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Chapter 13: North and South, 1820-1860

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North and South 1820–1860 Why It Matters At the same time that national spirit and pride were growing throughout the country, a strong sectional rivalry was also developing. Both North and South wanted to further their own economic and political interests. The Impact Today Differences still exist between the regions of the nation but are no longer as sharp. Mass communication and the migration of people from one region to another have lessened the differences. The American Republic to 1877 Video The chapter 13 video, “Young People of the South,” describes what life was like for children in the South. 1826 1834 1837 1820 • The Last of • McCormick • Steel-tipped • U.S. population the Mohicans reaper patented plow invented reaches 10 million published Monroe J.Q. Adams Jackson Van Buren W.H. Harrison 1817–1825 1825–1829 1829–1837 1837–1841 1841 1820 1830 1840 1820 1825 • Antarctica • World’s first public discovered railroad opens in England 384 CHAPTER 13 North and South Compare-and-Contrast Study Foldable Make this foldable to help you analyze the similarities and differences between the development of the North and the South. Step 1 Mark the midpoint of the side edge of a sheet of paper. Draw a mark at the midpoint. Step 2 Turn the paper and fold the outside edges in to touch at the midpoint. Step 3 Turn and label your foldable as shown. Northern Economy & People Economy & People Southern The Oliver Plantation by unknown artist During the mid-1800s, Reading and Writing As you read the chapter, collect and write information under the plantations in southern Louisiana were entire communities in themselves. appropriate tab that will help you compare and contrast the people and economics of the Northern and Southern states. 1860 1845 1849 • U.S. population • Alexander Cartwright climbs to over sets rules for baseball • Thoreau writes “Civil Disobedience” 30 million HISTORY Tyler Polk Taylor Fillmore Pierce Buchanan 1841–1845 1845–1849 1849–1850 1850–1853 1853–1857 1857–1861 Chapter Overview 1850 1860 Visit tarvol1.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 13— Chapter Overviews to pre- view chapter information. 1845 1848 1857 1859 • Beginning of Irish • Revolution in • Sepoy Rebellion • Darwin’s On the potato famine Austrian Empire begins in India Origin of Species published CHAPTER 13 North and South 385 The North’s Economy Guide to Reading Main Idea Reading Strategy Read to Learn During the 1800s, advances in tech- Organizing Information As you read • how advances in technology nology and transportation shaped the the section, re-create the diagram shaped the economy of the North. North’s economy. below and list examples of advances • how new kinds of transportation in transportation and technology. and communication spurred Key Terms economic growth. clipper ship, telegraph, Morse code Advances Section Theme Economic Factors Advances in tech- nology and transportation shaped the North’s economy. Preview of Events ✦1830 ✦1840 ✦1850 ✦1860 1834 1844 1846 1860 Cyrus McCormick Samuel Morse sends Elias Howe patents About 3,000 patents reaper first telegraph message a sewing machine steamboats are operating Samuel Morse’s In the 1840s, telegraph wires and railroads began to cross the nation. But traveling telegraph key by rail had its discomforts, as writer Charles Dickens describes: “[T]here is a great deal of jolting, a great deal of noise, a great deal of wall, not much window, a locomotive engine, a shriek, and a bell. In the center of the carriage there is usually a stove . which is for the most part red-hot. It is insufferably close; and you see the hot air flut- tering between yourself and any other object you may happen to look at, like the ghost of smoke. .” Technology and Industry In 1800 most Americans worked on farms. Items that could not be made at home were manufactured—by hand, one at a time—by local blacksmiths, shoe- makers, and tailors. By the early 1800s, changes took place in the Northern states. Power-driven machinery performed many tasks that were once done by hand. Industrialization and technology were changing the way Americans worked, traveled, and communicated. 386 CHAPTER 13 North and South Productive Resources Improved Transportation New methods in technology and business Improvements in transportation contributed allowed the country to tap its rich supply of nat- to the success of many of America’s new indus- ural resources, increase its production, and raise tries. Between 1800 and 1850, construction crews the money needed for growth. The United States built thousands of miles of roads and canals. The had the resources needed for a growing economy. canals opened new shipping routes by connect- Among these resources are productive resources ing many lakes and rivers. The growth of the often called the factors of production. These are railroads in the 1840s and 1850s also helped to land, labor, and capital. The first factor of pro- speed the flow of goods. Inventor Robert Fulton duction, land, means not just the land itself but demonstrated a reliable steamboat in 1807. all natural resources. The United States held a Steamboats carried goods and passengers more variety of natural resources that were useful for cheaply and quickly along inland waterways industrial production. than could flatboats or sail-powered vessels. The second production factor is labor. Large In the 1840s canal builders began to widen numbers of workers were needed to turn raw and deepen canals to accommodate steamboats. materials into goods. The third production fac- By 1860 about 3,000 steamboats traveled the tor, capital, is the equipment—buildings, major rivers and canals of the country as well as machinery, and tools—used in production. Land the Great Lakes. Steamboats spurred the growth and labor are needed to produce capital goods. of cities such as Cincinnati, Buffalo, and Chicago. These goods, in turn, are essential for the pro- In the 1840s sailing ships were improved. The duction of consumer goods. clipper ships—with sleek hulls and tall sails— The terms “capital” is also used to mean were the pride of the open seas. They could sail money for investment. Huge amounts of money 300 miles per day, as fast as most steamships of were needed to finance industrial growth. One the day. The ships got their name because they source of money was the selling of stock by cor- “clipped” time from long journeys. Before the porations. Another was corporate savings, or clippers, the voyage from New York to Great businesses investing a portion of their earnings Britain took about 21 to 28 days. A clipper ship in better equipment. could usually make that trip in half the time. History A clipper ship, the Flying Cloud, set a new record by sailing from New York to California in less than 90 days. How did clipper ships get their name? CHAPTER 13 North and South Major Railroads, 1860 Lake n Huron rio a nta g O Albany La Crosse i ake h L c Boston i L Buffalo ENTRA M C K e M R k ° Detroit rie 40 N a O i E s Y L ke s a o L W u Chicago Toledo E New York City r N i R Cleveland . A Philadelphia ANI LV Pittsburgh SY St. Joseph Quincy N Baltimore N Indianapolis E P D OHIO Washington, D.C. Cincinnati E AN B ALTIMOR St. Louis Louisville Americans loved their Richmond . railroads in spite of io R Lynchburg Cairo Oh irregular schedules, Trains clipped along at 20 to 30 frequent breakdowns, miles per hour by 1860. and being showered with sparks from the Jackson locomotives. Memphis Chattanooga Atlantic . R Wilmington i Ocean p p i Atlanta s Hamburg s i s s Charleston i M Savannah ° Vicksburg Jackson Montgomery 30 N In 1833 the 136-mile Charleston and Hamburg line was the longest railroad in the world. New Orleans N 0 300 miles W E 0 300 kilometers Gulf of Mexico S Albers Conic Equal-Area projection 90°W 80°W 70°W Shippers could send large quantities of goods faster over railroads than they could over earlier canal, river, and wagon routes. Locomotives 1. Location To what westernmost city did the railroads The development of railroads in the United extend by 1860? States began with short stretches of tracks that 2. Location What cities might a train traveler pass through connected mines with nearby rivers. Early trains on a trip from Chicago to New Orleans? were pulled by horses rather than by locomotives. The first steam-powered passenger locomotive, the Rocket, began operating in Britain in 1829. A Railway Network Peter Cooper designed and built the first In 1840 the United States had almost 3,000 American steam locomotive in 1830. Called the miles of railroad track. By 1860 it had almost Tom Thumb, it got off to a bad start. In a race 31,000 miles, mostly in the North and the against a horse-drawn train in Baltimore, the Tom Midwest. One railway linked New York City Thumb’s engine failed. Engineers soon improved and Buffalo. Another connected Philadelphia the engine, and within 10 years steam locomo- and Pittsburgh. Yet another linked Baltimore tives were pulling trains in the United States. with Wheeling, Virginia (now West Virginia). 388 CHAPTER 13 North and South Railway builders connected these eastern Faster Communication lines to lines being built farther west in Ohio, The growth of industry and the new pace of Indiana, and Illinois. By 1860 a network of rail- travel created a need for faster methods of com- road track united the Midwest and the East. munication. The telegraph—an apparatus that used electric signals to transmit messages— Moving Goods and People filled that need.
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