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Quartz Technology in Scottish Prehistory

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Quartz Technology in Scottish Prehistory Quartz technology in Scottish prehistory by Torben Bjarke Ballin Scottish Archaeological Internet Report 26, 2008 www.sair.org.uk Published by the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, www.socantscot.org.uk with Historic Scotland, www.historic-scotland.gov.uk and the Council for British Archaeology, www.britarch.ac.uk Editor Debra Barrie Produced by Archétype Informatique SARL, www.archetype-it.com ISBN: 9780903903943 ISSN: 1473-3803 Requests for permission to reproduce material from a SAIR report should be sent to the Director of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, as well as to the author, illustrator, photographer or other copyright holder. Copyright in any of the Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports series rests with the SAIR Consortium and the individual authors. The maps are reproduced from Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. ©Crown copyright 2001. Any unauthorized reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Historic Scotland Licence No GD 03032G, 2002. The consent does not extend to copying for general distribution, advertising or promotional purposes, the creation of new collective works or resale. ii Contents List of illustrations. vi List of tables . viii 1 Summary. 1 2 Introduction. 2 2.1 Project background, aims and working hypotheses . .2 2.2 Methodology . 2 2.2.1 Raw materials . .2 2.2.2 Typology. .3 2.2.3 Technology . .3 2.2.4 Distribution analysis. 3 2.2.5 Dating. 3 2.3 Project history . .3 2.3.1 Pilot project. 4 2.3.2 Main project . .5 2.4 Presentation of sub-projects. 5 2.4.1 Palaeolithic material. 5 2.4.2 Later Mesolithic material . .8 2.4.3 Early Neolithic material. 14 2.4.4 Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age material . 18 2.4.5 Early Bronze Age (Beaker) material. 20 2.4.6 Early Bronze Age (non-Beaker) material . 23 2.4.7 Later Bronze Age material. 29 2.4.8 ?Iron Age material . 33 2.4.9 Minor assemblages. 38 2.4.10 The Cnoc Dubh quartz quarry project. 38 2.4.11 The burnt quartz project. 39 3 The Investigation of Quartz Technology – a Brief Research History. 40 3.1 The international scene . 40 3.2 Scottish quartz research. 41 4 Quartz as a Mineral – its Properties, Formation and Provenance . .43 4.1 General properties. 43 4.2 Formation of quartz sources, and general geological provenance . 44 4.3 Quartz varieties encountered in Scottish lithic assemblages (geological classification of quartz). 46 4.3.1 Rock crystal. 46 4.3.2 Milky quartz . 47 4.3.3 Very fine-grained quartz or ‘greasy’ quartz . 48 4.3.4 Fine-grained quartz . 49 iii 4.3.5 Coarse-grained quartz . 49 4.3.6 Quartzite . 49 4.4 Forms of ‘altered’ quartz. 50 4.4.1 Water-rolled quartz. 50 4.4.2 Wind-blown quartz. 50 4.4.3 Burnt and heat-treated quartz. 51 5 The Archaeological Distribution. 53 5.1 Geographical distribution. 53 5.1.1 Shetland . 53 5.1.2 The Western Isles. 53 5.1.3 The Southern Hebrides and the western part of mainland Scotland. 56 5.1.4 The Highlands . 57 5.1.5 The various sedimentary regions . 57 5.2 Explaining the observed distribution patterns. 58 5.2.1 Shetland . 58 5.2.2 The Western Isles. 59 5.2.3 The Southern Hebrides and the western part of mainland Scotland. 60 5.2.4 The Highlands . 60 5.2.5 The various sedimentary regions . 61 5.2.6 Summary. 61 6 Technological Approaches (Operational Schemas) . 63 6.1 Introduction . 63 6.2 Procurement of quartz. 63 6.2.1 Embedded procurement . 64 6.2.2 Direct procurement. 65 6.2.3 Indirect procurement. 66 6.3 Core preparation and rejuvenation. 67 6.4 Blank (primary) production. 69 6.4.1 Platform or bipolar technique?. 69 6.4.2 The role of bipolar technique in the operational schema . 70 6.5 Tool (secondary) production. 72 6.5.1 Tool ratios. 72 6.5.2 Assemblage composition . 72 6.5.3 Possible explanations. 73 7 The Social Context of Quartz Use – Territories and On-Site Behaviour . 75 7.1 Introduction . 75 7.2 Inter-site (regional) distribution . 75 7.3 Intra-site distribution . 77 7.3.1 Bayanne. 77 7.3.2 Dalmore. 79 7.3.3 Cruester. 81 7.3.4 Scord of Brouster. 82 7.3.5 Rosinish. 85 7.3.6 Summary. 86 7.4 Burial and ritual sites. 88 iv 8 Recovery, Analysis and Storage of Quartz Assemblages – Recommendations. 90 8.1 Introduction . 90 8.2 Recovery policies. 90 8.3 Analysis . 90 8.4 Storage policies . 91 9 Acknowledgements. .93 10 Bibliography . .94 v List of illustrations 1 Prehistoric sites with quartz assemblages, or substantial quartz sub-assemblages. Shetland: 1) Bayanne, 2) Scord of Brouster, 3) Kebister, 4) Cruester, 5) Burland, 6) Tougs, 7) Catpund, 8) Sumburgh, 9) Jarlshof. Western Isles: 10) Barvas, 11) Dalmore, 12) Olcote, 13) Calanais, 14) Cnoc Dubh (quarry), 15) Valtos, 16) Northton, 17) Udal, 18) Eilean Domhnuill, 19) Rosinish. Southern Hebrides and West Mainland: 20) Redpoint, 21) Shieldaig, 22) Kinloch, 23) Camas Daraich, 24) Rudha’n Achaidh Mhòir (Morar), 25) Risga, 26) Carding Mill Bay, 27) Kilmelfort Cave, 28) North Carn Bay, 29) Lealt Bay, 30) Lussa River, 31) Lussa Wood, 32) Ellary Boulder Cave, 33) Auchategan. Highlands and East Scotland: 34) Lairg, 35) FERG Sites 4 and 5, 36) Ben Lawers. Midland Valley: 37) Fordhouse Barrow. .6 2 Kilmelfort Cave. Blades, bladelets and spalls . .7 3 Kilmelfort Cave. Cores: one discoidal core, and three bipolar cores. 7 4 Kilmelfort Cave. Crested pieces and tools: three crested blades/flakes, one end-scraper, and one bladelet with edge-retouch. .7 5 Shieldaig. Preparation flakes – four crested pieces, and one platform rejuvenation flake . 10 6 Shieldaig. Platform cores: one discoidal core, and one irregular (multi-directional) core. 11 7 Shieldaig. Platform cores: three conical/sub-conical cores, and two opposed platform cores. No 5 was worked from one direction on one face, and from the opposite direction on the other face . 11 8 Shieldaig. Bipolar cores . 13 9 Shieldaig. Microliths: ten geometric microliths, and one microburin . 13 10 Shieldaig. Tools: one tanged implements, three end-scrapers, one side-scraper, two piercers,.
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