OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 26 SUMMER 1976 i I

• • The Archaeological Society of Ohio Officers—terms expire 1978 Robert Harter, 1961 Buttermilk Hill, Delaware, Ohio President—Jan Sorgenfrei, Jeff Carskadden, 2686 Carol Drive, Zanesville, Ohio 2985 Canterbury Drive, Lima, Ohio 45805 Associate Editor, Martha P. Otto, Vice President—Steve Fuller, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio 4767 Hudson Drive, Stow, Ohio 44224 All articles, reviews and comments on the Ohio Archae­ Executive Secretary—Dana L. Baker, ologist should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, re­ West Taylor St., Mt. Victory, Ohio 43340 quests for back issues, changes of address, and other Treasurer—Don Bapst, matter should be sent to the business office. 2446 Chambers Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43223 Recording Secretary—Mike Kish, PLEASE NOTIFY BUSINESS OFFICE IMMEDIATELY 39 Parkview Ave., Westerville, Ohio 43081 OF ADDRESS CHANGES. BY POSTAL REGULATIONS Editor—Robert N. Converse, SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. P.O. Box 61, Plain City, Ohio 43064 Editorial Office Trustees P. O. Box, Plain City, Ohio 43064 Terms expire Ensil Chadwick, 119 Rose Ave., Business Office Mount Vernon, Ohio 1978 Summers Redick, 35 West River Glen Drive, Wayne A. Mortine, Scott Drive, Worthington, Ohio 43085 Oxford Heights, Newcomerstown, Ohio 1978 Charles H. Stout, 91 Redbank Drive, Membership and Dues Fairborn, Ohio 1978 Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are Max Shipley, 705 S. Ogden Ave., payable on the first of January as follows: Regular mem­ Columbus, Ohio 1978 bership $7.50; Husband and wife (one copy of publication) William C. Haney, 706 Buckhom St., $8.50; Contributing $25.00. Funds are used for publish­ Ironton, Ohio 1980 ing the Ohio Archaeologist. The Archaeological Society Alva McGraw, Route #11, Chillicothe, Ohio 1980 of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization and Ernest G. Good, 16 Civic Drive, has no paid officers or employees. Grove City, Ohio 1980 The Ohio Archaeologist is published quarterly and Frank Otto, 1503 Hempwood Drive, subscription is included in the membership dues. Columbus, Ohio 1980 Back Issues Regional Collaborators Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist- David W. Kuhns, 2642 Shawnee Rd., Portsmouth, Ohio Ohio Types, by Robert N. Converse $4.00 Charles H. Stout, Sr., 91 Redbank Drive, Fairborn, Ohio Ohio Stone , by Robert N. Converse .... 3.00 Claude Britt, Jr., Many Farms, Arizona Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N Converse .... 5.00 Mark W. Long, Box 467, Wellston, Ohio Back issues—black and white—each 2.00 Steven Kelley, Seaman, Ohio Back issues—four full color plates—each 3.00 James Murphy, Dept. of Geology, Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, Ohio to 1964 are generally out of print but copies are available William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, Ohio from time to time. Write to business office for prices and Gordon Hart, 760 Fort Wayne Rd., Bluffton, Indiana availability.

STANDING COMMITTEES

PROGRAM COMMITTEE FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS COMMITTEE NOMINATING COMMITTEE Martha P. Otto, Chairman Robert Converse, Chairman Jan Sorgenfrei, Chairman Ed. R. Hughes Ernest Good Robert Converse Richard Stambaugh Jack Hooks Jack Hooks Frank Otto Steve Fuller Ensil Chadwick John Winsch Philip Foley Robert Converse Don Bapst EXHIBITS COMMITTEE Jan Sorgenfrei Frank Otto, Chairman MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE David Scott John Winsch Richard Stanbaugh, Chairman Myers Campbell Ed. Gall LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE Steve Fuller Summers Redick Alva McGraw, Chairman Kenneth Black Don Casto Dwight Shipley Jim Ritchie Carroll Welling Gilbert Dilley Steve Parker Norman Wright Robert Harter David Kuhns Tom Stropki Robert Converse John Vargo NEW MAILING ADDRESS David Scott EDUCATION AND PUBLICITY David Kuhns Dave Mielke, Chairman The Archaeological Society Douglas Hooks Charles Stout, Sr. Steve Kelley Marilyn Harness of Ohio Wayne Mortine AUDITING COMMITTEE James Murphy 35 West Riverglen Drive Donn Buck, Chairman Ed R. Hughes Mike Kish Worthington, Ohio 43085 Ensil Chadwick OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST President's Page When I first joined the Archaeological So­ TABLE OF CONTENTS ciety of Ohio as a young boy twenty three years ago I had little if any thought of ever becoming its President. I view it as a highly honored position and make a commitment to A Montgomery County Archaic Site 4 our membership to do the best job possible Paleo-Man in the Hog Creek in leading our Society for the next two years. Drainage System 9 One of the most important duties of an incoming President in the Society is to name Recent Discoveries of the various people who will act on the stand­ Dual-Tipped Points 12 ing and special committees. A letter will shortly be sent to these people establishing 13 the goals and responsibilities of their com­ Stone Artifacts From The Brokaw Site 14 mittees. Today our Society stands at a cross-roads Some Fine Ohio Fluted Points 24 —there are many challenges and goals to be An Effigy Pipe From Missouri 25 met. It is my belief and hope that with all our Eccentric —Good and Bad 26 members working as a team and with the guidance of capable officers we can make a A Ft. Ancient Village on bigger and better organization in the future. Ohio Brush Creek 27 Of course, some of the things we set out to The Role of Amateur Archaeologists in do will not be completely accomplished. But Preservations of Archaeological Sites 30 if we give it our best effort we can be content with the thoughtthat we have done our utmost Early-Man and to make ours the finest Society of its kind in Megafaunal Extinction 37 the United States. Artifacts From the Sorgenfrei Collection 39 Some of the goals which I would like to see achieved during my term are: An Editorial 40 1. A working relationship with the archaeo­ A Silver Pendant 42 logical community in regard to new leg­ islation. An Adena From Indiana 43 2. An increased Society membership of at Book Review 43 least 2,000 members. 3. The best and most comprehensive pro­ gram in the country on the detection of fraudulent artifacts. 4. A better program format at our regular and special meetings. 5. Better communication with our chapters and membership. 6. To increase both the quality and quantity of exhibits at our meetings. 7. To make your Society an enjoyable, edu­ cational, and rewarding organization. This is your Society — please feel free to contact me or any of our officers with com­ ments and suggestions for improvement. Thank you Jan Sorgenfrei

FRONT COVER BACK COVER One variety of Coshocton flint much sought after Two extremely large Ohio dovetails from the col­ by prehistoric flint workers was a high quality lection of Max Shipley, Columbus, Ohio. The larger mottled gray material. These flawless pieces from specimen is made of colorful Flint Ridge flint while the collection of Dick Johnson, Marion County, the smaller one is of Carter flint. Ohio, are outstanding examples of Coshocton gray flint. A Montgomery County Archaic Site by Robert N. Converse, Plain City, Ohio

The site was discovered while on a fishing Logan County . It might be noted that trip in the summer of 1973 by a member of although Cowan pointed out that this stone the Archaeological Society of Ohio. It was was used almost exclusively in points with surface hunted in the 1973, 1975, and 1976 pentagonal designs in the Mad River area, seasons and was uncultivated in the 1974 the type is present in only one or two ex­ season. Few sites in Ohio can compare to it amples at the Montgomery site. for purity of styles, materials, and lack As mentioned above, the dominant point of contamination by other cultural groups. It type at Montgomery is the thick stemmed is apparent from even casual observation that Archaic. The type has long been an enigma what has been found there represents the to the writer as it has to other collectors be­ work of a single cultural entity who probably cause of its seemingly poor design. The stems inhabited the site for a comparatively short on these points are short, poorly chipped, time. Subsequent occupation is evident from and generally heavy in cross section. only a handful of projectile points which com­ would have been difficult at best and on some prise less than 1% of the artifact inventory. A it would appear to have been impossible. In number of characteristics peculiar to one many cases the stems are as thick as they are group are obvious: overwhelming use of Lo­ wide and show an almost lackadaisical atti­ gan County chert (Cedarville-Guelph flint), tude in design. The blades of the points are the extremely high incidence of certain Ar­ similarly poorly made with a maximum of per­ chaic point types, profuse use of slate bar cussion chipping and a minimum of pressure atlatl weights, and the occurrence of three retouch and of course the heavy cross sec­ quarter grooved . Each of these traits tion. Despite the seemingly poor design and will be described and discussed in detail. manufacturing qualities, these points, when In less than three years of surface hunting, viewed in a group, comprise a startlingly over 325 identifiable projectile points and uniform and homogeneous appearance. Ex­ 400 broken pieces have been found. In addi­ tremes of length vary only from 1-3/4 inches tion to this nearly a bushel of has to 2-3/4 inches with the majority measuring been picked up—all of it worked to some ex­ slightly more than 2 inches. tent and all of it Logan County chert. Primarily The second type represents only about 5% two kinds of points have been found. The first, of the total but is one which is familiar to many and far and away the most predominant is the surface hunters in Ohio. It has thus far eluded thick stemmed Archaic variety and the second any cultural affiliation in the literature. It is is the shallow side notched Archaic. in many ways quite similar to the Archaic side Before getting into the discussion of point notched point but differs in significant detail. styles, something should be said about Logan These points are generally smaller and most County chert. This stone, once thought to be examples are less than 1-1/2 inches long. of too poor quality for the Indian to work, is Basal grinding is present on all of them and in fact a major source of raw material in west­ chipping is executed even in those of ern Ohio. It occurs from the Adams County poor stone. The notches are set at right angles and Highland County areas northward into to the base directly into the sides of the blade Hardin and Logan Counties and I have seen but they are not deep and on some are ex­ points made of this stone from sites in Butler tremely shallow. Choosing not to get into the and Hamilton counties as well as most of the type naming game I choose to call them Ar­ counties in western Ohio as far north as Mer­ chaic shallow side notched points. I believe cer and Van Wert. Little of it is of high quality they comprise a part of the projectile and and there is a great deal of variance in its inventory of the Montgomery group even color and texture. Typically, it is a whitish tan though their Ohio distribution is more wide­ chert with pinpoint dark inclusions. Some of it spread than their companion thick stemmed has a pink cast to it and may have splotches types. or bands of darker stone. Work by Owen Five points with angular corner notches Cowan has shown that Logan County chert were also found. They differ from the well was an important stone for Indians in the Mad documented Vosburg points in that the cor­ River area and it was he who gave it the name ners of the barbs and bases are not as angular and the bases are ground. They are identical grooved characteristic is one which I to other points found on Ohio Archaic sites believe will be found on most Archaic sites and have yet to be described in the literature. in Ohio. The only other pieces found at Montgomery A large number of faceted are an Archaic bevel, four bifurcates, and a were found (not pictured). They are no dif­ French gunflint. ferent from thousands of similar tools found A puzzling of the site is the abun­ around Ohio. The large number of them does dance of rectangular slate pieces. These however indicate a great deal of flint working crude bars of slate have been termed by at the site. Materials in these fist sized stones archaeologists as atlatl weights. If, as is con­ are those which come from the glacial drift. tended, they are truly early and primitive atlatl weights, then the Montgomery group had an inordinately large number of them. A Summary, Conclusions, and Speculations great many were found both in whole and The Montgomery site belongs to what I fragmentary condition and nearly a half bus­ choose to call the Miami Valley Archaic. It is hel of rough, chipped, and slightly worked remarkably like the Raisch Smith site and slate was picked up from the surface. They other locations found in western Ohio and appear to be too large for attachment to an eastern Indiana. The McCain site in southern atlatl and since not a single example has been Indiana seems to be a blend of this Miami drilled or perforated in any manner they cer­ Archaic and the Kentcuky Archaic. Moffett tainly were not unfinished pendants or gor­ compared Raisch Smith with the then newly gets. The longest bar found is 6-3/4 inches discovered shell mound Archaic sites in Ken­ long and most of them average around 5-3/4 tucky, but in my opinion there are few similar­ inches. There is evidence that some may have ities. For example, sites in Kentucky contain­ even been larger for one fragment is 3 inches ing crude bar atlatl weights do not have the wide. Whole specimens resemble a long trap­ accompanying heavy stemmed points orthree ezoid with excurvate sides. Apparently they quarter grooved axes. It is thought by some were chipped into a rough shape and finished archaeologists that these thick stemmed by a minimal amount of pecking and grinding. points appear late in the Archaic and yet Curiously, the whole examples seem to be heavy bar weights are supposed to be early more rough and crude than do the broken and in fact the forerunner of later and more ones. All the above assumptions do not take sophisticated atlatl weights. This is an ano- into account the fact that we may be dealing moly which will have to be resolved by fur­ with pieces which are probably rejects or un­ ther work. Believing that the bar weights are finished examples which were lost or dis­ truly an early Archaic development in the carded for some unknown reason. The broken eastern United States, I would place the Mi­ specimens definitely show a higher degree of ami Valley Archaic and the Montgomery site symmetry and surface finish which may tell at around 4,000 to 5,000 BC us that we are looking mostly at unusable or While delving into the Ohio Archaic some unsatisfactory whole pieces. Five of these pertinent facts might be mentioned. The Ar­ bars appear to have been slightly notched in chaic occupation and development in Ohio the center—an indication that they may have has been by and large ignored by our profes­ been hafted. Every bar weight, with the ex­ sional archaeologists. We therefore have to ception of one sandstone piece, is made of rely on information gained from adjacent banded slate or shale. areas in order to try to make some sense out Axes found on the site are all three quarter of what we find here. Inevitably these com­ grooved and are made of various materials parisons interject speculations and theories including the popular banded slate. (Fig. 3, a, of movements of Archaic groups from these c). They differ somewhat from many other areas into Ohio. These theories are often three quarter grooved axes in that they have misconceptions and they are promiscuously a slightly wedge shaped design, being widest indulged in by both amateur and professional at the poll and tapering to a narrow bit. None archaeologists. Just because a culture or an appear to have been resharpened and thus it artifact type is first discovered at a certain is assumed that the narrow bit treatment is locality does not necessarily imply that all intentional. The Raisch Smith site also pro­ subsequent similar discoveries were dis­ duced three quarter grooved axes which Mof- persed or generated from the original site fett erroneously compared to Archaic axes location. For example, the finding of a series from the Kentucky shell heaps nearly all of of bifurcates, all of which are common Ohio which are full grooved. This three quarter types, at St. Albans, West Virginia, has no inherent implication whatever that St. Albans own and one cannot ignore the vast amount and the Kanawha valley was the center of of Archaic material found in our state. Whe- dispersal of these types or a way station of ther it was brought here from elsewhere or southern Archaic groups moving northward developed here remains to be seen. The into Ohio. St. Albans could just as easily have dynamics and autonomy of an Ohio Archaic been an out station from an Ohio Archaic cen- is a little known subject and one to which it ter as one from the south. In essence, the is hoped our professionals will address Ohio Archaic seems to have a flavor all its themselves.

Fig. I (Converse) Classic thick stemmed Archaic points from the Montgomery site. All points are made of Logan County chert.

6 Fig. 2 (Converse) Shallow side notched Archaic points.

Fig. 3 (Converse) Whole and fragmentary bar atlatl weights. Note symmetry and surface finish of broken examples.

7 Fig. 4 (Converse) Three quarter axes from the Montgomery site. »f¥«t

• *

Fig. 5 (Converse) Miscellaneous points and hafted scrapers.

Fig. 6 (Converse) Debitage of Logan County chert most Fig. 7 (Converse) made of slate. On the flat face of which is worked. of this object are two lines of engraving. Paleo-Man in the Hog Creek Drainage System

by Dr. Russell J. Long Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

The Hog Creek marsh in northwestern Har­ point, fig. c, plate 2. I restored one ear so din county is mainly in Washington township. that you can tell that it is a point. The stone is Originally it consisted of about twelve and a a nondescript white chalky chert, probably half square miles. It was surrounded by wet from the glacial drift. It is heavily patinated prairies. Naturally there was a concentration and covered with small globules of rust. The of game in this area during Indian times. break on the ear and the tip are both old Basically this marsh is the headwaters of Hog breaks. Total estimated length is 34 mm. and Creek which flows westward through Allen greatest width, 21 mm. The maximum thick­ county, then northward as a part of the Mau- ness is only 5.6 mm. One face was fluted with mee River drainage system to Lake Erie. two guide flakes, then a long central flake. Roughly U.S. 30-S follows a glacial ridge to The opposite face has two flakes removed the south of the marsh and U.S. 30-N follows for the fluting. The base is exceedingly thin one on the north. because of the fluting on both sides. According to Howe (1908), the marsh was Point b, plate 2, is another fluted piece drained between 1868 and 1874 by digging from the same area as the previous point. It ditches in the marsh proper then lowering the was found on the Andrew Rayl farm, just east channel of Hog Creek westward north of Ada (upstream) of the Boley farm on the north by blasting through the Silurian limestone. side of the creek. The length is 76 mm. The Once the marsh was drained, the land was greatest width is 24 mm. which occurs 15 mm. cleared and farmed. Two brothers, Damos up from the straight-sided base. At this place and Simon Kahler, were piling brush when the piece begins to make a gradual contrac­ Damos picked up a "limb" shown in the ac­ tion in width. The artifact is markedly tri­ companying photograph. He told me it was angular in cross-section and has a maximum much heavier than wood; then he realized thickness of 9 mm. The color is reddish brown. that it was a considerable portion of an elk Concerning this point the late Arthur G. antler (Kahler, 1934). Smith said, "Scarce color of flint ridge stone. My late father-in-law, Homer Elwood, told This cross-section is not common in the fluted me that a part of the marsh on the west side point complex and when found is poorly fluted caughtfireandlefta bare scar. At night prairie like this," (Smith, 1953). The "fluting" con­ rattlesnakes (Massasauga) would lie in the sists of two narrow flakes (15 mm. long) taken ashes of this naked "burn." out of the apex side of the triangular piece. Plate 2 shows six Paleo pieces from the There is some grinding on the straight basal Hog Creek drainage system in the vicinity sides. of Ada. All are full size. Point a, plate 2, was found on the Mechling When Brice Mann retired to the Boley farm farm immediately downstream (west) from the a mile west of Rt. 235 north of Ada on Hog Boley farm. It is gray chert. The length is 64 Creek, he began hunting . His mm. (estimated). Greatest width is 22 mm. range was both sides of the creek, about a which occurs 31 mm. up from the base. Maxi­ half-mile east and a half-mile west from his mum thickness is 6.3 mm. The piece is mark­ home. He told my brother James about his edly lenticular in cross-section. The sides of finds and that he would like to talk to me. the base are ground to the point of greatest This started an enjoyable friendship which width. One face has a single broad flute, 16 lasted until his death in 1961. Each time I mm. long. The opposite face has two flutes. would return to Ada I would visit him. His One flute "escaped" and ran two-thirds of the Indian material was typical of the area. way up the point. I received word of Brice's death and re­ The late Arthur G. Smith said of this point: called that he had said that his nephews "Unknown chert. Belongs to Witthoft's Enter- would want his collection. With this in mind I line ." (Smith, 1953) wrote to his sister, Mrs. Aleta Young, and Lanceolate point d, plate 2, was found on asked if I could have all of the broken pieces the Michael Long farm which straddled the and "trash." Shortly I received a cigar box Hardin-Allen county line road three miles full. Going through the material I was pleas­ west of Ada. Mud run, a branch of Hog Creek, antly surprised to find the pictured fluted flows through the farm. Liberty township is

9 on the Hardin side and Jackson township is River chert from Logan county, a pinkish on the Allen county side. The material is dull chert with gray spots. It is diamond-shaped in black Coshocton flint with blue quartz inclu­ cross section. It is 76 mm. long, 17 mm. wide, sions. Flaking is parallel. The base is broken and 8.7 mm. greatest thickness. at a weak point caused by the inclusion of a Smith (1960) found the same type drill on fossil brachiopod in the stone. Everything the Sawmill Site in Erie county. points to a square or slightly indented base. Burt Mathewson had plowed the site for Greatest width is 40 mm. occurring about half cultivation one fall and it had weathered out way up the piece. Estimated length is 92 mm. until the plow lines were barely visible. Nor­ Maximum thickness is 9.5 mm. There is no man Reese and I came up on the field in the grinding on the sides. spring. The drill was just over the fence and This piece is proportionately wider than you could see points and debris scattered other lanceolates I have seen in this area. In across the small rise. We still talk about it this respect it has the same proportions as when I return to Ada. the Brown Valley point (Wormington, 1957). The spurred-base Stringtown point, fig. 3, Elwood, Homer plate 2, is also made of dull black Coshocton 1950 Personal Communication. flint. The break on the tip was also aided by Howe, Henry a fossil brachiopod inclusion. This piece was 1908 Historical Collections of Ohio, vol. i, p. found on the Dallas Krofft farm northeast of 881, Published by the State of Ohio. Ada along Grass run, near the stream's junc­ Kahler, Damos tion with Hog Creek. This is upstream from 1934 Personal Communication. the previously mentioned farms and just Prufer, Olaf H. and Raymond S. Baby downstream from the marsh. Paleo-lndians of Ohio, The Ohio His­ The spurs on the base have been damaged torical Society, Columbus, Ohio. but there is no question of their presence. Smith, Arthur G. The end of the base shows the original blade 1953 Personal Communication. surface. Greatest width is 36 mm. Greatest 1960 The Sawmill Site, Erie County, Ohio, thickness is 9.5 mm. For description of the Ohio Archaeologist, X, pp. 84-97. Stringtown type see Prufer and Baby (1963). Wormington, H. M. The drill, fig. f, plate 2, is from the Mathew- 1957 Ancient Man in North America, The son site on Hog Creek, downstream from the Denver Museum of Natural History, marsh northeast of Ada. It is made of Mad Popular Series No. 4.

Plate 1 (Long) Elk horn found in Hog Creek marsh.

10 ^pv

Plate 2 (Long) Paleo-Points from Hog Creek drainage system. Photographs by Gary Christopher and Steven Lewis.

1 1 Recent Discoveries of Dual-Tipped Points by Claude Britt, Jr. Many Farms, Arizona 86538

Dual-tipped points have been known since his son found it on May 24, 1975 while sur­ at least 1900 when Moorehead (1900:245, face hunting in Trumbull County. Tiell (writ­ Figs. 361 a and c) illustrated two specimens ten communication, 1975) states that he be­ from southern California. Recently, the author lieves this piece to be an Adena that was has published articles illustrating this rare fracture salvaged. He states that other Adena flint tool (Britt, 1974; 1975a; 1975b). Although points have been found on this site. This it is known that fake dual-tipped points are specimen is made from Delaware chert, a being sold by a Missouri dealer, this writer local material. now has knowledge of 25 authentic speci­ Acknowledgement is extended to Robert mens from twelve states. Of these 25, nine B. Jackson and to William W. Tiell for pro­ were found in Ohio. After all data are viding the data and illustrations. amassed, a final report will be prepared. Two more dual-tipped points from Ohio were reported to the writer recently, both Britt, Claude Jr. having been found in 1975. Of these, one 1974 Dual-Tipped Points: A Very Rare Ohio Flint Type. Ohio Archaeologist 24(3): was found by Robert B. Jackson of Belpre, 18. Ohio (Fig. 1). He found it on the Ohio River 1975a Dual-Tipped Points: Final Report. Cen­ on June 16, 1975, in the same site as a pre­ tral States Archaeological Journal 22(2): viously reported one (Britt, 1975b:14, Fig. 76-78. 1b). This item is made from Ohio black flint. 1975b Regional Collaborator News: More Ohio It is the first instance in which more than one Dual-Tipped Points. Ohio Archaeologist dual-tipped point has ever been reported 25(2): 14. from the same site in Ohio. Moorehead, Warren K. The second point (Fig. 2) was found by 1900 Prehistoric Implements. The Arno Press. William W. Tiell of Lakewood, Ohio. He and New York.

Fig. 1 (Britt) Dual-Tipped point found on the Ohio River Fig. 2 (Britt) Dual-Tipped point from Trumbull County, near Belpre, Ohio. Maximum length is two inches. Ohio. Maximum length is 1-3/4 inches.

12 Upper Mercer Flint

by Steven Hart 8516 Skyway Drive Indianapolis, Indiana

The six Archaic types pictured above are is Upper Mercer flint from the Coshocton all from various counties in Ohio. The material and Zaleski deposits.

13 Stone Artifacts From The Brokaw Site by Thomas E Pickenpaugh 1420 N Street, N. '., Washington, D.C

In the Fall 1974 issue of the Ohio Archae­ however, the list, with the exception of hand ologist (24[4j), a preliminary report on the hammer, may be grouped into four categories Brokaw site was initiated. In that report ap­ on the basis of the raw material employed, peared a description and location of the site, the shape of the tool, the function it served, features noted, ceramic and and the manner in which the stone was al­ types discovered, and a discussion of the tered prior to usage. As the occurrence of chronological and cultural affiliations (Middle hammerstones has been documented in so and Late Woodland) of the site (Fig. 1). In this many site reports, no comparison will be report, however, only the arti­ made. In this report only those specimens facts recovered will be discussed. The cate­ displaying batter marks have been included gory is composed of all ground stone tools in the category. and altered stone objects except flint. These The first specimen (Fig. 1, A) is a discoid- artifacts were recovered from the surface shaped mudstone river pebble that bears and excavated units within and below the near the center of each flat face amorphously plow zone. With regard to raw material, all pecked-out depressions that vary in depth specimens were manufactured from locally from 1.0 to 2.0 millimeters. Along the outer derived rocks. As most of these tools are of edge may be discerned three rather distinct probable Fort Ancient origin, it would support battered areas, and, across much of one face the contention that these peoples employed the cortex evidences signs of wear that may local resources when making their imple­ suggest a smoothing or polishing function. ments (Prufer and Shane 1970:114). How­ The maximum metric measurements are as ever, a comparison of the Brokaw assemblage follows: length, 92 mm; width, 84 mm; thick­ with Fort Ancient sites suggests that numer­ ness, 41 mm. This specimen was found at the ous traits are absent. In fact, on the basis of 9-1 /2-11 inch level of unit 5-22 (Fig. 1). Only the assemblage, excluding Paleo- a few inches away in unit 5-23 several shell- Indian, it is seemingly impossible to deter­ tempered sherds and one piece of gray river mine the cultural affiliations of the site. Thus pebble chert were noted at the 8-12 inch far, only 24 artifacts, comprising several level. This association may suggest that the categories, have been recovered. tool is of Late Woodland affiliations. The second specimen (Fig. 2, B) is an oval- Stone Artifacts shaped mudstone river cobble that bears Hammerstones (7 specimens: Fig. 2, A-D) four nearly circular, overlapping pecked-out This category is composed of a broad range depressions across the full length of each of forms, stone types, and surface alterations. flat face. As the two linear depressions do not Thus, each specimen will be described sep­ correspond, it would not have been possible arately. Prior to considering them, however, to have hafted this implement. The minimum a word is in order concerning the numerous and maximum depths of the depressions on terms by which hammerstones are referred. the obverse side are 5.0 and 5.5 mm, and 4.5 McGuire (1891:308), when writing on ham­ and 5.5 mm on the reverse. The minimum and merstones, noted some of the names given maximum widths of the depressions on the by writers to this implement: "Disc-hammer, obverse range from 25.0 to 32.5 mm, and hand hammer, chipping-hammer, nutcracker, from 21.5 to 31.5 mm on the reverse. Two milling-stone, grain-bruiser, corn-crusher, equally plausible functions may be attributed mealing-stone, oval-tool stone." He himself to the depressions; one, they may have served referred to them as stone hammers. To this as fingergrips, or, two, nuts may have been list may be added pitted discoid, pitted stone, placed in the pits and then cracked with the bipitted , bipitted pebble ham- assistance of another stone. The entire outer merstone, bipitted stone, cobble hammer, edge is conspicuously battered, thus bearing flint hammerstones, unpitted pebble ham­ testimony to the fact that it was an oft-used merstone, flint pebble hammerstone, pebble tool. The maximum metric data are: length, hammer, disk-shaped hammerstone, and 101 mm; width, 84 mm; thickness, 30 mm. pecking stones. To the casual reader this This specimen was recovered from the plow array of terminology may seem confusing; level of unit 6-P (Fig. 1). The third hammerstone (Fig. 2, C), like the As this stone type does not occur locally, it previous example, is an oval-shaped mud­ is assumed that it was collected from the Ohio stone river cobble with a single thumb-sized River or from one of the numerous gravel depression in one flat face (maximum depth, pits bordering the Ohio. Ultimately, however, 5.0 mm) and a shallow, amorphously pecked- a northern upstream origin must be postu­ out area near the center of the other flat lated. This object was recovered from the face. Much of the cortex of this tool is worn plow level of unit D-15. away and two pieces were broken off during The final hammerstone is fragmentary. use. The smaller fracture did not render the Along the entire working edge batter marks tool unusable, for the edges became smooth may be noted. The peripheral sloping edges as a result of continued usage. The second, are in marked contrast, as they display a and larger fracture, however, apparently re­ polished effect as a result of extensive grind­ sulted in the tool being discarded, as the ing. The maximum thickness of the specimen edges of the fracture show no sign of smooth­ was in excess of 44 mm; length and width ing. The metric data are: length, 71 mm; width, measurements cannot be estimated. This 71 mm; thickness, 47 mm. This stone tool fragment was found in the plow level of unit was recovered from the plow level of units 29-U. The raw material is a green 41-42-U-V. that may have originated from the same A fourth specimen, another mudstone river source as the previously-described piece. cobble, bears a nearly flat, even breakthrough the midsection that apparently rendered it Cup Stones (3 specimens; Fig. 3, A-C) unusable, for the fracture edges remain un- These cup stones are of locally-derived smoothed. Although the actual cause of the sandstone. Two specimens were apparently break cannot be determined, the much-bat­ selected because of their flat surfaces. The tered edge of the implement suggests that it uniformity of the dimensions and the rounded was fractured while being used as a hammer. edges of the third, however, suggest that it A sufficient amount of the tool remains to was a much worked object. Unfortunately, indicate that it was oval-shaped. Nearly cir­ all three specimens were recovered from cular pecked and ground depressions ap­ either the surface or the plow level. As each proximately 2.0 mm in depth occur on each cup stone has distinct characteristics, each flat face. The metric data are: width, 84 mm, will be described separately. Again, as in the thickness, 41 mm, the length cannot be de­ case of the hammerstones, it is fitting to con­ termined. The minimum diameter at the cen­ sider the problem of nomenclature since cup ter of the depressions is 36 mm. This speci­ stones are often referred to by several terms men is from the 7-8 inch level of unit 7-Q. — nut-stones, lapstones, spindle foot rests, This object (Fig. 2, D) is a semispherical nutting stones, hammer-stones, anvil-stones, limestone concretion with chert ihclusions. and nut-crackers. Worse still is the fact that It was apparently used as a hammerstone for the latter three terms are often used when several small, smooth, flattened facets may referring to hammerstones. It is only clear be noted and a considerable portion of the that the reference is to cup stones when a remainder shows some evidence of wear. description or photograph is provided. The depressed areas, however, are in marked The first specimen (Fig. 3, A) is the largest contrast as they are rough, porous, apparently of the three Brokaw cup stones. The maxi­ unused. The maximum diameter is 65 mm. mum metric measurements are: length, 169 This specimen was recovered from the sur­ mm; width, 131 mm; thickness, 56 mm. Into face of the site. Converse (1973:17) reports the center of each flat face a single cup-like that such tool forms are commonly found on depression has been pecked. The diameter most Indian encampment and workshop sites. and depth of the depression on the obverse Another specimen is a quarter-section of side are 35 mm and 25 mm, respectively, and an oval-shaped hammerstone. On the flat 30 mm and 6.0 mm on the reverse side. face a thumb-sized depression has been Around the edge of these depressions may pecked to a depth of approximately 4.0 mm. be noted smaller depressions ranging from The depression and particularly the area sur­ 2.0 mm to 3.0 mm in depth and from 3.0 mm rounding it show signs of extensive grinding. to 20 mm in diameter. On one edge may be Around the outer edge may be discerned noted two lines that converge to form a "V". deep batter marks. Meaningful metric data Although the purpose of the cannot cannot be determined due to the fragmentary be learned, it is suggested that they served condition of the tool. The specimen was man­ a polishing or smoothing function. The ufactured from a granitic gneiss river pebble. rounded edges and smooth surfaces of this specimen also suggest that it was a much- (Brown 1926:223, Read 1888:39). used tool. This cup stone was found on the The function of cup stones has long been surface of unit 9-P. a matter of conjecture. Fowke (1902:539) The second specimen (Fig. 3, B) is a rela­ commented: "It is a remarkable fact that ar­ tively small cup stone. The metric data are as chaeologists still remain in total ignorance follows: length, 81 mm; width, 80 mm; thick­ as to the function of the objects commonly ness, 27 mm. Near the center of the flat face known as cup-stones." Today, nearly three- asinglecup-likedepression has been ground. quarters of century later, their function still The maximum depth and diameter are 7.0 remains much of an enigma even though they mm and 28 mm, respectively. A small shallow are not infrequently found on archaeological groove 14 mm long and 15 mm wide extends sites. Three functions, nevertheless, are com­ from the edge of the depression to the outer monly attributed to them. They served in the edge. As indicated in the previous example, capacity of sockets for fire drills, as small the purpose of the groove cannot be ascer­ mortars for paint , and as recep­ tained; however, a polishing or smoothing tacles for cracking nuts (Ritchie 1929: 12-13). function may be suggested. The reverse side Excavations conducted at Blain village (Pru­ displays no evidence of use or alteration by fer and Shane 1970), the Watson site (Dragoo agent. This object was recovered 1956), and at Cresap Mound (Dragoo 1963) from the plow level of unit 9-Q. would seem to support the latter two functions. Another cup stone (Fig. 3, C), prior to frac­ Anvils (3 specimens; Fig. 3, D-E) turing, was probably cube-shaped. The re­ These objects are of locally derived mud­ coverable metric data suggest a form 61 mm stone river pebbles on whose flat-to-convex x 53 mm by 55 mm x 53 mm. Into at least four faces numerous small pits may be noted. In flat faces a cup-like depression has been all three instances the reverse sides, which ground. As a result of the fractures, two de­ are much flatter, display little, if any, pitting. pressions have been damaged; however, According to Ritchie (1929:9) enough of one remains to permit depth (5.0 mm) and diameter (23.0 mm) measurements. Anvils are simply unaltered slabs of Two depressions are undamaged. The depth stone or flattened pebbles of the more and diameter of depression "A" are 5.0 mm friable rocks which crumbled sufficiently and 28 mm, and 5.0 mm and 33 mm for de­ under the transmitted blow to protect the pression "B." This object was recovered from contact surface of the flint against break­ the surface of unit E-18. age. Sandstone, limestone, and slate are common materials but the coarser grained The occurrence of cup stones has been igneous rocks were also employed. documented on Eastern Woodland sites from Anvils may easily be distinguished from the Archaic to nearly the end of the Wood­ pitted hammerstones by two fundamen­ land Tradition. Among the Archaic sites where tally contradistinguishing features. The they have been found are (1) Modoc River periphery of the anvils is frequently ir­ shelter (Fowler 1959:260-262), (2) Ferry Ar­ regular and shows no battering; the pits, chaic site (Fowler 1957:13), (3) Carlson Annis often on both faces, are commonly shal­ mound (Webb 1950:299), and (4) East Steu- low and constitute rather areas of marring benville site (Mayer-Oakes, 1955:132). Early or variable patches of scarred surface. Woodland sites include Cresap mound (Dra- As each specimen displays distinct charac­ goo 1963:105), (2) McKees Rocks mound teristics in addition to those already men­ (Mayer-Oakes 1955:148), (3) the Wright tioned, each will be considered separately. mounds (Webb 1940:61), and the Dillard The occurrence of anvils, like cup stones, Stamper shelter no. 1 (Funkhouser and Webb has been documented on sites dating from 1930:269). Examples also exist from the Mid­ the Archaic to nearly historic times. dle Woodland Watson site (Dragoo 1956:69). It is suggested that the cup stones from the This specimen (Fig. 3, D) bears a nearly Watson site may not only be of Middle Wood­ flat, even break through the midsection. It land origin, but of Late Archaic and/or Early may be speculated that the break occurred Woodland origin as well. Lake Woodland sites during use for the fracture cuts across the include Chesser cave (Prufer 1967:4), while area of greatest concentration of pit marks, the Fort Ancient Blain (Prufer and Shane and the broken edges display no evidence 1970:120-121), and Graham village sites (Mc- of smoothing. The reverse side, which is con­ Kenzie 1967:74) have yielded these tools. siderably flatter, bears no pit marks. What Cup stones in archaeological survey reports may be batter marks occur in one isolated are considered to be a common tool type area along the edge of the pebble. The metric

16 data are: width, 68 mm; thickness, 19 mm. ners. Both faces are flat. As in the previous This specimen was collected from the surface example, the cortex is absent with the excep­ during the initial survey work. tion of three or four thin streaks. One, ap­ The second object is quite similar to the proximately 40 mm long, appears as a series previously described specimen. It, too, bears of "hash marks." If this pebble was used as a nearly flat, even break through the midsec­ asmoothing implement, the presence of these tion. Again, it is speculated that the fracture angular lines may suggest the manner in occurred during use. The reverse side, which which the pebble was held and the direction is noticeably flatter, displays no pit marks. of movement. The maximum metric data are The cortex is absent on this face and the ad­ as follows: length, 61 mm; width, 60 mm; jacent sides. Thus, a smoothing or polishing thickness, 15 mm. This specimen was recov­ function may also be proposed. The metric ered from the plow level of unit 18-J. data are: width, 73 mm; thickness, 19 mm. The third piece is a small thin -shaped This pebble was recovered from the plow river pebble. One face is flat and the other is level of unit 33-K. slightly convex and undulating. Evidence of The third specimen (Fig. 3, E) is a fragment cortex wear may be noted over much of the of a mudstone river pebble that bears, near lower portion of the convex face, but is re­ the center of one flat to slightly convex face, stricted to the blade area of the flat face. This numerous small pits. On the reverse side, object, in addition to functioning as a polish­ which is much flatter, only a few pit marks ing or smoothing implement, apparently may be noted. Although no batter marks served as a hammerstone also, for two bat­ occur along the edges of this specimen, the tered areas occur along the top edge. The absence of two large pieces from one end maximum metric data are: length, 67 mm; and two large chips from a side may suggest width, 58 mm; thickness, 15 mm. This speci­ that this specimen also served as a hammer­ men was recovered from the surface of unit stone. The metric data are: length, 75mm; E-18. width, 69 mm; thickness, 15 mm. This object Another small celt-shaped river pebble has was recovered from the plow level of unit one flat face while the other is slightly con­ 21-U. vex. The cortex is virtually absent from this Unknown type (4 specimens: Fig. 4, A-B) implement, except for one thin uneven streak It is assumed that objects similar to these that runs across the convex face and a small occur on other sites; however, the authors of section that appears along the top edge and the subsequently published reports have tra­ adjacent sides. It is suggested that this im­ ditionally not seen fit to adequately describe plement, like the other specimens, may have them. This group is composed of four small served a smoothing or polishing function. mudstone river pebbles. These specimens The metric data are: length, 64 mm; width, in both size and general outline display strik­ 58 mm; thickness, 17 mm. This specimen was ing similarities; the distinguishing character­ found in the plow level of unit 5-21. istic, however, is the general absence of the cortex on nearly every part of the object. Al­ Miscellaneous (7 specimens, Fig. 4, C-E) though their use cannot be ascertained, a This category is composed of a diversity of polishing or smoothing function is most likely. forms and stone types. As it is assumed that Each specimen is briefly described below. the specimens may have served different This specimen (Fig. 4, A) is a small celt- functions, each will be considered separately. shaped pebble. One face is flat and the other The first artifact (Fig. 4, C) was found on the is slightly convex. The cortex is virtually surface during the initial survey work. It is a absent from this object, except for one thin relatively large oval-shaped river peb­ intermittent streak that runs diagonally across ble 110 mm long, 89 mm wide, and 54 mm the flat face and the flat edges. As one chip thick. On each somewhat convex face a shal­ is missing from the edge, it could be sug­ low, nondescript pecked-out area may be gested that in addition to serving a polishing noted. This specimen is of particular interest or smoothing function, it also served as a because the entire outer edge is quite smooth small hammerstone. No batter marks, how­ and all but a few small areas of the cortex ever, are in evidence. The maximum metric have been rubbed away. Thus, a polishing or data are: length, 66 mm; width, 49 mm; thick­ smoothing function may be postulated, or it ness, 15 mm. This specimen was recovered may have been used for grinding vegetable from the plow level of unit E-15. matter. Caution must be observed when in­ The second object (Fig. 4, B) is a small, terpreting the function of a tool of such a thin square-shaped pebble with rounded cor­ generalized form, since it could have been used for a multiplicity of purposes. McGee, thin flat mudstone river pebble with broad when writing on the Seri Indians of the Gulf rounded "tips" on each end. The tips were of California in the 1890s observed 13 func­ apparently the main working part of the tool tions for a stone tool of similar form (1895- for they display an extensive amount of wear. 96:238-239). One end has a ridge along the edge. It is (1) Skinning the leg of a partially con­ suggested that such a beveled edge would sumed horse; this was done by means of be produced only if the stone was held on an centripetal (i.e., downward and inward) angle and rubbed over a surface, subse­ blows, so directed that the thinner end quently turned over, and the process re­ fell obliquely on the tissue, bruising and sumed. Both flat faces also evidence signs tearing it with considerable rapidity. (2) of wear; the cortex is nearly absent on one Severing tough tendons already sawed side. Batter marks are restricted to two small nearly through by rubbing over the edge areas on the opposite ends of one flat edge. of an ahst, the hupf in this case being in The maximum metric data are: length, 118 the hands of a coadjutor and used in ra­ mm; width, 91 mm; thickness, 23 mm. This ther random strokes whenever the tissue object was found on the surface during the seemed particularly refractory. (3) Knock­ initial survey work. ing off the parboiled hoof of a horse to The fifth specimen (Fig. 4, E) is a fragment give access to the coffinbone. (4) Crush­ of a mudstone river pebble. Although this ing and splintering bones to facilitate object appears to be a fragment, it is sug­ sucking of the marrow. (5) Grinding mes- gested that it was intentionally broken prior quite beans; the process being begun by to use, as three impact marks may be noted vertical blows with the end of the im­ along the edge of the flat face (see plement on a heap of the pods resting on markers). Two functions are proposed for a ahst, continued by blows with the side, this implement. One, it served as a smooth­ and finished by kneading and rubbing ing or polishing tool for much of the cortex motions similar to those of grinding on a is absent along the edge and, two, it served . (6) Pounding shelled corn mixed as a pecking stone. That is, the pointed end with slack lime, in a ludicrously futile at­ was struck against a second stone in order tempt to imitate Mexican cookery. (7) to peck out depressions such as those often Chopping trees; in this case the imple­ noted on stone tools. Length, 94 mm; width, ment was grasped in the centripetal man­ 43 mm; thickness, 15 mm. This pebble was ner and used in pounding and bruising found in the plow level of unit 12-J. the wood at the point of greatest bending A sixth specimen is a relatively large river under the pull of a coadjutor. (8) Cleaving pebble. Both flat faces and the edges of this and breaking wood for fuel. (9) Dethorn- pebble display evidence of wear and several ing okatilla stems, by sweeping centri­ long narrow "scuff" marks may be noted on petal strokes delivered adzwise from top one face. Although the function of this object toward butt of a bunch of stems lying on cannot be learned, it is suggested that it may the ground. (10) Severing a stout hair have served as a polishing or smoothing im­ cord; in this use it was grasped between plement or perhaps as a plate. A cursory in­ the knees of a matron squatting on the spection of the pebble suggests that a large ground, while the cord was held in both piece was recently broken from one end. hands and sawed to and fro over the use- However, the presence of a cortex over the roughened thinner end. (11) Supporting break indicates that it probably occurred dur­ a kettle as one of the fire-stones used in ing an earlier geologic time. The metric data frontier mimicry of the Papago custom. are: length, 124 mm; width, 123 mm; thick­ (12) Triturating face-paint by pounding ness, 22 mm. This specimen was recovered and kneading; in one case it took the from the surface. place of the ahst, the ocher lump itself being struck and rubbed against it. (13) This object is a mudstone river pebble that Beating a troop of dogs from a pile of bears an arcing break through the midsec­ bedding in a ; in this use the imple­ tion. The absence of two small chips from ment was held in the customary manner the edges are the only evidence for utiliza­ and used in swift centripetal blows, the tion. Thus, it may have functioned as a ham­ matron relying on her own swiftness and merstone. The metric data are: width, 76 mm; reach and not at all on projection to come thickness, 14 mm; the length cannot be de­ within reach of her moving targets. termined. This object was recovered from a Another specimen (Fig. 4, D) is a relatively rodent hole at the 8-12 inch level of unit 21-U. This specimen is a mudstone river pebble that has a diagonal fracture through the mid­ C-14 tests, it is suggested that the site was dle. Neither the flat nor the slightly convex occupied mainly by Late Woodland peoples face displays any sign of use. A few batter between A.D. 1300 and 1600 and to a lesser marks, however, penetrate through the cortex extent by a Middle Woodland culture after along one edge in the area of the fracture. A.D. 100 and before A.D. 500. Thus, this implement may have served as a small hammerstone. The metric data are: Brown, Calvin S. width, 53 mm; thickness, 15 mm; the length 1926 Archaeology of Mississippi. University cannot be determined. This specimen was of Mississippi. recovered from the plow level of unit 45-T. Converse, Robert N. The final object is a nondescript piece of 1973 Ohio stone tools. The Archaeological limestone. It is suggested that it may have Society of Ohio. served some purpose since limestone cannot Dragoo, Donald W. be found within the immediate environs, al­ 1956 Excavations at the Watson site, 46Hk34, though it does occur locally, and because two Hancock County, West Virginia, Penn­ areas of the specimen seem to evidence signs sylvania Archaeologist, 26(2):69. of wear. In addition, it was recovered from a 1963 Mounds for the dead: an analysis of the particularly productive part of the site. In Adena culture. Annals of Carnegie Mu­ seum, 37. Pittsburgh. view of the amorphousness of this piece and uncertainity regarding the evidence for wear, Fowler, Melvin L. no function will be proposed. This specimen 1957 The Ferry Archaic site in Hardin County, Illinois. Illinois State Museum, 8(1)13. was recovered from the surface of unit E-16. 1959 Modoc : an Early Archaic It is 62 mm long, 62 mm wide, and 31 mm site in southern Illinois. American An­ thick. tiquity 24(3):260-262.

Discussion Fowke, Gerard 1902 Archaeological History of Ohio. Ohio The large quantity of bone and shell-tem­ Historical Society, Columbus. pered littered over the Brokaw site Funk, Robert E., Bruce Rippetau, and Ralph Houck would suggest that it was occupied rather 1974 Recent research in the Upper Susque­ intensively and extensively by Late Wood­ hanna Valley, New York State. Pennsyl­ land peoples. Yet an impoverished stone tool vania Archaeologist, 44(3):5. assemblage seemingly exists, for only a small Funkhouser, William D. and William Webb number of stone tools and tool types have 1930 Rock shelters of Wolfe and Powell coun­ been found. In comparison with Fort Ancient ties, Kentucky. University of Kentucky sites numerous traits appear to be absent, for Reports in Anthropology and Archaeol­ example, discoidal stones or chunkeys, chis­ ogy, 1 (4):269. els, sandstone hoes, celts, and sandstone McGee, W. J. mortars or . Thus, it would seem that 1895-96 The Seri Indians. Seventeenth An­ the site was inhabited by Woodland peoples nual Report of the Bureau of American who had assimilated some Fort Ancient char­ Ethnology, part 1. Washington, D.C. acteristics but not others. Hammerstones, cup stones, and anvils are the only commonly McGuire, Joseph D. 1891 The stone hammer and its various uses. known stone tool types noted. These tool The American Anthropologist, 4(4):308. types, however, are not diagnostic of any cultural period, for their occurrence has been McKenzie, Douglas H. documented as early as the Archaic, for ex­ 1967 The Graham village site: A Fort Ancient settlement in the Hocking Valley, Ohio. ample, the Robeson Hills site (Winters 1969: In Studies in Ohio Archaeology, edited 146) and Camelot No. 1 site (Funk, Rippetau, by O. H. Prufer and D. H. McKenzie, The and Houck 1974:5). The remaining specimens Press of Western Reserve University. are of such generalized form that their func­ Cleveland. tions can but be surmised. Similar objects Mayer-Oakes, William J. seemingly have not been described in the 1955 of the Upper Ohio Valley. archaeological literature. Annals of Carnegie Museum, 34. Pitts­ In conclusion, further excavation and anal­ burgh. ysis will be necessary before any meaningful Prufer, Olaf H. comment can be made with regard to the 1967 Chesser cave: a Late Woodland phase in distribution of the stone tool assemblage, its southeastern Ohio. In Studies in Ohio scope, and its relationship to other contem­ Archaeology. The Press of Western Re­ poraneous sites. Pending the results of the serve University. Cleveland.

19 Prufer, Olaf H. and Orrin Shane Webb, William S. 1970 Blain village and the Fort Ancient tradi­ 1940 The Wright mounds, sites 6 and 7, Mont­ tion in Ohio. Kent State University Press, gomery County, Kentucky. University Kent. of Kentucky Reports in Anthropology and Archaeology, 5(1):61. Read, Mathew C. 1950 Carlson Annis mound. University of Ken­ 1888 Archaeology of Ohio. The Western Re- tucky Reports in Anthropology and Ar­ serve Historical Society. Cleveland. chaeology, 7(4):299. Ritchie, William A. Winters, Howard D. 1929 Hammerstones, anvils and certain pitted 1969 The Riverton culture: a second millen- stones. Researches and Transactions of ium occupation in the Central Wabash the New York State Archaeological As­ Valley. Illinois State Museum and Illinois sociation, 7(2):9-13. Archaeological Survey.

200 250

Sc ale: 50 100 150

Fig. I (Pickenpaugh) Plan of the Brokaw site excavations and stone artifact locations.

20 Fig. 2 (Pickenpaugh) Hammerstones. Fig. 3 (Pickenpaugh) (A-C) Cup stones and (D-E) anvils.

Fig. 4 (Pickenpaugh) (A-B) Unknown type and (C-E) miscellaneous.

21 RIGHT A little known and little used variety of stone found in This Fort Ancient shell gorget is one of the most superb Ohio Indian artifacts is so-called glacial flint. These artifacts of its kind ever discovered in the Ohio area. It examples are from the collection of Dick Johnson. was found on an Ohio River Fort Ancient site and is in Marion County. Ohio. The source of this stone is un­ the collection of Larry Wilson of Ironton. Ohio. A classic known but it seems to have found more use in the north­ example of Fort Ancient shell work it represents stylized ern halt of Ohio. The pieces pictured represent a lifetime elements of the human face typical of Mississippian collection of this unusual material. influence.

Some Fine Ohio Fluted Points by Roger Mayne 2813 Allegheny, Columbus, Ohio

FstwV^7are tm^tZ f 0t09mlhs ftjome fluted points from my collection. Both obverse and reverse are froZhtc^ZZos^s " °f ^^ materialS ^ ^™™ted ™st °f «*** - Upper Mercer flint

24 An Effigy Pipe from Missouri

by John B. St. John 61 Pinecrest Dr., Bedford, Ohio

Shown in the photograph (Fig. 1) is a tan the stem hole and bowl hole meet at an angle sandstone effigy pipe representing a bird of about 170 degrees. with protruding eyes. The pipe measures 3- The pipe was collected in Missouri by Jo­ 7/8 inches in length and 2 inches in height. seph Krejci of Bedford, Ohio, and it is pres­ In width it measures 1-1/4 inches. The stem ently in the collection of Dr. Thomas G. Geo- hole is directly below the head and is 7/16 gehegan of Bedford. Although found many inches in diameter. The bowl opening is in hundreds of miles from Ohio the pipe's style the top in the middle of the back of the bird issimilartosome Fort Ancient-Erie examples. and measures 9/16 inches in diameter. Both

Fig. 1 (St. John) A Missouri sandstone bird effigy pipe.

25 Eccentric Flints—Good and Bad by Robert . Converse Plain C y, Ohio

Eccentric flint pieces have long been the There is almost nothing known about true bane of the unwary or unknowing collector eccentrics, quite probably because many col­ (Figs. 1-4). Among such fake pieces are fish lectors are hesitant to show them to anyone hooks, turtles, snakes, lizards, buffaloes, fish, for fear of being doubted or ridiculed. How­ corner-tang , and the old standby the ever, a few things are known about genuine thunderbird or eagle. Most of these objects examples. Seldom are they large or showy. are made from broken or altered authentic They are almost invariably poorly chipped artifacts. Other non-authentic eccentrics in­ and quite often appear to be the product of clude pieces that imply that their makers not a worker who could not decide on an ultimate only had flights of fancy but had taken leave design. Perhaps they are frustrations of poor of their senses. craftsmanship or unworkable material. It is easy to condemn all unusual flints as fakes, but such is not always the case for there One eccentric-appearing artifact is a type are a few genuine eccentrics. Many re- of flint point which I have seen infrequently. notched, rechipped, or even unfinished It is usually fairly heavy in cross section with pieces — genuine in every way — are called a short rounded stem and a number of unex- eccentrics, a term with which I take excep­ plainable notches along the sides of the blade. tion. In my opinion a true eccentric is an arti­ Enough of them have been observed in sur­ fact whose use or design has little or no logi­ face collections to make one wonder whether cal explanation, or at least an explanation the type is valid. Nearly all of them are heav­ apparentto our non-aboriginal minds. In other ily worn or polished and may be nothing more words, an eccentric is just what it says—an than crude or broken projectile points turned oddity with no plausible rhyme or reason for into some sort of tool. its existence.

Fig. 1 (Converse) A small ec- Fig. 2 (Converse) An eccen- Fig. 3 (Converse) Outline of Fig. 4 (Converse) Eccentric centric flint found by Owen trie from a Franklin County an eccentric similar to the point from the Raisch-Smith Cowen in Champaign County, surface collection. Points sim- point in Fig. 2. It was found site. Number 1 7 Fig. 2, Ohio Ohio. Each of the notches has ilar to this have been seen in in Hopewell Township near Archaeological and Historical been purposely made. Ob- other surface material, Flint Ridge by Mrs. Neva Quarterly Vol. 58No. 4, 1949. verse and reverse are shown. Boydof Newell, West Virginia.

26 A Ft. Ancient Village on Ohio Brush Creek

by Stephen Kelley P. O. Box 1, Seaman, Ohio 45679

This village site is located on lower Ohio Both single and bi-pitted examples are repre­ Brush Creek in Monroe Township, Adams sented. Two chipped hoes have been re­ County, Ohio. It is situated on the west bank covered (Fig. 5). Two plummets were found of the creek on the second terrace. The ac­ within two-hundred feet of the actual village tual village area covers less than one-half site (Fig. 3). One is a small sphere of granite acre and has been surface hunted by the with a very faint groove encircling it whereas author since 1968. The site is littered with the other is a full grooved bullet-shaped arti­ bone and pottery fragments and flint chips. fact made of hematite. Neither plummet is What may be a very low mound less than one well made. Two hematite celts (Fig. 2) were foot high and approximately thirty feet in found on the surface, one on the village site diameter is present on the perimeter of the and the other in an adjoining field. A number site. of discoidals were found on the surface (Fig. 6). Both perforated and unperforated speci­ Flint mens are represented. One partially drilled Flint artifacts found include triangular red sandstone L-shaped pipe blank was also shaped projectile points, chipped celts, scrap­ recovered. No slate artifacts have been found. ers and drills. Of these artifacts, projectile points (Fig. 1) are the most common. Of the Pottery 123 recognizable points recovered, only 5% This village site is situated equidistant from had concave bases whereas 44% had straight Ft. Ancient village sites that have been iden­ bases and 51% were convex based. Several tified with the Madisonville, Feurt, and Baum of these points were extremely crude in work­ Foci and appears to have characteristics re­ manship. Chipped celts (Fig. 2) found range lated to some degree to all three. Of the over from well defined to crude. All drills (Fig. 3) 2,000 sherds found, all are shell tempered. were either expanded base or straight sided Forty-one percent exhibit cord marking with specimens. Scrapers were of the thumb-nail 59% being smooth or plain. Only one pot­ type (Fig. 2) and rough triangular and pentag­ sherd was found to be decorated (Fig. 7), onal blades. One small flake made of that being with a three-line curvilinear guil- Zaleski flint was recovered. Over half of the loche design. Of the 32 rim sherds recovered, flint artifacts found are made of Brassfield the following can be noted: Flint which is indigenous to the area. No. % Bone shell tempered 32 100% As mentioned above, bone fragments litter the surface, most of which are apparently projecting inward 6 19% remnants of meals eaten long ago. The only projecting outward 12 38% worked bone artifacts found include three straight 10 31% awls and one (Fig. 4). One drilled added rim strip 4 12% canine incisor was found while surface hunt­ total 32 100% ing whereas one beaver incisor was uncov­ ered beneath a human burial (Fig. 4). cord marked 21 66% plain 7 22% Stone decorated 4 12% The most common stone artifacts recovered total 32 100% are hammerstones. Literally dozens have been found, a majority of which are nothing Decorated rim sherds consist of those with more than naturally shaped stones showing added rim strips. Of those Jour in this cate­ apparent signs of useage. Disc-type hammer­ gory, two have vertically notched rim strips stones and rough limestone discs identical (Fig. 7), one has an unnotched rim strip (Fig. to those found at the Turpin Site in Hamilton 8), and the remaining example has two un­ County have also been found (Fig. 5). Second notched rim strips in addition to an upper in numberto hammerstones are pitted stones. rim band (Fig. 8). This rimsherd is possibly

27 from a trade vessel as it does not conform to author received permission to excavate and Ft. Ancient standards but is similar to pottery uncovered a greatly disturbed partial burial. examples found in the northern part of Ohio. No artifacts were found with the burial with One strap handle (Fig. 8) and two horizontal the exception of a beaver incisor located two rim lugs were found. The lug handles are inches below the skeleton. In the spring of plain whereas the strap handle displays cord 1975 the author observed three more burials marking. What may be a fragment of an effigy on the village site being plowed to the surface. handle was also found. One rimsherd dis­ plays teat-like lugs (Fig. 8). Color of the pot­ sherds varies from light orange and dark red Other Cultures to gray, brown and black. Two pottery dis- Other lithic material found indicates this coidals were recovered (Fig. 6). site was chosen as a campsite long before the Ft. Ancient people existed. Paleo-lndian, Burials Archaic and Adena artifacts have been re­ In 1973 skull fragments and a partial jaw­ covered from the village site and surrounding bone were discovered on the surface. The fields (Fig. 9).

Fig. 2 (Kelley) Top —chipped celts. Bottom —hematite celts Fig. 1 (Kelley) Triangular projectile points. Top — concave and thumb-nail scraper. based. Middle — straight based. Bottom—convex based.

I J

\

Fig. 4 (Kelley) Top —beaver incisor found beneath burial Fig. 3 (Kelley) Top —plummets. Bottor, -drills and flint and drilled canine tooth. Bottom —bone awls and bone awl. scraper.

28 l|l|l|l|!|l|l|l

Fig. 6 (Kelley) Top —pottery discoidals. Bottom — flat- sided sandstone discoidal, bi-concave unperforated dis- coidal and fragmented bi-concave perforated discoidals. Fig. 5 (Kelley) Top —rough limestone discs. Bottom — chipped hoe, disc-type hammerstone and rough limestone discoidal.

Fig. 7 (Kelley) Top —Rimsherds —plain surface; vertically notched rimstrip with left to right slanting gashes beneath strip; vertically notched rimstrip. Bottom — cordmarked potsherd: curvilinear guilloche design on smooth surfaced potsherd.

Fig. 8 (Kelley) Rimsherds—Top —plain surface with upper rim band; lug handle with unnotched rim strip. Middle — two rim strips with upper rim band (trade vessel?); cord marked straight sided. Bottom —teat-like lugs; cordmarked strap handle.

Fig. 9 (Kelley) Top — Paleo-lndian unfluted point; Archaic side-notched point; early woodland point. Bottom —late Adena; middle Adena; middle woodland—late woodland side-notched triangular point.

29 The Role of Amateur Archaeologists in Preservations of Archaeological Sites: A Significant Example

by John E. Blank and John Lallo Department of Anthropology Cleveland State University Cleveland, Ohio 44115

Introduction ber of amateur archaeologists in Ohio ap­ We are all familiar with the destruction of proaches nearly 2,000, and this figure does archaeological sites which has occurred and not include those who are not members of which has continued to occur within Ohio the Society. The amateur archaeologists are and adjacent states. Martha Potter Otto (1974: scattered throughout all areas of the state 24-5) has published an excellent essay on and, as a result of their geographically diffuse this subject in the Ohio Archaeologist. In ad­ nature, they possess a vast amount of in­ dition to the examples cited by Ms. Otto, I formation concerning subdivision construc­ am sure that all archaeologists, both profes­ tion, shopping center planning, highway con­ sional and amateur, can provide additional struction and other such activities which are examples of the purposeful or accidental occurring throughout the state. Clearly, the destruction of prehistoric sites. number of amateur archaeologists, their geo­ The destruction of many sites is the result graphical distribution and their local contacts of population growth and the expansion of form an invaluable scientific resource in our public services which are connected with this attempt to prevent the loss of the archaeolo­ growth. The destruction of some sites by the gical materials. construction of housing subdivisions, high­ The present report considers the role of ways, supermarkets and other projects is to the amateur archaeologist in the recent dis­ some degree inevitable. However, the archae­ covery of an unusually diseased and patho­ ological destruction from such activity can logical human skeleton from Ross County, be reduced through the implementation of Ohio. The articulated human skeleton, which programs of archaeological survey and is considered in this report is that of a 42 salvage. year old male. He had been recovered during The destruction of other sites is the result the summer of 1975 as a result of excavation of purposeful human activity. Individual "ar­ for the Ross County Regional Water System, chaeologists" excavate sites to obtain speci­ which is located 5.1 miles north of Chillicothe. mens for their collections, or for sale. In most The location of the site has been shown in instances, records of the excavations are Figure 1. The skeleton had been encountered scanty at best and provenience data is rap­ during the excavation of a backhoe trench idly lost after specimens are resold for the for the placement of a water main extending second or third time. All professional and east from the Ross County Regional Water amateur archaeologists know of examples of Filtration Plant. The watermain is being laid this form of wanton destruction. below the flood plain of the Scioto River at a The focus of this report concerns the role depth of 12 feet below the present ground of the amateur archaeologist in preventing surface into an unconsolidated matrix of flu­ the accidental loss of archaeological infor­ vial sands and gravels. Because of the depth mation as the result of construction activity. at which the skeleton had been encountered While the destruction of some sites as a result (12 feet or 4 meters) and the unconsolidated of construction are inevitable, the effective nature of the sands and gravels, no attempt cooperation of amateur and professional ar­ has been made to recover the entire burial. chaeologists can serve to minimize these Only those bones which have been carried losses. The number of professional archaeolo­ to the surface by the backhoe have been gists presently working in Ohio is less than recovered. The remains have been retrieved thirty individuals and the majority of these by Mr. William "Sonny" Willis of Chillicothe reside near the urban centers (such as Co­ and subsequently given to Mr. Alva McGraw lumbus, Cleveland, Toledo and Cincinnati) of Chillicothe for examination. Mr. McGraw where large universities are located. On the has recognized the pathological nature of other hand, if we count only the members of these remains and has transmitted them to the Archaeological Society of Ohio, the num­ the present authors for analysis.

30 It has been difficult to determine the accu­ the ice had retreated north of the Cuba Mo­ rate chronological-archaeological position of raine. The site lies south of the Reeseville this skeleton for several reasons. First, the Moraine, which has been radio-carbon dated skeleton is either devoid of grave association to approximately 15,000 B.P. (Goldthwait, or have been present, but be­ ef. a/., 1965 Fig. 6). Since the Wisconsin gla­ cause of the nature of the excavation tech­ cier had been north of the site at 15,000 nique (backhoeing), have not been recovered. years ago, burial could have occurred any Because of the lack of grave goods, it has time after this date. not been possible to date the skeleton on Although the earliest date at which the the basis of artifact associations. Second, it internment could have occurred is roughly has not been possible to date the skeleton by 15,000 years ago, the assignment of such radiocarbon (Carbon-14)dating since suitable great antiquity would be scientifically un­ carbon samples have not been recovered. sound considering the physical location of The storage of the skeleton in a cardboard the site and the history of the Scioto Valley. box prevents the dating of the human bone The internment occurs in the flood plain of itself. Lastly, accurate dating on the basis of the Scioto River less than 300 feet from the the geology has not been possible since the present position of the river at an elevation excavation had been filled after the place­ of between 624 and 626 feet above sea level. ment of the pipeline and prior to any oppor­ During the time period between 15,000 and tunity for the authors to examine the site. 13,000 years ago, the Scioto Lobe of the In spite of these limitations, it is possible Wisconsin ice sheet had melted and the melt to provide an estimate as to the earliest date waters have been carried to the south by the at which the burial could have occurred. The Scioto River. Given the vast amount of water term "burial" is utilized with caution since carried by the river and the development of are rarely buried at a depth of 12 feet the Wisconsin terrace system of the Scioto below the present ground surface, except Valley, it is possible to conclude that the during Glacial Kame. The physiographic set­ water level of the Scioto River had been ting does not support a Glacial Kame associa­ somewhere above 630 feet. Clearly, the tion. The purposeful burial of a human gen­ burial site would have been submerged dur­ erally results in the existence of a recognizable ing the majority of the year. grave outline. No grave outline has been With the retreat of the Wisconsin ice north observed; however, it is unlikely that the of the watershed divide between the Ohio backhoe excavation would have revealed a River and Lake Erie drainage systems, the grave outline in sands and gravels. melt waters of the Scioto Lobe had been Two possibilities must be considered: either confined north of the divide and the level of the individual represents a purposeful human the Scioto River dropped to a lower level. burial or an accidental internment during a Purposeful burial could have occurred after Scioto River flood. It is possible to rule out this date and accidental internment could the possibility that the individual had been also have occurred. The retreat of the Wis­ buried elsewhere and that the skeleton had consin ice north of the divide has been radio­ been washed out and redeposited in the pres­ carbon dated to approximately 13,000 B.P. ent location since the bones display none (Goldthwait et al., 1965: 89). It would be of the characteristic rounding and other dam­ tempting to conclude that this skeleton dates age which is often associated with water from approximately 13,000 years ago. How­ washing. It is not possible to conclusively ever, any such conclusion is unjustified. The exclude either of the possible means of depo­ 13,000 year estimate represents only the sition. However, the lack of a grave outline earliest possible date at which burial could and grave goods supports the possibility of have occurred. accidental burial. The gross geological dating of these remains are applicable in either the case of purposeful or accidental internment. Materials And Methods The burial locality is situated within the Skeletal Material glaciated portion of Ross County, north of The skeleton has been badly destroyed as the Cuba Moraine. The Cuba Moraine forms a result of the excavation and, as a result, the terminal moraine of the Scioto Lobe of only partially recoverable. Those osteological the Wisconsin Glaciation and the formation segments which have been recovered are of the moraine has been dated to between in excellent state of preservation and include 20,000 and 18,000 B.P. Clearly, the intern­ the following: ment could not have taken place until after Cranium: The recovered cranial material consists of a calvarium and portions of the external periosteal surface have been made face. The calvarium includes the posterior to identify the gross external appearance of two-thirds of the left and right parietals with a lesion. In those cases where macroscopic the adjoining temporals and mastoid com­ examination has yielded doubtful data, radio­ plexes. The occipital is present and intact. graphs have been taken and the negatives The face has been badly damaged but in­ have been analyzed. cludes the left and right orbits with partial The sex of the skeleton has been deter­ zygomatics. The mandible, less dentition, is mined on the basis of several criteria and also present. The maxilla has not been re­ include: 1) the angle and index measure­ covered; however, two teeth have been in­ ments of the sciatic notch (Gustav, 1972); 2) cluded with the burial remains. One tooth is the diameters of both the femoral head and a central incisor and the other is a lateral neck (VanGerven, 1972); 3) the indices of incisor. Hanna and Washburn (Hanna and Washburn, Postcranial Skeleton: The recovered post- 1955); 4) the multivariate statistical tech­ cranial material includes the following: niques of Giles (Giles, 1970); and 5) cranial Clavicle Left and right characteristics (Acsadi, G., and J. Nemes- Humerus Left keri, 1971). Ulna Right The age determination has been based Radius Left and right upon: 1) the degenerative changes which Ribs Left, first and fifth occurred in the face of the pubic symphysis Pelvis Right (Partial Ilium, acetabu­ (Todd, 1920; and McKern-Stewart, 1957); and lum, with Pubis and Ischium) 2) the stages of closure for both the endoc- Left (Partial Ilium, acetabu­ tanial and ectocranial sutures (Todd-Lyon, lum, with Pubis and Ischium) 1924; and 1925). Sacram We have examined the possibility that the Femur Left, proximal one-third skeleton represents that of an Anglo-Euro­ Right, proximal and distal pean individual, perhaps from the Ross one-third County Home for the Ages which has oper­ Tibia Left ated near the find locality for many years. The Fibula Left, distal one-third skeletal evidence considered below strongly Right, distal one-third indicates that the individual is of an American Calcaneus Right Aboriginal population. The depth of the dis­ Vertebrae Cervical, second and fifth covery, (12 feet below the present land sur­ Lumbar, fourth face level), the lack of coffin fragments, and the lack of a clearly marked grave outline Methodology (characteristic of historic burials within the Brothwell (1965) has suggested that in an past 200 years) strongly argues the possibility analysis of paleopathology the following cate­ of a purposeful burial from within the historic gories of pathological lesions can usually be period. identified: developmental anomalies; infec­ The skeletal remains have been tentatively tious diseases; degenerative conditions; identified as those of an Amerindian. This trauma; tumors; nutritional deficiencies; and determination is based upon several criteria: those of unknown origin. Employing these 1) the depth at which the burial has occurred; categories in our analysis we have been able 2) the correspondence between statural esti­ to diagnose infectious diseases (osteitis and mates for the study specimen and statural periostitis), degenerative conditions (osteo­ estimates for Amerindians from the Ander­ arthritis, osteoporitic pitting of the parietals, son site of Southern Ohio; 3) the correspon­ and osteophytosis), trauma (fractures), nutri­ dence between size and shape characteris­ tional deficiencies (criba orbitalia), and those tics of the cranium of the study specimen to of unknown origin (Leggs-Calves-Perthes the Iswanid type of Neuman (1952); 4) the Disease). presence of Inca bone; 5) the moderate de­ The techniques of diagnosis in paleopath­ gree of pre-mortem artificial cranial deforma­ ology have been outlined in Roney (1965) tion (fronto-lambdoid); and 6) the central and include macroscopic examination, micro­ maxillary incisor is shovel-shaped. Although scopic and histological analysis, and the use these traits are not absolute indicators of the of X-rays. In our analysis, we have relied Amerindian origin of the study specimen, upon macroscopic examination using a their simultaneous occurrence in one indi­ lighted magnifying observing glass to exam­ vidual is strongly suggestive of an Amerindian ine each of the bones. Observations of the affiliation. Results And Discussion quadrants the premolars and molars are miss­ The skeleton is that of a male with a skele­ ing and the root sockets are completely re- tal age between 40 and 45 years. On the basis sorbed. This suggests that the posterior den­ of the condition of the pubic symphysis, an tition had been lost long before death age of 42 is not unreasonable. The stature of occurred. the individual has been reconstructed in the Considering that the posterior dentition is basis of the regression equations of Trotter employed in crushing and grinding foodstuffs (1970). Stature has been calculated on the and that the American aboriginal diet con­ basis of Humerus, Radius, Ulna, and Tibia tained a large amount of vegetable materials, lengths and the results have been tabulated it can be suggested that this individual must below. The average stature estimate based have been at a disadvantage with respect to on all four approximations is 169.59 ± 4.19 the mastication of nutritional resources. This centimeters. disadvantage may account for the appear­ ance of the initial state of cribra orbitalia. Stature Estimates Based on Longbones An examination of the alveolar bone dem­ Longbone Estimate Stature onstrates that this individual did not suffer Humerus 168.95 ± 4.25 cms from mandibular dental abscesses which are Radius 169.08 ± 4.60 cms very common in most American Indian skele­ Ulna 170.10 ± 4.66 cms tal populations. The two maxillary teeth exhi­ bit heavy attrition, especially on the lateral Tibia 170.35 ± 3.27 cms incisor. The lateral incisor also has a large The analysis of pathological lesions focuses cervical cavity on its linqual aspect. Both in­ both upon the cranial and postcranial skele­ cisors show the shoveling phenomena; how­ ton. Macroscopicexamination and X-Ray anal­ ever, it is especially prominent in the median ysis have demonstrated the presence of sev­ incisor. eral categories of pathologies. On the calvarium, both parietals and the On the facial region the initial stage of cri- occipital are characterized by a degenerative bra orbitalia is present on the superior surface condition referred to as osteoporotic pitting of both the left and right orbital walls. Cribra which is age related and is the result of a orbitalia refers to a lesion which usually oc­ decrease in activity of osteoblasts while os­ curs on the superior aspects of the orbits. The teoclastic activity remains constant. The final lesion may be expressed unilaterally or bi­ result is a thinning of the external table of the laterally. In its less severe manifestations, crania. the lesion appears as a series of porous open­ Bilateral accessory ossicles are located at ings ("pin Holes") in the roof of the orbit. In the lambdoid suture. Berry (1967) suggests its most severe manifestations, cribra orbi­ that accessory ossicles are discrete epigene- talia is expressed as a expanded mass of tic traits which can serve as genetic popula- cribrous bone giving it a "honeycomb-like" tional markers. appearance. The lesion is brought about by On the postcranial skeleton the left clavicle an expansion of the diploid space and a cor­ (Figure 3) exhibits a well healed fracture with responding thinning of the outer table. callous formation. On both the left and right Several factors have been suggested to medial articular facets there is light arthritic account for the etiology of cribra orbitalia. lipping. Brothwell (1965) sees it as a discrete genetic The left humerus and radius are intact and trait and Morse (1969) suggests that the display a mild case of osteoarthritis evidenced lesion may be due to the pressure of an en­ by slight pitting and lipping of the proximal larged lacrimal gland. Recent investigations and distal articular facets. The right radius have supported the suggestion that the lesion and ulna exhibit heavy osteoarthritis (Figure is a result of a hereditary hemolytic anemia 4). The articular surfaces (both proximal and (Angel, 1964) or a response to some type of distal) are well pitted and heavy osteoarthri- a nutritional disorder (Moseley, 1966; Nathan tic lipping appears around the joint margins. and Hass. 1966). On the right ulna, the olecranon process dis­ In the lower facial region the mandible is plays a moderate amount of eburnation, which present; however, none of the dentition has is a process whereby the articular surface been recovered (Figure 2). Root sockets for undergoes a degenerative process of con­ the central incisors, lateral incisors and ca­ densation and hardening until the surface nines are present indicating that at the time becomes polished like ivory. Eburnation is of death the anterior dentition was present in an extreme osteological response to osteo­ the oral cavity. On both the left and right arthritis.

33 On the medial articular facet of the first lesions identified in this skeleton can be left rib there is a healed infection; regenera­ directly associated with the cause of death, tion is extensive suggesting that the lesion all of them operating on the biological system occurred long before death. The fifth left rib of this North American native could have has a well healed fracture with some callous significantly lowered his general state of formation. health and consequently contributed to his The right innominate has a periosteal infec­ death. tion on the ischium. The lesion displays some Conclusions regeneration; however, regeneration is in­ complete suggesting that the lesion was not The objective of this report is to demon­ healed at the time of death. Mild osteoarthri- strate to both the amateur and professional tic lipping occurs on the external margins of the importance in cooperating in the preser­ the acetabulum. Similar lipping and mild pit­ vation and analysis of archaeological sites. ting are found on the right femoral head. Because of their nurqbers and geographical The left innominate and femur exhibit distribution, amateur archaeologists often severe degeneration and provide a good il­ have knowledge about and access to sites lustration of Leggs-Calves-Perthes Disease which are unknown to the professional. Like­ (osteochrondrosis of the epiphysis of the wise, the professionals, because of their as­ head of the femur, see Figure 5). The dis­ sociation with large agencies and universi­ order is due to interference with the blood ties, may possess the resources and equip­ supply to the femoral head and causes severe ment necessary for the proper excavation of degeneration of the femoral head. The fe­ a site and the analysis of the site materials. moral head is enlarged, heavily pitted and The burial material reported upon in this exhibits a large area of eburnation. Corres­ study provides a good illustration of how co­ ponding pitting and eburnation are located operation between amateur and professional on the left acetabulum. In such an advanced can result in the reporting of events in pre­ state the disorder is severely debilitating and history which would otherwise go undetected. can seriously limit locomotor ability. It is hoped that this cooperation will continue The sacrum appears normal except for to develop in the future and, if past results moderate torsion to the left. The torsion is are indicative of future expectations, the ama­ probably due to biomechanical pressures ex­ teur and professional can accomplish a great erted on the left femur and innominate by deal in unravelling the events of our past. the Leggs-Claves-Perthes disease. Angel, L. A. The left tibia is intact and exhibits mild peri­ 1964 Osteoporosis; Thalassemia, American J. ostitis on the medial and lateral surfaces of of Phys. Anth. 22:369-374. the shaft. Two small exostoses are located Acsadi, G. and J. Nemeskeri along the popliteal line. Mild osteoarthritic 1971 History of human lifespan and mortality. lipping appears around the marginal surfaces Akademia, Budapest. of both the proximal and distal articular Berry, A. C, and R. J. Berry surfaces. 1967 Epigenetic variation in the human cra­ Both the left and right fibula display mild nium, J. Anatomy 101: 361-379. to moderate periostitis along the shaft sur­ Brothwell, D. face with somewhat heavier expression on 1965 Digging Up Bones. British Museum of the distal one-third. Natural History, London. In the vertebral column, the fifth cervical Giles, E. exhibits moderate osteoarthritic degenera­ 1970 Discriminant function sexing of the hu­ tion of the body, with mild osteophytosis man skeleton. In. Personal Identification around the body margin. Likewise, the fourth in Mass Disasters. Edited byT. D. Stew­ lumbar shows degeneration of the body and art, Natural Museum of Natural History, a somewhat more advanced stage of osteo­ Washington, D.C. phytosis. Small osteophytes are developing Goldthwait, R. P. along both the superior and inferior vertebral 1965 Pleistocene deposits of the Erie Loe. In. The Quaternary of the United States. margins. Edited by H. E. Wright and D. G. Frey. Considering the level of medical Princeton University Press, New Jersey. of the North American prehistoric popula­ Gustov, B. tions, it is highly improbable that much could 1972 Sexual dimorphism in the human adult have been done to correct any of these dis­ bony pelvis. Unpublished Ph.D. disser­ orders, or to alleviate any of the pain which tation, Department of Anthropology, they could generate. Although none of the Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. Hanna, R. E. and S. L. Washburn Otto, M. P. 1953 The determination of the sex of a skele­ 1974 Prehistoric sites—Endangered species, ton as illustrated by the study of an Es­ Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 24, pp. 24-25. kimo pelvis. Human Biology 25: 21-27. Roney, J. G. Hyde, J. E. 1966 Paleoepidemiology: An example from 1921 Geology of Camp Sherman Quadrangle, California. In Human paleopathology. Geol. Survey of Ohio Bull. No. 23 (4th Edited by S. Jarcho, Yale Univ. Press, Series). New Haven. McKern, T. W. and T. D. Stewart Todd, T. W. 1957 Skeletal age changes in young Ameri­ 1921 Age changes in the pubic bone (Parts can males, analyzed from standpoint of l-IV). Am. J. of Phys. Anthro. 3: 285- age identification, Technical Report EP- 334; 4: 1-70. 45. Environmental Protection Research Todd, T. W. and D. W. Lyon Division Quartermaster Research and 1924 Endocranial suture closure, its progress Development Center, U.S. Army, Natich, and age relationships. Am. J. of Phys. Massachusetts. Anthro. 7: 326-384. Morse, D. 1924 Cranial suture closure, its progress and 1969 Disease in the ancient Midwest. Illinois age relationships. Am. J. of Phys. An­ State Museum, Springfield. thro. 8: 23-45. Moseley, J. E. Trotter, M. 1966 Radiographicstudies in hemotologic 1970 Estimation of stature from fragments of bonedisease.ln Human paleopathology. long bone limbs. In Personal Identifica­ Edited by S. Jarcho, Yale Univ. Press, tion in Mass Disasters. Edited by T. D. New Haven. Stewart, National Museum of Natural Nathan, H. and N. Haas History, Washington, D.C. 1966 On the presence of cribra orbitalia in VanGerven, D. apes and monkeys, Am. J. Phys. Anth. 1972 Sexual dimorphism in the adult human 24:351-360. femur. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Neuman, G. Department of Anthropology, University 1952 Archaeology and race in the American of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. Indian. In. Archaeology of the Eastern Woodlands. Edited by J. Griffen, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Fig. 2 (Blank and Lallo) Periostitis of the left tibia.

Fig. 3 (Blank and Lallo) Osteoarthritis of the right ulna Fig. 1 (Blank and Lallo) Map location of the burial site. with lipping on margins of articular surfaces. Fig. 5 (Blank and Lallo) Osteoporotic pitting on the cranium.

Fig. 4 (Blank and Lallo) Osteophytosis of the vertebrae with development of osteophytes on vertebral margin.

Fig. 6 (Blank and Lallo) Healed fracture with callus forma­ Fig. 7 (Blank and Lallo) Initial stages of Cribra Orbitalia tion on the left clavicle. on ocular wall.

Fig. 8 (Blank and Lallo) Legg-Calve-Perthes disease with normal femur on left, diseased femur in center, and diseased pelvis on the right.

36 Early-Man and Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction

by William C. Haneberg1 and Russell Alan Falquet2 Project Earth Study, Department of Earth Science, North Olmsted City Schools, North Olmsted, Ohio 44070

The subject of late Pleistocene megafaunal the waters had to flow to a new shoreline extinctions is a controversial one, and even several miles further south. more so when one takes into account the The earliest known evidence of early-Man possibility of the involvement of early-Man. in the Americas is in the Ayacucho Valley of The most generally accepted theory of early- the Peruvian Andes. At the lowest level of Man's entrance into the Americas is a migra­ the Flea Cave excavation, several crude peb­ tion over the Bering land bridge, and it is the ble tools, along with two bones from an ex­ intention of this paper to illustrate that early- tinct ground sloth, were uncovered. The next Man had crossed the bridge at a time when higher level also revealed similar findings. A he had the resources necessary to make a Carbon-14 date on sloth bones from the significant contribution towards this mega­ higher level indicates a date of 19,600 faunal extinction. (±3000) years B.P. MacNeish (1971) has The invasion of North America was not a estimated a date of 22,000 years B.P. for the mass exodus with hordes of Homo sapiens lower level. racing into Alaska to get to the choice hunt­ When early-Man entered North America, ing grounds. In fact, it was a slow diffusion he found an extremely large and productive onto this new continent. hunting habitat of 2.6 x 10' square kilometers. The land passage was open during the 50 As referred to earlier, early-Man was pre­ million year Tertiary period, until it sank into ceded by various types of large animals that the sea sometime near one million years ago were not indigenous to this continent. In the (this section of the sea floor collapsed due to interval of time before the arrival of early- a downwarping of the Earth's crust). During Man, the game had time to multiply into num­ this time small rodents spread into North bers substantial enough to populate the en­ America, and were followed by a variety of tire continent. Martin (1973) estimates a large mammals. Some of these mammals in­ megafaunal biomass of 2.5 x 10s animal units clude the mastodon, mammoth, musk ox, bi­ in the area north of Mexico. With such an son, moose, elk, camel, bear, wolf, and an abundant food supply readily available, the extinct form of horse. hunters would not encounter any adverse Even though this passage had sunk below difficulty in procuring their food. This can be sea level, during glacial retreats its depth was seen as an explanation of the absence of less than 60 meters. This fact is significant in elaborate kill sites if early-Man did indeed that during glacial advancements the sea play a direct role in the late Pleistocene level dropped a minimum of 90 meters, pro­ megafaunal extinctions. viding for the re-opening of the land bridge. Archaeological evidence has shown that This figure is supported by evidence of coral points of the fluted lanceolate type were in atolls in the Pacific Ocean in locations where use at this interval of time. The lanceolate the depth exceeds 900 meters. The colonial point is extremely well suited for big game organisms that formed these atolls required hunting. The megafauna of the North Ameri­ warm water (24.4° C to 26.6° C), and more can plains had, and still have, tough hides and importantly, light. The photic zone in this part thick deposits of fat that have to be pene­ of the Pacific is at a depth of 90 meters, and trated in order to kill the prey. One of the it would require a drastic change in sea level chief characteristics of the lanceolate point in order for these organisms to survive at the is its long and sleek silhouette, one well- depths that now harbor the bases of these adapted for maximum penetration with a atolls. Additional evidence can be found in minimum of resistance. The large size and the Mississippi River valley. During intergla- bulk of the lanceolate point prevented its use cial periods, the river has a broad flood plain. in a arrangement, as it would During advancements, however, there is evi­ have produced a front heavy, aerodynamically dence of increased downcutting. This down- unstable projectile. If such points were utilized cutting is due to the fact that as the drop in for such a purpose, an excessively high tra­ sea level increased the slope of the basin, jectory would be needed to attain any dis-

37 tance. This type of flight, therefore, has a and pressure exerted by falling animals. A severely reduced degree of accuracy and classic example of this type of operation is penetrative force. This being the case, it is the Olsen-Chubbuck site in eastern Colorado. believed that these points were hafted onto It can be easily seen why the paleo-lndian hand-held shafts and were used for close would not utilize this method unless it was range killing, as would be used for the deci­ out of necessity, as Wheat (1973) concludes mation of single isolated animals. that such sites are evidence of "considerable To come to the attention of the contempo­ size and impressive social organization" in rary archaeologist, a kill site must be of fairly the hunting groups. The presence of such large proportions. It may become easier to groups implies that kill sites of this nature understand this statement when one realizes were extremely difficult to operate. It is un­ the great difficulty and "luck" involved in derstandable, then, that the paleo-lndian finding a single animal that has been decay­ would not embark upon such a difficult chore ing for 10,000 years. A kill site of perhaps when he could simply have surrounded and one or two hundred animals stampeded into killed an animal. In addition, kill sites such as a gulch attracts far greater attention than a the Olsen-Chubbuck site produced enough single animal, especially from a farmer or food for as many as 200 people for as long rancher who may happen upon a few bones as a month, indicating that this type of kill and report them to a museum. would not be feasible for small hunting bands The first hunters probably killed in a man­ that were surrounded by game. ner that involved the taking of only one or In conclusion, we feel that early-Man in two animals at a time. Various reasons for North America had a great deal to do with the this mode of operation are (1) hunting parties late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions. were most probably small groups that did not There is no doubt that he was present in the need excessive amounts of food and (2) if area at the time and it is probable that he had the animals were in abundance, there would the tool kit necessary for contributing to the be no need to kill more than could be used extinctions. The absence of elaborate kill for immediate consumption. The population sites can be accounted for by the fact that it density was minimal, not exceeding 0.4 per­ was neither necessary nor feasible for such sons per square kilometer at the maximum sites to be utilized by the paleo-lndian hunter. (Martin, 1973), so there would be no great competition forthe abundant megafaunal biomass. MacNeish, Richard S. As time progressed, however, there was a 1971 "Early Man in the Andes," Scientific drop in the size of the biomass due to a lack American 224:4, April 1971. of defensive development on the part of the Martin, Paul S. animals and overkill by early-Man. As the 1973 "The Discovery of America," Science shrunken megafaunal population did develop 179:4077, March 1973. defensive instincts, however, they became Wheat, Joe Ben increasingly harder to kill. Compounded with 1973 "A Paleo-lndian Bison Kill," Early Man an increasing human population, this made in America. Readings from Scientific for a severe shortage of meat. Forced to turn American, 1973. to more complicated methods of finding food, early-Man struck back by bringing elaborate 'The senior author is presently a junior at North Olmsted kill sites into use. One of the most common High School in North Olmsted, Ohio. and effective kill sites was initiating a stam­ 2The junior author is an instructor of Earth Science in the North Olmsted City School System and Director of Project pede of animals over a sharp dropoff. The Earth Study, a program of lab and field research concerned killing was accomplished through suffocation with ecology, geology, and archaeology.

38 Artifacts from the Sorgenfrei Collection by Jan Sorgenfrei, Lima, Ohio

Fig. 1 (Sorgenfrei) Three large rec­ tangular slate gorgets. They are al­ most identical in length, being exactly six inches long. They are made from varieties of banded slate.

Fig. 2 (Sorgenfrei) Two nearly iden­ tical trapezoidal pendants. Each is made of green and black banded slate.

39 An Editorial In the May-June newsletter from the Ten­ pated in, the work at the Riker site from its nessee Archaeological Society an article on inception and to my recollection little was public archaeology appeared in which the said about the methods employed there until age old problem of amateur-professional re­ after some time had elapsed. lationship is discussed, with particular refer­ However, defense of the Riker excavation ence to Ohio. Among three paragraphs is not the intent of this editorial. The point of quoted in the article is one taken from Prufer most of these comments by professionals is and McKenzie's Studies in Ohio Archaeol­ that there are a few good amateurs but a lot ogy. I had received a review copy of a revised of bad ones. Such terms as "pothunting", edition of this book in May, 1976, but since I "looting", "butchery", and the deprecatory had read the book quite thoroughly when it one of "relic hunters", are indiscriminately was first published in 1967 and could see few flung about to describe all inclusively anyone additions, with the exception of carbon dates, without a university degree. to be quite frank, did not give it the attention Speaking on my own, and not on behalf of it apparently deserved. Thus, I overlooked a The Archaeological Society of Ohio, I would newly added second preface or introduction like to make a few observations of the pro­ (it is marked as both on different pages) in fessional activity in Ohio and to review what which the following paragraph is found. Prufer and McKenzie and others have said. There have been rumors around our state . . . "Ohio has always been renowned in folk­ for some years of an "Archaeological Coun­ lore and fact for the abuses of its amateurs cil'' which was to be composed of those (with some significant exceptions). This de­ people, both professional and amateur, who plorable situation has not changed since were knowledgeable and had an interest in 1967. If anything, it has worsened. The furthering Ohio archaeology. This organiza­ wholesale butchery of the Riker Site in Tus­ tion has apparently now been formed and in carawas County by armies of collectors and Prufer and McKenzie's words is a profes­ looters is a good, and by no means unique, sional organization, which I assume professes example of the status of amateur investiga­ to embrace within its membership all of the tions in Ohio. What is sorely needed is strong archaeological expertise in Ohio. If it is a legislation to curb this kind of carnage. At professional fraternity then it should be this time it can only be said that most of the called by its proper name—Council of Pro­ nonprofessionals and their organization, the fessional Archaeologists. So far they have Archaeological Society of Ohio, have a long managed to keep out most of the non-pro­ way to go before they can lay claim to accep­ fessionals and it seems that one need only tance by their professional brethern." Prufer to be a professional, however tenuous the and McKenzie, Studies in Ohio Archaeology, term, to belong. Revised Edition, 1975: xix) In their introduction-preface they skip To begin with I must confess that I cannot about the state and confer laudatory acco­ comment firsthand on what was done at the lades on work being done by the various uni­ Riker site and am not qualified to pass judge­ versities, museums, and other professional ment on what took place there, however un­ organizations. Some of this work has been fortunate. Nor did I read the book that was wasteful, repetitive, shoddy, and in one par­ published by a chapter of our Society on its ticular case mentioned, superficial to say the excavation. I can say, however, that the book least. In another instance the investigator had was not authorized or reviewed by the Ar­ no more idea what he was finding than the chaeological Society of Ohio nor was it pub­ rankest amateur. I will agree that important lished under our auspices. The chapter who work has been done by some professional did the excavating and publishing is indeed a groups including those pf Prufer and Mc­ chartered chapter of our Society and there­ Kenzie, and in fact I was elated to see Olaf fore we must accept to some degree the Prufer enter the Ohio scene some years ago responsibility of its actions. Not all of the and dust off a science which was in the dol­ participants at the Riker excavation were drums. He would have to admit that he found members of our group, but again, this does among our organization a receptive, inter­ not alleviate all of the blame leveled at our ested, and most of all, a cooperative audi­ organization. It was my understanding that a ence. On his behalf I would say that he number of professional people from Kent generated a cordial amateur-professional re­ State University were aware of, and partici­ lationship unknown before he came to Ohio. His turnabout has apparently been stimulated and as a lark, trampled over sites in Mus­ by the infractions of a few misguided ama­ kingum County on their offdays from digging teurs but his wrath is directed at over 1600 at Dillon —sites, the locations of members of our Society. which, were unselfishly and naively divulged What is significant is what was not said in by an amateur archaeologist. Ironically, this their assessment of the Ohio picture. From "amateur" has probably contributed more to my own personal knowledge I can cite in­ the archaeological picture in Ohio, at his own stances where information was sent to pro­ time and expense, than all but a handful of fessionals about the imminent or actual professionals. destruction of sites and mounds and was And finally, the last sentence which com­ totally ignored. One informant was told to ments on The Archaeological Society of call the State Highway Patrol. In particular I Ohio, says that we have a long way to go to would like to know where the reports of these be "accepted" by our professional brethren. important professional activities are to be On behalf of our Society I think I can justi­ found. Three, which I can recall, were sensa­ fiably say that I don't think we have any dis­ tionalized newspaper accounts. Neither do tance at all to go. We are not supplicants, these authors mention professional excava­ knocking at the back door of the professional tion which takes place and goes unpublished mansion, asking for acceptance. We have anywhere—the information and artifacts within our membership people who are just brought to light go back into obscurity in as dedicated to the ultimate aims of archae­ some remote corner of a dusty basement and ology as anyone in the professional ranks. may as well have been left where they were We also have members with as much stature to begin with. I do not have to mention other and who are as knowledgeable, sometimes examples of professional ineptness—they are surpassingly so, as those with a university well known to Prufer and McKenzie. But degree. while speaking of "armies of collectors" noth­ ing was said of the armies of students under Robert N. Converse professional guidance, who unashamedly Editor

41 Figure 1 —Silver pendant, photograph, actual size. Figure 2—Silver pendant, line drawing, actual size. A SILVER PENDANT by William W. Tiell, Lakewood, Ohio A more common trade item of the early 1814, of sterling silver (lion) in conjunction American Historic period is the silver orna­ with the "XY" Company. ment. These silver decorations were primarily This large pendant is interesting because used in fur trade for a ever demanding Euro­ of the engraving which shows a European pean market. Some designs were mass pro­ concept of "The American Indian". duced and some were more unique. Many are signed by means of a hallmark or touch mark which can help in identification. These BEAUCHAMP, WILLIAM M. Metallic Ornaments marks may tell the craftsman's name, the of the New York Indians silver content, the company who commis­ CARTER, WILLIAM H. North American Indian sioned the order and sometimes the trader Trade Silver Volume I and II himself was "signed". JOLLY, FLETCHER II, Central State Archeological The illustrated piece was made by David Journal, July 1973, Dating Hiwassee Old Town Windsor (DW) in London, England about (40PH3) Using Silver Trade Goods.

mm \\¥(/\ Figure 3—Touchmark David Windsor Figure 4 —Hallmark, English Passant lion. Figure 5—Touchmark, XY Company.

42 An Adena Blade from Indiana

This Adena cache blade was a single find in Lagrange Co., Indiana. The farmer who found it glued it and wired it to the center of a display of other points. It remained there undamaged until it was sold at auction in 1975 Its measurements make it one of the largest Flint Ridge chalcedony blades re­ corded. It is 8 inches long and four inches wide and the photograph is actual size. Its colors are cream, blue, and gold with several quartz and crystal inclusions. The chipping is finely executed adding to its beauty and symmetry. The blade is in the collection of John Baldwin, Angola, Indiana.

Book Review The Rise and Fall of the Ancient Worlds, by Herbert Wender. Philosophical Library, Inc., 15 E. 40th St., New York, N.Y. 10016, $8.75. For the reader who would like a brief in­ sight into early European and Asian civiliza­ tions this book will be of great benefit. Early This is a book made for easy reading and man is dealt with in only a few pages so do for the student who does not want to delve not expect a treatise on man. The into the technical aspects of history. Even book principally deals with the early civiliza­ though the new world is not represented in tions of Egypt, the near east and India, but the book it still provides an interesting and the bulk of the text deals with the Greek and non-technical look at early European and Roman worlds. The author's descriptions of Asian history. the religious, political and social customs of these early peoples are concise and well Robert N. Converse written.

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OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY

The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material wuhin the State ot Ohio, to seek and pro­ mote a better understanding among students and collectors ol archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals mu­ seums, and institutions of learning, and to dissemi­ nate knowledge on the subject of archaeology Membership in this society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues