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Arbeitsmaterialien Working Papers Pabocie Matepialy

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Arbeitsmaterialien Working Papers Pabocie Matepialy Shr ink ing Cit ies -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ИВАНОВО / Город в постсоциалистической трансформации I трансформации постсоциалистической в Город / ИВАНОВО ARBEITSMATERIALIEN WORK ING PAPERS PABOCIE MATEPIALY --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ИВАНОВО в постсоциалистической / трансформации Город ИВАНОВО I -------------------------------------------- Город в постсоциалистической трансформации Февраль 2004 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "Убывающие города" Инициативный проект Федеративного Фонда Культуры Германии в сотрудничестве с Фондом Баухаус Дессау, лейпцигской Галереей Современного Искусства и архитектурным журналом Archplus ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Shrinking Cities A project initiated by the Kulturstiftung des Bundes (Federal Cultural Foundation, Germany) in cooperation with the Gallery for contemporary Art Leipzig, Bauhaus Foundation Dessau and the journal Archplus, Berlin. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Office Philipp Oswalt, Eisenacher Str. 74, D-10823 Berlin, P: +49 (0)30 81 82 19-11, F: +49 (0)30 81 82 19-12, I [email protected], www.shrinkingcities.com Резюме ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Иваново (ок. 450 000 жителей) располагается в центральной части России примерно в 300 км к северо-западу от Москвы. Он является столицей одноименной области, насчитывающей 1,2 миллиона жителей. Это местность с давней традицией текстильного производства явилась также одной из важнейших сцен индустриализации и рабочего движения России XIX и начала XX вв. Сам по себе город Иваново относительно юный (обладает статусом города с 1872 г.). После революции и гражданской войны, в 20-е гг. он на короткое время становится столицей огромной административной области; с этих времен, когда наряду с Москвой и Петербургом Иваново был «третьей пролетарской столицей», он сохранил несколько конструктивистских экспери- ментальных строений, рабочих поселков типа «город-сад» и домов-коммун. Как показано в статье географа-экономиста Андрея Тревиша, поскольку сталинская индустриализация концентрировалась главным образом на тяжелой промышленности, уже в 1930-е гг. в этом текстильном регионе начался латент- ный экономический спад. Город потерял также и известность — кроме разве что клише «города невест», намекающего на преимущественно женскую часть работающего населения и сильный дисбаланс в распределении полов. Попытки внедрения машиностроения в моноструктуру города и области, предпринимаемые с 1950-х гг., не смогли предотвратить особенно тяжелого воздействия на Иваново постперестроечного экономического переструкту- рирования. Были прекращены поставки хлопка из центральной Азии, продукты производства и предприятия Иванова оказались не в состоянии удержаться на мировом рынке, фабрики останавливались или становились банкротами, работники были вынуждены добывать средства к существованию посредством многообразной, нередко неформальной деятельности, включая самообеспе- чение. Неформализация экономических отношений и заработка замаскирована нерегистрированной безработицей — номинально многие сохраняют свои рабочие места, даже когда фабрики производят лишь один месяц в году, для большинства людей стало нормой работать в нескольких местах одновременно. После кризиса 1998 г. постепенно налаживаются производство и заработки. Однако несмотря на близость к бурлящей Москве, регион остается одним из беднейших в центральной России. Согласно исследованиям Тревиша и Брадэ, возрождение текстильной промышленности в качестве экономического мотора выглядит довольно затруднительным. Низкий финансовый уровень потре- бителей и, как следствие этого, низкий спрос не позволяют (пока еще) видеть отрасль услуг и потребления многообещающим выходом из сложившейся ситуации. И хотя высшие учебные заведения города привлекают заинте- ресованных в получении квалификации молодых людей, им не предлагается адекватных шансов трудоустройства. Общие жизненные стандарты снижены. Упала рождаемость и сокращается продолжительность жизни. Небольшой приток мигрантов из бывших советских республик не в состоянии выравнить естественный спад численности населения. Убывание экономики создало большое количество пустующих и неиспользуемых производственных помещений на территории фабрик XIX в. и сверхкрупных советских заводов, одновременно с тем, ввиду хронической нехватки жилья и обветшания строений, свободные квартиры являются редкостью. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4СТАТИСТИКА: ИВАНОВО 7 УБЫВАЮЩИЕ ГОРОДА: ПЕРЕОСМЫСЛЕНИЕ УРБАНИЗМА. КРИТИЧЕСКОЕ ВВЕДЕНИЕ В КОНТЕКСТ ИВАНОВО Сергей Ситар, Александр Свердлов 11 ИВАНОВСКОЕ «УБЫВАНИЕ»: ГОРОДА РЕГИОНА В ЗЕРКАЛЕ ИСТОРИИ, ГЕОГРАФИИ И СТАТИСТИКИ А.И.Трейвиш 25 ИВАНОВО. СОВЕТСКАЯ АРХИТЕКТУРА. ПУТЕВОДИТЕЛЬ Екатерина Шорбан 41 ИВАНОВСКАЯ ОБЛАСТЬ: НА ФОНЕ ДРУГИХ РЕГИОНОВ РОССИИ Изольде Браде 50 ГОРОД ИВАНОВО Изольде Браде 62 ДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКАЯ СИТУАЦИЯ И ПРОБЛЕМЫ ВЫЖИВАНИЯ Изольде Браде 70 ДОХОДЫ И УРОВЕНЬ ЖИЗНИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ Изольде Браде 77 РОЗНИЧНАЯ ТОРГОВЛЯ Изольде Браде 85 ХРОНОЛОГИИ: ИВАНОВО, ЮЖА, ПУЧЕЖ К.Е. Балдин 96 ЛИТЕРАТУРА 97 АВТОРЫ 98 ИМПРЕССУМ ФОТОГРАФИИ: ИВАНОВСКАЯ ОБЛАСТЬ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- СНГ и Балтики, Масштаб 1:3.500.000, HILDEBRAND'S Urlaubskarte. © Karto+Grafik Verlagsgesellschaft I | 4 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- СТАТИСТИКА: ИВАНОВО ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Область и города Ивановская область: расположена в центре европейской части России, главная река- Волга, расстояние от Москвы 318 км, территория 21 400 км2, население 1 191 200 (2002), областной центр — город Иваново. Выбранные города: ¬ Иваново,областной и экономический центр, население 447 000 (2002), убыль -6,8% (1990–2002) ¬ Южа,монофункциональный текстильный город, население 18 600 (2002), убыль -10% (1990–200) ¬ Пучеж, периферийный текстильный город, население 11 700 (2002), убыль -7,9% (1990–2000) Kostroma Yaroslavl Kineshma Plyos Vichuga Puchezh Ivanovo [city] Kokhma Shuya Yuzha Niznij Ivanovo Oblast Novgorod Vladimir Moscow 50 100 km ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Население (в тыс.) Ивановская Иваново Южа Кинешма Кохма Плес Пучеж Шуя Вичуга область Город с: 1871 1925 1777 1925 1410 1793 1393 1925 1897 нет данных 54,2 н.д. 7,6 н.д. 2,2 н.д. 19,6 н.д. 1926 н.д. 111,4 н.д. 22,5 н.д. н.д. 5,1 34,0 н.д. 1939 н.д. 285,2 н.д. 75,2 н.д. н.д. н.д. 57,9 46,9 1959 н.д. 335,2 н.д. 85,4 20,3 4,0 9,3 64,6 51,7 1970 н.д. 419,6 н.д. 95,6 22,3 4,7 12,3 69,0 52,6 1979 н.д. 464,5 22,1 101,3 н.д. 4,1 12.9 72,3 52,0 1989 н.д. 478,4 н.д. 104,6 26,8 3,6 12,6 н.д. 49,6 1994 н.д. 472,9 20,0 103,0 26,8 3,3 12,4 69,5 48,5 1995 1271,1 471,5 19,8 102,4 27,2 3,3 12,1 68,8 48,0 1996 1262,8 469,2 19,5 101,9 27,1 3.3 12,0 68,5 47,7 1997 1252,6 466,6 19,2 100,7 27,3 3,2 12,0 68,0 47,0 1998 1242,1 463,8 19,0 99,9 27,4 3,1 11,9 67,6 46,4 1999 1232,3 460,7 18,9 99,6 27,8 3,1 11,8 67,2 45,8 2000 1218,5 456,4 18,6 98,7 28,1 3,0 11,7 66,3 45,1 2001 1205,1 452,1 18,4 97,9 28,3 2,9 11,5 65,5 44,5 источник: Data Base “Cities of Russia”, Институт географии Лейбница, г. Лейпциг СТАТИСТИКА: ИВАНОВО I | 5 Обозрение статистики в международной сравнении НАСЕЛЕНИЕ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 01 развитие численности населения в 4-х 02 а) развитие численности населения в изучаемых регионах Ивановской области и выбранных городах mill.inh. in 1.000 in 1.000 2 Ivanovo region 1.200 20 Yuzha 1 Detroit 800 Puchezh Ivanovo 10 Leipzig Manchester 400 1850 1900 1950 2000 Ivanovo city 0 19202000 1970 2000 02 б) рождаемость, смертность иестественный прирост (убыль) в Ивановской области per 1.000 inh. 20 deaths 10 births 0 1985 1990 1995 2000 -0,4 nat. population change -0,8 -1,2 -1,6 in % ДОХОДЫ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 03 среднедушевые месячные доходы в 4-х 04 среднедушевые месячные доходы в Ива- изучаемых регионах новской обл.и прожиточный минимум в РФ,2001 in EUR in
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