IVANOVO / Eine Stadt in Postsozialistischer Transformation I

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IVANOVO / Eine Stadt in Postsozialistischer Transformation I Shr ink ing Cit ies ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ IVANOVO / Eine Stadt in postsozialistischer Transformation I Transformation postsozialistischer in Stadt Eine / IVANOVO ARBEITSMATERIALIEN WORK ING PAPERS PABOCIE MATEPIALY --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /IVANOVO Transformation Stadt in postsozialistischer Eine IVANOVO I -------------------------------------------- Eine Stadt in postsozialistischer Transformation (engl. / dt.) Februar 2004 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Schrumpfende Städte Ein Initiativprojekt der Kulturstiftung des Bundes in Kooperation mit der Galerie für zeitgenössische Kunst Leipzig, der Stiftung Bauhaus Dessau und der Zeitschrift arch+. Büro Philipp Oswalt, Eisenacher Str. 74, D-10823 Berlin, T: +49 (0)30 81 82 19-11, F: +49 (0)30 81 82 19-12, I [email protected], URL: www.shrinkingcities.com ABSTRACT / ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ivanovo (ca. 450,000 residents) is situated about 300 km north-east of Moscow in the central Russian heartland. It is the administrative center of a district of the same name with 1.2 million residents. The region has a long tradition of textile production and was one of the most important sites of 19th cent. industrialization as well as early 20th cent. workers’ movement in Russia. The city of Ivanovo itself is relatively young (acquired town status in 1871). After the revolution and civil war, Ivanovo was briefly made the capital of a huge administrative unit within Russia and from this period as a “third proletarian capital” (besides Moscow and St. Petersburg) in the 1920s the city still displays a substantial heritage of constructivist experimental building, garden-city type workers’ settlements as well as commune houses. With the focus of Stalinist industrialization dearly set on heavy industry, the textile pro- ducing region slid into a latent economic decline already since the 1930s, as economic geographer Andrei Treivish argues in his essay. It also slid into oblivion except for the label “city of brides” – for its predominantly female working population and severe gender disbalance. Attempts to balance the city’s (and region’s) mono-specialization by introducing machine-building plants since the 1950s did not prevent Ivanovo to be hit particularly hard by the economic transformation in the aftermath of perestroika. Cotton supply from Central Asia was cut, Ivanovo products and management were not able to compete on a global market, factories stood still or went bankrupt, workers were forced to turn to a wide range of informal economic activity to make a living including grow- ing their own potatoes in order not to starve. The informalization of economic relations and income generation is somewhat masked by hidden unemployment – workers nominally stay in their positions even though a factory may be running one month out of 12 and patchwork jobs became the norm. After the crisis of 1998, production and income began to improve again. But nevertheless, the region remains one of the poor- est in central Russia inspite or maybe because of its proximity to booming Moscow. According to the analyses by Treivish, Kouznetsov and Brade, the recovery of textile industry as an economic motor of the region appears doubtful, whereas general pover- ty and low demand do not make the service industry look like a promising way out either. Many young people in search of higher education are attracted by the cities uni- versities, but only few adequate job opportunities are available. In general, the living standard has declined. The birth rate and life expectancy have dropped dramatically since the early 90s and never recovered. A slight migration plus from former Soviet Republics does not make up for natural population loss. The shrinking of the economy results in a high share of idle or disused commercial space in 19th century or out-of- proportion Soviet factories, whereas vacant apartments are rare due to a chronic hous- ing shortage and a high share of low-quality housing. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ivanovo (ca. 450.000 Ew.) liegt ungefähr 300 km nordwestlich von Moskau in Zentral- russland. Es ist die Hauptstadt der gleichnamigen Region mit 1,2 Mio. Einwohnern. Die Gegend hat eine lange Tradition der Textilproduktion und war einer der wichtigsten Schauplätze der Industrialisierung und der Arbeiterbewegung Russlands im 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert. Die Stadt Ivanovo selbst ist relativ jung (Stadtstatus seit 1871). Nach der Revolution und dem Bürgerkrieg wurde Ivanovo in den 1920ern für kurze Zeit zur Hauptstadt eines riesigen Verwaltungsbezirkes gemacht und aus dieser Zeit als „dritte proletarische Hauptstadt“ (neben Moskau und St. Petersburg) behielt die Stadt einige konstruktivistische Experimentalbauten, Arbeitersiedlungen vom Typ Garten- stadt und Kommunehäuser. Da die stalinistische Industrialisierung sich vorrangig auf die Schwerindustrie konzentrierte, begann in der textilproduzierenden Region bereits in den 1930ern ein latenter wirtschaftlicher Niedergang, wie der Wirtschaftsgeograf Andrei Treivish in seinem Aufsatz aufzeigt. Die Stadt geriet in Vergessenheit – bis auf das Klischee von der „Stadt der Bräute“, das auf die vor allem weibliche arbeitende Be- völkerung und das starke Ungleichgewicht der Geschlechterverteilung anspielte. Versuche, nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg durch die Ansiedlung von Maschinenbau die Monostruktur der Stadt (und der Region) auszugleichen, verhinderten nicht, dass Ivanovo besonders hart von der ökonomischen Umstrukturierung nach der Perestroika getroffen wurde. Die Baumwollzufuhr aus Zentralasien wurde unterbrochen, die Produkte und Unternehmen in Ivanovo waren nicht in der Lage, auf dem Weltmarkt mit- zuhalten, die Fabriken standen still oder gingen bankrott, die Arbeiterinnen und Arbeiter waren gezwungen, ihren Lebensunterhalt mit vielfältigen informellen Aktivitäten einsch- ließlich der Selbstversorgung über den eigenen Kartoffelacker zu sichern. Die Informa- lisierung der Wirtschaftsbeziehungen und der Einkommen wird durch nicht registrierte Arbeitslosigkeit maskiert – nominell behalten viele ihren Arbeitsplatz, auch wenn eine Fabrik nur einen Monat im Jahr produziert, und ein Patchwork mehrerer Jobs ist für die meisten zur Normalität geworden. Nach der Krise von 1998 erholten sich die Produktion und die Einkommen langsam. Dennoch bleibt die Region trotz – oder gerade wegen – ihrer Nähe zum boomenden Moskau eine der ärmsten in Zentralrussland. Nach den Untersuchungen von Treivish, Kouznetsov und Brade ist ein Wiedererstehen der Textilindustrie als ökonomischer Motor zweifelhaft. Allgemeine Armut und geringe Nachfrage lassen auch die Dienstleistungsindustrie nicht als vielversprechenden Aus- weg erscheinen. Zwar zieht die Stadt durch ihre Hochschulen viel qualifizierungswillige junge Menschen an, sie bietet aber wenig adäquate Erwerbschancen. Der Lebens- standard ist insgesamt abgesunken. Die Geburtenrate und die Lebenserwartung sind dramatisch gefallen. Ein leichtes Migrationsplus aus den ehemaligen Sowjetrepubliken kann die natürlichen Bevölkerungsverluste nicht ausgleichen. Die Schrumpfung der Wirtschaft führte zu einem hohen Anteil stil liegender oder ungenutzter Gewerbe- räume auf Industriegeländen aus dem 19. Jahrhundert oder in übergroßen sowjeti- schen Fabriken, während freie Wohnungen wegen chronischer Wohnungsnot und vie- len baufälligen Unterkünften selten sind. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TABLE OF CONTENTS / INHALTSÜBERSICHT ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5STATISTICAL DATA: IVANOVO 8SHRINKING CITIES:
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