then Professor Jacques Loeb, of the "Why sneer at the North for wanting a Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, federal divorce law ? Why sneer at the said at the recent Sagamore Conference: North for not having a law against mixed "Biology has nothing to support the sup­ marriages? Why sneer at the North about position that a pure white or a pure black miscegenation? Miscegenation is a product race is superior to a mulatto. On the con­ of the South. trary, Luther Burbank's success lies in find­ "Why doesn't the southern press inveigh ing breeds that possess superior powers of against the miscegenation which existed resistance to climatic and other hardships. from Jamestown to Appomattox? Why OPINION 175 doesn't the southern press pour out its vials approval, and immediately the police com­ of wrath upon the southern white men who pelled the elimination of the Negro dancer. made the Negro a half white person? The next move was the withdrawal by the "It seems that illicit cohabitation between manager of the theatre of all advertising the races is to be winked at, and hardly from The News, and now that paper makes noticed; but, should there be an attempt to serious editorial comment on the various marry then a crime is committed." phases of the episode." We think, however, that for curious rea­ soning, the letter of George R. Miller, of Wilmington, Delaware, in the Friends' In­ EDUCATION telligencer, is most striking. He objects to The Columbia State says: THE the dropping of the sub-committee on work "In the northern part of this SQUIRMING among Negroes, and says: country are a few, a very few, SOUTH "If, as I understand, the idea is to get scholarly and earnest men, some away from the thought of their being black of them rich, who believe in the equality of and on that account different from the white the races and who wish to see it established race, then you are going to increase the great in politics and in social life. They are mis­ prejudice which already exists in the minds taken men, they are sadly wrong, but it is of so many who will immediately conclude a fact that they are doing what they can to that we wish to place them on a basis of promote this equality. It is with facts that equality with the white race in every respect. we are concerned. There are very few Friends, if any, who are "When one of them considers the condi­ willing to admit them into their families on tion of affairs in South Carolina, what does a perfect social equality, which of course he see? "would include intermarrying with them." "He sees about ten per cent, of the white The Philadelphia Press reminds us that a men illiterate and more than fifty per cent, "colored" person may ascend the throne of of them landless. England since the Countess Zia Torby is "Twenty thousand out of sixty-five thou­ engaged to Prince Alexander of Battenburg. sand land-owning farmers Negroes. The Countess is a direct descendant of Han­ "Ability to read and write or ownership nibal, the coal-black body servant of Peter of property taxed at $300 the qualifications the Great of Russia. Hannibal was a giant for suffrage. in stature and was brought as a slave from "The Negroes sending larger numbers of the Sudan. He became eventually a general children to school than the whites are send­ in the Russian army and was ennobled. His ing. grandson was Alexander Pushkin, the father "Acres of land owned by Negroes increas­ of Russian literature. The Countess Zia ing in number while acres owned by whites Torby is the grand-daughter of Pushkin's decrease. youngest daughter who recently died and "Negroes qualifying for suffrage in rapid­ was known as the Countess Natalie Meren­ ly increasing numbers both by acquiring berg. education and acquiring lands. Finally, the New York Times has this "White men of South Carolina refusing note of the social equality "mystery" in to enact compulsory school attendance laws, Birmingham, Alabama: so allowing illiteracy to breed illiteracy. "A truly curious manifestation of racial "Finally, he sees white men maintaining feeling has just occured in Birmingham, a primary election system to which all white Ala. At a theatre in that city there was men, regardless of education or property, recently given a performance in the course are admitted and which takes the place of of which a white woman and a black man the general elections, so that the illiterate both danced, not, indeed, together, but in and propertyless white man ceases to care such quick succession that in the opinion of whether he is a qualified elector or not. the spectators the two were brought into con­ "Seeing these things in South Carolina trast or comparison. There was vehement the northern fanatic, believing in race equal­ hissing of the "act," and many people pro­ ity, aware that race problems do not settle tested by quitting the place. On the follow­ themselves in a generation, sits patiently ing morning The Birmingham News report­ and waits, smiling that South Carolina, ed the conduct of the audience with evident thinking to perpetuate white ascendancy, 176 THE CRISIS adopts and practices the only policy that published concerning Alabama. Commerce might, in time, endanger it." and Finance says: The New York Nation praises Mr. Rosen- "Negro farmers own or control 5,100,000 wald's latest benefaction : acres of land in the State of Alabama, or "The promise of Mr. Julius Rosenwald to 350,000 more acres than they controlled in duplicate all gifts for Negro rural public 1900. The colored farmers of the State have schools in the South is no less notable for its under their control 3,563,000 acres of im­ wisdom than for its generosity. It is not proved land, and are farming 500,000 more clear from the dispatches whether this re­ acres of improved land than they were culti­ fers only to sums raised by colored people vating in 1900. In ten years the number of or by others; in either event, it is munificent Negro farmers increased 17.3 per cent., and enough. But Mr. Rosenwald is accustomed now they own or control one-fourth of all to bestowing his benefactions both wisely the farm property in Alabama, having an and generously, as witness what he has done aggregate value of $97,370,000, or 107.5 per for the Y. M. C. A. movement among the cent, more farm property than they con­ colored people. A number of impressive trolled at the beginning of the ten-year and useful buildings have arisen because of period." his aid and inspiration. So disheartening The Public Ledger of Philadelphia has has been the condition of the Negro rural this note: schools—in many counties they offer a mere "Colored people own 3,753 farms and mockery of education—that the Slater and other real property in Missouri to the value General Education Boards, as well as the of $27,768,750. In South Carolina there are Jeanes Fund which applies itself exclusively 25,000 more colored than white children en­ to the colored rural public schools, have rolled in the public schools. All through the been devoting themselves to the task of ob­ South there is a marked movement toward taining better supervision, better teachers, the division of great plantations into small and better conditions. If Mr. Rosenwald farms, the most of which Negroes acquire as will now duplicate every dollar raised by tenants or eventually as owners. There are the colored people to improve their cross­ two phases in the forward movement of roads schools, a splendid spur for their ac­ the colored race that are of the utmost signi­ tivities has been provided." ficance—the one is its intense avidity for The state supervisor of rural schools in education; the other, its reach for agricul­ Alabama is very frank about the way in tural independence." which school funds are divided in that state: Most of the southern papers seem to re­ "Counting the three mill tax, the county gard these facts of advance as a very des­ taxes, the State appropriations, the various perate situation. Even the Omaha World- supplemental funds, appropriations to Herald refers to it as a "new problem" higher institutions, and the appropriations which is "looming." direct from the treasury to the rural schools, together with the income of all private and In the North the real estate Indicator of denominational schools, the total amount ex­ New York City has the impudence to pub­ pended for education in Alabama for the lish an article in which it says: year 1913 reached the sum of approximately "During recent years a large section of six million dollars. Of this sum about one- the better part of Harlem has been ruined half million is contributed to Negro educa­ by their invasion. Actual figures can be tion from the State treasury, and the other cited to prove that they have greatly depre­ half million is the income of private or de­ ciated real estate values in Harlem and in nominational Negro schools. This leaves other parts of the city. This in itself is an five million dollars for the white children of indication that their presence is undesirable Alabama." among us, and that they should not only be disfranchised, but also segregated in some colony in the outskirts of the city, where LAND their transportation and other problems will It is most startling to see how not inflict injustice and disgust on worthy THE MENACE the facts concerning land citizens." OF THRIFT ownership among Negroes Meantime, the policy of race segregation strike the South. Figures have recently been is going merrily round the world. For in- OPINION 177

stance, in the Christian Express (Lovedale, laws aforesaid. People living in narrow Africa), we find this: streets or alleys, amid smoke and smell, in "An advertisement in the East London antiquated and ruinous buildings, have not Dispatch, signed by the Town Clerk of East the best possible chance to preserve their London, intimates that in terms of Amended health. Certainly they do not compete for Regulation No. 7 of the Municipality, the life on equal terms with their neighbors of Council has by resolution declared certain the dominant race." streets to be principal streets in addition to The Anti-Slavery Reporter says: those already declared, and that Natives and "With increasing insistence which gives Asiatics shall not be allowed or authorized promise of debate on the Colonial Office to congregate, stand or walk upon any side­ Vote, the scandal of our colonial medical walk or pavement in any such street. It is service has been pressed to the front. Mr. surely to be regretted that the Council of a Jowett and Mr. MacCallum Scott have been town of such enlightenment as East London drawing information from the Colonial Sec­ has thus committed itself to the extended retary which, when pieced together later on, operation of a regulation founded on the re­ will constitute a strong case for the admis­ actionary basis of racial ill-feeling, a town sion to the Colonial medical service of a fair that has in many ways testified to its respect proportion of colored medical men. It is for Rhodes and its loyalty to his line of little short of a grave scandal that men other policy, not to mention the name of Jesus than those of a pure European descent are Christ and Christianity." refused entrance to the service in certain of our colonies. Very few will question the as­ sertion that many of our merchants and ad­ HEALTH AND SANITATION ministrators have left offspring, scattered all A census bulletin has been is­ over the Crown colonies; are these children, THE sued covering the mortality sta­ who did not ask to be brought into their un­ DYING tistics in 1913. The Journal of fortunate position, to be denied an educa­ NEGRO (?) the American Medical Association tion and opportunity of livelihood by the is "startled" at the figures for Negro very circles which have brought them into mortality, but it is startled because their existence? Again, as all taxation, in the mortality is compared with white mortality ultimate resort, comes from the natives, are and no comparison is afforded for compari­ their children, in possession of European son with the past. If we make a table with qualifications, to be denied the opportunity such comparisons we find this : of ministering under the Government to the 1890 1900 1913 sick and afflicted of their own race? Let Memphis...... 29.9 28.6 28.2 those who hold such unjust theories beware Richmond...... 40.8 38.1 26.8 of an alert House of Commons, the members New Orleans...... 36.6 42.4 31.9 of which are certainly not prepared to act Baltimore...... 36.4 31.2 31.0 as passive onlookers whilst these deeds are Nashville 23.9 32.8 24.0 practised. I am one of those who greatly Atlanta 33.5 31.8 25.2 admire the work of our colonial officials, but Washington 32.7 29.0 24.4 I fear they do not realize the new spirit The journal says that on account of sani­ which is springing up in the House, and in tary reforms there will be a more reasonable all friendliness I would urge our men not to balance between the rates of the two races make the fatal mistake of believing that in the future. native questions are being watched only by The Springfield Republican adds that one or two of the more irresponsible mem­ there will, "if in the meantime a stop is put bers—the ear of the House is becoming in­ to the segregation movement in southern creasingly sensitive to the plea of native cities. Poor blacks, as well as poor whites, races for justice." need to learn a deal more about sanitation. But even in the North the Negro has little choice of residence districts. He usually is COLORED OPINION not allowed to live in the choice sections, The criticism of the colored even if he has the money to buy or rent NOTES FROM press is still being kept up, property there. In the South he is herded THE NEGRO mostly in good spirit. The into the least desirable quarters, both by PRESS Journal and Guide, Norfolk, pressure of poverty and the segregation Virginia, thinks that the resolution passed 178 THE CRISIS by the National Association for the Ad­ would most assuredly expect to find -it in vancement of Colored People at its Balti­ Howard University, Washington, D. C. Yet, more meeting, on the Negro Press, was by in this great Negro School, the walls bear way of apology for THE CRISIS. This reso­ not one Negro face, despite the distinguished lution said : alumni and alumnae which the university "The National Association for the Ad­ has produced." vancement of Colored People recognizes the The Nashville Globe rejoices over a signal value of the work which the Negro press has victory : been doing for years, and that against great "The winning of the suit against the odds, for the upbuilding of the colored peo­ Louisville & Nashville Railroad by the peo­ ple of this country and the development of ple of Hopkinsville, Ky., was a signal vic­ race consciousness. In those parts of the tory for the Negroes, not only of that city country where the white press is in a con­ and county, but of the whole South. The spiracy of silence regarding the wrongs suf­ fact that the best white people of that com­ fered by the colored people, the Negro press munity were with the colored people proves has been the only agency to voice complaint that the best white people of the South want and appeal for redress of grievances. The the colored people to be treated justly, and Association wishes for the Negro press an when the colored people themselves show increase in prosperity and influence for the that they know what is right and just, the future and invites its co-operation in the best white people are always found standing war which is now on." by them in a demand for justice. THE CRISIS is especially interested in find­ "Negroes are not asking that the laws be ing support for its stand in an unexpected repealed, but instead that they be enforced. quarter. The New York Age says: It is an outrage to compel women and men "Even our religious publications, which to pay first-class fare and endure what most should contain, for the most part, helpful of the railroads give them for their money. discussions by our wisest and best church­ The laws all say that equal accommodations men and laymen, of the matters of higher shall be provided for all passengers. The light and leading in the life of the people, St. Louis Globe Democrat thinks that it is are given over to personal mention and the impractical to ask the railroad to provide small goings and doings of bishops and special coaches for colored people, but that pastors." is not the trouble of the colored people. And it adds: They did not make the law, they are, how­ "There should be a concerted effort on the ever, made to obey the law, and since they part of colored editors to so educate the are made to obey the law they are asking colored reading public that it will desire that all other parties to the contract do the fuller discussion of the world's thought and same thing. They are not asking for any work and less of its personal, social and second-class fare, but for full value for scandalous tittle-tattle." money they invest." Et tu Brute? The Louisville News has an editorial on St. Luke's Herald has this editorial on slavery. race idealism : "In the turpentine camps of Florida are "Our homes are filled with books which employed by contract colored convicts, and deride and belittle us; faces of great white it is stated upon reliable authority that no men and women crowd each other on our condition of servitude, savagery or serfdom walls. Only books recording the achieve­ has ever equalled the state of abandonment ments of other men and women are in our and hopelessness of these poor devils. They children's hands. Our school walls are filled are leased by the State to an association at with everybody's great men and women, save so much a head, and the association in turn our own, and yet, we are surprised that the sells them at $400 or more a head per annum Negro lacks race pride, race co-operation, to private contractors, who take them to the and race ideals. various turpentine camps of the State. In "The greatest Negro school in the country these infested swamps and marshes, with is Howard University, with nearly 1,500 little or no protection for their bodies and students, representing 35 Slates and the Dis­ under the supervision of mounted guards, trict of Columbia. If race ideals are to be they are compelled to labor unceasingly day taught in any school in this country, one and night." EDITORIAL

VOTES FOR WOMEN there are so many other things more impor­ THIS fall the voters of six tant than lynching. As for marriage laws, we have to have some laws regulating mar­ states certainly, and possibly eight, will vote on riage between races. For my part, I do not woman's suffrage. In North and South Dakota, believe in marriage between Americans and Montana, Nevada, Mis­ Europeans." Now, Mr. Editor, this woman souri and Nebraska elections are sched­ is a highly educated woman, but does not uled and attempts are being made to in­ that sound like shallow reasoning? Are not clude this question in the fall elections Americans made up of all nations of of Oklahoma and Ohio. The Negro pop­ Europe? Now what are we trying to do for ulation of these eight states is 552,054. ourselves if that is the way that the women Assuming that the black voters of Okla­ who are working for votes for women feel towards the problem of the colored woman? homa will be largely disfranchised it is, Have we any right to believe that they will nevertheless, probable that 80,000 Negro work for our cause after they get the ballot, voters will be asked to vote for or if they do not feel willing to take up such against the extension of the right of questions now? Has the past history of our suffrage to women. How should they race anything to give us such encourage­ vote ? A colored woman writes us from ment? New Haven: Let us answer frankly, there is not the slightest reason for supposing that white American women under ordinary May I ask if through your columns you circumstances are going to be any more will answer some questions regarding Wom­ intelligent, liberal or humane toward the an Suffrage and the colored woman? Our black, the poor and unfortunate than white friends come and tell us that we can white men are. On the contrary, con­ do so much for ourselves when we get the sidering what the subjection of a race, ballot. Please tell me how we are going to a class or a sex must mean, there will do so much for ourselves? Will not the pro­ portionate vote be the same as now? Should undoubtedly manifest itself among not the white women consider the betterment women voters at first, more prejudice of the colored people as well as the foreigner and petty meanness toward Negroes who comes to our shores, because conditions than we have now. It is the awful pen­ are better here than in his own country? I alty of injustice and oppression to attended a meeting a short time ago and the breed in the oppressed the desire to op­ speaker invited questions. She had spoken press others. The southern white women of almost everything possible except the who form one of the most repressed and problems (hat vitally concern the people ad­ enslaved groups of modern civilized dressed. I asked lier why the women were women will undoubtedly, at first, help silent on the lynching of colored people in willingly and zealously to disfranchize the South and on the unjust marriage laws and other laws discriminating against the Negroes, cripple their schools and pub­ Negro. She replied: "We have to take up licly insult them. the most important subjects, we cannot Nevertheless, votes for women must bother with everything under the sun and and ought to come and the Negroes 180 THE CRISIS

should help bring this to pass for these an asset in life? Manifestly it is be­ reasons : cause most Americans who know or who 1. Any extension of democracy in­ begin faintly to realize the difficulties, volves a discussion of the fundamentals complications and insults of a dark of democracy. man's life today cannot imagine them- 2. If it is acknowledged to be unjust selves suffering such wrongs without re­ to disfranchise a sex it cannot be denied sorting to dynamite or suicide. that it is absurd to disfranchise a color. With the best will, therefore, they 3. If the North enfranchises women, hasten to say: "Don't be bitter—don't the proportion of unselfish intelligent mind—look on the bright side—and— voters among Negroes will be increased, and—" —then they trail off helplessly and the proportion of Negro voters and look you rather miserably and whom white politicians have trained to apologetically in the face. venality will be decreased. Recently in Atlanta five hundred 4. If when the North enfranchises, colored college students met to consider women the South refuses, or enfran­ the student volunteer movement. They chises only the whites, then the discrep­ had been invited, after several years' ancy between North and South in the hesitation, by Mr. John K. Mott, who votes cast will be even greater than now ; has been making a desperate attempt for at present the southern white voter has twenty-five years to avoid the "Negro from five to seven times the power of the Problem" in his missionary enterprises. northern voter. How long would the He found five hundred earnest, thought­ nation endure an increase or even a ful young people and he selected among doubling of this power? It would not others a southern white man to tell them take long before southern representa­ not to be "bitter!" The white man sailed tives in Congress would be cut down or into his task jauntily. He told of the colored women enfranchised. mission of the races—"strength" from 5. Granting that first tendencies one race, "enterprise" from another, would make the woman voter as unfair "aggression" from a third and from in race rights as the man, there would Negroes "submission"—then he looked be in the long run a better chance to ap­ into one thousand eyes and he paused. peal to a group that knows the disad­ The sweat began to ooze out on his fore­ vantage and injustice of disfranchise­ head and his sentences got mixed. Did ment by experience, than to one arro­ he see "bitterness" in those eyes? No! gant and careless, with power. And in but he did not see submission. "At all cases the broader the basis of democ­ least," he stammered, "your fathers and racy the surer is the universal appeal mothers—I don't know about you all" for justice to win ultimate hearing and and he tried a pleasant little interlude sympathy. which faded to a sickly grin. When at last he sat down even his white friends Therefore: Votes for Women. in the audience knew that he had missed m his opportunity. They knew still more "DON'T BE BITTER!" when a black man, William Pickens, IS it riot singular that so stood up and with unanswerable logic white folk in advis- told Mr. Mott and his friends that Chris­ ing black folk—and the tianity for black men started with the ancient industry of ad- right to vote and nothing less. vising blacks is booming If our friends mean by bitterness, the just now—are careful to futile, impatient gestures of disgust, the say, first and last: "Don't be bitter!" wildly boastful word and dumb despair, Why is there this insistence on the ne­ let them save their advice. Colored cessity of a sweet and even temper as Americans are not gesticulating nor EDITORIAL 181

yelling, nor committing suicide in num­ highly civilized pastime as compared bers large enough to be alarming. But with the international game of war they are looking this nation more and which produces so many "heroes" and more squarely in the eyes. They are national monuments. asking in calm, level voice: "How long Despite all this, boxing has fallen into do you expect to keep up this foolish­ disfavor—into very great disfavor. To ness and how long do you expect us to see publications like the New York submit to it?" That is all. We are Times roll their eyes in shivery horror just asking. Do you suggest duties for at the news from Paris (to which it is us to attend to? Very good, we shall compelled to give a front page) makes try to attend to them; we have tried in one realize the depths to which we have the past, as you may remember, and we fallen. are trying now, as the Census reports The cause is clear : Jack Johnson, suc­ prove, but at the same time we keep ask­ cessor of the Eighteenth Century John ing the question: "How long? How Jackson, has out-sparred an Irishman. much more? What next?" This is what He did it with little brutality, the ut­ we are doing; if this be bitterness, we most fairness and great good nature. are bitter. He did not "knock" his opponent sense­ less. Apparently he did not even try. Neither he nor his race invented prize THE PRIZE FIGHTER fighting or particularly like it. Why BOXING is an ancient then this thrill of national disgust? sport. It is mentioned in Because Johnson is black. Of course, Homer's Iliad and Vir­ some pretend to object to Mr. John­ gil's Aeneid and was a son's character. But we have yet to recognized branch of the hear, in the case of white America, that celebrated Olympic marital troubles have disqualified prize games. During the middle age boxing fighters or ball players or even states­ went out of style among most nations, men. It comes down, then, after all to the preference being given to various this unforgivable blackness. Where­ sorts of encounters with weapons. In fore we conclude that at present prize England it was revived in the Seven­ fighting is very, very immoral, and that teenth Century, and fighting with bare we must rely on football and war for fists became a national sport in the pastime until Mr. Johnson retires or Eighteenth Century. Boxing gloves permits himself to be "knocked out." were invented late in that century, and m in the beginning of the Nineteenth Cen­ WE want to call the atten­ tury, John Jackson (note the proph­ tion of our readers to the ecy!) became champion and teacher of extraordinary advertise­ Lord Byron and other great and titled ment of books in this personages. number of THE CRISIS. Gradually the more brutal features of The Board of Directors the sport were eliminated and the of the National Association for the Ad­ eighth Marquess of Queensberry drew vancement of Colored People counts up a set of rules in the sixties which among its members some distinguished have since prevailed. authors. Several of these have consent­ There is still today some brutality ed to advertise their chief works with us. connected with boxing, but as compared The result is remarkable in many ways. with football and boat racing it may be It shows the strength and influence of seriously questioned whether boxing de­ our Association and it shows a belief in serves to be put in a separate class by high quarters that the readers of THE reason of its cruelty. Certainly it is a CRISIS read books. Is this true? SOCIAL LIFE IN COLORED AMERICA III.—A DINNER AT THE LOENDI CLUB, PITTSBURG HOW THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE BEGAN

By MART WHITE OVINGTON

THE National Association for the Ad- was then that the National Association for vancemeut of Colored People is five the Advancement of Colored People was years old—old enough, it is believed, to have born. a history; and I, who am perhaps its first It was born in a little room of a New member, have been chosen as the person to York apartment. It is to be regretted that recite it. As its work since 1910 has been there are no minutes of the first meeting, set forth in its annual reports, I shall make for they would make interesting if unpar­ it my task to show how it came into exist­ liamentary reading. Mr. Walling had spent ence and to tell of its first months of work. some years in Russia where his wife, work­ In the summer of 1908, the country was ing in the cause of the revolutionists, had shocked by the account of the race riots at suffered imprisonment; and he expressed his Springfield, Illinois. Here, in the home of belief that the Negro was treated with great­ Abraham Lincoln, a mob, containing many er inhumanity in the United States than the of the town's "best citizens," raged for two Jew was treated in Russia. As Mr. Walling days, killed and wounded scores of Negroes, is a Southerner we listened with conviction. and drove thousands from the city. Arti- I knew something of the Negro's difficulty cles on the subject appeared in newspapers in securing decent employment in the North and magazines. Among them was one in and of the insolent treatment awarded him the Independent of September 3d, by Wil­ at Northern hotels and restaurants, and I liam English Walling, entitled "Race War voiced my protest. Dr. Moskowitz, with his in the North." After describing the atroci­ broad knowledge of conditions among New ties committed against the colored people, York's helpless immigrants, aided us in Mr. Walling declared: properly interpreting our facts. And so we "Either the spirit of the abolitionists, of talked and talked, voicing our indignation. Lincoln and of Lovejoy must be revived and Of course, we wanted to do something at we must come to treat the Negro on a plane once that should move the country. It was of absolute political and social equality, or January. Why not choose Lincoln's birth­ Vardaman and Tillman will soon have trans­ day, February 12, to open our campaign ? ferred the race war to the North." And he We decided, therefore, that a wise immediate ended with these words, "Yet who realizes action would be the issuing on Lincoln's the seriousness of the situation, and what birthday of a call for a national conference large and powerful body of citizens is ready on the Negro question. At this conference to come to their aid?" we might discover the beginnings, at least, It so happened that one of Mr. Walling's of that "large and powerful body of citi­ readers accepted his question and answered zens" of which Mr. Walling had written. it. For four years I had been studying the And so the meeting adjourned. Something status of the Negro in New York. I had definite was determined upon, and our next investigated his housing conditions, his step was to call others into our councils. health, his opportunities for work. I had We at once turned to Mr. Oswald Garrison spent many months in the South, and at Villard, editor of the Evening Post. He re­ the time of Mr. Walling's article, I was liv­ ceived our suggestions with enthusiasm, and ing in a New York Negro tenement on a aided us in securing the co-operation of able Negro street. And my investigations and and representative men and women. It was my surroundings led me to believe with the he who drafted the Lincoln's birthday call writer of the article that "the spirit of the and helped to give it wide publicity. I give abolitionists must be revived." the Call in its entirety since it expresses, I So I wrote to. Mr. Walling, and after some think, better than anything else we have days, for he was in the West, we met in published, the spirit of those who are active New York in the first week of the year 1909. in the Association's cause. With us was Br. Henry Moskowitz, now "The celebration of the Centennial of the prominent in the administration of John birth of Abraham Lincoln, widespread and Purroy Mitchell, Mayor of New York. It grateful as it may be, will fail to justify HOW THE N. A. A. C. P. BEGAN 185

itself if it takes no note of and makes no mentary duty in preparing the Negro recognition of the colored men and women through education for the best exercise of to whom the great emancipator labored to citizenship. assure freedom. Besides a day of rejoicing, "Added to this, the spread of lawless at­ Lincoln's birthday in 1909 should be one of tacks upon the Negro, North, South, and taking stock of the nation's progress since West—even in the Springfield made famous 1865. by Lincoln—often accompanied by revolting "How far has it lived up to the obligations brutalities, sparing neither sex nor age nor imposed upon it by the Emancipation Pro­ youth, could but shock the author of the clamation? How far has it gone in assuring sentiment that 'government of the people, by to each and every citizen, irrespective of the people, for the people; shall not perish color, the equality of opportunity and equal­ from the earth.' ity before the law, which underlie our Amer­ "Silence under these conditions means ican institutions and are guaranteed by the tacit approval. The indifference of the Constitution? North is already responsible for more than "If Mr. Lincoln could revisit this country one assault upon democracy, and every such in the flesh, he would be disheartened and attack reacts as unfavorably upon whites as discouraged. He would learn that on Jan­ upon blacks. Discrimination once permitted uary 1, 1909, Georgia had rounded out a cannot be bridled; recent history in the new confederacy by disfranchising the South shows that in forging chains for the Negro, after the manner of all the other Negroes the white voters are forging chains Southern States. He would learn that the for themselves. 'A house divided against it­ Supreme Court of the United States, sup­ self cannot stand'; this government cannot posedly a bulwark of American liberties, had exist half-slave and half-free any better to­ refused every opportunity to pass squarely day than it could in 1861. upon this disfranchisement of millions, by "Hence we call upon all the believers in laws avowedly discriminatory and openly democracy to join in a national conference enforced in such manner that the white men for the discussion of present evils, the voic­ may vote and black men be without a vote ing' of protests, and the renewal of the in their government; he would discover, struggle for civil and political liberty." therefore, that taxation without representa­ This call was signed by: Jane Addams, tion is the lot of millions of wealth-produc­ Chicago; Samuel Bowles (Springfield Re­ ing American citizens, in whose hands rests publican) ; Prof. W. L. Bulkley, New York; the economic progress and welfare of an Harriet Stanton Blatch, New York; Ida entire section of the country. Wells Barnett, Chicago; E. H. Clement, "He would learn that the Supreme Court, Boston; Kate Claghorn, New York; Prof. according to the official statement of one of John Dewey, New York; Dr. W. E. B. Du- its own judges in the Berea College case, Bois, Atlanta; Mary E. Dreier, Brooklyn; has laid down the principle that if an indi­ Dr. John L. Elliott, New York; Wm. Lloyd vidual State chooses, it may 'make it a crime Garrison, Boston; Rev. Francis J. Grimké, for white and colored persons to frequent Washington, D. C. ; William Dean Howells, the same market place at the same time, or New York; Rabbi Emil G. Hirsch, Chicago; appear in an assemblage of citizens con­ Rev. John Haynes Holmes, New York; vened to consider questions of a public or Prof. Thomas C. Hall, New York; Hamil­ political nature in which all citizens, with­ ton Holt, New York; Florence Kelley, New out regard to race, are equally interested.' York; Rev. Frederick Lynch, New York; "In many states Lincoln would find justice Helen Marot, New York; John E. Milhol- enforced, if at all, by judges elected by one Iand, New York; Mary E. McDowell, Chi­ element in a community to pass upon the cago; Prof. J. G. Merrill, Connecticut; Dr. liberties and lives of another. He would see Henry Moskowitz, New York; Leonora the black men and women, for whose free­ O'Reilly, New York; Mary W. Ovington, dom a hundred thousand of soldiers gave New York; Rev. Dr. Charles H. Parkhurst, their lives, set apart in trains, in which they New York; Louis F. Post, Chicago; Rev. pay first-class fares for third-class service, Dr. John P. Peters, New York; Dr. Jane and segregated in railway stations and in Robbins, New York; Charles Edward Rus­ places of entertainment; he would observe sell, New York; Joseph Smith, Boston ; An­ that State after State declines to do its ele­ na Garlin Spencer, New York; William M. 186 THE CRISIS

Salter, Chicago; J. Gr. Phelps Stokes, New sided at the stormy session at the close. The York; Judge Wendell Stafford, Washing­ full proceedings have been published by the ton; Helen Stokes, Boston; Lincoln Stef­ Association. fens, Boston; President Thwing, Western of this conference we formed a com­ Reserve University; Prof. W. I. Thomas, mittee of forty and secured the services of Chicago; Oswald Garrison Villard, New Miss Frances Blascoer, as secretary. We York Evening Post; Rabbi Stephen S. were greatly hampered by lack of funds. Wise, New York; Bishop Alexander Wal­ Important national work would present it­ ters, New York; Dr. William H. Ward, New self which we were unable to handle. But York; Horace White, New York; William our secretary was an excellent organizer, and English Walling, New York; Lillian D. at the end of a year we had held four mass Wald, New York; Dr. J. Milton Waldron, meetings, had distributed thousands of Washington, D. C; Mrs. Rodman Whar­ pamphlets, and numbered our membership ton, Philadelphia; Susan P. Wharton, Phil­ in the hundreds. In May, 1910, we held our adelphia; President Mary E. Woolley, Mt. second conference in New York, and again Holyoke College; Prof. Charles Zueblin, our meetings were attended by earnest, in­ Boston. terested people. It was then that we organ­ It was thus decided that we could hold a ized a permanent body to be known as the conference, and the next two months were National Association for the Advancement busily spent arranging for it. Among the of Colored People. Its officers were: men and women who attended those first National President, Moorfield Storey, Bos­ busy committee meetings were, Mr. Ray ton; Chairman of the Executive Committee, Stannard Baker, Mr. Alexander Irvine, Dr. William English Walling; Treasurer, John Owen M. Waller, Mr. Gaylord S. White, E. Milholland; Disbursing Treasurer, Os­ Miss Madeline Z. Doty, Miss Isabel Eaton, wald Garrison Villard; Executive Secretary, besides many of the New York signers of the Frances Blascoer; Director of Publicity and Call. It was agreed that the conference Research, Dr. W. E. B. DuBois. should be by invitation only, with the one The securing of a sufficient financial sup­ open meeting at Cooper Union. Over a port to warrant our calling Dr. DuBois from thousand people were invited, the Charity Atlanta University to an executive office in Organization Hall was secured, and, on the the Association was the most important evening of May 30th, the conference opened work of the second conference. with an informal reception at the Henry When Dr. DuBois came to us we were Street Settlement, given by Miss Lillian D. brought closely in touch with an organiza­ Wald, one of the Association's first and old­ tion of colored people formed in 1905 at est friends. The next morning our deliber­ Niagara and known as the Niagara Move­ ations began. ment. This organization had held important We have had five conferences since 1909, conferences at Niagara, Harpers Ferry, and but I doubt whether any have been so full Boston, and had attempted a work of legal of a questioning surprise, amounting swiftly redress along very much the lines upon to enthusiasm, on the part of the white peo­ which the National Association for the Ad­ ple in attendance. These men and women, vancement of Colored People was working. engaged in religious, social and educational Its platform, as presented in a statement in work, for the first time met the Negro who 1905, ran as follows : demands, not a pittance, but his full rights Freedom of speech and criticism. in the commonwealth. They received a stim­ An unfettered and unsubsidized press. ulating shock and one which they enjoyed. Manhood suffrage. They did not want to leave the meetings. The abolition of all caste distinctions We conferred all the time, formally and in­ based simply on race and color. formally, and the Association gained in The recognition of the principle of human those days many of the earnest and uncom­ brotherhood as a practical present creed. promising men and women who have since The recognition of the highest and best worked unfalteringly in its cause. Mr. Wil­ training as the monoply of no class or race. liam Hayes Ward, senior editor of the Inde­ A belief in the dignity of labor. pendent, opened the conference, and Mr. United effort to realize these ideals under Charles Edward Russell, always the friend wise and courageous leadership. of those who struggle for opportunity, pre­ In 1910 it had conducted important civil HOW THE N. A. A. C. P. BEGAN 187 right's cases and had in its membership some here at New York we have a staff of four­ of the ablest colored lawyers in the country, teen employees. Of these the National As­ with Mr. W. Ashbie Hawkins, who has since sociation, as contrasted with THE CRISIS, worked with our Association on the Balti­ our magazine, carries its own staff of five— more Segregation acts, as its treasurer. the Secretary, the Attorney, two stenogra­ The Niagara Movement, hampered as it phers and one clerk." was by lack of funds and by an absence of Each year brings us many important ques­ influential white friends, continued to push tions, and each year we try to give them our slowly on, but when the larger possibilities wisest, most thoughtful decisions. We are of this new Association were clear, the mem­ striving to secure the constitutional rights bers of the Niagara Movement were advised of the colored people, to win "Jim Crow" to join, as the platforms were practically eases, segregation cases, disfranchisement identical. Many of the most prominent cases. This brings us in close relation with members of the Niagara Movement thus the courts, the most conservative institution brought their energy and ability into the in our commonwealth. At the same time we service of the Association, and eight are now stand on the audaciously radical platform of serving on its Board of Directors. the abolition of all caste. Shall we always Our history, after 1910, may be read in be the voice of the prophet on the housetop, our annual reports, and in the numbers of telling the nation of its sins, or shall we en­ THE CRISIS. We opened two offices in the deavor to practice diplomacy, even in the Evening Post Building. With Dr. DuBois midst of our agitation? This is a question came Mr. Frank M. Turner, a Wilber­ that may never be satisfactorily answered; force graduate, who has shown great effi­ but it is interesting to note that the colored ciency in handling our books. In November people have come to us with their warmest of 1910 appeared the first number of THE allegiance in proportion to the constructive CRISIS, with Dr. Dubois as editor, and Mary work we have been able to do. As one of Dunlop Maclean, whose death has been the their distinguished scholars wrote me at the greatest loss the Association has known, as close of the Association's first conference: managing editor. Our propaganda work "I trust that the conference will result in was put on a national footing, our legal real work, I am beginning to feel that too work was well under way, we were a Nation­ much time is wasted in talk which issues in al Association, pledged to a nation-wide no definite action or plan of action. There work for justice to the Negro race. is an immense amount of work to be done in As I look back over the past five busy many lines, and when I say work I do not years, I see that we have surmounted many exclude agitation which is in itself a real difficulties. We have had to encounter the work, but needs to be organized just as any malicious perversion of our motives by those successful work needs organization." not in agreement with us, and to defend our­ I remember the afternoon that THE CRISIS selves against their insincere attacks. We received its name. We were sitting around have also been obliged to reaffirm the in­ the conventional table that seems a necessary tegrity of our motives to those sincere critics adjunct to every Board, and were having an who doubt that a democratic organization of informal talk regarding the new magazine. white and colored people is possible. We We touched the subject of poetry. have had to insist, sometimes to our most "There is a poem of Lowell's," I said, ardent enthusiasts, that we demand not faith "that means more to me to-day than any alone, but works. But through our five other poem in the world—'The Present years we have steadily gained in efficiency, Crisis.'" in power, and in national repute. Mr. Walling looked up. "The Crisis," he At our last annual meeting the Chairman said. "There is the name for your maga­ of the Board was able to say: "We have zine, THE CRISIS." more than doubled our membership during And if we had a creed to which our mem­ the past year, having twenty-four branches bers, black and white, our branches North and 3,000 members, as against eleven and South and East and West, our college branches and 1,100 members last year. To societies, our children circles, should all sub­ the Secretary I shall leave the duty of re­ scribe, it should be the lines of Lowell's porting in fuller detail upon our organiza­ noble verse, lines that are as true to-day as tion, but I must add that at headquarters when they were written seventy years ago: 188 THE CRISIS

"Once to every man and nation comes the "Then to side with Truth is noble when we moment to decide, share her wretched crust, In the strife of Truth with Falsehood for Ere her cause bring fame and profit, and the good or evil side; 'tis prosperous to be just; Some great cause, God's new Messiah, offer­ Then it is the brave man chooses, while the ing each the bloom or blight, coward stands aside, Parts the goats upon the left hand, and the Doubting in his abject spirit, till his Lord sheep upon the right, is crucified, And the choice goes by forever 'twixt that And the multitude make virtue of the faith darkness and that light. they had denied."

"I WILL STUDY AND MAKE READY, AND MAYBE MY CHANCE WILL COME."

HIS MOTTO

By LOTTIE BURRELL DIXON

BUT I can't leave my business now, at once, or you'll go to well, as affairs and go off on a fish­ I'm only your medical, and not your spirit­ ing trip now." ual advisor, my prognostications as to your The friend and specialist ultimate destination would probably have who had tricked John Dur- very little weight with you." mont into a confession of "Oh well, if you are so sure, I suppose physical bankruptcy, and I can cut loose now, if it comes to a choice made him submit to an examination in spite like that." of himself, now sat back with an "I wash The doctor smiled his satisfaction. "So my hands of you" gesture. you prefer to bear the ills of New York than "Very well, you can either go to Maine, to fly to others you know not of, eh?" HIS MOTTO 189

"Oh, have a little mercy on Shakespeare, Durmont turned to see a colored boy of at least. I'll go." fifteen whose entrance he had not noticed. And thus it was that a week later found "What can you do about it," he asked Durmont as deep in the Maine woods as he contemptuously, "take it into town in an ox could get and still be within reach of a tele­ team?" graph wire. And much to his surprise he "I can send it by wireless, if that is suffi­ found he liked it. ciently quick." As he lay stretched at full length on the Durmont turned to the operator at the soft turf, the breath of the pines filled his table. lungs, the lure of the lake made him eager "Is there a wireless near here?" to get to his fishing tackle, and he admitted "He owns one, you'll have to do business to himself that a man needed just such a with him on that," said the youth with a holiday as this in order to keep his mental grin at Durmont's unconcealed prejudice. and physical balance. It would be hard to estimate the exact Returning to the gaily painted frame amount of respect, mingled with surprise, building, called by courtesy the "Hotel," with which the city man now looked at the which nestled among the pines, he met the boy whose information he had evidently youthful operator from the near-by station doubted till confirmed by the white boy. looking for him with a message from his "Suppose you've got some kind of tom­ broker. A complicated situation had arisen fool contraption that will take half a day to in Amalgamated Copper, and an immediate get a message into the next village. Here I answer was needed. Durmont had heavy in­ stand to lose several thousands because this vestments in copper, though his business was blame company runs only one wire down to the manufacture of electrical instruments. this camp. Where is this apparatus of He walked back to the office with the op­ yours? Might as well look at it while I'm erator while pondering the answer, then hav­ waiting for this one-wire office to get into ing written it, handed it to the operator commission again." saying, "Tell them to rush answer." "It's right up on top of the hill," answered The tall, lank youth, whose every move­ the colored boy. "Here, George, I brought ment was a protest against being hurried, down this wireless book if you want to look dragged himself over to the telegraph key. it over, it's better worth reading than that " 'S open." stuff you have there," and tossing a book "What's open?" on the table he went out followed by Dur­ "Wire." mont. "Well, is that the only wire you have?" A couple of minutes' walk brought them "Yep." in sight of the sixty-foot aerial erected on "What in the dickens am I going to do the top of a small shack. about this message?" "Not much to look at, but I made it all "Dunno, maybe it'll close bime-by." And myself." the young lightning slinger pulled towards "How did you happen to—construct this ?" him a lurid tale of the Wild West, and pro­ And Durmont really tried to keep the em­ ceeded to enjoy himself. phasis off the "you." "And meanwhile, what do you suppose is "Well, I'm interested in all kinds of elec­ going to happen to me?" thundered Dur­ trical experiments, and have kept up read­ mont. "Haven't you ambition enough to ing and studying ever since I left school, look around your wire and see if you can then when I came out here on my uncle's find the trouble?" farm, he let me rig up this wireless, and "Lineman's paid to look up trouble, I I can talk to a chum of mine down in the ain't," was the surly answer. city. And when I saw the wire at the sta­ Durmont was furious, but what he was tion was gone up, I thought I might pos­ about to say was cut off by a quiet voice at sibly get your message to New York through his elbow. him." "I noticed linemen repairing wires upon They had entered the one room shack the main road, that's where this wire is open. which contained a long table holding a wire­ If you have any message you are in a hurry less outfit, a couple of chairs and a shelf of to send, perhaps I can help you out." books. On the walls were tacked pictures of 190 THE CRISIS

aviators and drawings of aeroplanes. A "Well, has that partner of yours got that three-foot model of a biplane hung in one message down at his end yet?" corner. "Yes, sir, and here is your answer from "Now if he is only in," said the boy, going New York." over to the table and giving the call. "Why, it's only been half an hour since "He's there," he said eagerly, holding out I wrote it," said Durmont. his hand for message. "Yes, that horse wouldn't have got into Durmont handed it to him. His face still town yet," grinned the boy. held the look of doubt and unbelief as he Durmont snatched the paper, read it, looked at the crude, home-made instruments. threw his cap in the air, exclaiming: "The "Suppose I might as well have hired a day is saved. Boy, you're a winner. How horse and taken it into town." But the much?" putting his hand in his pocket sug­ sputtering wire drowned his voice. gestively. "And get on your wheel and go like blazes. "How much you owe to my help, I don't Tell 'em to rush answer. This guy here know," answered the lad sagely. "I offered thinks a colored boy is only an animated to help because you needed it, and I was shoe-blacking outfit; it's up to us to remedy glad of the chance to prove what I believed that defect in his education, see !" Thus sang I could do. I'm satisfied because I suc­ the wires as Durmont paced the floor. ceeded." "I said," began the nervous man as the Durmont sat down heavily on the other wires became quiet. "I—" again the wire chair; his nerves couldn't stand much more sputtered, and he couldn't hear himself talk. in one afternoon. To find himself threat­ When it was quiet, he tried again, but as ened with a large financial loss; to have this soon as he began to grumble, the wire began averted by the help of the scientific knowl­ to sputter. He glanced suspiciously at the edge of a colored boy, and that boy rating boy, but the latter was earnestly watching the fact of his success higher than any pe­ his instruments. cuniary compensation—he had to pull him­ "Say," shouted Durmont, "does that thing self together a bit. have to keep up that confounded racket all His eyes fell on the motto on the wall. the time?" He read it thoughtfully, considered how "I had to give him some instructions, you hard the boy had worked because of that, know, and also keep in adjustment." his hopes of the future based on that; saw "Well, I'll get out of adjustment myself, the human element in him as it had not ap­ if that keeps up." pealed to him before, and then turning Durmont resigned himself to silence, and something over in his mind, muttered to him­ strangely enough, so did the wire. Walking self, "It's nobody's business if I do." around the room he noticed over the shelf He got up, and walking over to the boy, of books a large white card on which was said : "What's your name ?" printed in gilt letters: "Robert Hilton." "Well, Robert, that motto you've got up "I WILL STUDY AND MAKE READY, there is a pretty good one to tie too. You AND MAY BE MY CHANCE WILL certainly have studied; you have made your­ COME." ABRAHAM LINCOLN. self ready as far as your resources will per­ Durmont read this, and then looked at the mit, and I'll be hanged if I don't stand for boy as if seeing him for the first time. the 'chance.' In the manufacturing of elec­ Again he looked at the words, and far be­ trical instruments you could have great op­ yond them he saw his own struggling boy­ portunity for inventive talent, and in my hood, climbing daily Life's slippery path, concern you shall have your chance, and go trying to find some hold by which to pull as far as your efficiency will carry you. himself up. And as he watched the brown What do you say, would you care for it?" skinned boy bending over the instruments, "I'd care for it more than for any other instinct told him here was one who would thing on earth, and am very grateful for the find it still harder to fight his way up, be­ chance." cause of caste. "The chance wouldn't be standing here "Ah!" now if you had not had the inclination and The exclamation startled him. The boy the determination to live up to those words with fones adjusted was busily writing. on the wall." THE NEW WILBERFORCE

MOST people know something berforce University." There are nine trus­ of Wilberforce University. tees altogether and these trustees conduct a It is the oldest colored in­ normal school and a school of trades. In stitution of learning in four years the work of the normal depart­ America, and has a right ment has been raised so as to require a full to date its foundation at high school course before students enter up­ 1844, when Daniel A. on it. The teaching force has been greatly Payne started Union Seminary near Colum­ strengthened and the salaries increased. The bus, O. In 1856 Wilberforce was started at campus consists of one hundred and thirty Tawawa Springs by the Methodist Church acres with four large buildings and a num­ and this property eventually passed to the ber of shops and residences. African Methodist Church. All this is well Probably the most advanced step taken by known, but few people realize that side by any Negro school or college is the new plan side with the old Wilberforce has come a of Wilberforce Normal and Industrial De­ new Wilberforce. partment to pay all teachers for eleven The new Wilberforce is a separate and, months and require the teachers, when not distinct institution carried on by the State needed for the summer work, to attend some of Ohio on a campus adjoining Wilberforce school or institution for self-improvement. Thus the teacher will be on pay while in­ University. There are close bonds between creasing his efficiency by study or travel at the two institutions. The president of Wil­ the direction of the Board and Superinten­ berforce University and two others represent dent. All teachers will now be engaged on the institution on the Board of Trustees of this basis, and the result is sure to be in­ what is officially known as "The Combined creased efficiency and enthusiasm in all Normal and Industrial Department at Wil­ branches of work.

THE COMMENCEMENT CROWD AT OLD WILBERFORCE 192 THE CRISIS

The enrollment in Director of Training 1913-14 was 553, an School at Howard increase of nearly University. He was 100 per cent, over elected to his present 1910. A summer position in 1910 to school is held, taught succeed Mr. J. P. by the best Negro Shorter, deceased. educators obtainable. By business meth­ At the head of the ods and economy in new Wilberforce and the management, the responsible for its confidence of the present organization State Auditor and and advance is Mr. the Legislature has William A. Joiner, been won and much "Superintendent and more liberal appro­ Financial Officer for priations are made the State of Ohio at now than formerly, Wilberforce." Su­ because the State perintendent Joiner knows how the mon­ is under a bond of ey is being spent and $20,000 and has had is able to see the a long and careful result. Since Mr. training for his Joiner's advent the work. He is a grad­ State has spent$305,- uate of Wilberforce 000 to make new Wil­ University and the berforce an efficient, Law and Pedagogi­ SUPERINTENDENT W. A. JOINER modern institution. cal Departments of Howard. For six years The work of the present summer school at he was a teacher in the M Street High Wilberforce, which is the second summer School at Washington, and for seven years session, calls attention to the new life which

GALLOWAY HALL AND AUDITORIUM THE NEW WILBERFORCE 193

A BATTALION OF WILBERFORCE CADETS has been infused into that institution in the tories have been erected, one by the State past few years. Two beautiful new dormi- and one by the college. The State building

MITCHELL HALL. HOME OF THE SENIOR GIRLS 194 THE CRISIS

THE NEW WILBERFORCE—A WINTER SCENE

designed as a model home for senior girls of great traditions and a sister equal to its all departments, is probably the most com­ State partner. pletely equipped dormitory to be found at The Auditor of the State of Ohio said in any Negro institution. a recent bulletin : Wilberforce is the only Negro school with "We believe Wilberforce Normal and In­ a military department recognized by the dustrial Department has not a superior, if federal government. aii equal, in the State, and we know no other From the first, difficult and perplexing- school can offer such advantages to its white questions as to the relations of the old and students at twice the expense. . . . new Wilberforce have arisen. These ques­ tions are pressing to-day and must be settled. "As Chairman John Cowan and D. F. The old Wilberforce—the venerable institu­ Mooney of the Appropriations Committee tion of Daniel Payne and his co-workers—is of the House of Representatives well say, to-day woefully short of funds. Instead of no other institution of the State 'makes a combining to the liberal support of one dollar go as far' as Wilberforce. And no great institution, the Church has unfortu­ money spent by the State produces more nately divided its efforts among many beneficial and lasting results." schools and the result is to-day that the The influence of Wilberforce, old and older institution, with almost no money, is new, on the mental, social and moral welfare co-partner with a new and vigorous State of the colored race not only of Ohio but of institution, with the millions of Ohio back the whole world is incalcuable. Ten thou­ of it. What is to be done? Certainly there sand students have received training at Wil­ must be no attempt to hold back and hamper berforce. Five hundred teachers have gone the newer institution because of the poverty forth into every state and into all lands to of the older. Let both institutions hold up uplift the race, many are teachers in and the Superintendent's hands and make the presidents of other colleges, some are pro­ new Wilberforce vigorous and efficient. At fessional men, and hundreds are splendid the same time let the Church rally to the mechanics, due to industrial training at older Wilberforce and make it worthy of its Wilberforce. PROBLEM LITERATURE

Out of the House of Bondage. By Kelly Miller. The Neale Publishing Company, New York. 1914. "I See and Am Satisfied," is the peculiar 242 pages. $1.50. embodiment of his gifts and philosophy. It is a splendid bit of writing and, together The Neale Publishing Company, of New with his "Oath of Afro-American," ought to York City, is composed of southern men and fix his place in American letters. sympathizers. They have published books of all sorts and among them several by col­ Modern Industry in relation to the Family, Health, ored men. They also publish a magazine Education and Morality. By Florence Kelly. Long­ which is usually filled with outrageous abuse mans, Green & Co., New York. 1914. 147 pages. of Negroes with, now and then, an article Women's clubs and other general readers by a colored man. It is the last straw to who want to know "What it's all about," and have a company like this insult a man of the what the problem of modern industry is, out­ prominence of Kelly Miller by publishing side the obvious matters of wages and divi­ his last book of essays with "Negro" un- dends should begin with this little book. capitalized and with the last sentence of the Mrs. Kelly says : longest and titular essay (page 41) so "Modern industry affords, in more gener­ wretchedly garbled as to be absolutely with­ ous measure than the human race has before out sense. Mr. Miller writes us : "I re­ known them, all those goods which form the quired the capital N in 'Race Adjustment' material basis of family life—food, clothing, and took it for granted that the publishers shelter, and the materials and opportunities would use it in this case. I noted the small for subsistence for husband, wife and chil­ n in the proof; but correction at that stage dren. was prohibitive. ... As to the last sentence "But modern industry tends to disintegrate in the titular chapter, I am amazed at it. the family, so threatens it that the civilized This article appeared in Neale's Magazine nations are, and for at least one generation for October. The last word the is made have been, actively building a code intended 'thee' and the rest of the statement is left to save the family from this destructive out. It is a serious typographical blunder." pressure. However, it will take more than careless "This is the paradox of modern industry. or prejudiced publishers to spoil any work "It is my object to illustrate this paradox of Kelly Miller. The present book consists by indicating some forms of the pressure of of three poems, a book review, six long es­ industry upon the family, and upon each of says and three short ones. There is no at­ its elements." tempt at unity in these articles, all of which She begins her final chapter with this sig­ have been published before in magazines. nificant word: The titular essay is in celebration of the "We are undergoing a transition in the Golden Jubilee of Emancipation. There fol­ life of the nation greater than any hitherto low essays on Miscegenation, Education, experienced, a change immeasurably greater Crime, the Negro in Politics and in the Pro­ than the freeing of four million slaves, a fessions, and the strongest essay in the book half century ago, as an incident of a long on the "Ultimate Race Problem" which first and terrible war." appeared in the Nineteenth Century and How many colored people know of this After" and brought much favorable com­ new and vaster emancipation and realize the ment. Characteristically, the present pub­ part they must play in it? lishers have carelessly spoiled its heading. m A book like this must have much repeti­ Progressivism and After. By William English tion but also, in compensation, a certain Walling. Macmillan, New York, 1914. 406 pages. Readers of the CRISIS would do well to freshness and unity in the single chapters. become acquainted with Mr. Walling's three One finds here not so much constructive studies of socialism : "Socialism as it is," thought as deep discernment and, now and "The Larger Aspects of Socialism," and the then, brilliant phrasing. Miller is, above all, a critic—a subtle, half humorous critic, who one which we notice here. Slowly but surely sees the fact and foible with unerring vision colored folk are beginning to realize the pos­ and evolves not a new system but the abso­ sible meaning of socialism for them. They lute necessity to rectify the old. His poem, must, therefore, begin to be intelligent on the subject and Mr. Walling's works are recom- 196 THE CRISIS

mended to them. This particular book com­ MR. G. T. STEPHENSON, a young pels our attention because it treats a subject North Carolina white man, has written which most socialists sedulously avoid, viz., interestingly and in good spirit on legal race the relation of socialism to the race question. distinctions. A volume appeared in 1910 Walling quotes Roosevelt as saying: and two articles in the South Atlantic Quar­ "'Advanced' Socialist leaders are fond of terly in January and April of this year. declaring against patriotism, of announcing These articles strikingly show the dangers their movement as international, and of of race discrimination in a republic. Mr. claiming to treat all men alike; but on this Stephenson is, in his book, a rather com­ point, as on all others, their system would placent expositor, if not defender, of legal not stand for one moment the test of actual caste; and while he defends race "distinc­ experience. If the leaders of the Socialist tions," he is not favorable to "race discrim­ party in America should to-day endeavor to inations" and wants equal, if separate, ac­ force their followers to admit all Negroes commodations on cars, etc. When in January and Chinamen to a real equality, their party he writes on segregation in cities, he is still' would promptly disband and, rather than to complacent. submit to such putting into effect of their "Is there any inherent difference between avowed purposes, would, as a literal fact, separating the races in public conveyances follow any capitalistic organization as an and in public places and in separating them alternative." in their residences, provided vested rights Is this true? Mr. Walling recites the fol­ are properly protected? That is the ques­ lowing facts : tion which the Supreme Court of the United 1. In the Chicago Socialistic Congress, States has yet to answer." 1900, more than one-third of the delegates Then comes Mr. Poe and his rural segre­ favored action which recognized racial lines. gation and Mr. Stephenson wakes up and 2. Unterman, recently Socialist candidate calls a halt. for Governor of Idaho, declared openly that socialists must work for the final domina­ "It must be clear to the impartial observer tion of the white race. that this plan of segregation involves a 3. At the Indianapolis Convention, 1912, policy of repression of the Negro in that it the same committee of which Robert Hunter is withholding from him an equal showing was a member, brought in a report which in the distribution of the land of the state. said: "Race feeling is not so much a result If the white people are to select the segre­ of social as of biological evolution. It does gation districts, then they will naturally se­ not change essentially with changes of eco­ lect for themselves the most desirable dis­ nomic systems. It is deeper than any class tricts and leave the Negro to take the feeling and will outlast the capitalist system. balance. This is exactly what has been done It persists even after race prejudice has been in Roanoke, Va. That city was divided into outgrown." five segregation districts. Four of those dis­ This report was not adopted but it had tricts were definitely laid off and described strong support and the same committee was by metes and bonds and set apart for white continued. people. The fifth district, which comprised On the other hand, the International So­ all the balance of the city that the white cialist Congress at Stuttgart, Germany, de­ people did not want for themselves, was set clared: "The Congress sees no proper solu­ apart for the Negro. . . . tion of these difficulties in the exclusion of "This is probably the most delicate race definite nations or races from immigration, issue that has arisen since Emancipation be­ a policy which is, besides, in conflict with cause it involves fundamental rights. Voting, the principles of proletarian solidarity." for instance, is a privilege; but the right to Thus the matter rests to-day. But it will hold property is inherent in citizenship and not rest here forever. More and more the should not be tampered with without great problem of the modern workingman is merg­ caution." ing with the problem of the color line. So But really, Mr. Stephenson, "is there any long as black laborers are slaves white la­ inherent difference between separating the borers cannot be free and the proffered races" in cities and rural districts? In cities bribe of race "inferiority" will never pay the or on railroads? On railroads and in pub­ white workingman for joining capitalism in lic places? There is not. All are equally the attempt to enslave "coolies." wrong. THE BURDEN

COLORED MEN AND WOMEN have a $50,000 school building with 550 stu­ LYNCHED WITHOUT TRIAL dents enrolled, and sixteen teachers. We 1885 78 1900 107 have no building, 350 students and three 1886 71 1901 107 teachers. The white people have nine months 1887 80 1902 ...... 86 of school and we have four and one-half or five months, providing we furnish every­ 1888 95 1903 86 thing except teachers. I am taxed $1.50 for 1889 95 1904 83 state and county and $1.00 for town direct 1890 90 1905... 61 school tax. Tell anyone who claims that we 1891 121 1906 64 get a square deal in the South to turn black, 1892 155 1907,,. 60 or rather be classed as black, and come down. 1893 154 1908 93 Yours for success, 1894 134 1909 73 1895 112 1910 65 1896 80 1911 63 1897 122 1912 63 1898 102 1913 79 A WHITE SCHOOL TRUSTEE TO A 1899 84 Total 2,662 COLORED APPLICANT Lucy A. Turner COLORED MEN AND WOMEN Washington, D. C. LYNCHED IN 1914 Yours rec'd the requirements for position Reported in January 5 of teacher in this District is that they must Reported in February 4 teach the children goodwill towards the Reported in March 6 whites & if this is impossible with you we Reported in April 1 will not tolerate any other action 4 Yours truly 2 F. L. CUNNINGHAM, M.D.

Total number for six months ...22

* Colored people are excluded from a cer­ DISCRIMINATION tain part of the beach at Cape May, N. J. There are signs up stating that this is pri­ Graham, Va., May 27, 1914. vate property, and while no mention of color The Crisis: is made on the signs, the guards do not al­ The Graham Colored Civic League was or­ low colored people to use this part and the ganized two years ago and has spent $675.98 Mayor says that he issued the order at the in two years in order to keep our school complaint of some of the proprietors that open six months a year. We have to rent their patronage was decreasing. Colored buildings, buy our fuel, furnish school sup­ people are permitted to bathe at a less fre­ plies, etc., or have our school reduced to quented part of the beach. four and one-half or five months. In addi­ tion we have bought a school site and we are * The State Board of Education of Mary­ trying to get the state and town council to land has ruled that while persons may not be erect a building for us. The white people supervisors of colored schools. 198 THE CRISIS

THE SOULS OF WHITE FOLK pointment of a Negro Recorder of Deeds for St. Louis, Mo., May 23, 1914. the District of Columbia—but it is national, Dear Mr. Du Bois: and effects every white citizen in the U. S. I have just read "Souls of Black Folk," The question is shall the Negro enjoy and across the color line I extend to you a rights, illegally, which we deny one-half of hand of sympathy and profound apprecia­ the white people? No! tion. Therefore we hope you will contribute lib­ It must be that thousands of white people erally when the officers pass the hat through have been moved by this book even as I am, the audience. Those who happen to come and feel the same heavy despairing pain over unprepared may drop name and address, our individual inability to contribute even a with amount pledged, in the hat, and our mite toward the removal of a mountain of Secretary will collect at their convenience. ignorance, injustice, and folly. It would LORENZO G. WARFIELD, ease my impatient pain to know that in my Secretary. race I am not suffering alone. Assure me, if you can, and tell me whether the outlook has June 20, 1914. been brightened since the book was written. I wish to express my sincere thanks to my By what amounts almost to divination, friends and others who so generously en­ Negroes must learn to recognize their friends dorsed me for the office of Recorder of in the white race, for friends they must Deeds for the District of Columbia, having have, though my limited experience has hard­ withdrawn my application under date and ly revealed any to me—friends of the as follows. Negroes' cause. Assuming that such friends LORENZO G. WARPIELD. exist, they cannot, like you, give open voice to their beliefs. Yet much were gained by a 8th and K Sts., N. W., tacit recognition of interest and good will. **#**##** Washington, D. C, Oct. 18, 1913. To the President of the United States, Pardon the seeming intrusion. Know that Washington, D. C. not all of the anguish and despair is on Honorable Sir: your side of the color line. I hereby withdraw my application for ap­ Sincerely yours, pointment as Recorder of Deeds for the District of Columbia, and the endorsements in my behalf thereof. THE AMBITIONS OF LORENZO Your refusal to receive a duly appointed Committee of the National Democratic Fair (From a Washington (D. C.) Circular) Play Association, and subsequently the wide­ THE National Democratic Fair Play As- ly heralded reception of several Negro or­ sociation was organized and incorporat­ ganizations, indicate clearly to my mind your ed in 1913 for the purpose of bringing into position as to the race question. Court all questions which will determine the Your refusal to take cognizance of the validity of the 14th and 15th Amendments sworn statement of three ladies employed in to the Constitution of the United States. the office of the Recorder of Deeds, showing Our president, Mr. John H. Adriaans, of the disgraceful condition existing in that this city, has devoted twenty years to com­ office, which were placed in your hands four piling data showing the illegality of the or­ months ago by Representative Ben Johnson, ganization of the legislatures of many of the and recalled to you subsequently by Senator states which voted to ratify these amend­ James K. Vardaman, satisfies me that your ments. Secretary and Manager does not truly gauge In the case of U. S. versus Guinn and the temper of the American people on this Beal, docket number 423, testing the "Grand­ question. father's Clause" of the State of Oklahoma, I therefore gladly relinquish any claim to this Association had him file a brief in any political preferment, I may, or may not October last. We need not say more than have, and will consecrate the next three years that the case is still undecided—no decision of my life to the uplift of a white democratic being handed down as yet. party, as far as my humble efforts will do so. Now, then, fellow citizens, this movement Very truly yours, is not local—aiming solely to oppose the ap­ LORENZO G. WARPIELD, THE CRISIS ADVERTISER 199

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An aggressive exposure by an Anglo-Saxon cham­ pion of equal rights. Startling facts and crushing GEORGIA STATE COLORED FAIR arguments. Fascinating reading. A necessity for clear understanding and up-to-date propaganda. Be­ NOVEMBER 18-28, 1914 longs in the library of every friend of social justice. Price 25 cents. Send orders to Wants Colored Entertainers

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Mention THE CRISIS 202 THE CRISIS ADVERTISER

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Mention THE CRISIS THE CRISIS ADVERTISER 203

Masterpieces of Negro Eloquence

Edited by ALICE MOORE DUNBAR.

The one volume that contains the best speeches of fifty-one of the ablest Negroes of the United States, England, Africa and France, from 1818 to 1913. The wonderful eloquence of the most powerful Negro men and women of the world is contained in this book. Nothing more interesting and inspiring has ever been written. If you would know of the history of the race, appreciate the sacrifice for principle, understand the struggle for liberty, and properly value the oratorical achievement of the Negro, you should place this book in your library. The "Masterpieces of Negro Eloquence" will take you back to 1818, when Prince Saunders in his fascinating style eloquently pleaded for the abolition of slavery. It will give you the speech of Henry Highland Garnett, the first Negro ever asked to deliver a sermon in the United States House of Representatives; the speech of Frederick Douglass, who in 1852 with unexcelled eloquence demanded at Rochester to know, "What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?"; the speech that made Booker Washington famous ; an estimate of Toussaint L'Ouverture, by James McCune Smith, that ranks with Wendell Phillips' famous eulogy; Charles M. Langston's defiance of the Fugitive Slave Law, delivered in 1859; Judge Ruffin's famous eulogy of Crispus Attucks, a speech that should be read by every Negro boy and girl. These are but a few of the gems culled at random from this great book. The best of our present generation is well represented. This is a book that is a library, a reference book and an historical work, an indis­ pensable addition to the library of every intelligent Negro. A book that shows in the best manner the best that the Negro has done. It is carefully edited, well printed and thoroughly indexed, bound in red and green silk cloth binding, 512 pages, gold top, uncut pages, We want every reader of THE CRISIS to have a copy of this CRISIS Coupon book. We have set aside 50,000 copies which we are going to sell CUT OUT AND to THE CRISIS readers by allowing them to pay 50 cents down MAIL NOW and 50 cents monthly for four months. The Douglass Pub. Co., 509 N. 4th St., Do not delay ; sit down immediately, clip this coupon Harrisburg, Pa. and send it to us with 50 cents, and a copy will be sent Enclosed find 50c, for you by return mail. which send me a copy of "The Masterpieces of Negro Eloquence." I promise to pay 50c. each month until $2.50 is paid. Title of the book to re­ THE DOUGLASS PUBLISHING COMPANY main with you until the sum of HARRISBURG, PA. $2.50 is paid.

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Address Mention THE CRISIS 204 THE CRISIS ADVERTISER NOTABLE BOOKS written by Members of the Board of Directors of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People These books may be obtained from THE CRISIS, 70 Fifth Avenue, New York

Prices do not include postage. Postage extra.

Jane Addams W. E. Burghardt DuBois DEMOCRACY AND SOCIAL ETHICS THE SOULS OF BLACK FOLK $1.25 A. C. McClurg andC o $1.25 THE NEWER IDEALS OF PEACE.. $1.25 THE QUEST OF THE SILVER FLEECE A. C. McClurg andC o $1.35 THE SPIRIT OF YOUTH AND THE CITY JOHN BROWN STREETS $1.25 George W. Jacobs & Co $1.25 TWENTY YEARS AT HULL HOUSE THE SUPPRESSION OF THE SLAVE $1.50 TRADE—Longmans, Green & Co...$1.50 A NEW CONSCIENCE AND AN AN­ THE PHILADELPHIA NEGRO CIENT EVIL $1.00 University of Pennsylvania Press.. $2.00 The Macmillan Co. Professor DuBois possesses a command over the No one in this country has come closer to the finer qualities of English which greatly enhances the problems held out by poverty than has Miss Addams. poignancy and pathos, the yearning and hope of his —Philadelphia Public Ledger. terrible indictment. —-The London Academy.

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John Haynes Holmes Florence Kelley THE REVOLUTIONARY FUNCTION OF THE MODERN CHURCH. G. P. Put­ MODERN INDUSTRY: In Relation to the nam's Sons $1.50 Family, Health, Education, Morality. An earnest, rational and illuminating presentation Longmans, Green andC o $1.00 of practical conclusions as to the social duty of the church. —New York Times. The writer has been Chief State Factory Inspector MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE of Illinois, living many years at Hull House and the Nurses' Settlement and serving, since 1889, as Secre­ B. W. Huebsch $0.50 tary of the National Consumers' League. She sets Mr. Holmes's view comes as near offering a solu­ forth changing social and industrial conditions seen at tion of this problem as any that we are ever likely close range, and suggests immediate hopes and plans to reach. —Rochester Herald. related thereto.

Mention THE CRISIS THE CRISIS ADVERTISER 205

Charles Edward Russell Mary White Ovington THOMAS CHATTERTON: The Marvelous Boy. Moffat, Yard & Co $2.00 HALF A MAN : The Status of the Negro in LAWLESS WEALTH New York. Longmans, Green & Co., $1.00 B. W. Dodge & Co $1.50 A sane, wise and sympathetic study. SONGS OF DEMOCRACY —Evening Post. Moffat, Yard & Co $1.00 WHY I AM A SOCIALIST HAZEL: The Story of a Little Colored Girl. The George H. Doran Co $0.50 Crisis Publishing Co $1.00 BUSINESS, THE HEART OF THE NA­ Any child, regardless of race or color, would be TION. John Lane Co $0.25 interested in the little book. —Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Mr. Russell's books show him as a great journalist, a poet and a devoted worker and writer for socialism.

Joel E. Spingarn

William A. Sinclair THE NEW CRITICISM. Columbia Uni­ versity Press $0.75 THE AFTERMATH OF SLAVERY: A Study of the Condition and Environment THE NEW HESPERIDES, AND OTHER of the American Negro. Small, May- POEMS. Sturgis & Walton Company nard & Co $1.65 $1.00 The author of The New Hesperides has already The perusal of this work may be urged upon every proved himself a critic of a very high order in a fair minded man. lecture on The New Criticism. We very gladly recog­ —Thomas Wentworth Higginson. nize the many fine qualities which proclaim him to be a true poet. —London Academy.

Moorfield Storey John Garrett Underhill CHARLES SUMNER: American Statesmen Series. Houghton, Mifflin Co $1.25 SPANISH LITERATURE IN TUDOR

The majestic devotion of Sumner to the highest ENGLAND. The Macmillan Co....$2.00 political ideals before and during his long term of lofty service to freedom in the United States is A learned and important contribution to the history fittingly delineated by Mr. Storey. of the literary and historical relations between Eng­ land and Spain at the height of Spanish influence and power. THE REFORM OF LEGAL PROCEDURE —Manchester (England) Guardian. Yale University Press $1.35

William English Walling Oswald Garrison Villard SOCIALISM AS IT IS. The Macmillan Co., JOHN BROWN: A Biography, Fifty Years $2.00 After. Houghton, Mifflin Company. .$5.00 The best book on Socialism by any American, if not the best book on Socialism in the English langu­ age. I can only say after reading from first to last its —Boston Herald. more than 700 pages, that I have never encountered anything this side of Gibbon's 'Rome' which, has PROGRESSIVISM AND AFTER. The made me feel more the personal power of a single Macmillan Co $1.50 work. The most stimulating and thought-provoking book —Thomas Wentworth Higginson. on purely economic topics we have ever read. —Boston Transcript.

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THE QUEST OF THE SILVER FLEECE. (W. E. B. DU Bois) $1.35 HOUSE BEHIND THE CEDARS. (Charles W. Chesnutt) 1.50 HAZEL. (Mary White Ovington) 1.00 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF AN EX-COLORED MAN. (Anonymous) 1.20 LYRICS OF LOWLY LIFE. (Paul Laurence Dunbar) 1.25 THE MARROW OF TRADITION. (Charles W. Chesnutt) 1.50 THE SPORT OF THE GODS. (Paul Laurence Dunbar) 1.50 NORRIS WRIGHT CUNEY. (Maud Cuney Hare) 1.50 A NARRATIVE OF THE NEGRO. (Leila Amos Pendleton) 1.50 SOULS OF BLACK FOLK. (W. E. B. DU Bois) 1.25 RACE ADJUSTMENT. (Kelly Miller) 2.00 HISTORY OF THE NEGRO. (B. G. Brawley) 1.25 HALF A MAN. (Mary White Ovington) 1.00 MIND OF PRIMITIVE MAN. (Franz Boas) 1.50 AFTERMATH OF SLAVERY. (William Sinclair) 1.50 JOHN BROWN. (W. E. B. DU Bois) 1-25 LIBERIA. (Frederick Starr) 100 FACTS OF RECONSTRUCTION. (John R. Lynch) 1.50 STORY OF THE NEGRO. 2 Volumes. (Booker T. Washington) 3.00 MASTERPIECES OF NEGRO ELOQUENCE. (Alice Moore Dunbar, Editor) 2.50 POEMS OF PAUL LAURENCE DUNBAR 2.00 THE AFRICAN ABROAD. 2 Volumes. (William H. Ferris) 5.00 AFRO-AMERICAN FOLKSONGS. (H. E. Krehbiel) 2.00 OUT OF THE HOUSE OF BONDAGE. (Kelly Miller) 1.50 THE COLORED INVENTOR. (Henry E. Baker) 15 A CHILD'S STORY OF DUNBAR. (Julia L. Henderson) 25

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