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Your Name Here “WITH PAIN THERE IS HOPE”: REPRESENTATIONS OF WORKING MOTHERS ON ABC’S BROTHERS & SISTERS by MEGAN VOGEL (Under the Direction of Peggy J. Kreshel) ABSTRACT The national conversation about working mothers and their place in society has been long, intense, and fraught with contradiction. These women are caught between the cultural ideal of nurturing domesticity on one hand, and economic reality and personal ambition on the other. Grounded in British cultural studies and feminist theory, this thesis explores this tension by examining the representations of working mothers on ABC’s Brothers & Sisters, a popular television drama. The findings suggest that these representations are messy and at times, contradictory, and that they both challenge and uphold traditional gender roles. The study’s findings are placed within contemporary social and cultural discourses to suggest the ways that the fictional characters are used to humanize the confusing position many women find themselves in today. Limitations and opportunities for future research are also discussed. INDEX WORDS: Brothers & Sisters, Cultural Studies, Feminist Theory, Patriarchy, Popular Culture, Representation, Television, Textual Analysis “WITH PAIN THERE IS HOPE”: REPRESENTATIONS OF WORKING MOTHERS ON ABC’S BROTHERS & SISTERS by MEGAN VOGEL B.A., University of Virginia, 2007 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2009 © 2009 Megan Vogel All Rights Reserved “WITH PAIN THERE IS HOPE”: REPRESENTATIONS OF WORKING MOTHERS ON ABC’S BROTHERS & SISTERS by MEGAN VOGEL Major Professor: Peggy J. Kreshel Committee: Janice Hume Carolina Acosta-Alzuru Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2009 iv DEDICATION For all the women who walk the cultural tightrope between personal and professional success. With deepest gratitude to my own working mother, Linda Vogel, who taught me it is possible to be a confident woman with a firm understanding of self while balancing a successful career and a large family in which the mother is the heart. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dr. Kreshel, you have been a fantastic mentor and have become a wonderful friend throughout this project (and my journey towards 13.1 miles!). I am incredibly thankful for all of the late night meetings, “jam sessions,” gab fests, and snacks. Your enthusiasm is contagious and your unwavering support and confidence in me and in this study means more than you will ever know. Did women work in World War I? Dr. Acosta-Alzuru and Dr. Hume, I want to thank you for your support and guidance. You have always had your door open for me, and have been extremely helpful whenever I have had questions. You have helped me become a more critical thinker, researcher, and writer. Mom and Dad, what can I say? Thank you for helping me become the person I am today. Your encouragement throughout this project and my whole educational career has been invaluable. I aim to make you proud every day and love you both very much. Bobby, thank you for your friendship and love these past seven years. Your passion for knowledge and zest for life continue to inspire me and I am so much better for knowing you. Last but not least, I want to thank all of the faculty members, staff, and students I have had the privilege of knowing during my time at Grady and the Cox Center. I have learned a lot from all of you about media, the world, and myself, and you helped me find my place in these crazy worlds we call Athens and academia! vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................................................................................................... v PROLOGUE ................................................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 4 Research Objective & Questions.......................................................................................... 7 Historical Context: Women, Employment, & Motherhood.................................................. 7 2 THEORY................................................................................................................................. 16 Cultural Studies .................................................................................................................. 16 Feminist Theory.................................................................................................................. 21 Cultural Studies & Feminist Theory: A Shared Space ....................................................... 23 3 LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................................ 25 Feminist Media Studies ...................................................................................................... 25 Feminist Television Studies ............................................................................................... 27 Representations of Women in Media: Career Woman & Mother ...................................... 30 4 METHOD................................................................................................................................ 37 Creating the Text ................................................................................................................ 40 The Text: Brothers & Sisters.............................................................................................. 41 The Process of Analysis ..................................................................................................... 42 The World of Brothers & Sisters........................................................................................ 43 5 WOMEN AND WORK: AWAKENINGS & DISAPPOINTMENTS.................................... 46 Work=An Identity of Her Own?......................................................................................... 48 An Iconic Romance: Emulation & Expectation ................................................................. 54 vii 6 ILLUSIONS SHATTERED: DISSOLUTION OF THE NUCLEAR FAMILY..................... 58 A Patchwork of Gender Roles............................................................................................ 58 A “terrible, bruised silence” & the Failure to Understand.................................................. 60 Emotional Distance Created & Revealed Through Space.................................................. 63 “Honestly, am I enough?” Dissatisfaction, Guilt, & the Search for More ......................... 65 7 MATERNAL FEROCITY IN THE WORKPLACE & HOME.............................................. 72 “She knows her stuff”: Sarah the Businesswoman............................................................. 73 “You are not responsible for everyone, Sarah”: Protecting the Ojai Foods Family........... 73 “Stay the hell away from my family”: Sarah versus Holly ................................................ 76 “Supermom” or Just Doing the Best She Can?: Sarah as Mother ...................................... 80 8 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 87 Contributions, Limitations, & Opportunities for Future Research ..................................... 87 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 88 Sarah: An Embodiment of Our Cultural Confusion ........................................................... 92 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 94 1 PROLOGUE HOW I CAME TO THIS STUDY This project began when I needed a paper topic for a class project. The class was an introduction to mass communication theory and the project was designed to teach us how to write a literature review to make a case for the importance of a topic and why a study should be carried out. As an undergraduate, I had studied mass media as cultural forces to understand how they interpreted and represented American womanhood and how they could influence the way women thought about their roles in society. Almost all of this undergraduate work had focused on media texts produced between 1930 and 1960. Drawing upon my interest and with past work in mind, I decided to continue studying representations of womanhood; this time, however, I chose to study contemporary, rather than historical, representations. To narrow this broad interest further, I turned to the literature. Two texts I stumbled upon in my research—Diane Meehan’s Ladies of the Evening: Women Characters of Prime-Time Television and Bonnie Dow’s Prime-Time Feminism: Television, Media Culture, and the Women’s Movement Since 1970—helped spark a personal epiphany: media and cultural scholars have studied representations of mothers and working women, but few have examined representations where the two roles come together in one woman—the working mother. A look into sociological and mainstream publications revealed a long and often-heated discussion about motherhood and work, with phrases like “mommy wars,” “maternal wall,” and “opting out” recurring again and again. From there, my research quickly snowballed and my interest grew
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