The Urban Agenda for the Eu
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Department: POLITICAL SCIENCES Chair: ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF PUBLIC POLICIES THE URBAN AGENDA FOR THE EU HOW CITIES GOT A SEAT AT THE TABLE OF POLICY-MAKING SUPERVISOR CANDIDATE Prof. Efisio Gonario Espa Martina Rotolo ID: 630452 CO-SUPERVISOR Prof. Mattia Guidi ANNO ACCADEMICO 2017/2018 Le città europee nascono con l’Europa e in un certo senso fanno nascere l’Europa: sono una ragion d’essere, forse la principale, dell’Europa come entità storica distinta, continuano a caratterizzare la civiltà europea quando essa assume un posto dominante nel mondo, e danno un’impronta – positiva, negativa ma in ogni caso preponderante – alle città contemporanee in ogni parte del mondo. BENEVOLO (1993), La città nella storia d’Europa, Bari: Laterza, p.3 1 Table of Contents LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...................................................... 5 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 7 CHAPTER I: THE FUTURE OF CITIES ....................................... 12 1.1 Cities ambivalence: Challenges and Opportunities .................... 12 1.2 Beyond the borders of cities: an ongoing debate on Urbanization.. ........................................................................................... 21 1.3 Urbanization Trends and Urban Development in Europe ......... 26 MAP 1: EUROPEAN POPULATION DENSITY BASED ON THE GEOSTAT .............28 FIGURE 1: POPULATION CHANGE, BY METROPOLITAN REGION .......................30 MAP 2: CHANGE IN GDP PER INHABITANT, BY METROPOLITAN REGION..........31 FIGURE 2: PROPORTION OF PEOPLE SATISFIED WITH THEIR COMMUTING TIME .........................................................................................................................33 1.4 New models of Urban Governance .............................................. 38 ILLUSTRATION 1: EUROPEAN URBAN GOVERNANCE MODEL ...........................42 CHAPTER II: THE EMERGING EUROPEAN URBAN COMPETENCE ............................................................................. 44 2.1 The European policy cycle........................................................... 44 ILLUSTRATION 2: POLICY-CYCLE ....................................................................47 2.2 European policy instruments ...................................................... 57 2.3 The Europeanization of Urban policy ......................................... 65 2.4 European Urban policies from the beginning ............................. 74 2.4.1 Territorial Cohesion, an implicit competence in promoting urban development .....................................................................................................74 2.4.2 The Urban dimension of European Policies ............................................78 2 2.5 European Urban policies: The Council Declarations ................. 96 2.6 Policy entrepreneurship and the Urban Agenda for the EU: The role of Dutch Presidency of the Council ................................................ 102 CHAPTER III: URBAN AGENDAS AND KEY PROVISIONS ....... 109 3.1 The UN New Urban Agenda ............................................................ 109 3.2 The Urban Agenda for the EU ......................................................... 117 3.2.1 Key Provisions ....................................................................................... 117 3.2.2 Partnerships and Action Plans .............................................................. 123 3.2.3 Has the Urban Agenda for the EU been able to consolidate a European Urban Competence?....................................................................................... 138 3.3 What is a National Urban Policy? .................................................... 140 FIGURE 3: SURVEYS ON URBAN AGENDA IMPACT ON CITY POLICY-MAKING AND ON NATIONAL URBAN POLICIES ..................................................................... 141 ILLUSTRATION 3: NATIONAL URBAN POLICY EVOLUTIONARY CYCLE .......... 144 ILLUSTRATION 4: NATIONAL URBAN POLICY GUIDING FRAMEWORK ........... 150 3.4 How urban policies may enhance cities’ quality of life ................... 151 ILLUSTRATION 5: EUROSTAT QUALITY OF LIFE INDICATOR ......................... 157 FIGURE 4: CITY PROSPERITY INDEX, QUALITY OF LIFE IN EU CITIES ........... 159 FIGURE 5: FIRST RANKED EU CITIES IN TERMS OF RESIDENTS’ QUALITY OF LIFE PERCEPTION .................................................................................................. 161 FIGURE 6: FIRST RANKED EU CITIES IN TERMS OF RESIDENTS’ QUALITY OF LIFE DISSATISFACTION ........................................................................................... 161 MAP 3: PROPORTION OF PEOPLE WHO ARE SATISFIED LIVING IN THEIR CITY.162 MAP 4: MERCER 2018 QUALITY OF LIVING RANKING .................................. 164 CHAPTER IV: ITALY, CITIES IN SEARCH FOR A POLICY ........ 170 4.1 A brief Italian Cities Outlook........................................................... 170 MAP 5: ITALIAN DISTRIBUTION OF LOCAL SYSTEMS ACCORDING TO ISTAT 172 3 FIGURE 7: PERCENTAGE OF NATIONAL POPULATION LIVING IN URBAN AREAS ....................................................................................................................... 173 FIGURE 8: POPULATION SHARE OF NATIONAL VALUE .................................... 174 FIGURE 9: SHARE OF URBANIZED LAND OVER TOTAL AREA IN METROPOLITAN AREAS BY COUNTRY ....................................................................................... 175 FIGURE 10: URBANIZED AREA SHARE............................................................. 175 FIGURE 11: AIR POLLUTION .......................................................................... 176 FIGURE 12: CONCENTRATION OF POPULATION AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN OECD METROPOLITAN AREAS ....................................................................... 177 FIGURE 13: GDP SHARE OF NATIONAL VALUE (GLOBAL) ............................... 178 FIGURE 14: GDP SHARE OF NATIONAL VALUE (ITALY) .................................. 178 FIGURE 15: EMPLOYMENT SHARE OF NATIONAL VALUE(ITALY) .................... 179 4.2 The cycles 2007-2013 and 2014-2020 of Cohesion Policy in Italy: from a mainstreamed to integrated urban objectives .................................... 182 4.3 PON METRO, the Urban agenda for Metropolitan cities .............. 188 4.4 The chimera of a National Urban Agenda ....................................... 191 4.5 What about Netherlands? ................................................................ 203 CONCLUSION ........................................................................ 206 ANNEX I .................................................................................. 211 FIGURE 16: LINEAR REGRESSION TABLE ....................................................... 213 FIGURE 17: REGRESSION LINE ....................................................................... 214 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................... 215 LEGAL DOCUMENTS .......................................................... 223 WEB SOURCES ...................................................................... 225 SUMMARY ............................................................................. 226 4 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ANCI Associazione Nazionale Comuni Italiani AP Action Plan ASviS Alleanza Italiana per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile CEMR Council of European Municipalities and Regions CIPU Comitato Inter-ministeriale per le Politiche Urbane CoR Committee of the regions DG Directorate-General DG ENV Directorate-General for the Environment DG REGIO Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy DGUM DG Meeting on Urban Matters EC European Commission EIB European Investment Bank EP European Parliament ERDF European Regional Development Fund ESF European Social Fund ESIF European Structural and Investment Funds ESPON European Spatial Planning Observation Network ESDP European Spatial Development Perspective EU European Union EUKN European Urban Knowledge Network EUR Euro EUROCITIES Network of Mayor European Cities EUROSTAT Statistical Office of the European Communities 5 HABITAT III United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development ISTAT Istituto Nazionale di Statitisca ITI Integrated Territorial Investments MFF Multiannual Financial Framework MS Member States NSRF National Strategic Reference Framework NUA New Urban Agenda NUP National Urban Policy OECD Organization for Economic Co-operationa and Development OP Operational Programme PON Metro National Operational Programme For Metropolitan Cities POR Regional Operational Programme PON National Operational programme SDG Sustainable Development Goal TEU Treaty on European Union TFEU Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union UAEU Urban Agenda for the EU UDG Urban Development Group Urban@it Centro Nazionale di Studi per le Politiche Urbane UN United Nations UN-HABITAT United Nations Human Settlements Programme 6 INTRODUCTION Cities represent the main engine of growth and innovation. Cities is where the future happens first. As Benjamin Baber Stated in his book If Mayors Ruled the World, “urbanity may or may not be our nature, but it is our history, and for better or worse, by chance or by design, it defines how we live, work, play and associate. […] Politics starts in the neighborhood and the town. More than half the world’s population now live in cities, that is more than 78 percent of the developing world. As it was our origin the city now appears to be our destiny. It is where creativity is unleashed, community solidified, and citizenship