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Housing, Memory and the Post-War State: Resident Experiences, Regeneration and the Council Estate in Manchester, 1945-2010

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Housing, Memory and the Post-War State: Resident Experiences, Regeneration and the Council Estate in Manchester, 1945-2010 Housing, Memory and the Post-War State: Resident Experiences, Regeneration and the Council Estate in Manchester, 1945-2010 A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2015 Paula Smalley School of Arts, Languages and Cultures Table of Contents Table of Figures 4 Abbreviations 6 Abstract 7 Declaration 8 Copyright Statement 9 Acknowledgements 10 Introduction - Housing, Memory and the Post-War State 12 The ‘Problem’ Estate 14 Persistent Narratives of British Council Housing 18 Testimonies of Experience 30 The Structure of the Thesis 41 Chapter One - House and Home in Post-War Britain 47 Home as Social Policy 53 Home as Emotional Practice 73 Narrating the State on the Council Estate 88 Conclusion 97 Chapter Two - The Remembered Slum 100 The Legitimating ‘Slum’ 107 What Was, and What Ought to Be 123 Separating ‘Slum’ and Community 131 Conclusion 141 Chapter Three - Dreaming of the New World, Living in the New World 144 The State’s Narratives 150 ‘Outsider’ Narratives 163 ‘Insider’ Narratives 179 A Return to Clearance: On-going Beliefs in the Power of the Environment 189 Conclusion 208 Chapter Four - Regeneration: Continuities in the Inner City 211 The Uses of Neoliberalism 220 Continuities in British Regeneration Practice 225 Is Regeneration Novel? Case Studies of Grove Village and West Gorton 242 Conclusion 257 Conclusion 259 Bibliography 266 Primary Material 266 Archival Sources 266 Online Archives and Sources 269 Printed Primary Sources 269 2 Newspapers, Trade Journals and Magazines 272 Oral History Interviews 272 Television and Film 273 Websites 273 Secondary Material 274 Articles 274 Books 286 Unpublished Theses 292 Working Papers and Research Papers 293 Appendix I 294 Example Recruitment Flyer (West Gorton) 294 Example Recruitment Poster/Flyer (Ardwick/Longsight) 295 Appendix II 296 Sample Interview Questions 296 Word Count: 72, 114 3 Table of Figures Figure 1.1 Ardwick Grove Village 1200m. Source: Manchestermove.co.uk. .............................. 39 Figure 2.1 ‘For Family – Happiness – and a Home: Vote Conservative’ (1950). Source: Conservative Party Archive. ........................................................................................................... 65 Figure 2.2 Labour For Homes (1945). Source: shop.labour.org. .................................................... 66 Figure 2.3 ‘Fact of the Month: More Homes’ (1963). Source: Conservative Party Archive. 67 Figure 2.4 ‘1 Million Council Homes Have Been Sold to Their Tenants’ (1987). Source: Conservative Party Archive. ........................................................................................................... 68 Figure 2.5 H. Milligan, ‘Housing Hyde Road Slum Clearance Protest’ (1958). Source: GMCRO LIC, ref. m08449. ................................................................................................................. 71 Figure 3.1 County Borough of Manchester Age of Buildings [1(2)]. Source: GMCRO, M507/5661/4/2. .............................................................................................................................. 111 Figure 3.2 County Borough of Manchester Age of Buildings [1(2)]. Source: GMCRO, M507/5661/4/2. .............................................................................................................................. 112 Figure 3.3 W. Kay Ardwick Looking Across Waste Ground to Stockport Road (1958). Source: GMCRO LIC, ref. m39537. ............................................................................................. 122 Figure 3.4 W. Kay ‘Ardwick, Shakespeare Street Demolition in Progress Off Stockport Road’ (1969). Source: GMCRO LIC, ref. m12040. ................................................................ 122 Figure 3.5 W. Kay, ‘Ardwick Wilson Street Off Stockport Road Demolition in Progress’ (1969). Source: GMCRO LIC, ref. m12246. ............................................................................ 123 Figure 4.1 W. Kay, Ardwick, Stockport Road, New Flats Under Construction in Ardwick, off Stockport Road, North East Side (1969). Source: GMCRO LIC, ref. m40021. ......... 153 Figure 4.2 ‘The ‘Barrier’ Building: Housing Facing ‘Outwards’’. Source: R. C. Stones, ‘Grain Theory in Practice: Redevelopment in Manchester at Longsight’, The Town Planning Review 41:4 (1970), credited to Daily Express. .............................................. 153 Figure 4.3 ‘Town and Country Planning, Longsight, Manchester’ (1972). Source: GMCRO LIC, ref. m58780. .............................................................................................................................. 157 Figure 4.4 ‘Gibson Street’. Source: Stones, ‘Housing and Redevelopment’. ............................. 157 Figure 4.5 H. Milligan, ‘Rear of Coverdale Crescent Flats’ (1971). Source: GMCRO LIC, ref. m23208. ............................................................................................................................................... 160 Figure 4.6 ‘Inquiry: The Great British Housing Disaster’ (1984), still taken at 00.12. Source: www.youtube.com.. ........................................................................................................ 167 Figure 4.7 B. Garth, Gorton (West) Wenlock Way Flats, Taken from Bennett Street, Ardwick (1972). Source: GMCRO LIC, ref. m24434 ........................................................... 170 Figure 4.8 Wenlock Way, West Gorton. Source: author’s own, February 2014. ................... 171 Figure 4.9 Partial Demolition and New Housing, Wenlock Way, West Gorton. Source: author’s own, February 2014. .................................................................................................... 173 Figure 4.10 ‘Town and Country Planning, Hulme, Manchester’ (1972). Source: GMCRO LIC, ref. m58778. ....................................................................................................................................... 183 Figure 4.11 Kevin Cummins, ‘Hulme Crescents in Manchester’. Source: Kevin Cummins, Manchester: Looking for the Light Through the Pouring Rain, (London, 2009). 185 Figure 4.12 T. Brooks, ‘Gorton Brook House Shopping Centre from Gorton Lane Facing South’, (1964). Source: GMCRO LIC, ref. m23473. ............................................................. 188 4 Figure 4.13 ‘Ashton Old Road, Flats Under Construction on Un-Named Road’ (1971). Source: GMCRO LIC, ref. m12528. ............................................................................................. 193 Figure 4.14 ‘Fort Beswick’. Source: Len Grant, ‘Beswick’s Better’, East: The Magazine About Regeneration in East Manchester 3 (2006), p. 6. Image courtesy of GMCRO (N.D). ..................................................................................................................................................... 194 Figure 4.15 L. H. Price, Ardwick, Geranium Walk (1969). Source: GMCRO LIC, ref. m11562 .................................................................................................................................................................. 195 Figure 4.16 S4B Site Masterplan Brunswick. Source: http://s4bmanchester.co.uk ref. m4976 LP 000 Rev A. ...................................................................................................................... 208 Figure 5.1 Urban Regeneration Initiatives in Manchester. Source: Gwyndaf Williams, ‘City Profile: Manchester’, Cities 13:3 (1996), pp. 203-212, (p. 209) ................................... 219 Figure 5.2 Manchester, Plymouth Grove housing: (A) as built in the 1970s by the council housing department and (B) revamped in 2006–2009 and rebranded as Grove Village by M. J. Gleeson, Harvest Housing Group and Nationwide Building Society under the Ardwick Private Finance Initiative. Source: Michael Hebbert, ‘Manchester: Making it Happen’, p. 64. .................................................................................. 244 Figure 5.3 The ‘Grove Village’ logo. Source: http://www.yourhousinggroup.co.uk. .......... 251 Figure 5.4 West Gorton Logo. Source: Keepmoat, ‘West Gorton, Manchester: Case Study’, (N.D), www.keepmoat.com. ......................................................................................................... 253 Figure 5.5 Accompanying Plaque for Wheelset Sculpture, Gorton Library. Source: Authors Own. ....................................................................................................................................................... 255 Figure 5.6 Wheelset Sculpture, Gorton Library. Source: Author’s Own ................................... 256 Figure 5.7 Accompanying Plaque for Wheelset Sculpture, Debdale Park, Gorton. Source: Author’s Own ..................................................................................................................................... 256 Figure 5.8 Wheelset Sculpture, Debdale Park, Gorton. Source: Author’s Own ...................... 257 5 Abbreviations AT Records created or inherited by the DoE, DETR, DTLR and Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. TNA reference CHAC Central Housing Advisory Committee CPA Conservative Party Archive DETR Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions DoE Department of the Environment DTLR Department of Local Government and the Regions GMCRO Greater Manchester County Record Office HLG Ministry of Housing and Local Government. TNA reference LIC Local Image Collection (GMCRO) MCC Manchester City Council MHLG Ministry of Housing and Local Government (non- TNA reference)
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