(EIA) of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

Province No: 1

Submitted To: Ministry of Forests and Environment Singhadurbar, Kathmandu

Submitted Through: Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation Singhadurbar, Kathmandu

Submitted By: Study Design and Environment Section Department of Water Resources and Irrigation Jawalakhel, Lalitpur

Proponent: Prepared by: Water Resources and Irrigation Environmental Works and Services P(Ltd) Development Division, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu Bhadrapur, Jhapa Ph. No. 01-4104479/80 Ph. No. 023-455628 Email:[email protected] Email:[email protected]

January, 2020

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES ...... vii LIST OF FIGURES ...... ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...... x sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z...... xii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... xvii Information on Project ...... xvii Project Proponent and Consultant...... xvii Baseline Information ...... xvii Environmental Impacts of the Project ...... xx Environmental Impacts Enhancement and Mitigation Measures ...... xx Environmental Management Plan ...... xx Conclusion ...... xxi 1.1 Name and address of the Proponent ...... 1 1.2 Name and Address of the Consultant ...... 1 1.3 Team Involved in EIA Study ...... 1 1. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE INDIVIDUAL OR INSTUITION PREPARING THE REPORT ...... 1 2.1 Background of the Proposal ...... 3 2. SUMMARY OF THE PROPOSAL ...... 3 2.2 Objectives of the EIA Study ...... 4 2.3 Limitations ...... 4 2.4 Rationale of the Study ...... 4 2.5 Relevancy of the Proposal ...... 5 2.6 Impact on Land use ...... 6 2.7 Impact on the Environment, Human life and Population ...... 6 2.8 Damages to the Public Utilities or Infrastructures ...... 7 3.1 Sources of Data ...... 8 3. METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR EIA STUDY ...... 8 3.2 Data Collection Methodologies ...... 9

3.2.1 Desk study ...... 9 3.2.2 Questionnaire and Checklist Preparation for Field Survey ...... 10 3.2.3 Field Study ...... 10 3.3 Data Analysis/ Processing ...... 13 3.4 Impact Assessment Methods ...... 14 3.5 Public Hearing ...... 16 3.6 Draft Report Preparation ...... 22 3.7 Finalization of EIA Report ...... 23 4.1 Project Description of the Project ...... 24 4. PARTICULARS OF THE PROJECT ...... 24 4.2 Access of the Project ...... 25 4.3 Salient Features of the Project ...... 26 4.4 Canal Components ...... 28 4.4.1 HeadworkDesign ...... 28 4.4.2 Intake and Canal ...... 28 4.4.3 Other Structures ...... 28 4.5 Construction Planning ...... 29 4.6 Construction Requirement of the Project ...... 29 4.6.1 Construction Materials and Other ...... 29 4.6.2 Project Ancillary Facilities ...... 32 4.7 Project Area Delineation ...... 36 4.7.1 Direct Impact Area (DIA) ...... 36 4.7.2 Indirect Impact Area (IIA) ...... 36 4.7.3 Zone of Influence (ZoI) ...... 37 4.8 Construction Technology ...... 37 4.9 Resource Consumed ...... 37 4.10 Maintenance Approach ...... 37 4.11 Project Schedule ...... 38 5.1 Review of Constitution of Nepal ...... 40 5.2 Review of Plans and Policies ...... 40 5. REVIEW OF ACTS, POLICIES, REGULATION AND GUIDELINES ...... 40

iii

5.3 Review of Acts ...... 46 5.4 Review of Rules and Regulations ...... 52 5.5 Review of Guidelines. Manuals and Strategy ...... 54 5.6 Review of International Conventions ...... 57 5.7 Review of Standards ...... 58 6.1 Physical Environment ...... 60 6.1.1 Land use Pattern...... 60 6.1.2 Geology and Soil Type ...... 60 6. EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION ...... 60 6.1.3 Climate ...... 61 6.1.4 Hydrology ...... 64 6.1.5 Air, Noise and Water Quality...... 66 6.1.6 Infrastructure Situated along the alignment ...... 67 6.1.6 Soil Properties of Command Area ...... 67 6.1.7 Average Water Table ...... 67 6.1.8 Seismicity ...... 67 6.2 Biological Environment ...... 71 6.2.1 Forest ...... 71 6.2.2 Wildlife ...... 75 6.2.3 Aquatic Life ...... 75 6.3 Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment ...... 75 6.3.1 Population ...... 76 6.3.2 Occupation ...... 77 6.3.3 Education ...... 77 6.3.4 Communication ...... 78 6.3.5 Electricity ...... 78 6.3.6 Irrigation ...... 78 6.3.7 Water Supply ...... 78 6.3.8 Fuel for Cooking ...... 79 6.3.10 Migration Pattern ...... 79 6.3.11 Market Centers and Business Facilities ...... 79 iv

6.3.12 Agro-biodiversity ...... 79 6.3.13 Health Facility ...... 80 6.3.14 Cultural and Religious Sites ...... 80 7.1 Beneficial Impact ...... 81 7.1.1 Construction Phase...... 81 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ...... 81 7.1.2 Operation Phase ...... 82 7.2Adverse Impact ...... 84 7.2.1 Pre-Construction Phase ...... 84 7.2.2 Construction Phase...... 85 7.2.3 Operation Phase ...... 92 7.3 Issues Raised by Local People ...... 94 7.4 Impact Evaluation ...... 94 8.1 Alternative Design ...... 98 8.2 Alternative Alignment ...... 98 8. ALTERNATIVE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION FOR THE PROPOSAL ...... 98 8.3 Alternative Technology ...... 99 8.4 Time Schedule ...... 99 8.5 Raw Materials ...... 99 8.6 No Action ...... 99 9.1 Beneficial Impacts Augmentation Measures ...... 100 9.1.1 Construction Phase...... 100 9. IMPACT ENHANCEMENT AND MITIAGATION MEASURES ...... 100 9.1.2 Operation Phase ...... 101 9.2 Adverse Impacts Mitigation Measures ...... 102 9.2.1 Pre-Construction Phase ...... 102 9.2.2 Construction Phase...... 104 9.2.3 Operation Phase ...... 110 9.3 Issues raised by Local People ...... 112 9.4 Grievance Re-address Mechanism ...... 113 9.5 Cost for Enhancement and Mitigation Measures ...... 114

10.1 Project Organization ...... 124 10. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN...... 124 10.2 Environmental Management Roles and Responsibility ...... 125 10.3 Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation ...... 127 10.3.1 Type of Monitoring ...... 127 10.3.2 Monitoring Parameters ...... 127 10.3.3 Environmental Monitoring Cost ...... 131 10.3.4 Records, Reporting and Corrective Actions ...... 131 10.4 Environmental Audit ...... 138 10.5 Summary of the Environmental Management Cost ...... 144 11. CONCLUSION ...... 145 11.1 Proponent’s Obligations ...... 146 REFERENCES ...... 147 ANNEXES ...... I

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Study Team involved in the EIA ...... 2 Table 2: Legal Requirements for IEE Study ...... 5 Table 3: Methods used for Physical Environment Data Collection ...... 11 Table 4: Methods used for Biological Environment Data Collection ...... 12 Table 5: Methods used for Socio Economic and Cultural Environment Data Collection ...... 13 Table 6: Impact Evaluation ...... 15 Table 7: Suggestions, Comments and Issues Raised by different Stakeholders ...... 17 Table 8: Salient Features of the Proposed Project ...... 26 Table 9: Total Land Required for the Proposed Project ...... 30 Table 10: Construction materials to be used ...... 32 Table 11: Spoil disposal, Camp, Stockpiling and Quarry Sites ...... 34 Table 12: Batching Plant, Aggregate Crushing and Washing Areas ...... 36 Table 13: Project Area Delineation ...... 37 Table 14: Schedule of the Proposed Project ...... 38 Table 15: National Ambient Air Quality Standard, 2012 ...... 59 Table 16: Land use patter of Jhapa district ...... 60 Table 17: Stations Used ...... 61 Table 18: Mean Monthly Temperature ...... 62 Table 19: Maximum Monthly Temperature ...... 62 Table 20: Minimum Monthly Temperature ...... 62 Table 21: Stations Used ...... 63 Table 22: Precipitation Estimate ...... 63 Table 23: Mean Monthly Flow ...... 64 Table 24: 80% Reliable Monthly Flow ...... 64 Table 25: High Flood Discharge ...... 66 Table26: Tree Species situated along the canal alignment ...... 72 Table 27: Stand Size Classification for Trees ...... 73 Table 28: Trees Count and Volume as per Stand Size Classification ...... 74 Table 29: Conservation Status of Wildlife within the Study Area ...... 75 Table 30: Houses within Immediate Impact Area ...... 76 Table 31: Population and Household of IIA ...... 77 Table 32: Population and Household of ZoI ...... 77 Table 33: Household relying on different Sources for Irrigation Purpose ...... 78 Table 34: Household relying on different Water Sources ...... 78 Table 35: Household relying on different Fuels for Cooking ...... 79 Table 36: Beneficial Environmental Impacts ...... 94 Table 37: Adverse Environmental Impacts...... 95 Table 38: Impact Evaluation Score ...... 97 Table 39: Score table ...... 97 Table 40: Compensatory Tree Plantation Cost ...... 104 Table 41: Issues raised by Local People ...... 112 vii

Table 42: Cost for enhancement and mitigation measures ...... 115 Table 43: Role and responsibilities of different stakeholders/agencies ...... 126 Table 44: Baseline Monitoring Plan ...... 129 Table 45: Compliance Monitoring Plan ...... 129 Table 46: Cost for Environmental Monitoring ...... 131 Table 47: Environmental Management Action Plan for Beneficial Impact ...... 132 Table 48: Environmental Management Action Plan for Adverse Impact...... 133 Table 49: Incorporation of Issues raised by Locals ...... 137 Table 50: Environmental Audit Framework for Beneficial Impacts ...... 139 Table 51: Environmental Audit Framework for Adverse Impacts ...... 140 Table 52: Summary of the Environmental Management Cost ...... 144 Table 53: Tree Volume Calculation Matrix ...... CVIII

viii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Design of Permanent Irrigation Canal with Service Road under Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa ...... 6 Figure 2: Location Map of Proposed Canal (Source: Survey Deartment) ...... 24 Figure 3: Accessibility Map of the Study Area ...... 26 Figure 4: Land use Map of Project Site (Source: Survey Department) ...... 31 Figure 5: Map showing Spoils Disposal Sites ...... 33 Figure 6: Map showing Stockpiling Sites ...... 35 Figure 7: Map showing Quarry Site for Sand ...... 35 Figure 8: Geology of the Study Area (Source: Survey Department) ...... 61 Figure 9: Map showing MIP regions (Source: Survey Deartment) ...... 65 Figure 10: Graph showing mean monthly flow and 80% monthly flow ...... 65 Figure 11: Epicentral map of the Himalaya showing the location of study area (As a reference the area lies in 3-4 local magnitude) ...... 68 Figure 12: Seismic hazard map of Nepal showing the location of study area. (The PGA value of the area is about 100 gal) ...... 70 Figure 13: Environmental Management Organization Structure ...... 125

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

B/C ratio Benefit/Cost ratio CBS Central Bureau of Statistics cm Centimeter CFC Compensation Fixation Committee DAO District Agriculture Office DCC District Coordination Committee DFO Division Forest Office DoE Department of Environment DoWRI Department of Water Resources and Irrigation DIA Direct Impact Area DPR Detailed Project Report EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return EMMP Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan EMP Environmental Monitoring Plan EPA Environment Protection Act EPR Environment Protection Rules EMU Environment Management Unit EPMs Environment Protection Measures ESISU Environment and Social Implementation Sub-unit ESU Environment and Social Unit GoN Government of Nepal ha Hector IDD Irrigation Development Division IIA Indirect Impact Area km kilometer lps liter per second m Meter MoEWRI Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation MoFE Ministry of Forests and Environment NRs Nepali Rupees O&M Operation & Maintenance PDSP Planning and Design Strengthening Project RBM River Born Material x

RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete RM Rural Municipality SD Scoping Document ToR Terms of Reference yr Year °C Degree Centigrade WUA Water User Association ZoI Zone of Influence

sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z

!= cfof]hgfsf] kl/ro lqj]0fL l;+rfO cfof]hgf Ps goFf l;+rfO / dfu cg'?k ;+rflnt cfof]hgf xf] h'g k|b]z g+= !, emfkf lhNnfsf] srgsjn ufpFkflnsfdf / afx|bzL ufpFkflnsfdf k5{ . k|:tfljt l;+rfO cfof]hgfsf] x]8js{ srgsjn / afx|bzL ufpFkflnsfsf] j8f g+= !, df /x]sf] cb'jf vf]nfdf lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . k|:tfljt &=$% ls=ld nDafO{sf] l;+rfO gx/n] emfkf lhNnfsf] srgsjn ufpFkflnsfsf] j8f g+= !, @, #, $ / & df s'n #,&^% x]S6/ If]qnfO{ l;+rfO ug]{5 . cb'jf vf]nf, o; l;+rfOsf] >f]t xf] h'g afx| nlxgf aUg] vf]nf xf] . o; cfof]hgfn] l;+rfO gx/sf] lgdf{0f;Fu} k|:tfljt l;+rfO gx/sf] b'j} 5]pdf ;]jf ;8ssf] lgdf{0fsf nflu k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . k|:tfljt l;+rfO gx/ !) ld rf}8fO{sf] 5 / o;sf] ;fy} k|To]s ;]jf ;8ssf] rf}8fO{ #=% ld /x]sf] 5 h;cg';f/ o;sf] s'n rf}8fO{ !& ld /x]sf] 5 . o; cfof]hgfsf nflu s'n !%=*#* x]= If]q cfjZos 5 h;dWo] !@=$$* x]= ;ft ljleGg ;fd'bflos jg / afFsL #=#( x]= lghL s[lif e"lddf kb{5 . k|:tfljt gx/ ;+/rgf o; ;ft ljleGg ;fd'bflos jgsf] ;Ldf x'b} hfG5 .

@= cfof]hgfsf] k|:tfjs / k/fdz{bftf cfof]hgfsf] k|:tfjs o; k|:tfljt lqj]0fL l;+rfO cfof]hgfsf] k|:tfjs hn>f]t tyf l;+rfO ljsf; l8lehg, emfkf xf] . k|:tfjssf] 7]ufgf lgDg k|sf/sf] 5 Ù hn>f]t tyf l;+rfO ljsf; l8lehg, emfkf eb«k'/, emfkf kmf]g g+= M )@#–$%%^@* ˆofS;\ g+= M )@#–$%%!^$ O{–d]n M [email protected] cfof]hgfsf] k/fdz{bftf k|:tfljt lqj]0fL l;+rfO cfof]hgfsf] k/fdz{bftf, O{Gef/f]d]G6n jS;{ P08 ;le{;];\ k|f=ln=, afg]Zj/ xf] . k/fdz{bftfsf] 7]ufgf lgDg k|sf/sf] 5 Ù O{Gef/f]d]G6n jS;{ P08 ;le{;];\ k|f= ln= t];|f] tNnf, sfdw]g' sDKn]S;\, gFofafg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )!–$!)$$&(÷*) O{ d]n M – [email protected]

#= cWoogsf] d'Vo p2]Zo o; jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo k|:tfljt cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 cfof]hgf If]qsf] ef}lts, /;folgs, h}ljs, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts ?kn] jftfj/0fdf kg{ ;Sg] ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds k|efjx?sf] cWoog u/L ;sf/fTds k|efjsf] a9f]Q/L tyf gsf/fTds k|efjsf] Go"gLs/0f ug{] pkfox? klxNofpg' xf] .

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa xii

sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z

$= jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍgsf] ;fGb{lestf tyf cWoog ljlw jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, @)%# / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)%$ sf] lgod @ ;+u ;DalGwt cg';"rL @ sf] -pmM_ $ cg';f/ t/fO{ / leqL dw]zdf @,))) x]S6/ eGbf a9Lsf] If]q l;+rfO ug{ jftfj/0fLo k|Effj d"NofÍg ug{' kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . k|:tfljt cfof]hgfn] gofF x]8js{ lgdf{0f ug{ nfu]sf] x'gfn] k|:t't cfof]hgf k|:tfjsf] jftfj/0fLo k|Effj d"NofÍg cWoog ul/Psf] 5 . cWoog ljlw jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍgsf] nflu cfjZos kg]]{ tYofÍx? o; k|ltj]bgdf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . ef}lts jftfj/0fdf hnjfo', e"–ue{, hUuf pkof]u / h}ljs jftfj/0fdf ?v lj?jf, jGohGt' tyf df5f h:tf tYofÍx? cfjZos k5{ . To;}u/L ;fdflhs cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0fdf hg;+Vof hfthflt tyf wd{ ;DalGw tYofÍx? cfjZos k5{ . 8]:s cWoog, :ynut cWoog tyf Dofl6«S; k|0ffnL4f/f jftfj/0fLo k|efjx?sf] klxrfg u/L jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg ul/Psf] 5 . 8]:s cWoogsf] qmddf cfof]hgfsf] ;Defjotf cWoog k|ltj]bg, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefuaf6 k|sflzt tYofÍx? tyf lhNnfsf] lhNnf kfZ{jlrqsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] 5 . cWoogsf] qmddf 3/w'/L ;j]{If0f, ljz]if1x?4f/f :ynut cjnf]sg, ;d"xut 5nkmn tyf :yfgLo a'l4hLjL, gu/kflnsf÷ufpFkflnsf / j8fsf] k|ltlglwx?l;t cGt/lqmofx? ul/Psf 5g\ . o; k|ltj]bgdf ;DjlGwt gu/kflnsf÷ufpFkflnsf / j8fx?, :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQmx?sf] /fo ;'emfj ;+sng ug{ / hfgsf/L lbg] p2]Zon] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ sfo{s|d u/L ;f]sf] d'r'Nsf, /fo÷;'emfj tyf l;kmfl/; ;d]t tof/ u/L k|ltj]bgdf k]z ul/Psf] 5 . pQm cfof]hgf;Fu ;DalGwt gu/kflnsf÷ufpFkflnsf / j8fx?, cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?, :yfgLo j'l4hLjLx? jf6 k|fKt ;'emfj tyf l;kmfl/;x? nfO{ o; k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

%= ljBdfg\ jftfj/0fLo l:ylt s_ ;fdflhs—cfly{s jftfj/0f k|:tfljt l;+rfO gx/, emfkf lhNnfsf] srgsjn ufpFkflnsfsf] j8f g+= ! -3]/fjf/L_, @ / # -kyl/of_, $ -s]rgf_ / & -afn'jf8L_ x'Fb} hfG5 . @)!* df ;+rflnt lkmN8 ;e]{ cg';f/ s'n !!% hg;+Vof -%( k'?if / %^ dlxnf_ @) 3/w'/Ldf a;f]af; ug]{ k|ToIf k|efljt If]qdf kb{5g\ . o; If]qsf] dflg;x?sf] d'Vo k]zf eg]sf] s[lif / kz'kfng xf] -srgsjn ufpFkflnsfsf] lj:t[t j:t'ut ljj/0f, @)&%_ . o; If]qdf & k|fylds / dfWolds ljBfno ul/ s'n @@ ljBfno 5g\ h;dWo] j8f g+= ! -^ ljBfno_, @ -# ljBfno_, # -% ljBfno_, $ -@ ljBfno_ / & -^ ljBfno_ k5{g\ . g]kfn b"/;+rf/ / Pg;]nsf df]afOn kmf]g / s]an g]6js{ 6]lnlehgx? ;+rf/ dfWodsf nflu a9L pkof]u x'g] dfWod x'g\ . 3/nfO{ k|sflzt kfg{ lah'nL g} d'Vo k|of]u ul/G5 . j8f g+= !, @, #, $ / & sf emG8} %^ 3/w'/L v]tLkftLsf nfuL gx/d} lge{/ 5g\ . vfg]kfgLsf nflu emG8} ^,$)@ 3/w'/L sndf lge{/ 5g\ . To:t} ul/, vfgf ksfpg %,@^( 3/w'/L sf7bfp/fdf lge{/ 5g\ . k|:tfljt If]qaf6 glhs}sf] ahf/ eg]sf] eb|k'/, rGb|u9L, latf{df]8 / ef/t /x]sf] 5 . k|:tfljt If]q :yfgLo s[lif–ljljwtfdf ;d[4 5 / oFxf ;'wfl/Psf] afnLx? h:t} ds}, uFx', wfg, cfn' / cGo t/sf/Lx? ;dfj]z 5g\ . o; srgsjn ufpFkflnsfdf xfn ! :jf:Yo rf}sL, @ pk–:jf:Yo rf}sL, $ k|fylds :jf:Yo rf}sL, % kmfd]{;L / & k|;'tL s]Gb|x? ;~rfngdf 5g\ -srgsjn ufpFkflnsfsf] lj:t[t j:t'ut ljj/0f, @)&%_ . v_ ;fF:s[lts jftfj/0f o; k|:tfljt l;+rfO gx/ ;+/rgfsf] ck|ToIf k|efljt If]q leq j8f g+= ! df % dlGb/x?, j8f g+= @ df # dlGb/x?, j8f g+= # df @ dlGb/x? / ! rRf{, j8f g+= $ df @ dlGb/x?, j8f g+= & df $ dlGb/x? k5{g\ .

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa xiii

sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z

u_ ef}lts jftfj/0f o; k|:tfljt l;+rfO gx/ ;+/rgf, emfkf lhNnfsf] blIf0f efudf kb{5 . ef}uf]lns ¿kdf, of] @(@^*#!+%* pQ/L cIff+z / %($#)(=( k"jL{ b]zfGt/df cjl:yt 5 . of] ;d'lGb| ;txaf6 ^! ld= sf] cf};t prfO{df km}lnPsf] 5 . o; cfof]hgfnfO{ s'n !%=*#* x]= e"ldsf] :yfoL clwu|x0f cfjZos /x]sf] 5 h;dWo] !@=$$* x]= ;ft ljleGg ;fd'bflos jgx?df / afFsL #=#( x]= lghL s[lif e"lddf kb{5g\ . k|:tfljt If]q s'g} klg r'/] ;+/If0f If]qdf kb}{g . o; If]qsf] clwstd / Go"gtd dfl;s tfkdfg #)=$@° ;]lN;o; / !(=)#° ;]lN;o; /x]sf] 5 . cf};t dfl;s jiff{ eg] @))=@% ld= ld= /x]sf] 5 -l8= lk=cf/, @)!&_ . l;+rfOsf] nflu cb'jf vf]nf k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 h;sf] axfj #,(@* lps /x]sf] lyof] -clk|n, @)!&_ . df6f] k/LIf0f / kfgL k/LIf0f sf] 6]:6 l/kf]{6 o; jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nof+sg k|ltj]bgsf] df Annex VIII ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . 3_ h}jLs jftfj/0f k|:tfljt cfof]hgf s'g} klg ;+/lIft If]qdf kb}{g . of] 6|lksn If]qdf kb{5 h'g g]kfnsf] blIf0f–k"jL{ t/fO{sf] tNnf] e]udf ^) ld= sf] cf};t prfO{df cjl:yt 5 . k|:tfljt If]qdf s/La *)=#% ju{ ls= cf]u6]sf] hnyn jg /x]sf] 5 h'g g]kfnsf] Ps dfq jgsf] 6'qmf xf] . hnyn jg Ps k|d'v jGohGt' Tropical x6:k6 dWo] Ps xf] . g]kfndf dfq} kfOg] b'n{e k|hflt, n6x/ klg o;} If]qdf (Artocarpus chaplasa) kfOG5 . k|:tfljt l;+rfO cfof]hgfn] ;fb'k|tL ;fd'bflos jgsf] $=@! x], klZrd b]p/fnL ;fd'bflos jgsf] @=^ x], k"j{ b]p/fnL ;fd'bflos jgsf] )=$** x], >L lqj]0fL ;fd'bflos jgsf] )=(#* x], b'uf{le§f ;fd'bflos jgsf] @=$& x], >L cled'St]Zj/ ;fd'bflos jgsf] )=()^ x]= / kflye/f ;fd'bflos jgsf] )=*#^ x] If[q cf]u6\ 5 . @)!* df ;+rflnt lkmN8 ;e]{ cg';f/ k|efljt If]qdf kg]{ #*$ ?vx? -#)# Nffy|fx?_ nfO{ k|:tfljt l;+rfO gx/ lgdf{0fsf] nflu s6fg ul/g] 5 . o; k|:tfljt If]qdf d'Vo ;fn nufot cGo ?v k|hftLdf l;;f} hfd'g (Shorea robusta) (Dalbergia sisoo), (Syzygium cumini), v}/ n6x/ / cGo ?v k|hftLx? kfOG5 . Ps k|f/lDes (Acacia catechu), (Artocarpus chaplasa) ;j]{If0f cg';f/ &^ km]ldnL leqsf !@( h]g]/f lrgfpg] %& j6f ?v k|hfltx?, !& a'6\ofg k|hfltx?, ^& h8La'6L k|hfltx? / !) n6/f k|hfltx? o; If]qdf kfOG5g\ -e§/fO{, @)!#_ . lhNnf jg sfof{non] - @))@÷)#, xfn l8lehg jg sfof{no_, emfkf lhNnfdfåf/f ## k|hfltsf h8La'6Lx?sf] b:tfj]h tof/ kfl/Psf] lyof] h:df l;sfsfO{ af]emf] s'l/nf] (Acacia rugata), (Acorus calamus), (Asparagus ;'uGwsf]lsnf g]kfnL bflNrgL racemosus), (Cinnamomum glaucescens), (Cinnamomum t]hkft / cGo k|hfltx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . To:t} h+unL tamala), (Cinnamomum tamala) hgfj/x¿df xfQL lrQn :ofn afFb/ (Elephas maximus), (Axis axis), (Vulpes bengalensis), / cGo k|hfltx? kfOG5g\ . cb'jf vf]nfdf kfOg] df5fsf k|hfltx?df kf]yL (Macaca mulatta) (Puntius TofË|f 6's'gf / d'lu kb{5 . o; If]qsf ;fd'bflos sophore), (Mystus tengara), (Clarias batrachus) jg pkef]Qf ;ldtLsf ;b:ox? jg If]qdf ;lqmo ¿kdf u}/sfg"gL sf7bfp/f lgsf;LnfO{ /f]Sg / cfunfuL h:tf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ lgu/fgLdf lqmoflzn 5g\ -lkmN8 ;e]{, @)!*_ .

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa xiv

sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z

^= cfof]hgfsf] Jfftfj/0fLo k|efjx? s_ ;sf/fTds k|efjx?  k|:tfljt l;+rfO cfof]hgfn] afnL pTkfbgdf j[l4 k'¥ofpg] nIo /fv]sf] 5 .  k|:tfljt l;+rfO cfof]hgfn] v]tLsf] ;3gtfnfO{ !#( k|ltzt af6 @!% k|ltzt df k'¥ofpg] nIo /fv]sf] 5 .  o; cfof]hgfn] lgdf{0f ;+u;+u} o; If]qdf o;n] lgdf{0f cjlwe/ /f]huf/Lsf] cjZ/ k|bfg ug]{5 .  l;+rfO gx/ ;+/rgfn] jGohGt'sf nflu kfgLsf] >f]tsf ;fy} dfgj–jGohGt' åGb Go"g ug{sf nflu afwfsf] ?kdf klg sfd ug]{5 .  ;]jf ;8sn] xfnsf] ufpFsf] sRrL ;8ssf] j}slNks dfu{sf] ?kdf / oftfoftdf ;'wf/ k'¥ofpg] nIo /fv]sf] 5 . gsf/fTds k|efjx?  k|ToIf k|efljt If]qdf kg]{ @) 3/w'/LnfO{ c;/ k'¥ofpg] .  k|:tfljt l;+rfO cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f ubf{ s'n !%=*#* x]= hdLg s'nf]n]] cf]u6g] 5 h:df !@=$$* x]= ;ft ;fd'bflos jg / #=#( x]= lghL s[lif of]Uo hdLgdf kb{5 h;n] ubf{ k|:tfljt If]qsf] e'–pkof]udf kl/jt{g cfpg] 5 .  k|ToIf k|efljt If]qdf kg]{ #)# Nffy|f ;lxtsf] s'n #*$ ?vx?nfO{ x6fpg' kg]{ .  lgdf{0f r/0fdf hDdf ((,#!! ld= 3g= sf] :kf]On / !,%),))) ld= 3g= sf] pj{/ df6f] lglSng] h;sf] Joj:yfkg ug{' kg]{ .

&= Jfftfj/0fLo k|efjx?sf a9f]Q/L tyf Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox? k|efj a9f]Q/Lsf pkfox?  ljleGg :t/sf sfdbf/x?sf] l;k ljsf;sf nflu tLg ljleGg tflndx? sf}zn j[l4, /fd|f] s[lif pTkfbg / l;+rfO gx/sf] /]vb]v / ;+rfngsf nflu cfof]hgfsf]] ljleGg r/0fx¿df tflndsf nflu k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . k|efj Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox?  cfof]hgfn] k|efljt 3/w'/L / clwu|x0f ug]{ hUufnfO{ hUuf k|flKt P]g, @)#$ lj=;+= cg';f/ Ifltk"lt{ lbOg]5 .  #*$ ?vx?sf Ifltk"lt{sf] nflu ! a/fa/ !) sf] b/n] #,*$) la?jf j[If/f]Kf0f ul/g]5, hUufsf] ;§f hUuf cyjf k};f lbO{g] 5 . o;sf] nflu ? (,(*,$))=)) /sd 5'§fOPsf] 5 h;df la?jf / % jif{;Ddsf] x]/rfx vr{ b'j} ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .  :kf]OnnfO{ lgwf{l/t ul/Psf] If]qd} lgliqmo ul/g]5 . pj{/ df6f] v]tLof]Uo hdLgd} k|of]u ul/g]5 eg] cfof]hgf ;xfos ;'ljwf ;fO6x?sf] k'g:yf{kgf ug{ s]lx tx pj{/ df6f] xflng]5 .

*= j}slNks ljZn]if0f Jfftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg cWoog ;DkGg ubf{ sfo{sf] ljZn]if0f, j}slNks dfu{ /]vf+sg, k|ljlw 5gf}6 / lgdf{0f tflnsf cflbsf] klg ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] lyof] . j}slNks ljZn]if0f ubf{ k|:tfljt ljsNkx?sf] nfut, Go"gtd, v]ltof]Uo hdLgsf] gfz cflb tTjx?sf] cfwf/df k|:tfljt /]vf+sg ;j}eGbf pko'Q /]vf+sg ePsf] lgisif{ lgsflnPsf] 5 .

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa xv

sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z

(= Jfftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg of]hgf Jfftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg of]hgf lgdf{0f sfof{jGog, gsf/fTds k|efj Go"gLs/0f / ;sf/fTds k|efj clej[l¢ Ps dxTjk'0f{ dfWod xf] . cfof]hgf lgdf{0f ubf{ Jfftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg of]hgf cGtu{t /x]/ dfq} ul/g]5 / Jfftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkgsf] pTt/bfloTj cfof]hgf / ;DalGwt dGqfnodf /xg]5 . ;sf/fTds÷gsf/fTds k|efjx?sf] clej[l¢ tyf Go"gLs/0f ug{ g]=?= PsrfnL; nfv rf};7L xhf/ Ps ;o k}+tfln; /mlkofF dfq - $,!^$,!$%=))÷–_ jftfj/0fLo cg'udg tyf jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkgsf] nflu g]=?= la; nfv dfq - @),)),)))=))÷—_ / jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f ug{sf] nflu g]=?= afx| nfv dfq -!@,)),)))÷–_ nfUg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg ug{ nfUg] cg'dflgt hDdf /sd g]=?= cG7fpGg nfv rf};7L xhf/ Ps ;o k}+tfln; /mlkofF dfq -%,*^$,!$%=))÷– _ nfUg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .

!)= lgisif{ lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfngsf qmddf ljljw kIfx?;Fu ;Da¢ s]xL gsf/fTds k|efjx? b]lvPsf 5g\ . k|:tfljt Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox? cjnDag / cg'udgaf6 pQm k|efjx? Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf 5g\ . o;sf] jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍsg k|ltj]bgn] ljleGg k|efjx?sf] cWoog, gsf/sTds k|efjx?sf] /f]syfd tyf Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox?, cg'udg ug]{ tl/sf, cg'udgsf] nflu lhDd]jf/ JolQm jf ;F:yf / cg'dflgt nfutsf] cWoog u/]sf] 5 . k|:tfljt Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox?sf] cjnDjg / cg'udgaf6 jftfj/0fdf kfg]{ k|lts"n k|efjx?nfO{ sd ug{ ;xof]u ug]{5 . k|:tfljt cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0fn] l;+rfOsf nflu afx| dlxgf kfgL pknAw u/fpg]5 h;n] ubf{ To; If]qsf] pTkfbgdf a[l¢ x'g]5 . o; afx]s o;n] /f]huf/Lsf / hLjgofkgsf yk cj;/x?sf] l;h{gf ug]{5 . o;sf ;fy ;fy} cfof]hgfn] To; If]qsf u|fdL0f hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g] 5 . w]/}h;f] klxrfg ul/Psf gsf/fTds k|efjx? :yfgLo :y/df / lgdf{0fsf] ;dodf dfq ;Lldt /xg] x'Fbf oL gsf/fTds k|efjx? Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox?af6 Go"g ug'{sf ;fy} ;Gt'ngdf Nofpg ;lsg] lgisif{ lgsflnPsf] 5 . k|:tfjsf] sfof{Gjog ubf{ o; k|:tfjdf pNn]lvt jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg sfo{ of]hgfnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf nfu' ul/Pdf To;n] cfof]hgf If]qsf] ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;+:s[lts jftfj/0fdf lb3{sflng gsf/fTds k|efj gkfg]{ b]lvG5 . cWoog k|ltj]bgn] k|:tfljt cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;fGble{s /x]sf] l;kmfl/; ub{5 .

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa xvi

English Executive Summary

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. Information on Project Tribeni Irrigation Project is a new and demand driven project which lies in Province No. 1, Kachankawal Rural Municipality and bahradashi Rural Municipality of Jhapa district. The headwork of the proposed irrigation canal will be constructed in Aduwa Khola which lies in ward no 1 of Kachankawal and Bahradashi Rural Municipality. The proposed irrigation canal of 7.45 km in length intends to irrigate 3,765 ha of land of Ward No. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 of Kachankawal Rural Municipality of Jhapa district. The irrigation source is Aduwa Khola which is a perennial river. The project intends to construct irrigation canal along with a service road on both the side of the proposed irrigation canal. The proposed irrigation canal is of 10 m width and includes service road of 3.5 m each making 7 m for service roads and a total width of 17 m. The project requires total 15.838 ha of land out of which 12.448 ha belong to seven different community forests and rest 3.39 ha is private agricultural land. The proposed canal alignmen pass through the boundary of seven different community forests.

2. Project Proponent and Consultant Project Proponent The proponent of Tribeni Irrigation Project is Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa. The address of the proponent is provided below; Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division Bhhadrapur, Jhapa Phone No. : 023-455628 Fax No. : 023-455164 E-mail: [email protected]

Project Consultant Environmental Works and Services P (Ltd), Baneshwor, is the proponent of Tribeni Irrigation Project. The address of the consultant is provided below; Environmental Works and Services P (Ltd), 3rd Floor, Kamdhenu Complex, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu Phone No. : 01-4104479/80 E-mail:[email protected]

3. Main Objectives of the Study The main objectives of this Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study is to identify adverse and beneficial impacts due to proposal on the environment and recommend preventive and curative measures for minimization of adverse impact including the benefit augmentation measure.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa xvii

English Executive Summary

4. Rationality for Conducting EIA Study and Study Methodology According to Environment Protection Act (EPA), 1997 and Environment Protection Rule pm (EPR), 1997 Schedule 2 (Pertaining to rule 3) ( ) 4 as the project implementation will irrigate more than 2,000 hectares land in Terai , the project should undergo detailed Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) study. As the proposed project requires construction of new Headwork, EIA of proposed project is conducted. Study Methodology This report contains all the data required for EIA. In Physical Environment, data related to climate, geology, land use, hydrology etc, in biological environment data related to vegetation, wildlife, fishes and in socio-economic and cultural environment, data related to population, caste and ethnicity were collected. The environmental impact of the project was identified with the help of desk study, field study & matrix methods and based on this EIA report was prepared. For desk study the project feasibility study, report publication from CBS, district profile of concerned wards of Municipality/Rural Municipality, Project Layout Map etc. were used. In the field study, the different methods used were HHs survey, field visit from different experts, Focus Group Discussions, formal and informal interviews with local and representative person from each Municipality/Rural Municipality and ward. The public hearing was conducted to collect necessary comments suggestions from local people, stakeholders etc. The deeds, written concerns/issues & suggestions & recommendation letters were collected from the concerned wards, Municipality/Rural Municipality, stakeholders & from local people. . 5. Existing Environmental Condition a) Socio-economic Environment The proposed irrigation canal passes through ward no. 1 (Gherawari), 2 and 3 (Pathariya), 4 (Kechana) and 7 (Baluwadi) of Kachankawal Rural Municipality, Jhapa district. Field survey conducted in 2018 showed that about 115 families (59 male and 56 female) lived in 20 households which lies in direct impact area. Agriculture and animal husbandry are the major occupation of the people (KRM Profile, 2075 and DPR, 2017). There are altogether 22 schools including 7 primary and 15 secondary schools within wards 1 (6 schools), 2 (3 schools), 3 (5 schools), 4 (2 schools) and 7 (6 schools) respectively. Mobile phones operated through NTC and Ncell along with cable network television were widely used as communication means within the proposal area. Electricity is the major energy source for lighting the house. About 56 households of the wards 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 depends on canal for irrigation purpose. About 6, 402 households depend on Tubewell as a source for drinking water. Fuel wood on the other is widely used by 5,269 households for cooking purpose. Bhadrapur, Chandragadi, Birtamod and India are the nearest market centers from the proposal area. The proposal area is rich in local agro-biodiversity including improved crop varieties like maize, wheat, paddy, potato, oilseeds and other vegetables. Total 1 health post, 2 sub- health post, 4 primary health post, 5 pharmacy and 7 birthing centers are being operated in Kachankawal Rural Municipality (KRM Profile, 2075).

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa xviii

English Executive Summary

b) Cultural Environment The indirect impact area of the proposed irrigation canal alignment includes 5 temples in ward 1, 3 temples in ward 2, 2 temples and 1 church in ward 3, 2 temples in ward 4 and 4 temples in ward 7. c) Physical Environment The proposed irrigation canal alignment lies in southern part of the Jhapa district. Geographically it is located between 2926831.58 N latitude and 594309.9 E longitudes. The average elevation is 61m above mean sea level. The project requires permanent acquisition of total 15.838 ha of land out of which 12.448 ha belongs to seven different community forests and rest 3.39 ha through private agricultural land. The proposal area doesn’t lies in Chure region. The maximum and minimum monthly temperature of the area is 30.420C and 19.03 0C. The mean monthly rainfall is about 200.25mm (DPR, 2017). Aduwa River is proposed for irrigation purpose which has flow of 3,928. 57 lps (April, 2017). Soil test and the physiochemical parameters of water are tested and attached in Annex VIII of this EIA Report. d) Biological Environment The study area doesn’t lie in any protected areas. It is lies in tropical region that is situated in southern eastern lowland of Terai of Nepal with an altitude ranging between 60 m. The study area comprise of Jalthal forest occupying 80.34 sq. km which is a unique tropical mixed forest patch of Nepal. Jalthal forest is one of the prime hotspot of animal. The endemic species of Nepal i.e. Latahar (Artocarpus chaplasa) is also found in this region. The proposed irrigation canal alignment acquires 4.21 ha of Saduprati community forest, 2.6 ha of Paschim Deurali community forest, 0.488 ha of Purba Deurali community forest, 0.938 ha of Shree Tribeni community forest, 2.47 of Durgabitta community forest, 0.906 ha of Shree Abhimukteshwor community forest and 0.836 ha of Pathivara community forest respectively. Field survey, 2018 showed the requirement for removal of 384 trees (including 303 pole sized trees) for the immediate impact area for irrigation canal construction. The study area comprises of Sal (Shorea robusta)as a dominant tree species followed by other tree species likeSisoo (Dalbergia sisoo), Jamun (Syzygium cumini), Khair (Acacia catechu), Latahar (Artocarpus chaplasa), etc. A preliminary survey documented 57 species of trees, 17 species of shrubs, 67 species of herbs and 10 species of climbers representing 129 genera under 76 families (Bhattrai, 2013).There are 33 NTFPs recorded in Jhapa by Division Forest Offices (2002/3; now Division Forest Office) including Sikakai (Acacia rugata), Bojho (Acorus calamus), Kurilo (Asparagus racemosus), Sugandhakokila (Cinnamomum glaucescens), Nepali dalchini (Cinnamomum tamala), Tejpat (Cinnamomum tamala) and others. Wild animals like Elephant (Elephas maximus), Chital (Axis axis), Fox (Vulpes bengalensis), monkey (Macaca mulatta) and other species are also found within the Forest areas. Aquatic species like Pothi (Puntius sophore), Tyangra (Mystus tengara), Tukuna and Mungri (Clarias batrachus) are found in Aduwa River. The Community Forest Users Group are actively monitoring within forest areas to prevent the illegal timber and non-timber extraction and in cases, resolved the probable issues of forest fire (Field Survey, 2018).

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa xix

English Executive Summary

6. Environmental Impacts of the Project Beneficial Impact  Proposed Irrigation Project aims to increase crop yield and production.  Proposed Irrigation Project aims to increase crop intensity from existing 139 % to 215 %.  Generation of employment opportunity to local throughout the construction period  Irrigation canal alignment will serve as source of drinking water for wildlife and will act as a barrier to reduce human wildlife conflict.  Proposed service aims to improve transportation. Adverse Impact  Impact to 20 households that lies in direct impact zone.  Proposed Irigation Project will change the landuse of the proposed area by acquiring 15.838 ha of land permanently; 12.448 ha land of seven community forest and 3.39 ha of private agricultural land.  Clearance of 384 trees including 303 pole sized trees which lies in direct impact zone.  Management of total 99,311 m3spoils and 1, 50,000 m3 volume of topsoil generated during construction phase.

7. Environmental Impacts Enhancement and Mitigation Measures Enhancement Measures  To enhance skills of different human resources, three different trainings are proposed on skill enhancement, better agricultural production and operation and maintenance of irrigation canal to be provided to the local people in different phases of project. Mitigation Measures  Compensation to the lost household and land as per Government Rules (Land Acquisition Act, 2034 B.S.).  Compensatory plantation of 3840 saplings for 384 trees will be done in the ratio of 1: 10 or land or money will be provided. Total cost includes NRs. 9,98,400.00 for the compensatory plantation including cost for sapling and management cost for 5 years.  Spoils will be disposed to spoil disposal sites. Topsoil will be reused into agricultural lands and few layers of topsoil for reinstatement of project ancillary facilities sites.

8. Alternative Analysis Analysis for no action, alternative alignments, choice of technology, period of construction scenarios were looked upon during accomplishment of EIA study report. Based on alternative analysis the proposed alignment is found to be the best in comparisons to design, cost, and relatively stable geology.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa xx

English Executive Summary

9. Environmental Management Plan In the environmental management plan, a detailed environmental monitoring plan together with mitigation measures is proposed to ensure that mitigation is being performed as described in the environmental documents. The primary responsibility of environmental management belongs to project itself and related ministry.The expected cost for various Environmental management action plans for adverse/beneficial impact is NRs. Fourty one lakhs sixty four thousand one hundred fourty five rupees only (4,164,145.00/-), environmental monitoring cost is NRs. Twenty lakhs only (20, 00,000/-) and environmental auditing cost is NRs. Twelve lakhs only (12,00,000/-). Hence, total Environmental Management cost for the project is estimated to require NRs. Fifty eight lakhs sixty four thousand one hundred fourty five rupees only (5,864,145.00/-).

10. Conclusion Tribeni Irrigation Project is a new scheme irrigation project which is genuine demand driven. It shall increase the crop intensity from existing 139 % to future 215 % under project implementation. Impacts enhancement and mitigation measures are proposed for beneficial and adverse impacts along with the formulation of Environment Management Plan that describes the roles and responsibilities under each impact. The irrigation canal alignment passes through boundary of community forest and compensatory plantation of 3840 saplings for 384 tree losses are proposed. Thus, most of the adverse impacts are identifiedand predicted to be low and medium significant and of short term in nature. EnvironmentalImpact Assessment report has analysed and studied impact on various aspects, preventionand minimization of effect, supervision, monitoring, auditing and reporting framework withrole and responsibilities of all parties involved and expected cost. Mitigation measure andmonitoring will help to prevent adverse effect on environment of the proposed project.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa xxi

Name and address of the individual or institution preparing the report

1. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE INDIVIDUAL OR INSTUITION PREPARING THE REPORT

1.1 Name and address of the Proponent

Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa is the proponent of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study for Tribeni Irrigation Project. The proponent, with the help of its Environmental Consultant is responsible for the study of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as per the prevailing legal requirements. The full address of the proponent is as follows:

Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division Bhadrapur, Jhapa Phone No. : 023-455628 Fax No. : 023-455164 E-mail: [email protected]

1.2 Name and Address of the Consultant

Environmental Works and Services P (Ltd), Baneshwor, has been entrusted by Study Design and Environment Section, for undertaking the EIA of “Tribeni Irrigation Project”. Thus, the consultant has studied the area and has prepared this report. The address of consultant is as follow:

Environmental Works and Services P (Ltd), 3rd Floor, Kamdhenu Complex, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu Phone No. : 01-4104479/80 E-mail:[email protected]

1.3 Team Involved in EIA Study

The overall responsibility of the contents of this Document for EIA study report will lie with Report preparing institution, namely;

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 1

Name and address of the individual or institution preparing the report

Table 1: Study Team involved in the EIA

S.N Position Name of Expert University Qualification Year Team Leader / M.Sc. in Tribhuvan 1 Environmental Ms. Nisha Balmiki Environmental 2013 University Expert Science Assistant M.Sc. in Tribhuvan 2 Environmental Ms. Bina Ghimire Environmental 2016 University Expert Science M.Sc. in Wildlife and Tribhuvan 3 Mr. Niraj Timalsina Environmental 2012 Remote Sensing University Science Mr. Champak Babu Tribhuvan M.Sc. in 4 Geologist 2015 Shilwal University Geology Tribhuvan 5 Sociologist Mr. Tilak Thapa M.A. Sociology 2015 University

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 2

Summary of the Proposal

2. SUMMARY OF THE PROPOSAL

2.1 Background of the Proposal

The economy of Nepal is sustained mainly by its agricultural production. According to Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture (2008/2009) 65.6% of people depend on agriculture and 21% of land is cultivated whereas 6.99% of land is uncultivated. The rapid growth in population has led to the demise in per capita agricultural production of the nation. The situation is further aggravated by the unavailability of Rehabilitatio land that can be brought under cultivation on one hand and the steady decrease of available land due to encroachment by human settlements and Rehabilitatio infrastructure. Under such a context, the priority is to increase production in the farmlands already available for which irrigation is one of the main requirements.

Tribeni Irrigation Project is a new scheme which intends to irrigate 3199.621 ha of land of Ward No. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 of Kachankawal Rural Municipality of Jhapa district. The source is Aduwa Khola which is perennial. The command area is flat land and mild slopped. The proposed Tribeni Irrigation Project has gross command area of 3765 ha and net cultivated command area of 3199.621 ha. It lies in left bank of Aduwa Khola. The command area has good potential for intensive irrigated agriculture.

The proposed Irrigation Project is a new irrigation scheme, which is a genuine demand driven project. The farmers in the project area are facing problem on acquisition of water for irrigation. So the farmers made a formal demand for construction of the new project by submitting the project request form. The farmers agreed to follow the rules and regulations as per irrigation policy to construct the project.

The farmers of the project area were found to be hard working and quite aware of the benefits of modern farming. Their efforts to gain more produce from their fields have been hampered mainly due to scarcity of water and lack of irrigation canal. The main crop of the area includes paddy, which is completely rain-fed in nature. Winter crops are limited to maize, wheat etc. however some hardworking and enterprising farmers are cultivating vegetables and have managed to sell their products in the nearby markets.

The farmers in the project area were found to be very enthusiastic about the possibility of irrigation facilities and have reached the conclusion that Tribeni Irrigation Project could be the only potential source for irrigation.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 3

Summary of the Proposal

2.2 Objectives of the EIA Study

The objective of the EIA Scoping Study was;

 Identify, predict and evaluate the potential impacts of the proposed projects on the local environment and society,  Analyze and evaluate the prioritized environmental issues during Scoping and ToR.  Calculate the loss of different categories of land, property, forest and other resources as a part of site clearance.  Identify potential positive and adverse impacts, and propose mitigation measures for adverse impacts and augment measures for positive impacts on physical, biological, socioeconomic and cultural aspects.  Prepare an environmental management plan, including monitoring plans to assess the usefulness of mitigation measures and  Inform and aware decision makers and interested parties about the environmental implication of the proposed project

2.3 Limitations

The main proposed activities are to construct a permanent RCC weir of length 75m with three under sluice gates of 3m each and gated intake orifice of 2.750 m width and main canal of length 7.45 km. This study incorporates information on physical, chemical, biological, and socio-economic aspects as needed for proposed project. The interference caused by the proposed project will be recorded during study but other developmental activities interference will not be recorded. The experimental analysis on soil and water quality has been conducted and lab report is attached in Annex.

2.4 Rationale of the Study pm #, s_, As per Schedule 1 of EPR (2054 B.S with amendments), Rule 3, - – IEE is required for the implementation of the irrigation project to irrigate 200 – 2000 ha of agricultural land. . EIA is required for the implementation of the irrigation project that will irrigate more than 2000 ha agricultural land. The proposed Irrigation Scheme will irrigate 3,199.621 ha of agricultural land by abstracting water from adhuwa river constructing a new head work. As per Schedule 2 of EPR (2054 B.S with amendments), Rule 3, following clauses has been considered for EIA study. The project site does not lie in and around any protected area, fragile area, archeologically important site or sensitive areas as mentioned in Schedule 2(L) of EPR.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 4

Summary of the Proposal

Table 2: Legal Requirements for IEE Study

SN Salient Feature Examined EIA Remarks Forest land clearance Required EIA for forest clearance when 1 -cg';"rL @, c !@_ (10.2438 ha) – > 5 ha

Proposed Irrigation Area Required EIA for greater than 2000 2 -cg';"rL @, pm $, s_ (3,199.621 ha) – hectare in Terai

2.5 Relevancy of the Proposal

The study area doesn’t have reliable and appropriate means of irrigation for the agriculture. Mostly used irrigation means for agricultural production is the ground water. The existing ground water extraction for irrigation purpose has depleted the ground water level such that it has been inadequate to fulfill or meet the demand of water for agricultural production. The lack of irrigation is preventing farmers of the area from engaging in modern farming practices and hence increasing the agricultural yields.

Tribeni Irrigation Project is a new scheme, which intends to irrigate from Aduwa Khola, which is a perennial stream. The total command area of the project is 3,199.621 ha. The proposed project will allow farmers to increase cropping intensity in the project area by providing irrigation water. The project intends to increase the cropping intensity from 139% to 215%. It is expected that there will be great increase in improved paddy area, wheat, maize area, and vegetables area. The implementation of the sub project intends to satisfy 10,204 populations of 2,196 households, which is expected to lift the standard of the people living in the project area.

The entire canal alignment of total 10 m width is proposed including 3.5 m of road access on both side of the canal alignment. The proposed structure entirely passes through the boundary of community forests and agricultural land. Besides, the study area is also evidencing human wildlife conflict, nearby to the community forest areas. At such, the proposed irrigation canal alignment with road will act as a barrier effect and can hence, reduce the existing human wildlife conflict. Further, it also provides a reliable source of drinking water for the wildlife creatures. The other aspect for the need of construction of separate road is for the feasibility of construction material transportation to the construction side during construction phase which can later be also used for the operation and maintenance of the proposed canal alignment. The proposed road can also act as an alternative village road and provide better road access within the proposed area.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 5

Summary of the Proposal

2.6 Impact on Land use

The proposed irrigation canal alignment is a permanent canal which is proposed with two ways service road. The service road will be of each 3.5 m on opposite side with the bed canal width of 4 m. Similarly, the side slope will be of 1: 1.5 making 3 m on each side slope. This makes the total permanent canal width of 17 m including total 7 m of service road on both sides. It is clearly depicted under following figure as;

Figure 1: Design of Permanent Irrigation Canal with Service Road under Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

As the proposed project is a new scheme, the land has to be acquired from the boundary of seven (7) Community Forests and agricultural land (private land) for the purpose of the main canal and service road construction activities. The total length of the canal is 7.45 km and the permanent canal width is 17 m. the project requires 15.838 ha of total land area. Out of 15.838 ha of total land, the community forest area occupies 12.448 ha of the total community forests area whereas the rest 3.39 ha of the land occupies agricultural land. There is no immediate impact on the land use as the proposed main canal alignment of a new scheme project will pass through boundary of the community forest and occupies marginal land of the agricultural land. The detail on the land use is provided in table no.9 of this report. Name, address, parcel number and sheet number of people whose land is to be acquired is given in Annex X.

2.7 Impact on the Environment, Human life and Population

The proposed new scheme irrigation project has minimal impact on the environment. It will irrigate a total of 3,199.62 ha of agricultural land as the Net Cultivable Area and 3,765 ha of total land as a Gross Command Area. Aduwa Khola is the proposed river from where the water for irrigation purpose is proposed to be abstracted. The project proposed constructing a new head work. After conduction of detailed survey and study for the EIA, it showed that the main canal alignment mostly passed through boundary of seven different community forests. Previous study on the same irrigation canal alignment was also proposed which passed through the center of the community forest and required more trees clearance. With a view of posing less impact on environment, the entire canal alignment was preplanned to follow the EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 6

Summary of the Proposal

edge of forest as far as practicable. The detailed field survey was conducted according to which the main irrigation canal alignment passed through boundary of the total seven community forest and agricultural land. Thus, there is less impact on the environment and forest areas in comparison to previous route planning for the proposed new scheme irrigation project.

The proposed new scheme, irrigation project has less or minimal impact on the human life or population. They instead take this project to be more beneficial in alleviating problem regarding human and elephant conflict within the study area (Kachankawal, Jhapa). However, there are altogether 20 houses which lie within the immediate impact area (within 15 to 20 m of distance) in ward no. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 of Kachankawal Rural Municipality of Jhapa. Total 115 families comprising 59 male and 56 female populations of 20 houses within the immediate impact area will be direct impacted with the 17 m width of proposed irrigation canal alignment with a service road.

2.8 Damages to the Public Utilities or Infrastructures

The proposed new scheme irrigation canal alignment has no such impact on any other public infrastructures or utilities. It has only impact upon the 20 households of ward no. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 of Kachankawal Rural Municipality of Jhapa.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 7

Methodology adopted for EIA Study

3. METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR EIA STUDY

The present EIA report has been prepared in accordance with the legal requirements of GoN and based on the Terms of Reference (ToR) approved on 2075/10/ by the Ministry of Forests and Environment, Government of Nepal. The study has followed the provisions outlined in the Environment Protection Act, 1997, Environment Protection Rules, 1997and National EIA Guidelines, 1993. The EIA report has been prepared as per the legal provision of the GoN and based on the field studies by the team of professionals through interaction, consultation with the local people, stakeholders and the official of Government of Nepal line agencies. Likewise, the review of the pertinent literature, field surveys, observation and questionnaire administration, and group meetings were the main methodologies applied for the EIA study for the proposed new scheme Tribeni Irrigation Project. The EIA study comprised of;

 Desk study to review the relevant documents, interpret maps and preparation of checklist and questionnaires;  Field visit to collect primary information and verify the secondary information through interview and participatory discussion with the local people;  Preparation of report.

The detailed methodologies of each task are explained in each of the following sections. The public consultations done during the whole process of this EIA study is explained in detail in the following sections;

3.1 Sources of Data

All the relevant information were collected through field visit, surveys and literature review. The information was used to analyze likely environmental impacts from the proposed project implementation on physical, chemical, biological, socio-economic and cultural aspects of the environment. The collected information was interpreted and analyzed during the report writing.

 Primary Sources of Information

The primary information was collected during field visit through questionnaire survey, checklist and walkthrough survey along the alignment. Besides, the public consultation and focus group discussion were also conducted for the collection of primary data.

 Secondary Sources of Information

Secondary information was gathered through published and un-published reports of similar project and websites. Topographical map, Google map and related photographs were studied for secondary data collection.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 8

Methodology adopted for EIA Study

3.2 Data Collection Methodologies

There are a number of steps/ methodologies followed for primary and secondary data collection as described below;

3.2.1 Desk study

Desk study was conducted before field survey for EIA and included the literature review of relevant acts, rules, regulation, guidelines, related reports, articles and study of different related maps. Field Survey specific checklist/ questionnaires were also prepared for the information collection of site specific areas. These are briefly described below;

3.2.1.1 Literature Review

Required information from a number of sources were collected and reviewed to understand the issues to be considered for EIA for the proposed new scheme irrigation project. Available EIA and IEE documents, guidelines and related literatures were reviewed for this purpose. Furthermore, the yearly reports of DCC and Rural Municipality were also reviewed to generate socio-economic data. Some of the reviewed documents which were reviewed are as follows:

 Environment Protection Act, 1997 and 2019, Government of Nepal.  Environmental Protection Rules, 1997, Government of Nepal.  National Environment Assessment Guideline 1993, published by Government of Nepal  Topographical maps, geological maps and other available maps to have the over view of the area.  Kachankawal Rural Municipality Profile, 2075  Bahradashi Rural Municipality Profile, 2075  DCC, District Profile and CBS report published by Government of Nepal.  Environment Assessment Guideline in Forestry Sector, 1995, published by Government of Nepal.  National Ambient Air Quality Standards, 2012 published by Government of Nepal.  National Drinking Water Quality Standards, 2005 published by Government of Nepal.

3.2.1.2 Map Interpretation

With the advancement in technology and access to high resolution satellite imageries, it has become easier to assess the environmental and topographic settings at a larger scale. In this study, Google Earth and Google Maps were largely used to study the topographic features at a larger scale. Besides these, topographic maps with scale of 1: 50,000 published by Department of Survey (DoS) were also used to locate and delineate proposal area, settlements and important locations. For the delineation of Impact Zones, location of important features

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 9

Methodology adopted for EIA Study

of proposal, analysis and interpretation of map,Arc GIS (Geographic Information System) version 10.2 was used.

3.2.2 Questionnaire and Checklist Preparation for Field Survey

Specific questionnaires and checklists were made and administered to document baseline conditions pertaining to physical, chemical, biological, social and cultural environment of the proposal area. The physical parameters such as topography, geology, hydrology, altitude, slope, and climate were documented. Similarly, for socio-economic and cultural environment, the income status and related activities, population, caste, ethnicity, access to social services such as drinking water, electricity, sanitation measures were documented. In case of biological environment, the status of flora and fauna, types of fishes found in the river water, habitat of wildlife, status of NTFPs and other herbs were documented. The Checklists used for EIA are included in the Annex (IV) of this report.

3.2.3 Field Study

Field Survey comprised walkthrough survey, consultation/ group discussion, site inspection and observation. For this, the prepared questionnaires and checklists were used for the collection of primary data to fulfill concerned environmental issues and parameter. The general process involved along with methodologies is provided below; i) Walkthrough Survey

The EIA Team visited the site on 22ndof Jestha, 2075 for a week for the survey conduction at the proposal site. In the walkthrough survey, the site specific and significant environmental features in the probable influence area were collected and necessary measurements were taken, inspected/observed and discussed with the local stakeholders. Necessary photographs were taken for evidencing the project site. Such information was collected in terms of Physical, Biological, Chemical, Socio-economic and Cultural Environment as provided below;

a) Physical Environment

Topography, climate, meteorological data (precipitation), geological and land stability information, land use pattern, hydrology, air, water and noise quality and other information concerning physical resources of the project area, possible spoil generation and possible disposal sites etc. thus collected in the scoping document were verified on the basis of geological condition, drainage system, slope stability, landslide-prone areas, work camp and labor camp, spoil disposal site and other construction-related environmental issues. Checklist and questionnaires were used to generate such information and topography was used to study

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 10

Methodology adopted for EIA Study

the landform features like water bodies, soil and water properties and others. The following data were collected using following methods;

Table 3: Methods used for Physical Environment Data Collection

S.N. Components Methods Adopted 1 District= DTMP, Jhapa, 2015 Landuse Site Specific (DIZ)= ArcGIS version 10.2 (Manual) 2 Geology and Soil Type DPR, 2017 and ArcGIS version 10.2 (ICIMOD,2010) 3 Climate DPR, 2017 4 Hydrology DPR, 2017

5 Air Quality Observation 6 Noise Quality Mobile App (Sound meter and noise detector) 7 Water Quality Testing of N, P and K of the proposed irrigation water 8 Soil Properties N, P and K from the proposed command area 9 Ground Water Level Measurement from Existing Water Well from 3 different sites

b) Biological Environment

Information on the flora and fauna, protected, rare and endangered species has been collected. Documentation has been done as baseline information on Local vegetation, wildlife in the project site including mammals, birds, and fishes known in the study area. Number of trees those are located in the project site has been recorded. Documentation of vegetation status, endangered plants, and NTFPs has been recorded and likely impact upon has been identified. Methodology to collect these data is site visit, site survey, interaction and discussion with the peoples of the concerned Ward and Municipalities, and use of checklist (Annex IV). The following table no. 4 was used for the study of biological environment;

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 11

Methodology adopted for EIA Study

Table 4: Methods used for Biological Environment Data Collection

S.N. Components Methods Adopted Trees to be cleared within the direct impact zone were directly counted as per Census Method (Farooq, 2013). Trees with dbh 10 to 29.9 and >30 cm were considered poles and large pole and timber trees whereas plant with height 30 cm to 1m and height >1 m with <10 cm of dbh were considered as seedling and saplings. (Community Forest Inventory Guideline, 2061). As 1 Flora per Forest Rule, 2051 B.S., the volume of tree was calculated using;

Volume= (Girth)2/16” *length

Information on NTFPs/ herbs were collected from secondary source (MOFSC, 2004) Secondary sources (Bhattrai, 2013) were used besides public consultation (Annex V) and field observation. 2 Fauna Conservation Status of various wild species were conducted from IUCN, Red List, 2018, CITES, 2018

c) Socio Economic and Cultural Environment

Information on socio-economic and cultural features of the project area including population, ethnic composition, language and health service were collected mainly of the direct impact areas due to which the population will be directly impacted. They were identified and categorized as the Project Affected Families (PAFs).Household questionnaire was conducted with each affected house. Similarly, the cultural and religious sites, sources of energy, infrastructures, and market centers etc. werealso collected using secondary sources. Likewise, Public Consultation was conducted within the study area, i.e. Kachankawal Rural Municipality of Jhapa. In order to cross check the information and collect relevant data, the team made discussion with the officials from Rural Municipality, District Irrigation Office and local people with the objective to collect and verify site specific socio-economic data.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 12

Methodology adopted for EIA Study

Table 5: Methods used for Socio Economic and Cultural Environment Data Collection

S.N. Components Methods Adopted Field Survey, 2018 (Annex IV), DPR, 2017 and 1 Population Kachankawal Rural Municipality Profile, 2075 and Bahradashi Rural Municipality, Profile, 2075 2 Occupation DPR, 2017 3 Education Field Survey, 2018 (Annex IV) 4 Health Facility Kachankawal Rural Municipality Profile, 2075 and 5 Communication Bahradashi Rural Municipality, Profile, 2075 Kachankawal Rural Municipality Profile, 2075, Bahradashi 6 Electricity Rural Municipality, Profile, 2075 and Field Survey, 2018 7 Water Supply Kachankawal Rural Municipality Profile, 2075 and 8 Fuel for Cooking Bahradashi Rural Municipality, Profile, 2075 9 Irrigation 10 Agro-biodiversity Chudal, 2018 (Secondary Source) Market Centres and Business 11 Field Survey, 2018 Facilities Kachankawal Rural Municipality Profile, 2075 and 12 Migration Pattern Bahradashi Rural Municipality, Profile, 2075 13 Cultural and Religious Sites Field Survey, 2018

d) Consultation Meeting (Public Consultation)

As per the provision of EPA and EPR, 1997 for TOR and Scoping Document, the public consultation was organized on 27thof Jestha, 2075 on Himalayan Times Daily Newspaper (Annex II) to inform the local people and concerned stakeholders and receive written opinion from concerned stakeholders. A copy of the public notice was also affixed at the notice board of offices of concerned local bodies and premises of project related organizations and deed of enquiry (Muchulka) were collected (Annex III). In the consultation, the environmental sensitivity, importance of proposed Irrigation Project and its environmental features, present status, present problems or difficulties, potential solutions and consequences of the proposed activities were discussed and raised issues were documented as presented in Annex (V).

3.3 Data Analysis/ Processing

The data collected on various components were subjected to data analysis and data processing. For this, the primary and secondary data collected under physical environment were analyzed. Observation method and secondary sources were used for study of the physical aspects like topography, geography, land stability and land-use. Water quality and soil quality were subjected under experiment analysis for the composition of N (Nitrogen), P (Phosphorous) and K (Potassium).

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 13

Methodology adopted for EIA Study

Besides this, the biological data collected such as tree numbers to be cleared, were also further analyzed. For this, the standing wood volume of the trees was estimated using the following quarter-girth formula.

Volume = (Girth2 / 16) x height

Net Volume = Volume x 0.7854 (MFSC, 1995)

Based on field survey and consultation with public, the listing of flora and fauna found within the study area were listed. The required tree to be cleared was counted through Census method and was analyzed for the wood volume analysis purpose.

The socio-economic and cultural data in this case were cross checked and analyzed as required. Secondary information from CBS and other survey conducted within the impact zone as Project Affected Families (PAFs) were collected for final calculation of information. All data were processed and synthesized using Microsoft Program whereas maps of landuse, location, project ancillary facilities was prepared using Google Earth and on ArcGIS version 10.2 after recording the field based data on Geographic Projection System (GPS, Garmin, Etrex 10).

3.4 Impact Assessment Methods

The impact was identified, predicted and evaluated. The beneficial and adverse environmental impact were elaborately identified, predicted andevaluated to the extent possible, for both construction and operational stages. Each impactidentified, predicted and evaluated by using standard methods and techniques on physical,chemical, biological, socio- economic and cultural aspects.Identification of impact is done as following;

 Checklist Method

Checklists were prepared for identification of beneficial and adverse environmental impacts on physical, chemical, biological socioeconomic and cultural aspect for affected area by the project.

 Matrix Method

Matrixes were developed by combining of checklist of development action and checklist of environmental components within two dimensional matrixes through which potential impact will be identified.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 14

Methodology adopted for EIA Study

The impacts were studied in terms of their nature, magnitude, extent and duration. National EIA Guidelines, 1993 was used for the reference for the impact identification, prediction and evaluation. Ratings of different impacts as per the total score are evaluated on the basis of expert judgments of the EIA team. Criteria for impact analysis are presented on the table below.

Table 6: Impact Evaluation

Type Criteria Impact Symbol Rating Hard to Mitigate or high positive High H 60 effect Magnitude Mitigate with some precaution or Medium M 20 medium positive effect Easily mitigate or low positive effect Low L 10 Within NP/VDC Regional R 60 Extent Within Project Ward Local L 20 Within Project Site Site Specific S 10 > 5 years Long Term LT 20 Duration 1 to 5 years Medium Term MT 10 < 1 years Short Term ST 5 Total Score Significance > 75 High Significant 50 – 75 Significant < 50 Low Significant Source: National EIA Guideline, 2050 B.S.

For the evaluation of nature of impact, the impact evaluation was also conducted based on following aspects;

a) Impact score of magnitude, extend and duration were considered as low significant, significant and high significant as per the total obtained scores for <50, 50 to 75 and >75 respectively. b) The impacts will be considered significant if it requires clear felling of those protected species listed under CITES, Appendices 1 and 2 or as per Government of Nepal. c) Impacts will also be considered as significant if the proposal results into loss of rare, endangered and endemic species or critical or productive habitat d) Removal or Site clearance of legally unprotected tree species above 15 in number were considered significant, 5 to 14 as moderate significant and below 5 as insignificant. e) Any impact to SPAFs and PAFs were considered significant f) Displacement of people due to project implementation was considered significant

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 15

Methodology adopted for EIA Study

Also, the impacts if lasted >20 years were considered long term impact, 4 to 2 years as medium impact and <4 years as short term impact.

Magnitude of such impacts were also considered high or serious if the impact couldn’t be mitigated and medium to low magnitude depending upon the mitigation measures or compensation measures which could be proposed.

In case of beneficial impacts, the impacts if could generate socio-economic benefits through project implementation, were supposed as significant. For significant impacts, the environmental protection measures have been proposed to augment the beneficial impacts and to mitigate the adverse impacts by grouping them into preventive, rehabilitative and compensatory measures based on professional judgment. For other impacts, the compensation will follow the existing policies and legal provisions.

3.5 Public Hearing

In accordance with the provision of EPR, 1997, a 15 –day's public notice was published on 2076/02/11 for public hearing in “Himalaya Times” National daily newspaper about the project. It was published to seek the presence as well as written opinions and suggestions from stakeholders within 15 – days about project related issues. The fifteen days’ notice was affixed at different public places including the affected RM office, DCC office, Clubs, Schools, Health posts and so on. A public hearing program was held on 2076/2/18 in Shree Laxmi Primary School, Ward no.1, Kachankawal Rural Municipality where almost 72 people from different institution, local representatives, ward and RMs representatives, CFUGs, affected people and local people participated. Muchulkas of public hearing and recommendation letters from affected RM and ward offices were collected. Minutes of public hearing program, recommendation letters from different offices, sample of public notice and deed of public notices are attached in the annex. The suggestions, comments and issues raised during public hearing are presented along with sections, page no and remarks as in table 7:

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 16

Methodology adopted for EIA Study

Table 7: Suggestions, Comments and Issues Raised by different Stakeholders

S. Comments Section Remarks N. Comments from MOFE (Scoping Document) Add new impacts under EIA Report under Section 7.2.1 New impacts were 1 new identification of environmental impacts Section 7.2.3.2 (f) identified and added Include the comments raised during public 2 Included below hearing from different stakeholders Suggestion and Recommendation letter 3 needs to be collected after public hearing Annex III Added as indicated conduction within the EIA Report Elaborate information on camp site, 4 stockpiling sites, spoil disposal sites related Section 4.6.2 Elaborated as indicated project ancillary facilities within EIA Report Tabulate information on quantity Tentative available 5 requirement of construction materials, types Section 4.6.1 information provided as and sources within EIA Report per DPR, 2017 Section 7.2.2.1 (d) Solid waste Table 38 management related Section 9.2.2.1 Elaborate mitigation measures for information added solid/liquid waste management or disaster (d) 6 risk management measures within EIA Table no 43 Report Section 7.2.3.2 (f) Table no 38 DRM related Section 9.2.3.2 (f) information added Table 43 Clarify the project required area, types and ownership of the land for the proposed Table no. 11 and 7 Added as indicated irrigation canal construction within EIA 12, Section 4.6.2 Report Section, 7.1 (i) Also, include budget for Community Table no. 37 8 Added as indicated Support Program (CSP) within EIA Report Section 9.1 (h) Table 43 Tabulate the incorporation of contents and Table no. 7, 9 Added as indicated issues raised within Public hearing Section 3.5 Comments Raised from different Stakeholders during Public Hearing Minutes from Public Hearing Add information on compensation provision Table no. 43, 1 for the affected settlements as per the Added as indicated Section 9.5 existing rule of Government of Nepal Compensatory plantation of the removed Table no. 43, 2 trees in process of irrigation canal and Added as indicated Section 9.5 service road construction must be done Priority must be provided to the local people Table no. 43, 3 for employment opportunities during Added as indicated Section 9.6 construction phase of this project 4 Add information on construction of branch Section 4.1 Added as indicated EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 17

Methodology adopted for EIA Study

canal along with the main canal in nearby areas to the headwork region of the proposed irrigation canal There must be coordination among all responsible stakeholders and concerned 5 Chapter 11 Added as indicated agencies for the successful completion of the proposed project Division Forest Office, Jhapa Conservation and protection of the biological diversity rich Jalthal forests needs 1 Chapter 11 Added as indicated to be done where the proposed project will be implemented Community Forests within the study area are protected and regulated by the CFUGs. Therefore, compulsory coordination 2 between CFUGs and proponent in the form Chapter 11 Added as indicated of agreement besides suggestion incorporation throughout the project cycle is necessary Proceeding of construction activities after the compensation or land exchange of those Compensation activities are proposed in pre- 3 private lands as per the existing law needs to construction phase be conducted earlier Operation of the proposed project needs to be done with view of no harm to any Activities are similarly proposed to ensure 4 wildlife; elephant, pangolin, python or any minimal impact on the environment other wild species Coordination with the agencies developing 5 solar fences along the CF boundary is Chapter 11 Added as indicated important in prior to project construction Proceeding of proposed activities must be Direct census of affected trees were only 6 done ensuring minimal impact/ removal of done ensuring minimal trees removal trees and minimal impact to the forest areas Shree Sadhuprati Community Forest User's Group Mention that there will be construction of branch canal on ward no. 1 of both RMs 1 Section 4.1 towards west region of the headwork site of the proposed irrigation canal Priority must be first provided for the 2 conservation and protection of forest, Chapter 11 Added as environment and biological diversity indicated Priority to the local people for employment opportunities during construction phase must be provided besides provision of Table no. 43, 3 compensation to the affected land and Section 9.6 household due to this project implementation Shree Purva Deurali Community Forest User's Group Priority must be first provided for the 1 conservation and protection of forest, Chapter 11 Added as indicated environment and biological diversity

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 18

Methodology adopted for EIA Study

Priority must be first provided to local Table no. 43, 2 people for employment opportunities during Section 9.6 construction phase of this project Implementation of proposed construction activities must be done with coordination 3 Chapter 11 with different local stakeholders, CFUGs and other concerned agencies Shree Pathivara Community Forest User's Group Priority must be first provided for the 1 conservation and protection of forest, Chapter 11 Added as indicated environment and biological diversity Priority must be first provided to local Table no. 43, 2 people for employment opportunities during Added as indicated Section 9.6 construction phase of this project

Implementation of proposed construction activities must be done with coordination 3 Chapter 11 Added as indicated with different local stakeholders, CFUGs and other concerned agencies

Tribeni Community Forest User's Group Priority must be first provided for the 1 conservation and protection of forest, Chapter 11 Added as indicated environment and biological diversity Implementation of proposed enhancement or mitigation measures needs to be done for 2 Chapter 11 Added as indicated identified beneficial and adverse environmental impacts Priority must be first provided to local Table no. 43, 3 people for employment opportunities during Added as indicated Section 9.6 construction phase of this project Implementation of proposed construction activities must be done with coordination 4 Chapter 11 Added as indicated with different local stakeholders, CFUGs and other concerned agencies Shree Abhimukteshwor Community Forest User's Group Priority must be first provided for the 1 conservation and protection of forest, Chapter 11 Added as indicated environment and biological diversity Priority must be first provided to local Table no. 43, 2 people for employment opportunities during Added as indicated Section 9.6 construction phase of this project Implementation of proposed construction activities must be done with coordination 3 Chapter 11 Added as indicated with different local stakeholders, CFUGs and other concerned agencies Shree Durgavitta Community Forest User's Group Priority must be first provided to 1 Chapter 11 Added as indicated conservation and protection of forest,

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 19

Methodology adopted for EIA Study

environment and biological diversity Priority must be first provided to local Table no. 43, 2 people for employment opportunities during Added as indicated Section 9.6 construction phase of this project Effective implementation of existing There will be effective implementation of Environment Protection related laws and 3 the existing rules and law in all phases of the rules and regulation throughout the project project commencement Shree Deurali Charkose Community Forest User's Group Project must be implemented with minimal 1 It will be ensured in all phases impact upon the environment Prior information to the local people on project implementation must be done Table no. 43, 2 Added as indicated besides providing first priority to local Section 9.6 people for employment opportunities Mention that there will be construction of branch canal on ward no. 1 of both RMs 3 Section 4.1 Added as indicated towards west region of the headwork site of the proposed irrigation canal Sana Kishan Krishi Sahakari Sanstha Ltd. The branch canal formation can be done in 1 coordination with the members of Sana Chapter 11 Added as indicated Kishan Krishi Sanstha Priority must be first provided to local Table no. 43, 2 people for employment opportunities during Added as indicated Section 9.6 construction phase of this project Add information for the compensation to the Section 9.2.1.1 3 farmers population which requires relocation (b) Added as indicated from the proposed site Table 43 Bahradashi Rural Municipality

Implementation of proposed enhancement or 1 mitigation measures for identified beneficial Chapter 11 Added as indicated and adverse impacts needs to be done

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 20

Methodology adopted for EIA Study

Implementation of proposed enhancement or 1 mitigation measures for identified beneficial Chapter 11 Added as indicated and adverse impacts needs to be done

Priority must be first provided to 2 conservation and protection of forest, Chapter 11 Added as indicated environment and biological diversity Priority must be first provided to local Table no. 43, 3 people for employment opportunities during Added as indicated Section 9.6 construction phase of this project Implementation of proposed construction activities requires hand in hand coordination 4 Chapter 11 Added as indicated with different local stakeholders, CFUGs and other concerned agencies Kachankawal Rural Municipality Provide adequate attention for mitigating the Mitigation measures proposed as per 1 adverse environmental impacts during identified impacts project implementation Priority must be first provided to reduce 2 impacts on forest, environment, biological Chapter 11 Added as indicated diversity and food/ agricultural production Add information that there will be utilization 3 of local resources and local human resources Chapter 11 Added as indicated for the project implementation Implementation of proposed construction activities requires hand in hand coordination 4 Chapter 11 Added as indicated with different local stakeholders, CFUGs and other concerned agencies Ward 1, Kachankawal Rural Municipality Add information that there will be 1 coordination with local people during Chapter 11 Added as indicated project implementing activities Add information that there will be coordination with respective ward offices 2 Chapter 11 Added as indicated and RMs in terms of proceeding project activities Priority must be first provided to local Table no. 43, 3 people for employment opportunities during Added as indicated Section 9.6 construction phase of this project Effective implementation of existing There will be effective implementation of Environment Protection related laws and 4 the existing rules and law in all phases of the rules and regulation throughout the project project commencement is necessary Ward 2, Kachankawal Rural Municipality Implementation of proposed enhancement or Proposed mitigation measures will be 1 mitigation measures for identified beneficial implemented as stated and adverse impacts needs to be done Priority must be first provided for 2 Chapter 11 Added as indicated conservation and protection of forest,

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 21

Methodology adopted for EIA Study

environment and biological diversity Priority must be first provided to the local Table no. 43, 3 people for employment opportunities during Added as indicated Section 9.6 construction phase of this project Implementation of proposed construction activities requires hand in hand coordination 4 Chapter 11 Added as indicated with different local stakeholders, CFUGs and other concerned agencies Ward 3, Kachankawal Rural Municipality The proposed construction works passes 1 through forest areas, therefore, it needs to be Chapter 11 Added as indicated proceeded safeguarding the forest areas Proceed the construction work with 2 overview on the existing settlement areas It will be ensured in construction phases nearby to the construction site Provision of agreement with different 3 CFUGs for the proposed project Chapter 11 Added as indicated implementation needs to be made Coordination of different stakeholders such as organizations/ authorities involed in solar 4 Chapter 11 Added as indicated fencing around CF boundary to control HWC with the proponent is important Ward 4, Kachankawal Rural Municipality The proposed construction works passes 1 through forest areas, therefore, it needs to be Chapter 11 Added as indicated proceeded safeguarding the forest areas Proceed the construction work with 2 overview on the existing settlement areas It will be ensured in construction phases nearby to the construction site Provision of agreement with different 3 CFUGs for the proposed project Chapter 11 Added as indicated implementation needs to be made Coordination of different stakeholders such as organizations/ authorities involved in 4 Chapter 11 Added as indicated solar fencing around CF boundary to control HWC with the proponent is important Ward 7, Kachankawal Rural Municipality Implementation of proposed enhancement or Proposed mitigation measures will be 1 mitigation measures for identified beneficial implemented as stated and adverse impacts needs to be done Priority must be first provided to the local Table no. 43, 2 people for employment opportunities during Added as indicated Section 9.6 construction phase of this project

3.6 Draft Report Preparation

The draft report has been prepared according to Terms of Reference (ToR) approved on 2076/01/02. After the multi-disciplinary study of the baseline environment of the proposed project, six copies of the draft report have been submitted by the consultant to the proponent

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 22

Methodology adopted for EIA Study

and further by proponent to the Ministry of Forests and Environment (MoFE) through Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation (MoEWRI) for further discussion and follow-up.

3.7 Finalization of EIA Report

After the acceptance of the draft report and public hearing, twelve copies of the detailed EIA report will be finalized and submitted to Ministry of Forests and Environment (MoFE) through Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation (MoEWRI) for for final approval.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 23

Particulars of the project

4. PARTICULARS OF THE PROJECT

The project particulars can be defined on following heads;

4.1 Description of the Project

Figure 2: Location Map of Proposed Canal (Source: Survey Deartment)

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 24

Particulars of the project

Proposed Tribeni Irrigation Project has a gross command area of 3765 ha and net cultivated command area of 3,199.621 ha. The headwork of the proposed irrigation canal will be constructed in Aduwa Khola which lies in ward no 1 of Kachankawal Rural Municipality and Bahradashi Rural Municipality. The diversion weir of irrigation project lies across Aduwa khola. The weir and all other components of the project will be constructed on left bank of the river which lies in Kachankawal Rural Municipality. Bahradashi Rural Municipality lies on right bank of the river. The project has no direct impact on Bahradashi Rural Municipality. However Bahradashi Rural Municipality lies just on the right side of the headwork, it is categorized into ZoI. Earlier during the preparation of SD and ToR, Bahradashi Rural Municipality was not considered under project scope but during detailed field investigation it was ascertained that the construction and operation of the irrigation project might have some minoj impact on local resources of Bahradashi Rural Municipality. Thus, in the EIA report the Bahradashi Rural Municipality has been incorporated under ZoI The command area has good potential for intensive irrigated agriculture. The proposed Tribeni Irrigation Project is located in the southern part of the Jhapa district. Geographically, it is located between 2926831.58 N latitude and 594309.9 E longitudes. The average elevation is 61m above mean sea level.

4.2 Access of the Project

The project area is 34 km from Birtamod which is the nearest road head with equal division of black topped road and gravel road. The proposed headwork site is located at 12.7 km away from the Mechi Highway with the entry point from Baniyani Bazar as in the Figure 3. The entry road from Baniyani to headwork site is earthen. Other nearest route includes from Rajgadh to Kuti road which is about 20.9 km away from East West Highway. The headwork site is only 2.24 km away from Rajgadh to Kuti Road. Bhadrapur Airport is the nearest airport and is only 18.3 km away from Baniyani. Other nearest airport is Biratnagar airport which is 121.5 km away from Baniyani.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 25

Particulars of the project

Figure 3: Accessibility Map of the Study Area

4.3 Salient Features of the Project

The Salient Features of the Project is provided in Table 8 as;

Table 8: Salient Features of the Proposed Project

1. Name of the Subproject Tribeni Irrigation Project Category New 2. Location 2.1 Province 1 2.2 District Jhapa 2.3 District headquarter Bhadrapur 2.4 Rural Municipality Kachankawal and Bahradashi 2.5 Ward No. KRM (Ward 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7) and BKM, Ward 1 2.6 Accessibility a. Nearest Airport Bhadrapur Airport b. Nearest Road head East West Highway 2.7 Geographical Features a. Latitude 2926831.58 N b. Longitude 594309.9 E 2.8 Elevation 61m 2.9 Marketing Facilities From National Highway 3. Command Area 3.1 Gross Command Area 3765 ha

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 26

Particulars of the project

3.2 Net Command Area 3199.621 ha 3.3 Soil Loamy, GBM 4. Hydrology 4.1 Hydrological region 7 4.2 Name of source Aduwa Khola 4.3 Type of source Perennial 4.4 Measured discharge 5500 l/s (15th March 2017) 4.5 Catchment area 145 sq.km 4.6 Bed material/River stage Course sand, Gravel, Boulder 4.7 River course Perennial, Braided and Meandering, flows zigzag 4.8 Water Right Problem None 5. Canal 5.1 Main Canal Length 7.45 km 5.2 Canal Side Slope 1:1.5/1:1 (earthen) and 1:1 (lined) 5.3 Design discharge at intake 6.027 l/s 5.4 Length of H/W 85.00 m 5.5 Canal Section Trapezoidal 5.6 Number of Secondary Canal 4 5.7 Design Discharge (Q) 476 m3/s Min and Max discharge of the Minimum Discharge: 3228.57 lps 5.8 Canal Maximum Discharge: 6027 lps 5.9 100 yrs. Flood discharge 722 m3/s 5.10 Dimension/ type of diversion weir RCC Weir with under sluice Height of weir (from foundation/ 1.90m from river bed 5.11 riverbed) 5.12 Crest elevation of weir 59.00m Length: 7.45 km 5.13 Length and Height of canal Height: 1.44m Width at Intake: 4m Details of Intake and Distribution 5.14 Distribution Canal: 1.2 m average width with 1:1.5 canal side slope Dimension of Project Length of weir: 75m, Under sluice: 11m 5.15 Components 6. Geology 6.1 Age of the geological formation Quaternary 6.2 Geological formation Alluvium plain lower pediment 6.3 Geology of diversion site Flat area with clay loam soil 6.4 Geology of canal alignment Major GBM soil 7. Beneficiaries 7.1 Population 10,204 7.2 Household 2196 8. Physical Facilities Proposed Main Canal Weir and Side Intake 1 Water Level and Head Regulator 4 (No.) Division Structures (Box) (No.) 9 EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 27

Particulars of the project

Drops (No.) 46 9. Cropping Intensity Present 139% Future 215% 10. Project cost NRs Total Cost 696,315,335.92 Cost per hectare 217,624.32 EIRR 22.59% B/C Ratio at 10.00% discount rate 2.3 Source: DPR, 2017

4.4 Canal Components

4.4.1 HeadworkDesign

A permanent RCC weir with three under sluice gates of 3m each and gated intake orifice of 2.750 m width is proposed for diversion of water from Aduwa Khola to the canal. The weir height is maintained at 1.9 m above the average river bed level. The length of weir is 75 m and the under sluice is of 11 m wide. Crest elevation of weir is 59.00 m. About 1.0 m wide side walls and the piers of the same width is provided in the H/W. The headwork will be of 85 m in length.

4.4.2 Intake and Canal

A diversion type intake structure has been provided to capture the design flow even during the dry season. The intake is designed with a trash rack for screening the suspended substance over the stream water and manual iron regulating gate is proposed for the control of the required water.

The fully supply level of canal has been fixed to irrigate the highest level possible command area and such that the canal runs under cutting. Most of the main canal alignment passes through terraced terrain. Main canal is designed with capacity 6.027 lps. The total length of main canal is 7.45 km. The main canal is provided with canal side slope of 1:1.5/1:1 (earthen) and 1:1 (lined). The canal section will be trapezoidal with 4 number of secondary canal. The discharge is designed to be operated with 476 m3/s. The discharge may also vary in different season, however, there will be a minimum discharge of 3228.57 lps and maximum discharge of 6027 lps. The intake width will be of 4 m whereas the distribution canal will be of 1.2 m average width with 1:1.5 side slope.

4.4.3 Other Structures

The diversion weir used for diversion purpose will be RCC Weir with under sluice. Other structures such as water level and head regulator (4 nos.), division structures (9 nos.), and drops (46 nos.) has been proposed at some location.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 28

Particulars of the project

4.5 Construction Planning o Pre-Construction Phase

The project activities identified during this phase are as relocation of public and private utilities, site clearance, tree cutting process and land acquisition for camp. o Construction Phase

The project activities during this phase are, civil works such as earth works, grading, quarry, river training etc. The final output of the project is to construct the 7.45 km irrigation canal from Ward No. 1 (H/W) to Ward No. 7 (Tail end) of Kachankawal Rural Municipality of Jhapa district. The design parameters adopted for the project follow “Planning and Design Strengthening Project” (PDSP) manuals. o Operation Phase

The activities to be performed during operation phase of proposed project are as follows:

 Maintenance and Operation  Reinstatement of environment camps, quarry sites, labor camp, spoils disposal sites etc.  EMP should be implemented

4.6 Construction Requirement of the Project

4.6.1 Construction Materials and Other a) Land Requirement

The total length of the canal is 7.45 km and the permanent canal width including service road on both side is 17 m. The project requires 15.838 ha of total land area. Out of 15.838 ha of total land, the community forest area occupies 12.448 ha of the total community forests area whereas the rest 3.39 ha of the land occupies agricultural land. The land use of proposed project site is given below:

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 29

Particulars of the project

Table 9: Total Land Required for the Proposed Project

Width 17 m ( canal width 10m Area S.N. Components Chainage Length (km) and service road (ha) 7m) 0+000 – 1 Sadhuprati C.F. 2.475 17 4.21 3+107 2 Pascchim Deurali C.F. 3+107- 4+676 1.527 17 2.6 3 Purbha Deurali C.F. 4+676- 5+726 0.287 17 0.488 4 Shree Tribeni C.F. 5+726-6+641 0.552 17 0.938 5 Shree Abhimukteswor C.F. 6+641-7+315 0.533 17 0.906 6 Durgabhitta C.F. 7+315-8+819 1.451 17 2.47 7 Pathibhara C.F. 8+819-9+311 0.492 17 0.836 0+000 – 8 Agricultural Land 1.994 17 3.39 7+315 Total Required Area (ha) with 17 m width Total Land Government land (CF) Private Land Required(ha) 12.448 3.39 15.838 Source: Field Survey 2018

The canals in head reach from chainage 0+000 to 0+996 passes through Sadhuprati community forest and from chainage 0+996 to 3+107 passes through the boundary of Sadhuprati community forest and agricultural land. From chainage 3+107 to 4+676 canal passes through Pascchim Deurali community forest boundary and private land. From chainage 4+676 to 5+726 alignment passes through Purba Deurali community forest boundary and private land. From chainage 5+726 to 6+641 alignment passes through the boundary of Shree Tribeni community forest and private land. From chainage 6+641 to 7+315 alignment passes through the boundary of Shree Abhimukteshwor community forest and private land. From chainage 7+315 to 8+819 alignment passes through the boundary of Durgabhitta community forest and from chainage 8+819 to 9+311 alignment passes through the boundary of Pathibhara community forest. As the proposed project is a new scheme, the total land has to be acquired from community forest and private land for canal construction activities.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 30

Particulars of the project

Figure 4: Land use Map of Project Site (Source: Survey Department) b) Cement and Reinforcement Steel

A number of construction materials are required for the construction of proposed irrigation structure. Construction materials like fine aggregates (sand), coarse aggregates, boulders, cement, silica cement admixture, reinforcement steel, MS angle plate, trash rack, wire heavy coated, gabion box, nails, binding wire, rubber seal, jute, geo-textile fabric, thick joint filler, bitumen, steel gate, pipe of different sizes, pressure release valve, VRB Bearing pad, bituminous paints and other wood are required. Cement and Reinforcement steel required for the construction of canal components will be supplied from nearest market of Birtamod. c) Aggregates and Sand

The construction of canal components requires aggregates and sand. The required amount of aggregates and sand will be transported from Biring Khola. The required materials will be extracted from river bed. The permission from DCC will be taken before using the construction materials from river bed. In case if the construction materials get insufficient, the remaining construction materials will be purchased from local vendors having licence.. The tentative list of construction materials is provided below;

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 31

Particulars of the project

Table 10: Construction materials to be used

S.N. Construction Materials Quantity Unit 1 Cement 80,000 Bags 2 Boulder 10,500 Cubic meter 3 Sand 54,00 Cubic meter 4 Stone 11,000 Cubic meter 5 Rod 480 Metric tonn Source: Irrigation Office, Jhapa d) Human Resources Requirement

Canal construction involves a variety of workers .The local people will be given due priority for all the construction related works as per their skills, expertise, experience and knowledge. The proposed project will involve a large number of skilled and unskilled human resources during the construction in various phases. The proposed project requires 166 skilled and 525 unskilled human resources per day to complete construction of canal. The employment opportunity will also be provided in operation phase for the operation and maintenance of the proposed irrigation canal. The number of employment opportunities will be generated as per the need and requirement and consultation as per the Water User’s Group. e) Energy to be used

For the construction of the canal, different types of the energy will be required. Firewood is the major source of the energy for cooking purposes within the study area. However, the labors will be using gas for cooking purposes so as to control air pollution. Approximately, 1 gas for 1.5 month will be used by labor for the cooking purposes in the labor camp. Vehicles will use diesel 97.5lit/day supplied by the contractor from outside the project area (Detailed Engineering survey Design, 2017). Similarly, the construction of Hydro-Mechanical Gate will also be required. Electricity will be supplied to the area where feasible whereas diesel generator will be used in areas lagging electricity sources. The capacity of DG sets and location will be defined by the proponent upon construction phase.

4.6.2 Project Ancillary Facilities

The proposed irrigation canal alignment of 7.45 km length with 14 m of total width including service road is proposed with this Tribeni Irrigation Project. The headwork site is accessible with an earthen road and is about 12.7 km away from Mechi Highway. The proposed irrigation project requires project ancillary facilities like Spoil disposal, Camp, Stockpiling and Quarry Sites, batching plant, aggregate crushing and washing areas. The proposed road of 3.5 m width will be used for the transportation of construction material. Later, this road will be also used for the operation and maintenance of the proposed irrigation canal alignment. These project ancillary sites are briefly described as below;

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 32

Particulars of the project

a) Spoil disposal, Camp, Crusher, Stockpiling and Quarry Sites

Proposed project requires operation of quarry, spoil disposal, labor camp and crusher plant sites for the completion of the project. As the canal alignment passes between the boundary of forest and agricultural land permission has to be taken from the land owner and Government before using the area. Similarly for quarry site, Biring Khola will be used, and one site for sand has been identified in field. The proposed Tribeni Irrigation Project will require total 5355.21 m3 and 10,403.04 m3 volume of sand and aggregates for construction purpose. The proposed quarry site will within the study area is suitable for extraction of sand materials.

Figure 5: Map showing Spoils Disposal Sites

About 12,637 m3 of volume of sand will be extractable from the proposed site with 26°27'38.26"N and 87°56'33.34"E of coordinate. Rest will be extracted from Biring Khola. The following sites are identified for spoil disposal, stock piling, quarry and camp sites are given in the table below:

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 33

Particulars of the project

Table 11: Spoil disposal, Camp, Stockpiling and Quarry Sites

SN GPS Chainage Remarks Area (m2) Type of Land Ownership Quarry Site 1 915 0+063 17,793 Barren Land (Sand) 2 965 0+633 Stock Piling 4,047 Shrub Land Sadhuprati CF 3 966 0+833 Spoil Disposal 5,331 Shrub Land 4 990 1+722 Camp Site 3,163 Barren Land 5 997 1+936 Stock Piling 2,142 Private Land Ganga B. Kerung 6 998 3+015 Stock Piling 6,505 Private Land Pradeep Magar 7 005 3+628 Spoil Disposal 14,607 Shrub Land Pascchim Deurali CF 8 020 4+832 Stock Piling 12,866 Private Land Private Land 9 029 5+524 Spoil Disposal 4,725 Shrub Land Purbha Deurali CF 10 033 5+641 Spoil Disposal 5,224 Private Land Private Land 11 035 5+726 Stock Piling 3,663 Shrub Land Purbha Deurali CF 12 044 6+070 Spoil Disposal 1,368 Shrub Land 13 046 6+116 Stock Piling 1,048 Shrub Land 14 048 6+229 Spoil Disposal 5,165 Shrub Land Shree Tribeni CF 15 072 7+117 Stock Piling 5,460 Shrub Land 16 073 7+296 Spoil Disposal 4,160 Barren Land 17 104 8+562 Stock Piling 7,808 Barren Land Durgabhitta CF 18 108 8+219 Spoil Disposal 9,301 Shrub Land Pathivara CF Source: Field Survey, 2018

The project requires excavation of total 99, 311 m3 earthwork volumes of spoils. With the construction of 10 m width of permanent canal width with 2 m of depth, the project shall generate 1, 50,000 m3 volume of topsoil. The spoil will be disposed off in spoil disposal sites whereas the top soil will be leveled up within the relevant sites after consultation with the stakeholders in construction phase.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 34

Particulars of the project

Figure 6: Map showing Stockpiling Sites

Figure 7: Map showing Quarry Site for Sand

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 35

Particulars of the project

b) Batching Plant, Aggregate Crushing and Washing Areas

As the canal alignment passes between agricultural land and forest boundaries private land has to be taken in lease for batching plant and aggregate crushing. For washing purposes Aduwa River, Tribeni River and Baluwa River can be used. The batching plant and crusher will be operated 20m3/hr and 20 t/hr (may vary during project construction). The location of aggregate crushing is 26°26'55.51"N and 87°58'26.58"E. The sites that can be used for these purposes are given in the table below:

Table 12: Batching Plant, Aggregate Crushing and Washing Areas

Type of SN GPS Chainage Parameter Area (m2) Ownership Land 960 to 0+238 to Sadhuprati 1 Batching Plant 12,658 Shrub Land 964 0+530 CF Aggregate Agricultural 2 047 6+229 3,638 Private land Crushing Land 005 to 3+628 to Pascchim 3 Batching Plant 3,552 Shrub Land 006 3+876 Deurali CF Shree 5 044 6+070 Washing Area 190 Shrub Land Tribeni CF Pathibhara 6 116 9+311 Washing Area 494 Shrub Land CF Source: Field Survey, 2018

4.7 Project Area Delineation

On the basis of perceived direct, indirect or positive and negative impacts due to the execution of project activities, the study area is divided into three categories. These three categories are direct impact area, indirect impact area and zone of influence. These are briefly explained below;

4.7.1 Direct Impact Area (DIA)

The entire area where construction activities and the permanent landuse changes (permanent land required for canal construction) due to the project implementation is direct impact area. Generally, area within 50 m from the proposed structure on both the sides is considered as the area with direct impact. The entire command area where the project is to be implemented is considered as Direct Impact Area.

4.7.2 Indirect Impact Area (IIA)

All the wards where the project induced impacts rise due to the implementation of the project activities like resource extraction (energy, water and locally available construction materials) by the labors are indirect impact area. The entire command area where the project is to be implemented are considered as Indirect Impact Area.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 36

Particulars of the project

4.7.3 Zone of Influence (ZoI)

Entire Municipality/ies or Rural Municipality/ies as well as the district can get directly or indirectly impacted socio-economically with project implementation. At such, Bahradashi Rural Municipality and Kachankawal Rural Municipality of Jhapa district where the project is to be implemented is considered as Zone of Influence.

The information is tabulated in following table along with a map depicting project area as in Figure 8.

Table 13: Project Area Delineation

Impact Category Impact area 50 m from the proposed structure on both the sides where construction Direct Impact Area activities as well as the permanent landuse changes occur Indirect Impact Area Entire command area Bahradashi Rural Municipality and Kachankawal Rural Municipality of Zone of Influence Jhapa district Source: Field Survey, 2018

4.8 Construction Technology

The construction technology for the proposed canal is primarily mixed type i.e. labors with machine based. In Nepal, labor-intensive construction methods are undoubtedly the most economic choice. Consequently, this method has been proved as an economic solution and most favored in Nepalese context. In this technology construction such as simple structures will be done by labor and heavy works will be done by machines.

4.9 Resource Consumed

Canal construction involves variety of resources such as fossil fuel/ kerosene as a source of energy. Work force i.e. local labors are used as human resources. Construction materials i.e. gravel, stone, soil and sand for construction materials will be used from GoN land i.e. quarry site. Land will be acquired from government and private as required for the formation of canal and other supplementary infrastructure. In addition, machines are needed as construction equipment. Bulldozers, excavators and roller allow workers to move materials, place heavy items and earth works. The local streams and bore well will be used as water resources as per the requirement of the project.

4.10 Maintenance Approach

The adequate and timely maintenance is one of the pre-requisites of the canal to achieve the desired level of services. The primary factors responsible for deterioration of canal include monsoon rain. Despite the preventive measures, the other maintenance approach is to minimize the maintenance cost.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 37

Particulars of the project

The following types of maintenance are proposed:

 Routine Maintenance: weekly, bi-weekly, or monthly maintenance by local labor to repair canal structure damages, etc.

 Post Monsoon (Periodic) Maintenance: The periodic maintenance is to be carried out following the monsoon under the supervision of technicians. The major works to be done under this include clearing of canal, sedimentation basin, other repair of structures.

 Emergency Maintenance: Emergency maintenance is to be carried out after flooding and erosion with a view to minimize further damages.

WUA will take the leading role for the maintenances of the canal as per the policy of GoN.

4.11 Project Schedule

The project schedule of Tribeni Irrigation Project is provided in following table as;

Table 14: Schedule of the Proposed Project

S Year Project Activities N 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 1 Project appraisal and approval (DoWRI) 2 Detail Survey, design and estimate 3 MIT check 4 Formation of WUA and registration 5 Prepare budget and resource allocation 6 Work breakdown and agreement 7 Prepare tender documents 8 Call tender and evaluate 9 Raise cash contribution 10 Pre-construction conference 11 Formation of construction committee 12 Construction works and supervision 13 Completion and test run 14 Maintenance period for defect correction

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 38

Particulars of the project

15 Preparation of completion report 16 O and M training 17 Monitoring and Evaluation 18 Baseline survey

Source: DPR, 2017

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 39

Review of Acts, Policies, Regulation and Guidelines

5. REVIEW OF ACTS, POLICIES, REGULATION AND GUIDELINES

As per the mandatory provision of Environmental Protection Act, 1997 and Rules, 1997 extensive review of act and policies were performed for conducting the study. The following environmental and other relevant policies, laws, rules, guidelines, papers and manuals were reviewed during the study:

5.1 Review of Constitution of Nepal i) Constitution of Nepal

Article 30 of the Constitution of Nepal has provisioned right to environment to each Nepalese Citizen. Article 30(1) of the Constitution mentioned about right to each citizen of Nepal to live in clean and healthy environment. In article 30 (2) it is mentioned that the polluter shall pay for the loss and damage due to environmental pollution caused by them. In article 30 (3) it is mentioned that for the nation’s development necessary laws, rules, can be develop to maintain environment and development. Constitution of Nepal, 2072 B.S. has clearly mentioned and emphasized about environmental awareness to general public, minimization/avoidance of the impact of physical development works on environment and rare species with due emphasis of conservation. The constitution also deals with the biodiversity conservation, sustainable use of natural resources and equal distribution of benefits. Article 34 mentioned that appropriate wages shall be provided to the labor. In Article 51 (G), Conservation of Natural Resources, management and Utilization has stated as national policy for the development of nation.

5.2 Review of Plans and Policies

 Nepal Environmental Policy and Action Plan, 2050 B.S. (1993 A.D.)

Nepal Environmental Policy and Action Plan (NEPAP) aims to manage natural and physical resources efficiently and sustainably, to balance development efforts and environmental conservation, to safeguard national heritage, to mitigate the adverse environmental impacts of development projects and human actions and to integrate concerns for the environment with development plans through appropriate institutions. NEPAP was prepared in response to growing awareness in 1992 about the importance of maintaining a balance between economic development and environmental conservation. The NEPAP includes sustainable management and natural resources to ensure the proper management of Nepal's land, forest and water resources.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 40

Review of Acts, Policies, Regulation and Guidelines

 National Water Plan, 2062 B.S. Water is one of the principal physical resources that can play a major role in enhancing the pace of overall development of a country. Sustainable development of water resources can significantly contribute to poverty alleviation and economic growth. Recognizing the need for comprehensive management and development of water resources for realizing optimal benefit, His Majesty’s Government of Nepal (HMGN) started formulating Water Resources Strategy (WRS) in 1996, and approved it in January 2002. The goal defined by the strategy is to improve the living standard of Nepalese people in a sustainable manner. In order to implement the activities identified by the WRS, the Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS) started formulating National Water Plan (NWP) in 2002, which was approved by HMGN in September 2005. The NWP recognizes the broad objectives of the WRS and lays down short-, medium- and long-term action plans for the water resources sector, including investments and human resource development. The NWP attempts to address environmental concerns, which is reflected by the incorporation of the Environmental Management Plan in the document. This Environmental Management Plan will contribute to maximizing positive impact and minimizing or mitigating adverse impact in line with the environment sustainability concerns.

 National Environment Policy, 2076 B.S. Government has endorsed the ‘National Environment Policy-2019′ to control pollution, manage wastes and promote greenery so as to ensure citizens’ right to live in a fair and healthy environment. The policy was framed to guide the implementation of environment related laws and other thematic laws, realize international commitment and enable collaboration between all concerned government agencies and non-government organizations on environmental management actions. The policy aims to lessen and prevent all types of environment pollutions, manage wastes emanated from all sectors including home, industry and service, expand parks and greenery in urban area and ensure environment justice to the pollution affected population. In order to meet the policy goals and objectives, the policy has specified special measures, including setup of effective systems for checking and reducing pollution of all types, encouragement for the use of environment-friendly technology in industry, hospital and vehicles, regulation of harmful pesticides in production and protection of human health from unauthorized food intake. Likewise, strategies will be put in place to being into operation an integrated incineration machine for proper management of wastes released from industrial establishments, hospital and other structures, incentivize energy generation from wastes and manage explosive, poisonous and perishable garbage. Among other measures inserted in the policy include promotion of e-vehicles, hybrid vehicles and vehicles consuming clean energy, enforce pollution control certificates in industrial yields and replace plastic use through environment means.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 41

Review of Acts, Policies, Regulation and Guidelines

Waste collection system will be made effective and littering will be completely restricted in wetlands, religious sites, road, tole and other public places. A national environment council will be established to make policy coordination of all types of environment related activities. All tiers of governments will require to formulate law and policy on environment. Federal, state and local levels governments will have roles in the implementation of the policy, the policy stated. The policy has entrusted the federal government with the responsibility for looking after national-level policy, law and standards related works for environmental protection and management. The environment protection and management related program and projects will be formulated and implemented in accordance with national and international standards.

 National Climate Change Policy, 2076 B.S.

The 2019 policy has the objectives of advancing capacity on CCA, developing ecosystem resilience, promoting green economy by adopting low carbon economic development concept, mobilizing national and international financial resources, making effective the information service, mainstreaming climate change into relevant policy, strategy, plan and programs, and also mainstreaming gender and social inclusion, including in climate change mitigation and adaptation programs. the Policy follows theme-based approach and includes single policy with number of non- separated strategies and working policies in 8 thematic areas, namely: (i) agriculture and food security; (ii) forest, biodiversity and watershed; (iii) water resources and energy; (iv) rural and urban settlements; (v) industry, transport and physical infrastructure; (vi) tourism and natural & cultural heritage; (vii) health, drinking water and sanitation; and (viii) disaster risk reduction and management. The policy also lists policies, strategies and working policies on: (ix) gender, social inclusion, livelihood and governance; (x) public awareness, education and capacity development; (xi) study, research and dissemination; and (xii) climate finance management. It considers the need for a new climate change policy to address national priorities and local needs in the changing global context. The policy focuses on 'offspring' – the Paris Agreement of the 'mother' Climate Change Convention. The CC Policy (2019) approaches towards ensuring, developing or creating or promoting food security, nutrition and livelihood improvement, sustainable environmental services, energy security, climate-friendly rural and urban construction, climate resilient economic development, conservation of natural, cultural and social heritage, conducive environment for health, and damage minimization from climate-induced events. The 2019 Policy provides space to establish institutional linkages between three tiers of governments. The Federal Government is made responsible to, inter alia, formulate and implement policy, law and standards, national adaptation plan, access to and mobilize financial resources, prepare carbon registry, coordinate & facilitate carbon trade, and promote coordination, joint-action and participation. The Provincial Government is responsible to prepare and implement provincial policy, guideline, standard and plan, monitor mitigation

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 42

Review of Acts, Policies, Regulation and Guidelines

and adaptation programs, and coordinate with Federal and Local levels. The Policy empowers the Local Governments to implement activities related to mitigation and adaptation, and carry out monitoring and evaluation and documentation of projects and programs within their jurisdiction. The 2019 Policy commits to formulate and implement laws, strategies, working policies, guidelines, procedures, manuals and plan at Federal, Provincial and Local levels to implement this Policy. It commits to revise or formulate and implement National Framework on Local Adaptation Plan for Action (LAPA), National Adaptation Plan (NAP), REDD Strategy, Climate Finance Framework and Budget Code, Green Growth Strategy, Gender Mainstreaming in Climate Change Action Plan, and other climate change documents. The Policy recommits to formulate national strategy on low carbon economic development, and carbon trade (as reflected in 2011 Policy) and prepare roadmap to the Paris Agreement, NDC, National Adaptation Plan of Action and Transparency Framework. Associations are required to take prior approval of the Ministry of Forests and Environment before implementation of climate change-related projects with donor's support. The Ministry will publish an annual report with climate change activities implemented by the government institutions and NGOs. It also mentions to review and evaluate the Policy every five years and formulate and implement long-term strategy on climate change.

 Irrigation Policy, 2070 B.S. (2015 A.D.)

As per Irrigation policy, section 1.6-work policy, subsection 1.6.59 through 1.6.64 (Environment Conservation and Water Quality Management), mitigation of adverse impact due to construction of irrigation projects is advised through consultation with local stakeholders, public hearing, social auditing and incorporation of advices as recommended by IEE/EIA is proposed. The policy also emphasizes minimum water flow maintenance in the stream, monitoring and research for water quality, river band protection, management of slopes for the sustenance of irrigation infrastructure, conservation of natural springs, wetlands in the command area.

 National Forest Policy, 2075 B.S. To maintain environmental balance by conserving and managing forest, species, wildlife, protected area and watershed; Increment in contribution of forest sector in national economy by fulfilling need of local level and nation with the promotion of export by increasing productivity of forest sector and production of non timber forest product; Promotion and development of forest management technology of community forest and other forest based upon community; Devise opportunity of income generation and livelihood with the involvement of private sector in conservation, promotion and management of forest sector and enhancement in good governance of forest sector are the objectives of the forest policy. To achieve the aforementioned objectives, following policies were found to be formulated;

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 43

Review of Acts, Policies, Regulation and Guidelines

 Increase production of non-timber forest products and productivity of forest sector through sustainable forest management.  Increasing advantage from biodiversity and conservation of resource including environmental services and ensuring its distribution with justice.  Integrated conservation and management of watershed areas to increase productivity of land by conserving water and land.  Sustaining Community, Leasehold, Buffer-zone community, Protected, Religious Forest managed by community in terms of situational, economic and social aspect with the equal distribution of advantage with justice.  Promotion of forest based industries, diversification of production and increment of cost adding values through commercialization and devise green job with the involvement of private sector in forest development and promotion.  Reduce adverse effect from climate change and to adopt plan of adaptation.  Make management more capable for the promotion of good governance, inclusion and social justice in forest sector.  National Land Policy 2075 B.S. (2018 A.D.) Land use Policy (LUP) is a policy document relating to limits and protection of Land and Land Resources (LLRs), optimum use and effective management thereto. Legal and institutional management for Lands and Land Resources (LLRs), and protection, use and management thereon are done under this Policy. This Policy shall bring about benefits of using Lands and Land Resources (LLRs) by creating a situation of distributing lands in a just manner. In the context of Nepal, on account of fast growing population, internal migration, unmanaged and rapid urbanization, among others, encroachment over arable lands, forests, Government and public lands, various natural resources is rampant these days, and the protection thereof has poised a challenge now. Disaster-risks such as: soil erosion, floods, and landslides are escalating by the impact of geographical and geological conditions and/or ecological changes. Of course a challenge has been thereby poised to food security, secured human settlement, ecological balance and sustainable development. In order to manage such risks and challenges, a National Land Use Policy, 2013 A.D. (2069 B.S.) was adopted by Government of Nepal (GoN), Council of Ministers in the same year. The National Land Use Policy, 2013 A.D. prioritised the protection of arable lands ensuring food security. The devastating earthquake of April 25, 2015 A.D. and aftershocks thereto have exposed us to non-vulnerable secured human settlement in the country. So then, awareness has come that only guided activities are allowed to be operated in such identified areas of natural disasters. In erecting physical infrastructures from onwards, it is realized that we should take accounts of probabilities of newly created hazards among natural disasters–including earthquakes. In

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 44

Review of Acts, Policies, Regulation and Guidelines

order to address all these contemporary issues on a long term basis, the Land Use Policy, 2015 has come into existence upon making a review over the Land Use Policy, 2013 A.D.

 Fifteenth Plan Approach Paper 2076/77-80/81 B.S. This plan has been prepared as the foundation plan to achieve the national vision of “Prosperous Nepal and Happy Nepali”. It has been identified the importance of promotion of multiple utilization of water resources for development and prosperity of the nation. It has identified the necessity to arrange year-round irrigation facility in order to increase agricultural productivity. The plan envisions availing sustainable and reliable irrigation facility to increase agricultural production and productivity. It emphasizes on increasing the sustainability of available irrigation schemes through effective maintenance and management.

 National Wetland Policy, 2069 B.S. Nepal has shown its commitment to wetlands conservation, specially the conservation of waterfowl habitats of international importance, by signing the Ramsar Treaty 1971. The present wetlands policy is in conformity with the Article 3 (1) of the Convention and with regard to the need for the preparation of a national policy deemed necessary by the signatory nations. The policy is also in conformity with the directives of the signatory nations passed by the contracting parties in 1996, regarding the mobilization of local communities for their active participation in the management of wetlands listed in the Ramsar Site as well as other wetlands and their watershed areas. The wetlands policy has been formulated for planned conservation, maintenance and development of the country’s wetlands, while providing support to economic, social and cultural development of local communities by improving their living conditions through wise use of these wetlands. The primary goal of the National Wetlands Policy is to conserve and manage wetlands resources wisely and in a sustainable way with local people’s participation. The policy also aims to put the conservation andmanagement aspects of wetlands conservation within the framework of broader environmental management.

 National Water Resource Policy, 2073 B.S. The draft policies and strategies seek to make transparent arrangements for water sharing, based on evidence and scientific analysis, among various users for the achievement of maximum benefits from water resources in terms of drinking water, irrigation, agriculture and animal husbandry, hydropower, industrial uses, recreation and land navigation, and religious, cultural and environmental use. The water resources shall be developed and managed as per the integrated water resource management principles, by comprehensively considering each basis in its entirety. Concerned basins will have water transfer for the maximum economic, social and environmental benefits.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 45

Review of Acts, Policies, Regulation and Guidelines

The document clarifies ways to utilize water resources and ensures the development and management of related infrastructure in view of maximizing benefits and settling the conflicts.

5.3 Review of Acts

 Aquatic Animal Protection Act, 2017 B.S. (1960 A.D.)

This Act indicates an early recognition of the value of wetlands and aquatic animals. Section 3 renders punishment to any party introducing poisonous, noxious or explosive materials into a water source, or destroying any dam, bridge or water system with the intent of catching or killing aquatic life. Under Section 4 of the Act, Government is empowered to prohibit catching, killing and harming of certain kinds of aquatic animals by notification in Nepal Gazette.

 Plant Protection Act, 2030 B.S. (1973 A.D.) Plant Protection Act provides for establishment of plant diseases investigation and treatment laboratories, checkpoints and plant quarantine stations. This Act prohibits import of diseased plants or seeds or related materials, which may transmit the disease to the plants. Plant Protection Regulation, 1975 made under the Act prescribes rules for importing plants or materials for producing plants, inspection of imported plants at checkpoints, laboratory test for plants affected by disease or pests. The importer has to produce "plant protection certificate‟ and the Plant Protection Officer can confiscate the diseased plant or plant materials.

 Land Acquisition Act, 2034 B.S. (1977 A.D.)

Land Acquisition Act, 2034 (1977) with amendment in 2049 (1993) guides the compulsory acquisition of land in the country. The Land Acquisition Act 2034 (1977) and the Land Acquisition Rules 2026 (1970) are the two main legal instruments that specify procedural matters of land acquisition and compensation. Government can acquire land at any place in any quantity by giving compensation pursuant to the Act for the land acquired for any public purposes or for operation of any development Project initiated by government institutions (Section 3 and 4). The powers given under these sections are very broad as government is empowered to acquire any land in the name of public works.

With respect to the resettlement policy framework, the following legal provisions outlined in the Land Acquisition act are relevant:

The acquisition and compensation of privately owned assets are undertaken according to a formal procedure, consisting of (a) initial procedures, (b) a preliminary investigation process, (c) acquisition notification, (d) compensation notification, and (e) appeal procedures. Compensation Determination Committees are established (at district level) to ascertain

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 46

Review of Acts, Policies, Regulation and Guidelines

compensation rates for land and other assets. Compensation must be paid (a) for damages caused as a result of investigations during the preliminary investigation process, and (b) for land and assets permanently acquired by the project (including, standing crops, trees and houses).

Compensation must be in cash (lump sum), although titleholders who have lost all of their landholdings may be given replacement land, if available. Compensation will be made to the person who has the right to claim for the compensation; to be entitled to compensation for land, a person must submit an official land registration certificate at the time of compensation. Titleholders are required to submit compensation claims or complaints within a specified period, after the land acquisition notice had been issued by the Local Authority (Chief District Officer). Compensation for land is paid after determination of rates and verification of the list of entitled applicants by the CFC. Two separate rates of compensation can be paid to title holders who lose all their land, and ii) to title holders who lose only some part of their land. In determining the compensation amount, the committee has to consider relevant periodic guidelines of GoN and the loss suffered by persons due to acquisition of land, shift of residence or place of business to another place. If the land has to be acquired, the CFC has to consider the following in determining the compensation amount: price of the land prevailing at the time of notification of land acquisition, price of standing crops and structure, and damage incurred by persons being compelled to shift their residence or place of business due to land acquisition.

The Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007 in its Article 19 (2) directs the state to provide compensation for any property requisitioned, acquired or encumbered by the State in implementing scientific land reform program or in public interest in accordance with law.

 Soil and Watershed Conservation Act, 2039 B.S. (1982 A.D.)

The Soil and Watershed Conservation act, 1982 and its Rules 1985 contain several provisions to regulate activities in the watershed area. However, the Project Area has not been declared as a protected watershed and, therefore, the legal provisions thereof are not applicable for this project. Section 3 of the act empowers the government to declare any area as a protected watershed area. Section 4 of the act provides that a watershed conservation officer have the authority to implement the works like construction and maintain dam, embankment, terrace improvements, diversion channels and retaining walls, protect vegetation in landslide prone areas and undertake a forestation programs and regulate agricultural practices pertinent to soil and watershed conservation. Under section 10 of the act, power is extended to the watershed conservation officer to grant permission to construct dams, drainage ditches, canals, cut privately owned trees, excavate sand, boulders and soil, discharge solid waste and establish industry or residential areas within any protected watershed.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 47

Review of Acts, Policies, Regulation and Guidelines

 Forest Act, 2049 B.S. (1993 A.D.)

The forest Act, 1993 recognizes the importance of forests in maintaining a healthy environment. The act requires decision makers to take into account of all forest values, including environmental services and biodiversity, not just the production of timber and other forest commodities. The basis of the acts approach to forest and forest products is resource oriented rather than use oriented.

Section 23 empowers the government to delineate any part of the national forest that has a special environmental, scientific or cultural importance as a protected forest. Section 49 of the act prohibits reclaiming lands, setting fires, grazing, removing or damaging forest products, felling trees or plants, wildlife hunting and extracting boulders, sand and soil from the National forest without the prior approval.

The Act empowers the government to permit the use of any part of Government managed forest, community forest, leasehold forest, if there is no alternative except to use the forest area for the implementation of a project of national priority without significantly affecting the environment. The use of forestland for infrastructure Project is subject to forest law and regulation. The road Projects need to comply with the provisions of forest law when it requires the use of forestland for conservation. The Act requires decision makers to take account of all forest values, including environmental services and biodiversity, not just the production of timber and other commodities. The forest act, 1993 (amendment, 1998) contains several provisions to ensure the development, conservation management and sustainable use of forest resources, based on an approved work plan. It also recognizes the importance of forests in maintaining a healthy environment. Sections 68 of the Forest Act, 1993 empowers the government in case of no alternatives, to provide parts of any types of forest for the implementation of a national priority plan with assurance that it does not adversely affect the environment significantly. Section 49 of the Act prohibits reclaiming lands, setting fires grazing, removing or damaging forest products, felling trees or plants, wildlife hunting and extracting boulders, sand and soil from the national forest without prior approval. Furthermore, the forestry laws oblige the Proponent to conserve the legally protected species

 Water Resource Act, 2049 B.S. (1992 A.D.)

The Water Resources Act, 1992 empowers the government and the private sector to make necessary arrangements for the rational utilization, conservation, management and development of water resources. The Act provides an opportunity to minimize pollution, and to prevent adverse environmental impacts during the utilization of the water resources. The Act also provides for a committee as prescribed for the settlement of disputes regarding the usage of water resources (Section 7). While resolving any conflict, the Water Resources Utilization Investigation Committee should consider environmental impacts likely to occur

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 48

Review of Acts, Policies, Regulation and Guidelines

form a proposal by collecting site specific information on likely environmental impact of the concerned project (Rule 28).

 Child-Related Act, 2050 B.S. (1993A.D), and Child labor Act, 2058 B.S. (2001 A.D.)

The Child-Related Act 1993 and the Child Labor (abolition and regulation) Act, 2001 are the major acts related to child labor in Nepal. The Article 2 (Ka) of these acts refers “Child” to the children below 16 years of age. The Child Labor (Abolition and Regulation) Act is the most recent and revolutionary decision to overcome the child labor problem in Nepal. Article 3 clause1 of the act states that any child below the age of 14 years prohibited for labor employment. However, clause 2 states that it is prohibited to engage children below 16 years in works in risk-prone sectors such as public transportation and construction related works. In other words, any employment of children below the age of 16 is to be excluded from becoming contracted in any of the SRN sub-projects‟ construction works. Children between 14 and 16 years of age may become engaged in other light and low-risk jobs such as roadside planting and drainage clearing.

 Environment Protection Act, 2053 B.S. (1997A.D.)

The Act obliges the proponent to prepare an IEE or EIA report in relation to prescribed plans, programs or projects, which may cause in the existing environmental conditions from physical activity, development activity or change in land use. The section 3 of the EPA, 1997 makes mandatory for carrying out an IEE for the prescribed proposals in Schedule 1 and EIA for the proposals in Schedule 2. The Environment Protection Act, 1996 (EPA), and the Environment Protection Rules, 1997 (EPR), enforced since June 1997, oblige the proponent to prepare and receive approval of the IEE and EIA Reports of all Projects/proposal as included in Schedule 1 and Schedule 2 of EPR, 1997 related with Rule 3. Section 3 to 6 of the EPA, 1996 and Rules 3 to 11 of EPR, 1997 contain provisions on the approval process.

 Environment Protection Act, 2076 B.S.

The Act focuses on that development project before implementation, requires either Brief Environmental Examination or Initial Environmental Examination or Environmental Impact Assessment depending upon the location, type and size of the projects [(Schedule 2 (10)]. It has provisioned for the preparation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) [Schedule 2 (10)] and Supplementary Environmental Impact Assessment (SEIA) [Schedule 2 (11)].

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 49

Review of Acts, Policies, Regulation and Guidelines

 Solid Waste management Act, 2068 B.S. (2011 A.D.)

The Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Centre have prepared a 'Solid Waste Management Act' related for sustainable management of garbage and to minimize the negative impacts of garbage on environment and public health. According to the act, the local agency will manage garbage under the public and private partnership concept. The Act has provisions for segregation of garbage according to its nature and for managing hazardous, industrial, medical and domestic wastes accordingly. Provisions of complete responsibility to local bodies and strict punishment have also been proposed in the act for effective monitoring system.

 Labor Act, 2074 B.S. (2017 A.D.)

Labor Act, 2074 and Labor Rules, 2075 deal with manual labor. Section 2, clause 6 depicts that there must be no gender, religion, caste or ethnic based discrimination among working labors. Section 2, clause 5 depicts that it cannot make the child works under the age of 16. Clause 11 of Section 3 clears that the workers must conduct an agreement prior to any work. Section7, clause 28 clears that the labor must work for not more than 8 hours a day or 48 hours a week a weekend leave. Besides this, they must be also given half an hour break in case if they work continuous for 5 hours. If the work is to be done continuously, the manpower must have replacement option. Section 10, clause 54 says that the labors will get health insurance of at least 1 lakh rupees per year. Child labor (below 14 years) is prohibited, and between14 to 16 years of age should be given proper training before putting them in work. It calls for insurance and safety management of labors. It also directs to establish camp near temporary working sites with drinking water, food, sanitation and residential facilities if numbers of labors are fifty or more in construction Projects. The Labor Rule 2017 guarantees equal wage for male and female. It also lists the percentage of compensation for different types of accidents during work at site. It gives priority to the Nepalese citizen while employing personnel and workers in any work. The Labor Act prohibits the employment of children or under-aged persons. The employer could not force the workers to work for long hours other than defined by the law. The employer has the responsibility to ensure healthy environmental conditions of the workplace as defined by the law.

 Land Use Act, 2076 B.S. (2019 A.D.)

The Land Use Act, 2019 has come into force in Nepal. As per the act, land has been classified into 10 categories: agricultural; residential; commercial; industrial; mining and mineral; forest; river, stream, pond and wetland; public use; cultural and archaeological; and others. The land classification is based on the composition and use of the land. Nepal has about 14.7 hectares of land, out of which agricultural land occupies 28.8 per cent (arable land 15.1 per cent, permanent crops 1.2 per cent and pastures and rangelands 12.5 per cent), forests 25.4 per cent and others 45.8 per cent. But not all agricultural land is under cultivation; only about 20 per cent is used for agricultural purposes. The act has been introduced based on the condition of land, population growth, requirements of land for

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 50

Review of Acts, Policies, Regulation and Guidelines

various purposes like food and habitation and the need for economic development and infrastructure building, among others. The main aim of the act is to ensure that land is properly used and managed and that land set aside for one purpose is not used for other. The act has come out at a time when misuse and misappropriation of land are widespread in the country. Implementation of the act should be a deterrent to such illegal acts, failing which its relevance will no longer hold water. The act has assigned the responsibility for implementing the act to not only the federal government but also to the provincial and local governments. As per the act, three tiers of the government should constitute councils to bring provisions of the act into implementation. The federal government should draft maps of all the local levels and ensure that all the local governments are abiding by provisions of the act. The local governments, on their part, should ensure that the people are adhering to provisions of the act. For this, they will have to form implementation committees under the leadership of the heads of the local governments. So the local levels have a major role to play in ensuring implementation of the act. The provincial and local governments are also required to formulate their own land use laws based on the act. The federal government can review the land use plan every seven years, whereas the provincial governments can do so every five years. The local governments can, however, review the land use plan as and when required. Such a review can be made on the basis of changing patterns of demography, urbanisation, specific needs for land use for economic and infrastructure development and so on. The land use plans should clearly show the location of industrial corridors, special economic zones, national projects, inter-provincial projects, heritage sites, religious and cultural sites, academic institutions, security areas, disaster-prone zones, biodiversity-protection zones, roads, health institutions, irrigation canals and other areas as designated by the government. The act has provided for a land bank, which is itself a new concept in the country. Under the concept, land belonging to various people will be pooled together and leased out to those who are willing to invest in agriculture. The investors can even embark upon collective farming, which will give a shot-in-the-arm to agricultural production and productivity. Although around 65 per cent of the people are engaged in agriculture and allied activities, the status of agricultural production is not copacetic as evidenced by the need for importing rice and other agricultural produce from foreign countries. So it is high time an agricultural revolution was kicked off to boost the agrarian sector. Advances in this sector will also help industrial and other sectors to flourish. The act has also provided for fines for failing to use land for the purposes it is meant for. If agricultural land is left barren for up to three years without informing the concerned local government with valid reasons, an amount of up to Rs. 100,000 may be levied as a fine. Failing to follow land use survey drawings and plans may invite a fine of up to Rs. 200,000. In a similar vein, failure to use land for designated purposes may entail a fine of up to Rs. 300,000. In the rural areas, much land has remained fallow as there is a paucity of manpower.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 51

Review of Acts, Policies, Regulation and Guidelines

 Local Government Operation Act, 2074 B.S. (2017 A.D.)

The Section 3(j) of Local Governance Compliance Act, 2017 explains about the role of newly formed local bodies such as Rural Municipalities and Municipalities in Environmental conservation and biodiversity protection through the formulation of local level rules, plans and policies, its implementation and monitoring. Similarly, the section 3(p) depicts the relevant rules, law and criteria for the project implementation with the wildlife, birds, water use and environment conservation. Thus, it empowers the local bodies for the conservation of natural resources and implementation of environmental conservation activities. The Rural Municipality, Municipalities and District Coordination Committees (DCCs) are mandated to take up responsibilities for the formulation and implementation of a program relating to the protection of the environment and biodiversity, and to give adequate priority for the protection of the environment during the formulation of local level plans and program.

5.4 Review of Rules and Regulations

 Plant Protection Regulation, 2031 B.S. (1975 A.D.)

Plant Protection Regulation prescribes rules for importing plants or materials for producing plants, inspection of imported plants at checkpoints, laboratory test for plants affected by disease or pests. The importer has to produce „plant protection certificate‟, and the Plant Protection Officer can confiscate the diseased plant or plant materials.

 Water Resources Rules, 2050 B.S. (1993 A.D.)

According to this Water Resources Rules, 2050 (1993), persons, who interested to use the water resources on institutionalized basis, must form a consumer's association consisting of at least Seven persons as officials and members by forming Consumer’s Association. Rule 9 says the formed Water User Association must conduct meetings and Schedule 5 describes to submit their interested application to use water to the proposed project to the District Water Resources Committee. It must also include Environmental impact analysis or measures to be taken to minimize the adverse effect due to project on environment, measures to be taken for the conservation of aquatic animals and water-environment, social and economic effect of project on the concerned area and utilization of local labor, source and materials, benefits to be taken by the local people after the completion of the project, training to be provided for local people in relation to construction and maintenance and operation facilities to be required for construction site, safety arrangements and possible side effects on concerned landowners due to operation of the project, details of the people to be evacuated and necessary plan for their rehabilitation also should clearly be documented and submitted. On receipt of application seeking to obtain license for utilization of water resources pursuant to Rule 17, the District Water Resources Committee will, after making necessary examination of application pursuant to Rule 18, publish a notice stating the necessary particulars relating thereto for the information of general public. The District Water Resources Committee, after

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 52

Review of Acts, Policies, Regulation and Guidelines

completing or causing to complete the procedure pursuant to Rule 18 and 19 on the application submitted pursuant to Rule 17 will issue a license to the applicant in accordance with his/her demand or with necessary amendment thereto in the format as prescribed in Schedule-6.

 Forest Rules, 2051 B.S. (1995 A.D.)

The Forest Rules, 1995 further elaborate legal measures for the conservation of forests and wildlife. Rule 65 of the Forest Regulation stipulates that in case the execution of any Project having national priority in any forest areas causes any loss or harm to any local individual or community, the proponent of the Project itself shall bear the amount of compensation to be paid. Similarly the entire expenses required for the cutting and transporting the forest products in a forest area to be used by the approved Project shall be borne by the proponent of the Project.

 Environment Protection Rules, 2054B.S. (1997 A.D.)

In the process of implementing EPA (1997) effectively, Environmental Protection Rule (EPR) has been enforced in 1997 and amended in 1999. EPR contains the elaborate provisions on the process to be followed during the preparation and approval of projects requiring EIA and IEE. The EPR, 1997, Schedule 1 and 2 contains a list of proposals, which require either IEE or EIA. EPR, 1997 obliges the proponent to publish a 15-day public notice in national daily Newspaper to let the DCC or Municipality; where the proposal is to be implemented, such as the schools, hospitals, health posts and concerned institutions of the area to know about the proposal and to offer, in writing, their opinions and suggestions with regard to environmental impacts. Rules 3 to 11 of the EPR, 1997 contain provisions on the approval process of the IEE/EIA report. Rule 12 of the EPR oblige the Proponent to comply with matters mentioned in the report and other conditions, if any prescribed by the approval agency. Rule 13 obliges the concerned body for this Proposal, to conduct environmental monitoring. As per the environmental law, the Proponent should implement the environmental enhancement and mitigation measures as per Environmental Management Plan prepared in IEE or EIA.

 Solid Waste Management Rules, 2070 B.S. (2013A.D.)

The Local Body shall, while fixing segregation at least of organic and non-organic solid waste at its source under Section 6, have to make management and segregation of harmful or chemical waste separately. If it is prescribed as above, the individual, organization or agency generating such solid waste, shall have to make segregation as prescribed. The Local Body shall, while determining the time, place and manner for solid waste discharge and making management for the same under Sub Rule (1) and (2), take into account the possible adverse effects on the public health and the environment and the ways of reduction of such effects.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 53

Review of Acts, Policies, Regulation and Guidelines

The Local Body, for the purpose of Sub-section (5) of the Section 15 of the Act, may empower the company, organization and agency, producing solid wastes, for segregating, reducing the solid wastes at its source, reuse and recycling use solid wastes and mobilize community and nongovernmental organization for creating awareness for the management of the solid waste. The Local Body, shall for the works under Sub-Rule (1), prepare a list of community and nongovernmental organizations working in the area of management of solid waste. The process of mobilizing after preparing lists of community and non-governmental organization under Sub-Rule (1) shall be according to the prevailing law.

 Irrigation Regulation, 2060 B.S. (2003 A.D.)

5.5 Review of Guidelines. Manuals and Strategy

 Land Acquisition Guideline, 2046 B.S. (1989 A.D.)

Two sets of guidelines related to land acquisition are significant. They are the Land Acquisition Guidelines, 1989 and guidelines pursuant to section 16 and 17 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1977. These guidelines specify two categories of affected families, Project Affected Families (PAF) and Seriously Project Affected Family (SPAF). A PAF consists of the members of a household including elderly dependents and minor children (under 18 years) residing under one roof and operating as a single economic unit, who are adversely affected by the project. SPAF is defined as a family who loses over 25% of its total land holdings or whose land is reduced to an uneconomic holding (less than 5.0 katha) or who is being displaced.

Under these guidelines the concerned officials, with the assistance of the project team, are to carry out assessments of project affected families to identify their standard of living and types of assets. Valuation of land and asset lost were to be based on comparative market values of similar assets in the vicinity. The guidelines also included arrangements for rehabilitation of project affected families. For PAF's, the compensation package includes cash for assets acquired or damaged by the project and a rehabilitation grant to cover any suffering and hardship. For SPAF's, the compensation additionally include employment for one family member and provision of skill training. The Guidelines specify the establishment of an Acquisition and Rehabilitation Committee (also known as Compensation Fixation

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 54

Review of Acts, Policies, Regulation and Guidelines

Committee, “CFC”) consisting of the concerned Chief District Officer (Chair), Land Revenue Officer, representative of the District Panchayat (now DCC) and the Project Manager and others as deemed necessary. The Committee is responsible for acquiring land and paying compensation. In 1993, a second set of guidelines reduced the Acquisition and Rehabilitation Committee to a four-member Compensation Fixation and Rehabilitation Management Committee by dropping the Land Revenue Officer and other government appointees. The functions and powers of the committee were clarified, as were methods of payment and means of ensuring fair valuation of land quality.

 National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines, 2050 B.S. (1993 A.D)

Prior to the enactment of the environmental legislation, the Government implements the National EIA Guidelines, 1993 in order to integrate environmental aspects in the development proposals by conducting IEE or EIA. This guideline outlines the lists of projects, thresholds and sensitive areas. This guideline contains objectives, methods for screening of the Proposals and methods for ensuring public participation during the preparation of the EIA report. The guidelines stress the inclusion of monitoring and evaluation of a framework for environmental monitoring in the EIA report. The guideline has also set the provisions for identifying socio-economic, biological, physio-chemical, and cultural impacts and prescriptions of mitigation measures to avoid, eliminate and/or minimize the adverse effects and to augment the beneficial impacts resulting from the project implementation.In order to integrate the environmental aspects in development Projects and programs, the government has developed the National EIA Guidelines (1993). The guidelines provide guidance to Project proponent on integrating environmental mitigation measures, particularly on the management of quarries, borrow pits, stockpiling of materials and spoil disposal, operation of the work camps, earthworks and slope stabilization, location of stone crushing plants, etc.

 EIA Guideline for Forestry Sector, 2052 B.S. (1995 A.D.)

It encourages the proponent to identify the likely impacts of the Projects particularly on the forests, propose mitigation measures and monitoring and evaluation system to ensure least impacts on forests and biodiversity (MFSC, 1995). MFSC is also using Review Guidelines for IEE and EIA reports of the Forestry Sector and has issued the Manual for IEE Report preparation of the Forestry Sector (MFSC, 2002 and 2004). This guideline and manual contains a number of aspects that should be addressed in the IEE/EIA report of any sector which will be implemented in the forest areas.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 55

Review of Acts, Policies, Regulation and Guidelines

 National Water Resource Strategy, 2059 B.S. (2002 A.D.)

Water Resources Strategy, 2002 was mainly formulated with the view that every Nepali citizen should have access to water to meet basic needs, including drinking, cooking and sanitation besides abundant water supply for the production of food and energy at reasonable cost. Presently, about 41% of Nepal’s irrigated land has 'year round irrigation' There are irrigation related issues like reorientation of supply-driven approach, poor performance of irrigation systems, lack of effective implementation of Agriculture Perspective Plan (APP), farmers' dependency syndromes and sustainability, problems of river management, weak institutional capability, symbiotic relationship between agriculture and irrigation (weak linkages) and strengthening of Water User Associations (WUAs). Therefore, it has three major plan which include short plan of 5 years to plan, develop and continue irrigation systems for sustainable management, 15 years mid-term strategy to expand reliable irrigation services on the basis of sustainability and wealth creation and 25 years long –term strategy to make available of appropriate and efficient irrigation systems for the optimal use of irrigable land in a sustainable manner.

 Guidelines on Environmental Management Plan, Monitoring and Auditing published by MoEST

Guideline on Environmental Management Plan, Monitoring and Auditing was prepared by MoEST. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is a document thus prepared as a part of EIA report. An EMP includes project monitoring, auditing, and project management. The requirement for producing an EMP within the EIA implementation in Nepal has been clearly mentioned in EPR 54. EMP is important to formulate a Monitoring Plan for baseline, impact and compliance monitoring; And also to formulate an Environmental Auditing Plan which is to be implemented after project construction. As per EPR 2054, the proponent will prepare the EMP implementation provisions as a part if the IEE Report.

 Procedures for National Priority Project to Acquire National Forest Land with Standards, 2076 B.S.

This procedure has been formulated as per Section 72 (Ka) of Forest Act 2049. Section 3 of this working procedure states that the concerned authority should perform the feasibility study and alternative analysis of the proposed project avoiding the National Forest area completely as far as possible, If it is not possible to avoid the National Forest completely, they should go through less forest option. According to Sub-section 1 of Section 4, if any proposed project lies in National Forest, the concerned party should conduct IEE or EIA according to the prevailing EPA and EPR. Subsection 3 of Section 4 states that the concerned party should prepare the Environment Management Plan including the mitigation measures if the proposed project is subjected to have impact on National Forest. According to Section 4, if the proposed project requires the forest land area, the concerned ministry should get the consent letter from the Ministry of Forests and Environment before

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 56

Review of Acts, Policies, Regulation and Guidelines

the approval of IEE and EIA. The related ministry should get the approval letter from the Ministry of Forests and Environment for the utilization of the forest land for the implementation of the proposed project. The projects implemented at the expense of national forest area should provide land no less in area of land changed permanently by the project to other landuse as compensation. Projects that are unable to provide such land can compensate in terms of money for the land fixed by district committee for price fixation. Projects that use national forest area temporarily should annually deposit money equivalent to the cost allocated for leasehold forest in Schedule 20 of Forest Regulation 2051 in the prescribed fund for the national forest land used temporarily. The proponent should plant saplings numbering 10 times the number of trees felled in the land provided in compensation to the national forest land used by the project and manage and conserve the plantation for at least 5 years at its own cost and hand over to the concerned forest office. In case the project is unable to do the compensatory plantation on self, it should provide the cost necessary to do the plantation and management and trending for five years to the respective forest office and the cost should be estimated based on standard norms approved by the ministry. The projects implemented on states‟ sources and non-profit ventures are exempt of such costs. Besides, the proponent should duly implement the mitigation measures identified in the approved EIA or IEE report at its own cost. The ministry can monitor the compliance of the provisions of this workprocedure. This procedure shall be followed while proposing mitigation measures regarding impacts on forest and vegetation.

 Environmental Guides for preparation of EIA report

The Schedule 1 of Rule 3 has provision that if the proposed irrigation canal requires forest area clearance of 50-500 ha of land in Terai or 25-100 ha of forest area clearance in Hill region, the proposed project requires IEE conduction. Similarly, new irrigation project if required irrigation canal construction in between 25 to 500 ha of land within hilly slopes with construction of new head work or river water diversion, it requires IEE. The Environmental Guideline for preparation of EIA/IEE Report is mentioned in EPA, 1996 and EPR, 1997. For the IEE Report preparation, Guidelines provide in EPA, 1996 and EPR, 1997 will be followed.

5.6 Review of International Conventions

 ILO Convention 169, 2046 B.S. (1989 A.D.)

ILO-169 is an analysis that covers total eight selected principles of the Convention as; (i) the concept of “Indigenous Peoples”; (ii) the right to be consulted; (iii) the right to decide own development priorities; (iv) the right to education; (v) cross-boundary contacts and co- operation; (vi) indigenous peoples‟ institutions; (vii) customs and customary law; and (viii) Indigenous peoples‟ participation in/contribution to ILO‟s supervisory mechanisms. The Article 7 relating to the right of the indigenous and tribal people to decide their own priorities for the process of development. Article 12, 13, 14 and 15 relating to the safeguards of rights

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 57

Review of Acts, Policies, Regulation and Guidelines

of the indigenous people in the land and natural resources in territories traditionally occupied by them. Article 16 relating to participation in the decision making process and resettlement process with full compensation of the resulting loss or injury). As local people are the one who decides what their priority and need for development is, the proposed bridge project will ensure their participation in every aspect of bridge construction as required by ILO 169.

5.7 Review of Standards

 National Standard for Sound Quality, 2069 B.S. (2012 A.D.)

National Standard for Sound Quality is established as per Rule 15 of Environmental Protection Rules, 2054. The maximum limit of sound for city and residential area is 55 decibels for daytime and 50 decibels for night hours. Whereas for the industrial area, the maximum limit of sound is 75 decibels for daytime and 70 decibels for night hours.

 National Ambient Air Quality Standard, 2069 B.S. (2012 A.D.)

National Ambient Air Quality Standard is established for various parameters such as TSP,

PM10, Sulphur Dioxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Lead, Benzene, PM2.5 and Ozone. The standard states that the maximum concentration stated for averaging time of 24 hours for TSP, PM10, Sulphur Dioxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, and PM2.5 and the maximum concentration stated for averaging time of 8 hours for Carbon Monoxide and Ozone should be under standard limit for at least 95% duration for one fiscal year and should not exceed maximum concentration for 18 days in 365 days. No any parameters shall exceed its maximum concentration limit for two consecutive days within one year. National ambient air quality standard is stated as follows:

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 58

Review of Acts, Policies, Regulation and Guidelines

Table 15: National Ambient Air Quality Standard, 2012

Concentration Max Parameters Averaging Time Test Methods (µg/m3) High Volume Sampling and Gravimetric TSP 24 hours 230 Analysis High Volume Sampling and Gravimetric PM 24 hours 120 10 Analysis, TOEM, Beta Attenuation Ultraviolet Fluorescence, West and Geake Annual 50 Sulphur Dioxide Method 24 hours 70 Same as annual

Annual 40 Chemiluminescence Nitrogen Dioxide 24 hours 80 Same as annual Non Dispersive Infrared Spectrophotometer CarbonMonoxide 8 hours 10,000 (NDIR) High Volume Sampling, followed by Lead Annual 0.5 atomicabsorption spectrometry Benzene Annual 5 Gas Chromatographic Technique

PM2.5 sampling gravimetric analysis PM2.5 24 hours 40

Ozone 8 hours 157 UV spectrophotometer Source: Nepal Gazette, section 62, number 19, part 5, 2069/4/29

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 59

Existing environmental condition

6. EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION

The existing environmental conditions of the project site are explained under following headings as;

6.1 Physical Environment

This section describes about the physical baseline conditions of the area that comes under the area of influence of the canal alignment along its entire length and surrounding areas. The data of physical baseline condition has been collected from secondary and primary sources. The physical resources include elevation, relief, slope gradient, aspect, geomorphology, geology, soil type and land use, which in turn influence the sustainability of the canal. Brief descriptions of the geophysical information of the canal alignment area are presented in following Sub-sections.

6.1.1 Land use Pattern

The project canal lies in Terai region. The District has 156,500 hectares land where 91,252 ha are usable for cultivation. The 52,116 hectares area in the district is irrigated land. Site specific land use information is provided in Table no. 9. The land use pattern of Jhapa is shown in the table below:

Table 16: Land use patter of Jhapa district

SN Land use pattern Area (Ha) Percentage (%) Cultivated land 99,716 63 1 a) Fully irrigated (12 Months) 30,347 30.43 b) Rainfed 12,084 12.1 2 Forest land 19,459.02 12 3 Pasture land/Shrub /Bushes 1,743 1 4 Settlement area 20,982 13 5 Others (River/Roads etc.) 18,002 11 Total 1,59,902 100 Source: DTMP, Jhapa, 2015

6.1.2 Geology and Soil Type

Geologically the area lies on the southern Terai zone which is characterized by the dominance of silt and clayey soil. The soil is the quaternary alluvium deposit deposited by the rivers flowing from the northern high lands and mountains. The topography is plain and the top soil is silty loam. The study area lies in recent as a geological formation. In terms of soil, the study area comprises of sandy loam and clay loam in the head reach whereas soil in the tail reach of the command area is clay loam, sandy clay loam and loam. Figure 9 shows the geological location of the proposed irrigation canal alignment.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 60

Existing environmental condition

Figure 8: Geology of the Study Area (Source: Survey Department)

6.1.3 Climate

The project site is located in tropical climatic zone characterized by hot and humid summers, intense monsoon rain and dry winters. The mean monthly temperature is 24.78 0C.The maximum and minimum monthly temperature of the area is 30.420Cand 19.03 0C.The maximum temperature is observed in April-May with 33 0C and minimum is observed in January with 10.58 0C. The mean monthly rainfall is about 200.25mm and the mean maximum and minimum monthly rainfall occur in months of July and January. a) Monthly Temperature

Table 17: Stations Used

Stations Longitude(0) Latitude (0) Altitude (m) Distance (km) Direction Chandragadhi 88.05 26.56 120 - N Anarmani-Birta 87.95 26.61 122 11.40 NW Sanischare 87.95 26.66 168 14.90 NW Baghdogra 88.30 26.61 131 25.50 E Ilam 87.86 26.90 1,300 42.30 NW Source: DPR, 2017

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 61

Existing environmental condition

Table 18: Mean Monthly Temperature

Best Estimate Low Estimate High Standard Months Bias (0C) (0C) (0C) Estimate (0C) Error (0C) January 17.00 16.59 17.41 0.41 0.20 February 19.10 18.77 19.43 0.33 0.10 March 24.00 23.37 24.63 0.63 0.28 April 27.50 26.91 28.09 0.59 0.30 May 28.60 27.95 29.25 0.65 0.25 June 29.10 28.36 29.84 0.74 0.25 July 28.70 28.17 29.23 0.53 0.22 August 28.60 28.31 28.89 0.29 0.07 September 27.80 27.64 27.96 0.16 - October 26.60 26.05 27.15 0.55 0.20 November 22.60 21.90 22.30 0.70 0.25 December 17.70 17.66 17.74 0.04 0.03 Mean 24.78 24.31 25.24 0.47 0.18 Source: DPR, 2017

Table 19: Maximum Monthly Temperature

Best Estimate Low Estimate High Standard Months Bias (0C) (0C) (0C) Estimate (0C) Error (0C) January 23.30 22.93 23.67 0.37 0.17 February 26.20 25.81 26.59 0.39 0.10 March 32.00 31.07 32.93 0.93 0.38 April 34.70 33.90 35.50 0.80 0.32 May 34.00 33.02 34.98 0.98 0.43 June 33.00 32.06 33.94 0.94 0.32 July 32.20 31.61 32.79 0.59 0.25 August 32.20 31.94 32.46 0.26 0.13 September 31.70 31.41 31.99 0.29 0.03 October 31.30 30.82 31.78 0.48 0.15 November 29.70 28.98 30.42 0.72 0.13 December 24.70 24.12 25.28 0.58 0.32 Mean 30.42 29.80 31.03 0.61 0.12 Source: DPR, 2017

Table 20: Minimum Monthly Temperature

Best Estimate Low Estimate High Standard Months Bias (0C) (0C) (0C) Estimate (0C) Error (0C) January 10.50 9.69 11.31 0.81 0.50 February 11.80 11.36 12.24 0.44 0.30 March 15.80 15.50 16.10 0.30 0.20 April 20.20 19.91 20.49 0.29 0.22 May 23.10 22.85 23.35 0.25 0.07 June 25.10 24.56 25.64 0.54 0.25 July 25.20 24.84 25.56 0.36 0.13

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 62

Existing environmental condition

August 24.80 24.70 24.90 0.10 - September 24.00 23.77 24.23 0.23 0.05 October 21.70 21.16 22.24 0.54 0.30 November 15.30 14.78 15.82 0.52 0.35 December 10.80 10.36 11.24 0.44 0.30 Mean 19.03 18.63 19.42 0.40 0.22 Source: DPR, 2017 b) Mean Monthly Precipitation

Table 21: Stations Used

Stations Longitude (0) Latitude (0) Altitude (m) Distance (km) Direction Chandragadhi 88.05 26.56 120 - N Rani-Birta 87.96 26.61 152 10.50 NW Anarmani-Birta 87.95 26.61 122 11.40 NW Sanischare 87.95 26.66 168 14.90 NW Baghdogra 88.30 26.61 131 25.50 E Source: DPR, 2017

Table 22: Precipitation Estimate

80% 80% Reliable Best Low High Standard Bias Reliable Rainfall Half Months Estimate Estimate Estimate Error (mm) Rainfall Monthly (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) 1st 2nd January 6.00 1.64 10.36 4.36 1.00 - - - February 18.00 12.52 23.48 5.48 5.00 0.80 0.33 0.47 March 19.00 14.79 23.21 4.21 1.75 1.40 0.70 0.70 April 62.00 41.88 82.12 20.12 9.75 27.20 6.03 21.18 May 188.00 159.33 216.67 28.67 19.50 126.40 46.31 80.10 June 390.00 350.35 429.65 39.65 3.75 288.00 117.75 170.25 July 730.00 707.71 752.29 22.29 21.25 560.00 279.85 280.16 August 406.00 350.43 461.57 55.57 16.75 300.80 163.35 137.46 September 456.00 400.40 511.60 55.60 40.75 340.80 184.73 156.08 October 111.00 82.56 139.44 28.44 9.25 64.80 54.41 10.39 November 9.00 5.81 12.19 3.19 2.25 - - - December 8.00 4.50 11.50 3.50 3.50 - - - Mean 200.25 177.66 222.84 22.59 6.88 142.52 Source: DPR, 2017

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 63

Existing environmental condition

6.1.4 Hydrology a) Flow Estimation Using MIP Method

Total Catchment Area: 14500 ha Measured Date: 15/3/2017 Measured Flow (lps): 5500 Unit Hydrograph: 1.4 April Flow (lps): 3928.57 Name of Source: Aduwa Khola

Table 23: Mean Monthly Flow

Non-dimensional Mean Monthly Flow Half Monthly Flow (lps) Month Ordinates (lps) 1st 2nd January 3.30 12964.28 14634.00 11884.00 February 2.20 8642.87 9723.00 7857.00 March 1.40 5500.00 6286.00 5107.00 April 1.00 3928.57 4321.00 6384.00 May 3.50 13750.00 11295.00 16205.00 June 6.00 23571.42 21116.00 31429.00 July 14 54999.98 47143.00 75625.00 August 35 137499.95 116875.00 126696.00 September 24.00 94285.68 105089.00 82500.00 October 12.00 47142.84 58929.00 42723.00 November 7.50 29464.28 33884.00 27009.00 December 5.00 19642.85 22098.00 17973.00 Source: DPR, 2017 b) 80% Reliable Monthly Flow

April Flow (lps): 903.57

Table 24: 80% Reliable Monthly Flow

Non-dimensional 80% Monthly Flow Half Monthly Flow (lps) Month Ordinates (lps) 1st 2nd January 3.48 3144.43 3537.00 2878.00 February 2.30 2078.21 2345.00 1902.00 March 1.52 1373.43 1550.00 1256.00 April 1.0 903.57 1021.00 1660.00 May 4.35 3930.53 3174.00 4717.00 June 7.83 7074.96 6289.00 10707.00 July 23.91 21604.39 17972.00 25239.00 August 40.00 36142.84 32508.00 34964.00 September 34.78 31426.20 32605.00 27301.00 October 16.52 14926.99 19052.00 13161.00

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 64

Existing environmental condition

November 8.70 7861.07 9628.00 7075.00 December 5.22 4716.64 5503.00 4324.00 Source: DPR, 2017

Figure 9: Map showing MIP regions (Source: Survey Deartment)

200000 137499.95 180000

160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 36142.84 Rainfall Amount (mm) Amount Rainfall 40000 20000 0 0

Mean Monthly Flow (lps) 80% Monthly Flow (lps)

Figure 10: Graph showing mean monthly flow and 80% monthly flow

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 65

Existing environmental condition

c) High Flood Discharge

Calculation of High Flood Discharge by Manning’s Equation

Location: At H/W Axis Manning’s Rugosity coefficient: 0.034 Wetted area during the high flood: 293.84 m2 Wetted perimeter during the high flood: 222 m Longitudinal slope (1 in 1300): 0.00077 Hydraulic mean radius: 1.32 m Discharge: 288.417 m3/s

Table 25: High Flood Discharge

Hyd. Manning’s Discharge Discharge Stage Area Perimeter Mean SN Rugosity Cu.Area Slope (m3/s) by (m3/s) by (m) (m2) (m) Radius coefficient Formula Manning (m) 1 60.40 0.034 85.9 293.84 222 1.32 0.0008 318.52 288.417 2 60.10 0.034 31.46 207.94 108.66 1.91 0.0008 287.50 260.328 3 59.80 0.034 29.65 176.48 102 1.73 0.0008 228.30 206.723 4 59.50 0.034 27.87 146.83 96.41 1.52 0.0008 174.61 158.103 5 59.20 0.034 26.19 118.96 91.08 1.31 0.0008 127.83 115.743 6 58.90 0.034 24.58 92.77 85.81 1.08 0.0008 87.99 79.673 7 58.60 0.034 22.33 68.19 79.56 0.86 0.0008 55.49 50.242 8 58.30 0.034 17.75 45.86 67.4 0.68 0.0008 32.04 29.014 9 58.00 0.034 13.3 28.11 51.33 0.55 0.0008 17.02 15.410 10 57.70 0.034 9.58 14.81 38.2 0.39 0.0008 7.14 6.464 11 57.40 0.034 5.23 5.23 25.98 0.20 0.0008 1.64 1.481 12 57.10 0.034 0 0.000001 0.01 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.000 Source: DPR, 2017

6.1.5 Air, Noise and Water Quality

The air and noise quality are not tested, but are observed to be good. There is no defecation problem observed around the drinking water sources. However, during the monsoon season the quality of water may be polluted due to the accumulation silt, erosion, flood etc. no any significant causes of noise pollution are observed.

During construction phase, mainly noise, dust and smoke will be emitted. Noise will be emitted during the operation of heavy equipment such as earthwork, quarry operation, crushers, tracked excavator, graders, loaders, trucks, concrete mixtures, etc. dust and smoke will be emitted while operating the crusher’s plants. The air and noise status within the study site were observed to be free from any source of pollution, however, the physiochemical parameters of water was tested from different sampling points and attached in Annex VIII of this EIA Report.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 66

Existing environmental condition

6.1.6 Infrastructure Situated along the alignment

No such infrastructure that will be affected directly or that needs relocation are situated along the canal alignment, however some settlements are situated within the range of 15 to 20m away from the canal alignment. The detail is given in the table no. 30.

6.1.6 Soil Properties of Command Area

Soil test was conducted and test reports are presented in Annex X of this EIA Report.

6.1.7 Average Water Table

The ground water level of the command area were enquired and were found to be in decreasing state. As per the observation, it was found that the study area had average water table lying in range from 40 to 50 ft. i.e. 12.2 m to 15.2 m from the ground surface layer.

6.1.8 Seismicity

The Himalaya was formed by the collision of two continental plates, the Asian and the Indian. The region is a typical example of a collision type orogenic belt- a linear region that has undergone folding or other deformation during a geotectonic cycle. Accompanying the mountain range is a major global seismic belt where earthquakes of magnitude 4.5 to 5.5 occur every year; over 600 earthquakes of magnitude 5 or over were recorded during the period 1950-1990.

Nepal has experienced a number of large earthquakes in the past which has caused substantial damages of life and property. A micro seismic epicenter map of Nepal Himalaya and adjoining region (1:2,000,000) prepared by the (National Seismological Centre, Department of Mines and Geology 1997) has been presented in (Figure 12)for reference. The map shows the distribution pattern of the earthquake epicenters in Nepal and adjoining region. It is clear from theseismic map that there is a dense cluster of earthquake epicenter in far western Nepal, less in eastern Nepal and least in central Nepal. However, the major and historical earthquakes are recorded from the east Nepal. From this map, the project area lies in the 3-4 local magnitude. The specific project related seismic studies have not been carried out so far. The records of seismic activities are limited in the Nepal Himalayas and hence correlation of seismic events with adjacent Himalayan region would be a useful source of information for designing the hydraulic structures.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Water Resources and Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa 67

Existing environmental condition

Figure 11: Epicentral map of the Himalaya showing the location of study area (As a reference the area lies in 3-4 local magnitude) Source: Department of Mines and Geology, National Seismological Center, Lainchaur, Kathmandu

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 68

Existing environmental condition

Several seismic studies have been carried out for the various projects in the country during the engineering design phases and seismic design coefficients are derived for those projects.There is no well-established theory about the relationship between the maximum acceleration of the earthquake motion and the value of the design seismic coefficient. However, there are several methods to convert the maximum acceleration of the earthquake motion into the design seismic coefficient. Generally three methods i.e. simplest method, empirical method and dynamic analysis using dynamic model are common to establish the seismic coefficient.

The simplest method is represented by

a = Amax/980------(i)

Where,

a = design seismic coefficient

Amax = maximum acceleration of the motion (gal)

However, this method will evaluate rather large value of seismic coefficient compared with the real value.

The empirical method is denoted by

aeff = R a = R Amax/980 ------(ii)

Where, 'aeff' = effective design coefficient

'R' = reduction factor (empirical value of R is approximately0.5 – 0.65)

The results obtained from this method are found to be similar in the recent studies carried out by using the dynamic analysis and the static analysis. Therefore, this method is considered to be the most common method to establish the design seismic coefficient at present. The third method is Dynamic Analysis Method using dynamic model. This method is considered to be most reasonable method at present. However, to apply this method the parameters like design input motion, the soil structure model, the properties of rock materials etc. are to be known. Therefore a detailed study is required to use this method.

In this regard, empirical method is considered to be reliable method for the evaluation of seismic coefficient for the Project, made during the present study based on Nepalese standard. For peak ground acceleration value of the project area, seismic hazard map of Nepal prepared by Seismological Centre Nepal is used Figure below:

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 69

Existing environmental condition

Figure 12: Seismic hazard map of Nepal showing the location of study area. (The PGA value of the area is about 100 gal) Source: Department of Mines and Geology, National Seismological Center, Lainchaur, Kathmandu

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 70

Existing environmental condition

Using PGA value (Amax) about 100 gal in the study area, the effective design coefficient (aeff) is found in between 0.051-0.066 (using equation ii), where the value of R is between 0.5- 0.65).

6.2 Biological Environment

The study area doesn’t lie in any protected or conserved areas of Nepal. The proposed study area lies in tropical, lowland Terai of Southern eastern part of Nepal with an altitude ranging between 60 m (which is the second lowest part of Nepal, Kachankawal) to 180 m. However, the study area comprises of unique tropical mixed forest patch of Nepal, also known as Jalthal Forest. Jalthal is located in between 26° 31' 0" North and 87° 59' 0" East with at an altitude between 60 m to 180 m. The total area of Jalthal Forest is 80.34 sq. km that covers 8.55% of Jhapa district and the forest within Jalthal Forest covers 63 sq. km (Neupane, 2018). Jalthal forest is one of the prime hotspot of animal. The endemic species of Nepal i.e. Latahar (Artocarpus chaplasa) or also known as monkey fruit or monkey Jack or Barhar is found within the Jalthal Forest. The study area comprises of a patch of forest comprising of 22 different community forest areas. However, the proposed canal alignment passes through 7 Community Forests of Saduprati Paschim Deurali, Purba Deurali, Shree Tribeni, Durgabitta, Shree Abhimukteshwor and Pathivara. The forest patch acts as a wildlife corridor. Being a prime wildlife hotspot, the human wildlife conflict also exists within the region in close to forest areas.

6.2.1 Forest

The proposed irrigation canal including service road passes through the buffer zone of these 7 community forest. In total, the proposed alignment requires 10.2438 ha of community Forest out of 13.0354 ha of forest. Table 9 shows the chainage wise numeric information on land area and length wise detail of the land to be acquired by the proposed canal alignment. In overall, the proposed structure requires, 3.46 ha, 2.13 ha, 0.4 ha, 0.77 ha, 0.74 ha, 2.03 ha and 0.68 ha of total land area from the buffer zone of Saduprati Paschim Deurali, Purba Deurali, Shree Tribeni, Durgabitta, Shree Abhimukteshwor and Pathivara Community Forest. The study area comprises of Sal tree (Shorea robusta) as a dominant tree species followed by other speciessuch as Sisoo (Dalbergia sisoo), Jamun (Syzygium cumini), Khair (Acacia catechu), Latahar (Artocarpus chaplasa),Lagerstroemia parviflora, Dillenia pentagyna, Terminalia bellerica, T. chebula, Sizygium cuminii, etc. The forest is unique due to the presence of species like katus (Castanopsis indica), Chilaune (Schima wallichii), Mahuwa (Madhuca longifolia), etc. which are out of their normal distribution range. It is also a habitat for rare and endangered species like Thakal (Cycas pectinata), Satisal (Dalbergia latifolia), Champ (Michelia champaca), Chandmaruwa (Rauvolfia serpentine), Simal (Bombax ceiba), etc. A preliminary survey documented 57 species of trees, 17 species of shrubs, 67 species of herbs and 10 species of climbers representing 129 genera under 76 families (Bhattrai, 2013). Non-timber forest products like medicinal herbs are also found within the study area. There are 33 NTFPs recorded in Jhapa by Division Forest Offices (2002/3). Similarly, D.M Edwards (1996) stated the occurrence of common NTFPs species like Sikakai (Acacia rugata), Bojho (Acorus calamus), Kurilo (Asparagus racemosus), Sugandhakokila (Cinnamomum glaucescens), Nepali dalchini (Cinnamomum tamala), Tejpat (Cinnamomum tamala), Vyakur (Dioscorea deltoidea), Rudraksha (Elaeocarpus sphaericus), Panngro

EIA of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 71

Existing environmental condition

(Entada phaseoloides), Amla (Phyllanthus emblica), Pipla (Piper longum), Sarpagandha (Rauvolfia serpentina), Majitho(Rubia majith), Rittha (Sapindus mukorossi), Barro (Terminalia bellerica), Harro (Termina chebula) and Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum), etc.

There are also issues of forest fire, illegal timber extraction and illegal collection of NTFPs. In order to control such activities, the 7 different community forests under Division Forest Office (DFO) is being actively involvement in sustainable forestry. They are taking role for the sustainable forest management and also actively monitoring (periodic day and night monitoring) the forest areas to prevent the illegal timber and non-timber extraction and in cases, resolved the probable issues of forest fire (Field Survey, 2018).

As the canal alignment passes along buffer zone of 7 different community forest, some of the tress species will be required to be removed for project implementation. Mostly, Sal trees which is the protected species of Nepal will be affected with the proposed project implementation. In general, the diameter base height less than 30 cm were considered as pole size trees whereas greater than 30 cm of dbh were considered as tree. The detail of the tree species that will be affected are provided in table below:

Table26: Tree Species situated along the canal alignment

SN Girth (m) Total Tree Species Conservation Status 1 0.3-0.5 22 0.5-0.8 22 Sal 0.8-1.1 9 Protected (GoN) Pole Size (dbh <30 cm) 250 (Shorea robusta) Total 303 2 0.3-0.5 15 0.5-0.8 - Sisoo 0.8-1.1 - Protected (GoN) Pole Size (dbh <30 cm) 3 (Dalbergia sisoo) Total 18 3 0.3-0.5 1 0.5-0.8 2 Barro (Terminalia 0.8-1.1 2 bellerica) Pole Size (dbh <30 cm) - Total 5 4 0.3-0.5 - 0.5-0.8 2 0.8-1.1 - Bot Dhamero Pole Size (dbh <30 cm) 5 Total 7 5 0.3-0.5 1 0.5-0.8 1 Jamun 0.8-1.1 - Pole Size (dbh <30 cm) - (Syzygium cumini) Total 2 6 0.3-0.5 1 0.5-0.8 - Kalikath 0.8-1.1 -

EIA of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 72

Existing environmental condition

Pole Size (dbh <30 cm) - Total 1 7 0.3-0.5 1 0.5-0.8 1 0.8-1.1 - Haluday Pole Size (dbh <30 cm) - Total 2 8 0.3-0.5 - 0.5-0.8 - 0.8-1.1 1 Karam Pole Size (dbh <30 cm) - Total 1 9 0.3-0.5 - 0.5-0.8 - Masala (Eucalyptus 0.8-1.1 - camaldulensis) Pole Size (dbh <30 cm) 45 Total 45 Source: Field Survey, 2018

Total 384 trees including 303 pole sized trees will be required to be removed from the immediate zone for the construction of proposed irrigation canal alignment. The stand size classification is presented in the following Table 27. The classification is based on Guideline for EIA (MoEn).

Table 27: Stand Size Classification for Trees

S.N. Stand Size DBH (cm) 1 Seedling Height 30 cm to 1m 2 Sapling Height >1 m with <10 cm of dbh 3 Poles 10 to 29.9 4 Tree >30

Total 384 trees comprising of 76 large timber and 308 pole timber trees were required to be removed from the proposed irrigation canal alignment. As per this classification, the trees which require to be removed along with wood volume are provided below whereas the detail is provided in Annex VII:

EIA of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 73

Existing environmental condition

Table 28: Trees Count and Volume as per Stand Size Classification Name of Community Number of Trees S.N. Chainage Trees Name Volume (m3) Forests Large Timber Trees Pole Timber Trees Total Trees 1 Sadhuprati CF 0+000 – 3+107 Bot dhayero - 5 5 0.888 Kalikath 1 - 1 0.048

Sal - 97 97 13.630

Sisoo - 3 3 0.989

Total (1) 1 105 106 15.507

2 Pascchim Deurali CF 3+107- 4+676 Sal 6 39 45 14.727 Total (2) 6 39 45 14.72651

3 Purbha Deurali CF 4+676- 5+726 Sal 15 6 21 21.046 Total (3) 15 6 21 21.046

4 Shree Tribeni CF 5+726-6+641 Masala 1 44 45 3.735 Sal 1 10 11 0.664

Sisoo 12 3 15 8.306

Total (4) 14 57 71 12.705

5 Shree Abhimukteswor CF 6+641-7+315 Barro 4 - 4 16.105 Bot dhayero 2 - 2 10.533

Hallude 1 - 1 3.437

Jamun 1 - 1 2.994

Karam 1 - 1 2.383

Sal 19 7 26 53.759

Total (5) 28 7 35 89.212

6 Durgabhitta CF 7+315-8+819 Barro 1 - 1 0.036 Hallude 1 - 1 3.736

Jamun 1 - 1 0.222

Sal 11 48 59 22.028

Total (6) 14 48 62 26.022

7 Pathibhara CF 8+819-9+311 Sal 2 42 44 3.974 Total (7) 2 42 44 3.942

Total (1+2+3+4+5+6+7) 76 308 384 183.191

Source: Field Survey, 2018

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 74

Existing environmental condition

6.2.2 Wildlife

The study area (Jalthal Forest) is a prime hotspot for wild fauna like Elephant (Elephas maximus), Chital/ Spotted Deer (Axis axis), Fox (Vulpes bengalensis), Monkey (Macaca mulatta) and other species. A brief of the fauna is provided in following table;

Table 29: Conservation Status of Wildlife within the Study Area

S.N. Local Name Scientific Name Conservation Status Mammals IUCN CITES 1 Elephant Elephas maximus Endangered I 2 Wild Boar Sus scrofa Least Concern 3 Rhesus Monkey Macaca mulata Least Concern 4 Jungle Cat Felis chaus Least Concern 5 Clouded Leopard Neofelis nebulosa Vulnerable I 6 Common Langur Semnopithecus entellus Least Concern I 7 Indian Hare Lepus nigricollis Least Concern 8 Black Giant Squirrel Ratufa bicolor Not Threatened 9 Indian Palm Squirrel Funambulus palmarum Least Concern Critically I 10 Chinese Pangolin Manis pentadactyla Endangered Reptiles 1 King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah Vulnerable II 2 Dhaman Ptyas mucosa Least Concern 3 Python Python molurus Vulnerable I 4 Hareu Gonyosoma oxycephalum Least Concern 5 Karet Bungarus caeruleus Vulnerable Birds 1 Peacock Pavo cristatus Least Concern III 2 Koyal Eudynamys scolopaceus Least Concern 3 Parrot Psittacula krameri Least Concern II 4 Huttityeu Vanellus indicus Vulnerable 5 Sarus Crane Antigone antigone Vulnerable Source: IUCN, Red List, 2018, CITES, 2018

6.2.3 Aquatic Life

Aduwa Khola is the source for the proposed project. The river is perennial source and home to fishes like Pothi (Puntius sophore), Tyangra (Mystus tengara), Tukuna and Mungri (Clarias batrachus).

6.3 Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment

Kachankawal Rural Municipality and Bahradashi Rural Municipality are a newly formed Rural Municipalities out of 7 Rural Municipalities of Jhapa District of Province No. 1 of Nepal. The rural municipality was established merging former VDCs; Gherabari,

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 75

Existing environmental condition

Pathariya, Kechana, Pathamari, Baniyani and Balubadi. There are total 7 wards in Kachankawal RM; Ward 1 (Gherawari), Ward 2 (Pathariya), Ward 3 (Pathariya), Ward 4 (Kechana), Ward 5 (Pathamari), Ward 6 (Baniyani) and Ward 7 (Baluwadi). (KRMP, 2075). Ward no. 1 (Bhagudugba) of Bahradashi Rural Municipality was formed merging previous ward 1, 2 and 9 (BRM, 2075).

6.3.1 Population

The proposed canal alignment passes through the boundary of community forest and private land of ward no. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 of Kachankawal Rural Municipality whereas the headwork of the proposed irrigation canal lies inWard 1 (Bhagudugba) of Bahradashi Rural Municipality ofJhapa district. Population and total number of households residing in DIA, IIA and ZOI are given below:

Table 30: Houses within Immediate Impact Area

SN Chainage Parameter Male Female Total 1 1+182 to 1+220 House of Phool Maya Tamang 3 5 8 2 1+182 to 1+220 House of Barjman Tamang 4 3 7 3 1+182 to 1+220 House of Raj Tamang 3 2 5 4 1+263 House of Kamala Thaplung 2 1 3 5 1+285 House of Jung Bahadur Thaplung 4 1 5 6 1+293 House of Padam Bahadur Kodaym 3 3 6 7 1+345 House of Dhanman Tamang 3 3 6 8 1+345 House of Gyan Bahadur Limbhu 2 2 4 9 1+577 House of Baijun Tudu 3 4 7 10 1+587 House of Krishna Maya Bhandari 2 3 5 11 5+449 House of Santi Ram Bhattarai 3 3 6 12 5+449 House of Jit Bahadur Bhattarai 4 5 9 13 6+116 House of Prem Raj Khawash 2 3 5 14 6+116 House of Jash Bahadur Khawash 4 4 8 15 6+557 House of Hari Prasad Luetel 3 1 4 16 6+600 House of Hari Niraula 3 4 7 17 6+641 House of Parshu Ram Koirala - - - 18 6+823 House of Lal Bahadur Tamang 4 5 9 19 6+823 House of Pradip Tamang 3 1 4 20 6+823 House of Nima Tamang 4 3 7 Total 59 56 115 Source: Field Survey, 2018

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 76

Existing environmental condition

Table 31: Population and Household of IIA

SN Ward Number Household Male Female Total Bahradashi Rural Municipality 1 1 925 2,342 2,229 4,571 Kachankawal Rural Municipality 1 1 1,662 3,833 3,763 7,596 2 2 876 2,105 2,042 4,147 3 3 1402 3,448 3,219 6,667 4 4 1,360 3,339 3,102 6,441 5 7 1,287 3,150 2,975 6,125 Total (1, 2, 3, 4 & 7) 6,587 15,875 15,101 30,976 Total 7,512 18,217 17,330 35,547 Source: Kachankawal RM Profile, 2075 and Bahradashi RM Profile, 2075/76

Table 32: Population and Household of ZoI

Rural SN Household Total Male Female Municipality 1 Kachankawal 9,001 42,912 21,980 20,932 2 Bahradashi 8,237 39,622 20,178 19,444 Source: Kachankawal RM Profile, 2075 and Bahradashi RM Profile, 2075/76

6.3.2 Occupation

As per the Detail Project Report, 2017 (DPR), agriculture is the main occupation of 95% of the economically active population. 5% of the population are engaged in other occupations. The agricultural practices are traditional in large part of the command area. Similarly, animal husbandry is another major occupation of the study area after agriculture as per Kachankawal and Bahradashi RM Profile. Agriculture within the study area has not been mechanized and scientific though the sub-project area is fertile and farmers have better chances of agriculture inputs and services availability.

6.3.3 Education

The ward where the project is going to be implemented has different level of schools providing education to local children. Ward No. 1 has 6 schools Shree Laxmi Primary School, Buddha Secondary School, Basanta Primary School, Mechi Boarding School, sahid Gangalal School and Nawa Jyoti School. Ward No. 2 includes schools like Laxmi Prasad Devkota Secondary School, Swacham Shiksha Sadan secondary School, and Suraj Boarding School. Ward No. 3 has schools 7 schools they are Shree Abhimukteshwor Sanskrit School, Shree Saraswati Lower Secondary School, Shree Moti Secondary School, Pathariya Secondary School, and Aambadi Primary School. Similarly in ward no. 4 there are Mahendra Ratna Secondary School, Sarada Primary School and in ward no. 7 there are altogether 6 schools Janaki Secondary School, Shree Jana Jyoti Primary School, Janata Lower Secondary School, Shiva Secondary School, Pashupati Primary School and Gagan Primary school.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 77

Existing environmental condition

6.3.4 Communication

Mobile phones are the most common means of communication within the study area. Phone services were operated mostly through Nepal telecom and NCELL. Cable network television were also found commonly used means of communication within the study area as per the Kachankawal Rural Municipality Profile. As per the field survey, the internet facility within the study area was observed to be mostly available in the core market areas.

6.3.5 Electricity

Electricity in the project site is provided by national grid transmission line. The RM Profile showed that the national grid transmission line is available in 84.2 % of the total 110 km2 of Kachankawal RM. Some houses in the project site also used Solar Panels as an alternative source of energy as per the field observation.

6.3.6 Irrigation

At present, there are total56 households that rely on irrigation system whereas rest 634 and 364 houses rely on boring and pumpset for deriving water for irrigation purpose where some houses also rely on well for irrigation purpose.

Table 33: Household relying on different Sources for Irrigation Purpose

Ward no. Canal Boring Pumpset Well Total 1 10 57 160 0 227 2 22 134 87 0 243 3 18 163 30 1 212 4 4 106 26 0 136 7 2 174 61 0 237 Total 56 634 364 1 1055 Source: Kachankawal Rural Municipality Profile, 2075

6.3.7 Water Supply

The people in project sites depend upon a number of drinking water sources. Ground water or tube well is the highly used water source for drinking purposes. As per Kachankawal RM Profile, the following information are obtained as;

Table 34: Household relying on different Water Sources

Ward no. Tubewell Tap Pond River Jaruwa Total 1 1,652 45 4 1,701

2 860 25 21 906

3 1,353 79 12 1,444

4 1,343 13 24 1,380

7 1,194 52 135 1 1 1,383 Total 6,402 214 196 1 1 6,814

Source: Kachankawal Rural Municipality Profile, 2075

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 78

Existing environmental condition

6.3.8 Fuel for Cooking

As per the National Population and Housing Census, 2011 (NPHC), most of the people within the Jhapa district relied on wood or firewood for cooking purpose. People also relied on LP Gas, Biogas and cow dung as the second, third and fourth widely used fuel for cooking purpose.

Table 35: Household relying on different Fuels for Cooking

Guitha/Cow Not Ward Wood LPGas Biogas Electricity Kerosene Solar Total dung stated 1 1,467 137 21 16 1 16 1 3 1,662 2 556 215 95 2 1 3 1 3 876 3 1,309 73 12 3 1 4 1,402 4 895 65 5 387 3 5 1,360 7 1,042 168 60 16 1 1,287 Total 5,269 658 193 424 6 24 2 11 6,587

Source: Kachankawal Rural Municipality Profile, 2075

6.3.10 Migration Pattern

As per the Kachankawal Rural Municipality Profile, there are altogether 175 number of families, as registered number of families after in/out migration.

6.3.11 Market Centers and Business Facilities

Almost each and every ward of project sites has better market facilities. However goods are brought from Bhadrapur, Chandragadi, Birtamod and India as Jhapa lies near to India boarder.

6.3.12 Agro-biodiversity

The study area is also rich in local agro-biodiversity. Improved varieties of crops such as maize, wheat, paddy, potato, oilseeds and other vegetables are more grown within the study area compared to the traditional varieties of crop. A study conducted by Chudal (2018) showed that Community seed bank in Shivasatakshi Municipality of Jhapa has conserved 70 different varieties (Chaitey, Barkhey) of traditional rice seeds, however, only one variety of traditional seeds, five varieties of improved rice seeds and two varieties of un-registered rice seeds are being used with the region. The study pointed climatic variability, mainly temperature and rainfall in Jhapa district becoming mainly responsible for less productivity with the use of traditional varieties of crop. At such, the improved rice varieties like Aaue musuli, Khymte, Kamal dhan, Sukha-1, Sukha-3, Sona mansuli were more preferred as similar to unregistered rice varieties like Ranjit (Seto and Rato) and Sarna dhan. Similarly, improved maize seeds like Rampur composite, Arun-2, Manakamana -1, Manakaman-3 etc. were recommended by Government of Nepal whereas other Indian hybrid seeds like Alrounder, Rajkumar Basha, Ganga etc. were also observed in practice.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 79

Existing environmental condition

6.3.13 Health Facility

As per the Kachankawal Rural Municipality Profile, there are altogether 1 health post, 2 sub- health post, 4 primary health post, 5 pharmacy and 7 birthing centers.

6.3.14 Cultural and Religious Sites

The field observation showed that each and every ward in the project site had cultural and religious sites. Ward No. 1 has altogether 5 temples Bishnu Path Temple, Uttarashu Temple, Shivalaya temple, Durga Temple and Shree Krishna Pranami Temple. Ward No. 2 has 3 temples Hanuman Temple, Banglamarima Temple and Durga Temple. Ward No. 3 has 2 temples and one church Shree Abhimukteshwor Shivalaya and Durga Temple. Similarly Ward No. 4 has two temples Shivalaya Temple and Durga Temple and Ward No. 7 has 4 temples Shree Krishna Pranami Temple, Durga Temple and two Shivalaya temples.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 80

Identification of environmental impacts ss

7. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

The identification and prediction of impacts has been made by giving due consideration to the proposed actions/activities during pre-construction, construction and operation phases of the project. Both beneficial and potential adverse impacts were analyzed. The impacts are divided into different nature of impact (i.e. direct and indirect), magnitude of impact (i.e. high, medium and low), duration of impact (i.e. short-term, mid-term, and long- term) and extent of impact (i.e.site-specific, local and regional). Identified impact is ranked and evaluated according to EIAGuidelines 1993.

The Term of Reference (ToR) approved by the Ministry of Forests and Environment, Government of Nepal is the guiding document while discussing on the environmental impactsidentification. Issues raised by the local stakeholders have also been covered in this chapter.

7.1 Beneficial Impact

Beneficial impacts due to implementation of the proposal during construction and operation of the project has been assessed and further enhancement measures have been suggested. Local potential of the area has been identified that can be promoted to enhance local economy. The beneficial impacts are fruitful for the livelihoods of the local people. The beneficial impacts assessed during construction and operation stages are as follows.

7.1.1 Construction Phase

a) Job Opportunities for Locals

One of the major direct beneficial impacts is the creation of employment. The project would require 166 skilled and 525 unskilled human resources per day to complete construction of canal. The priority will be given to local labours who are interested to work. The project will provide adequate training related to work. The impact will be direct in nature; magnitude will be medium, with local extent and medium term in duration.

b) Skill Enhancement of Locals

The construction will not only provide employment opportunities but also supports for the transfer of skills to the local labours. Unskilled labor will be trained which will enhance their skills and capability in construction works, bioengineering works and other required items necessary for the construction. These skills will not only benefit the local workers by providing employment opportunity but also contribute to local human resource development in the regions that otherwise have restricted opportunities. The skills will help unskilled laborers for their self- dependence in the future. The impact will be indirect in nature; magnitude will be medium with regional extent and long term in nature.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 81

Identification of environmental impacts ss

c) Increase in Economic Activities

The construction activities will take about three year for completion and will employ the members of WUA at various skill levels. The workers working in the proposal will have different requirements in terms of food and accommodation purpose. Local trade and commerce (hotels, restaurants and other service provider) may get impacted when there will be high demand of local supplies like food and groceries, drinking water, LP Gas for cooking, nets for mosquitos and other purpose such that they will be benefitted due to increased economic activities in the project corridor. This can thereby, increase the income generating opportunities within the local markets and vendors. The impact will be direct in nature; magnitude will be low, site specific in extent and short term in duration.

d) Women empowerment

Women will get chance to involve directly on construction works as they do not have to go far for such income generating activities. So empowerment of women will also increase. This impact will be indirect in nature, medium in magnitude, local in extent and long-term in duration.

7.1.2 Operation Phase

a) Crop yield and production

After construction of the project facilities, the crop yields would gradually increase from the 139 % to 215 % and stabilize after the completion of the project facilities. The provision of irrigation water and introduction of improved technology by the project will raise the cropping intensity. The impact will be direct in nature; magnitude will be medium, with regional extent and of long- term in nature.

b) Impact on Agricultural production Land

The construction of Irrigation Canal over agricultural land will diminish the value of land for other use than agriculture to some extent. People will not be able to use such land as property as such land is less favored and have lost selling price if need be. However, this can increase the agricultural production and help take market for better income. The impact will be indirect in nature, with medium magnitude, site specific in extent and long term in duration.

c) Increase in Economic Activities

The Irrigation Project in operation people, will benefit through reliable source of water for irrigation. Now, people can think of investment in small industries, mills and other units that can run from agro-based products. The impact will be indirect in nature; magnitude will be medium, with local in extent and long term in duration.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 82

Identification of environmental impacts ss

d) Employment Opportunities

The operation phase will demand skilled and unskilled work force to run and manage the Irrigation Project. People will be required at office, maintenance of canal, regulation of irrigation activities that will provide employment opportunities to local people. The impact will be indirect in nature, with medium magnitude, local in extent and long term in duration.

e) Creation of Ecological Niche Zone

The constructed ROW line for construction of main canal and the headwork site that will temporarily hold back the water is seen as an opportunity to enhance diversity as such areas have different avenue and environment to promote new species to colonize. Such open spaces are also seen as site for a wide range of wildlife species for feeding and to safeguard themselves from predators. The impact will be indirect in nature, with low magnitude, site specific in extent and long term in duration.

f) Transfer of Skills

The project will require workforce to work in various sector of Irrigation Project. They can be engineers, enumerators, clerks and so on. This will bring on the opportunity to the local people to learn new skills and techniques. The impact will be indirect in nature, with medium magnitude, local in extent and long term in duration.

g) Improved road access

The project will be constructing service road for the operation and maintenance of the canal. These infrastructures will benefit the locals of the project area. Similarly, the canal will act as flood- protecting embankment and as a barrier to control human wildlife conflict. Such obstruction may enhance ground water recharge. The impact will be direct in nature, with medium magnitude, site specific in extent and long termin duration.

h) Control in Human Wildlife Conflict

The proposed irrigation canal alignment along with a service road, a total width of 14 m will act as a barrier to control the existing human wildlife conflict (elephant, porcupine and others). This will help to minimize the animal interaction to the human social environment. The impact will be direct in nature, high in magnitude, site specific in extent and long term in duration.

i) Community Support Programme

As a part of community support programme, the proponent shall organize a training programme for the farmers within the command area where, the farmers will be directly benefitted. The farmers can enhance their knowledge through training on usage of fertilizers to increase soil fertility and agricultural production. The impact will be direct in nature, high in magnitude, local in extent and long term in duration.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 83

Identification of environmental impacts ss

7.2Adverse Impact

7.2.1 Pre-Construction Phase

7.2.1.1 Socio-economic and Cultural Environment

a) Occupational hazards/ Risk of injury/ death

Occupational hazard or risk of injury may exist in pre-construction phase when the pre- construction activities like site clearance or tree clearance takes place for the easement during construction phase. The activities require use of sharp tools and machineries to precede clearance and may attract risk or threat under condition of lagging personal protecting equipments. The impact will be indirect in nature, with medium magnitude, site specific in extent and short term in duration.

b) Property, Agricultural Land Acquisition and Compensation

20 households will be affected for the proposed irrigation canal construction. Also, agricultural land will be required to be acquired if the irrigation canal passes through the agricultural land. At such, the compensation of the acquired agricultural land is required as per the existing rules and regulation of Government of Nepal. The impact will be direct in nature, with high magnitude, site specific in extent and long term in duration.

c) Regulatory permission

Pre-construction activities like site and tree clearance requires regulatory permission before the execution. Such regulatory permission must be taken with the concerned officials and stakeholders to maintain transparency and reliability of work. The impact will be indirect in nature, with medium magnitude, local in extent and short term in duration.

d) Preparedness awareness to contractor’s staff/ others

Awareness regarding work handling is important along with working knowledge and awareness in prior to any work activities. Those who are newly appointed must also be provided with work handling procedures related information to ease the working. Awareness on preparedness must be provided to both newly or experienced human resource regarding works so as to reduce the occupational hazards and risk. The impact will be indirect in nature, with medium magnitude, site specific in extent and long termin duration.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 84

Identification of environmental impacts ss

7.2.1.2 Physical and Chemical Environment

a) Project Ancillary Facilities Sites Identification and Site clearance

The construction of irrigation canal alignment requires project ancillary facilities such as stockpiling sites, spoil disposal sites, camp site, crusher and quarry sites, batching plant, aggregate crushing and washing areas. At such, the sites may require to clear for the establishment of project ancillary facilities. The impact will be direct in nature, with medium magnitude, site specific in extent and short termin duration.

7.2.1.3 Biological Environment

a) Permission from DFO for Tree Clearance

Before tree clearance by the CFUGs, the permission must be taken prior from Division Forest Office. This mandatory process comes under as a regulatory permission in priori to conduction of any construction work. The impact will be direct in nature, with medium magnitude, site specific in extent and short term in duration.

b) Marking and clearance of trees from impact zone

After acquiring the permission from DFO for tree clearance, the trees will be firstly verified and marked such that the marked trees will be easily identified during tree clearance process. Total 384 trees including 303 pole sized trees will be required to be removed from the proposed irrigation canal alignment. Such trees will be confirmed, verified and marked which requires clearance from the immediate impact zone where the proposed irrigation canal will be constructed. The impact will be direct in nature, with low magnitude, site specific in extent and long term in duration.

7.2.2 Construction Phase

7.2.2.1 Socio-economic and Cultural Environment

a) Child labor Issues

The irrigation canal construction requires different human resource for work execution. At such, there is probability of child labor. Child labor can exist under condition when the human resource demand doesn’t fulfill as estimated for construction process. Besides this, Child labor can also exist in other forms such as preparing fooding or refreshments in different tea stalls and others. The impact will be indirect in nature, with low magnitude, site specific in extent and short term in duration.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 85

Identification of environmental impacts ss

b) Loss of Agricultural Land/ agro-products/ cash crops

The agricultural land and agricultural products may get damaged due to project activities such as stockpiling and spoil disposal activities or use of such lands temporarily for other project ancillary facilities. The impact will be indirect in nature, with low magnitude, site specific in extent and short term in duration.

c) Occupational health and safety hazards/ accidents/ Risk of injury/death

The labor involved in construction activities will be exposed to different levels of risk. The risk of accident during work may also be high. The proposed construction requires all workers to adopt proper occupational health and safety standards during working hour. Insurances of the manpower for the proposed construction are necessaryas per rules set by GoN and Irrigation Policy.The impact will be direct in nature, high in magnitude, site specific in extent and short term in duration.

d) Solid Waste Management

The camp site assigned for human resources during construction phase can generate solid waste mainly organic and inorganic wastes through the food preparation. This process can also generate different plastics from the packed food products in process of food preparation. Lack of waste segregation and waste disposal can induce problem of solid waste within the proposal vicinity. The impact will be direct in nature, medium in magnitude, site specific in extent and medium term in duration.

e) Impact on access road (Local area)

The frequency of transportation of heavily loaded vehicles, machines or stockpiling materials during construction phase can inundate the existing earthen village road. The vehicle movement increases for the loading and unloading of all construction materials and thus can impact the local road. The impact will be direct in nature, high in magnitude, local in extent and long term in duration.

f) Pressure on public utilities due to in migration of workers

The construction activities may require transportation of construction materials and energy such as diesel to run generators or electricity to run different machineries. The human resource in camp site also requires cooking energy like LP Gas to cook and prepare the foods, water for drinking purpose and proper toilets to control open defecation. The outside workers will be using the local public services (water supply, electricity, road, telecommunication, market, places of worshipping and entertainment etc.) putting pressure. At such, the influx of workers can pose pressure on the available public utilities in construction phase. The impact will be direct in nature, medium in magnitude, local in extent and medium term in duration.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 86

Identification of environmental impacts ss

g) Sanitation Issues

Impact due to lack of awareness, open defecation and direct disposal of wastes into the ambient environment by the workers could produce significant impact upon the health of the locals. If sanitation issues will not be addressed properly; there is likely spreading and emergence of disease among the labor as well as the local people. The impact will be direct in nature, high in magnitude, local in extent and short term in duration.

h) Issues related to Gender equity

Gender equality as well as equity needs to be addressed during construction phase. Both men and women human resource needs to be provided equal opportunities as a part of equality and both human resources must be provided opportunities regardless of any discrimination on the basis of sexand addressing any imbalances in the benefits available to them.The impact will be indirect in nature, low in magnitude, local in extent and short term in duration.

i) Pressure on Existing Health care Facilities

The influx of human resources within the proposal vicinity can attract pressures on public utilities, create solid waste management issues, drainage (sewage) issues, contamination of nearby water resource if unaddressed and can cause spread of contagious disease. The region lying to tropical region can also have higher chance of mosquito bites that can cause malaria. At such, there can be pressure on existing health care facilities within the area. The impact will be indirect in nature, low in magnitude, local in extent and short term in duration.

j) Social conflict due to influx of workers

Conflict between non-local and local people and with other construction crew members could be existed. The conflict might be existed while hiring local people in the project or in between male or female workers. This also could lengthen the construction period of the project. The impact will be direct in nature, low in magnitude, local in extent and short-term in duration.

k) Crime Issues

Besides social conflict, there can also be other issues such as gambling, robbery, drinking alcohol within the allocated campsites. Such activities can be catalytic activities for other crime issues like injury or threat. The impact will be indirect in nature, low in magnitude, local in extent and short-term in duration.

l) Introduced diseases, including STDs, AIDS, or any other communicable disease

During construction phase, there can be lack of awareness among workers causing open defecation and direct disposal of wastes into the ambient environment thereby introducing sanitation issues and can produce significant impact upon the health of the locals. If sanitation issues will not address properly; there is likely spreading and emergence of disease among the

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 87

Identification of environmental impacts ss labor camp as well. The impact will be direct in nature, high in magnitude, local in extent and short term in duration.

m) Fire hazards

The construction activities shall operate heavy machines and vehicles for transporting construction materials. Canal construction shall require variety of resources such as diesel generator or electricity as a source of energy. It shall also use bituminous substances (Asphalt bitumen) and other chemical substances which can cause fire hazard if handled carelessly. Fire hazards can exist through the overloading of electric power, machines and chemicals. Besides, such hazards can also exist in labor camp induced from LP Gas if handled unsafely. The impact will be indirect in nature, medium in magnitude, site-specific in extent and short term in duration.

n) Impact on Belief systems

Influx of workers and their activities intrusion in religious sites, political thoughts, social and traditional believes can also impact the existing belief system and can cause social conflicts and crimes. The impact will be indirect in nature, low in magnitude, site-specific in extent and short term in duration.

o) Migration Issues

Construction activities of irrigation canal alignment can cause issues such as migration causing discomfort to the settlement areas. The impact will be indirect in nature, low in magnitude, site- specific in extent and short term in duration.

7.2.2.2 Physical and Chemical Environment

a) Temporary and permanent change in Land use

The proposed irrigation canal alignment of 7.45 km length and 14 m width including service road requires land acquisition from agricultural land as well as from seven different community forests. At such, it requires total 10.24 ha of government land from community forest and 2.79 ha from agricultural land (private land) out of 13.03 ha. This shall cause permanent change in land use converting the area permanently into irrigations structures. It also requires temporary land for establishment of project ancillary facilities like quarry, spoil disposal, labor camp, crusher plant, batching plant, aggregate crushing and washing areas. The impact will be direct in nature, high in magnitude, site-specific in extent and long term in duration.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 88

Identification of environmental impacts ss

b) Soil erosion/ Topsoil (Productive Soil) Loss

The construction of proposed irrigation canal shall generate 1, 50,000 m3 volume of topsoil. The excavation process shall cause soil erosion and loss of topsoil/fertile soil in due process. Besides, the soil volume from excavation process will be lost in process which was fertile and contained productive value. The impact will be direct in nature, medium in magnitude, site-specific in extent and long term in duration.

c) Emission of Dust Particles/ Air pollution

The air at the location site does not appear to be polluted. The vehicle movement around the project site was observed to be minimal. However, dust will be a major problem during construction phase. Earthwork/excavation work and construction materials transportation is likely to cause dust in the atmosphere whereas construction activities including use of fossil fuel is likely to cause emission and probable air pollution. Vehicle transporting construction materials can also spread dust in windy condition.The impact will be direct in nature, low in magnitude; local in extent and short term in duration.

d) Noise Pollution

The project area does not experience higher level of noise pollution. But during construction phase, the construction activities such as earthwork and machinery operation may increase the noise level of the area to some extent. The impact will be direct in nature, medium in magnitude, site specific in extent and short term in duration.

e) Disruption of natural water flow due to construction of H/W

During construction phase, the natural water flow in the headwork areas may get diverted for shorter duration and this is likely to cause disruption of the natural water flow to some extent. The impact will be indirect in nature, low in magnitude, site specific in extent and short term in duration.

f) Pollution of water resources

During construction phase, there is possibility of pollution of water resources (mainly river) due to the construction activities likes washing of vehicles and equipments near the water resources. Further, the construction activities likes batching plant and extraction of river sediments as a construction materials is likely to cause pollution. The impact will be indirect in nature, low in magnitude, site specific in extent and short term in duration.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 89

Identification of environmental impacts ss

g) Hazards due to spoil disposal

The excavation work/ earthwork during construction phase will generate total 99,311 m3 earthwork volume of spoils and 1, 50,000 m3 volume of topsoil. The spoil volume requires proper designated place for disposal purpose. Disposal of such spoil nearby to water resources or settlement areas can create nuisance to environment as well as possibility of water pollution. The impact will be indirect in nature, low in magnitude, site specific in extent and medium term in duration.

h) Visual impairment of landscape

The construction activities shall generate spoils which may get disposed within the environment and can create visual impairment. Improper and unmanaged spoil disposal or waste disposal can cause nuisance in the environment and is also likely to cause problems like air pollution or disease spread through improper waste management. The impact will be indirect in nature, low in magnitude, site specific in extent and medium term in duration.

i) Impacts due to use of oil/grease, lubricants

There will be use of different machineries that requires use of fossil fuels (kerosene/petrol/diesel) as well as oil/grease/lubricants to ease the machine work properly. At such, there is probability that the chemicals get spilled in the open land and nearby water resources, likely to cause land or water pollutions. If such chemicals will be handled carelessly, there is also chances of fire hazard.The impact will be indirect in nature, medium in magnitude, site specific in extent and short term in duration.

7.2.2.3 Biological Environment

a) Habitat Fragmentation

The construction of proposed irrigation canal alignment requires 10.24 ha of land from the seven different community forests. The canal alignment is proposed from the buffer zone area of the community forests. The proposed irrigation canal alignment, passing through the boundary shall have minimal creation of habitat fragmentation with the loss of total 384 trees including 303 pole sized. The impact will be direct in nature, low in magnitude, site specific in extent and long term in duration.

b) Illegal firewood, herbs and NTFPs collection

The proposed irrigation canal alignment requires clearance of total 384 trees including 303 pole sized trees. Besides, the Jalthal forest and different community forest of Jhapa has recorded total 33 different NTFPs (Division Forest Offices, 2002/3) and 67 species of herbs (Bhattrai, 2013). Sal (Shorea robusta) along with other tree species like Sisoo (Dalbergia sisoo)are the dominant tree species found within the region. At such, there is higher chance of illegal firewood

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 90

Identification of environmental impacts ss collection along with herbs and NTFPs during construction phase. The impact will be direct in nature, medium in magnitude, site specific in extent and short term in duration.

c) Disturbance to the wild animals

Construction activities like excavation and machines operation shall produce noise within the proposal vicinity (buffer zone area). Due to this, it can create nuisance to the wild animals and can impact upon their diurnal behavior and activities. The impact will be indirect in nature, low in magnitude, site specific in extent and short term in duration.

d) Illegal wildlife hunting

The proposed irrigation canal passes through seven different community forests. Being within buffer zone area, there can be coincidental interaction with wildlife. The region is a prime hotspot for wild fauna like Elephant (Elephas maximus), Chital (Axis axis), fox (Vulpes bengalensis), monkey and other species. People movement will also increase during the construction phase which increases the probability for illegal wildlife hunting and poaching. The impact will be indirect in nature, medium in magnitude, site specific in extent and short term in duration.

e) Issues of forest fire

Issues like forest fire are more common in dry and summer season. The proposed irrigation canal alignment passes through different community forests. During construction phase, there is likelihood of issues of forest fire due to use of combustible substances/ chemical (unless handled carefully) and accidental fire incidents due to construction activities. The impact will be indirect in nature, medium in magnitude, local in extent and short term in duration.

f) Impact on Aquatic Fauna (Fish)

Aduwa Khola is the river source from where the water for the proposed irrigation canal alignment is proposed for irrigation purpose. The proposed river is a perennial source that is home to aquatic fauna/ fish species like Pothi (Puntius sophore), Tyangra (Mystus tengara), Tukuna and Mungri (Clarias batrachus). Water diversion during headwork construction for a defined period can cause impact on aquatic fauna/fish species. The impact will be direct in nature, low in magnitude, site specific in extent and short term in duration.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 91

Identification of environmental impacts ss

7.2.3 Operation Phase

7.2.3.1 Socio-economic and Cultural Environment

a) Occupational health and safety hazards

The workers involved in the maintenance of head work and irrigation canal network may incur some minor injury in operation phase. The impact will be indirect in nature, with medium magnitude, site specific in nature and long term in duration.

b) Impact due to operation of Irrigation Canal

During monsoon season, there is probability of high risk of flooding of settlement areas during operation of canal. The impact will be direct in nature, high in magnitude, site specific in extent and long term in duration.

c) Issues related to Gender equity

During operation phase, there can be generation of issues such as gender equity in terms of employment opportunities (as in operation and maintenance of irrigation canal). The impact will be indirect in nature, low in magnitude, site specific in extent and long term in duration.

7.2.3.2 Physical and Chemical Environment

a) Reinstatement of project ancillary facilities Sites

Project ancillary sites like camp, crusher, spoil disposal, stockpiling, quarry sites, batching plant, aggregate crushing and washing areas will occupy the designated areas during construction phase and possibly bring about changes in the prior state. Such sites need to be reinstatement to the previous site. It may require time and effort to reinstate to the prior state. The impact will be high in magnitude, site specific in extent and long term in duration.

b) Issues of Sediments and Siltation

Sedimentation and siltation can be problem within the irrigation canal alignment especially during the monsoon season carrying heavy sediment loads. The sediments can be also a problem due to agricultural runoff or back flush of agricultural water. The impact will be direct in nature, medium in magnitude, site specific in extent and long term in duration.

c) Impact on Air and Noise Quality

The movement of vehicles in operation phase can increase smoke and dust and also shall produce noise, thereby increasing possibility of air and noise pollution to some extent in operation phase. The impact will be low in magnitude, site specific in extent and long term in duration.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 92

Identification of environmental impacts ss

d) Impact on Ground Water Level

Water diversion from main river course into the proposed irrigation canal alignment can cause impact on the exiting ground water table such that it can impact upon the ground water level recharge. The impact will be indirect in nature, medium in magnitude, site specific in extent and long term in duration.

e) Irrigation Water Quality (N, P and K)

The agricultural back flush water into the irrigation water can cause increase in the element constituent such as nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium which are the major element constituent for changing soil properties and altering soil fertility (cation and anion exchange). The impact will be indirect in nature, low in magnitude, site specific in extent and long term in duration.

f) Impacts due to Disaster Risk

The proposal area lies on lower southern land of Terai region, where the probability of flood risk increases during the monsoon season. The irrigation canal alignment being withdrawn from Aduwa Khola has risk factors due to flood during the monsoon season. The impact will be indirect in nature, medium in magnitude, local in extent and long term in duration.

7.2.3.3 Biological Environment

a) Illegal wildlife hunting

Though the construction of proposed irrigation canal alignment, there can still exist the possibility of illegal wildlife hunting and poaching. The impact will be indirect in nature, low in magnitude, site specific in extent and long term in duration.

b) Illegal extraction of forest resources

Being a source for 67 herb species and 33 NTFPs, there is possibility for illegal extraction of forest resources including Sal species. The impact will be direct in nature, medium in magnitude, site specific in extent and long term in duration.

c) Fire hazards

Operation of proposed irrigation canal will likely to produce cooling effect within the forest areas. However, the forest during dry and summer season can catch accident fire issues due to dried leaves and fodders. The impact will be indirect in nature, high in magnitude, local in extent and short term in duration.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 93

Identification of environmental impacts ss

d) Impact on aquatic life

After the regular operation of the proposed Irrigation Project, the abstraction of water from the river will reduce river discharge in downstream zone resulting in decrease in habitat area of aquatic flora and fauna. The impact will be indirect in nature, with medium magnitude, local in extent and long term in duration.

7.3 Issues Raised by Local People

There are positive and negative issues that are suggested by stakeholders. The stakeholders suggested some measures for future improvement of canal which are as follows;

 Take prior permission from Division Forest Office and proceed the work in regards to tree clearing from the community forests  Forest and biological diversity must not be harmed in due course  Forests must not be affected as far as possible  Mitigation measures must be followed to ensure environment conservation  As the construction of canal requires private land of locals, so locals must be compensated for acquiring their land for canal construction.  Opportunities far as possible must be given to locals as labours.  The project pose no impact on existing public infrastructure, hence, it must be implemented as fast as possible.

7.4 Impact Evaluation

The following table presents Impact Matrix analyzing all the anticipated Environmental Impacts within the construction and operation phase of the proposed Tribeni Irrigation Canal.

Table 36: Beneficial Environmental Impacts

Aspect Impacts Magnitude Extent Duration Rating Beneficial Impact H, M, L R, Lo, Ss Lt, Mt, St Construction Phase a) Job opportunities for locals M=20 Lo=20 Mt=10 50 b) Skill enhancement of locals M=20 R=60 Lt=20 100 c) Increase in economic activities L=10 Ss=10 St=5 25 d) Women empowerment M=20 Lo=20 Lt=20 60 Operation Phase a) Crop yield and production M=20 R=60 Lt=20 100 b) Impact on Agricultural production M= 20 Ss= 10 Lt=20 50 c) Increase in economic activities M=20 Lo=20 Lt=20 60 d) Employment opportunities M=20 Lo=20 Lt=20 60

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 94

Identification of environmental impacts ss

e) Creation of Ecological Niche Zone L=10 Ss=10 Lt=20 40 f) Transfer of skills M=20 Lo=20 Lt=20 80 g) Improved road access M=20 Ss=10 Lt=20 50 h) Control in Human Wildlife Conflict H= 60 Ss= 10 Lt=20 90 i) Community Support Programme H=60 Lo=20 Lt= 20 100 Note: Magnitude- L= Low; M= Medium; H= High; Extent- L= Local; R= Regional, S= Site Specific; Duration- Lt= Long term; Mt= Medium Term; St= Short Term

Table 37: Adverse Environmental Impacts

Aspect Impacts Magnitude Extent Duration Rating Adverse H, M, L R, Lo, Ss Lt, Mt, St Pre- Construction Stage Socio-economic and Cultural Environment a) Occupational hazards/ Risk of injury/ M= 20 Ss= 10 St=5 35 death b) Property, Agricultural Land H= 60 Ss= 10 Lt=20 90 Acquisition and Compensation c) Regulatory permission M= 20 Lo= 20 St=5 45 d) Preparedness awareness to M= 20 Ss= 10 Lt=20 50 contractor’s staff/ others Physical and Chemical Environment a) Project Ancillary Facilities Sites M= 20 Ss= 10 St=5 35 Identification and Site clearance Biological Environment a) Permission from DFO for Tree M= 20 Ss= 10 St=5 35 Clearance b) Marking and clearance of trees from L=10 Ss= 10 St=5 25 impact zone Construction Phase Socio-economic and Cultural Environment a) Child Labor Issues L=10 Ss= 10 St=5 25 b) Loss of Agricultural Land/ agro- L=10 Ss= 10 St=5 25 products/ cash crops c) Occupational health and safety H= 60 Ss= 10 St=5 75 hazards/ accidents/ Risk of injury/death d) Solid Waste Management M= 20 Ss= 10 St=5 35 e) Impact on access road (Local area) H= 60 Lo= 20 Lt=20 100 f) Pressure on public utilities due to in M= 20 Lo= 20 Lt=20 60 migration of workers g) Sanitation Issues H= 60 Lo= 20 St=5 85 h) Issues related to Gender equity L=10 Lo= 20 St=5 35

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 95

Identification of environmental impacts ss

i) Pressure on Existing Health care L=10 Lo= 20 St=5 35 Facilities j) Social conflict due to influx of L=10 Lo= 20 St=5 35 workers k) Crime Issues L=10 Lo= 20 St=5 35 l) Introduced diseases, including STDs, H= 60 Lo= 20 St=5 85 AIDS, or any other communicable disease m) Fire Hazard M= 20 Ss= 10 St=5 35 n) Impact on Belief systems L=10 Ss= 10 St=5 25 o) Migration Issues L=10 Lo= 20 St=5 35 Physical and Chemical Environment a) Temporary and Permanent Change in H=60 Ss= 10 Lt=20 90 land use b) Soil erosion/ Topsoil (Productive M= 20 Ss= 10 Lt=20 50 Soil) Loss c) Emission of Dust Particles/ Air L=10 Lo= 20 St=5 35 pollution d) Noise Pollution M= 20 Ss= 10 St=5 35 e) Disruption of natural water flow due L=10 Ss= 10 St=5 25 to construction of H/W f) Pollution of water resources L=10 Ss= 10 St=5 25 g) Hazards due to spoil disposal L=10 Ss= 10 Mt=10 30 h) Visual impairment of landscape L=10 Ss= 10 Mt=10 30 i) Impacts due to use of oil/grease, M= 20 Ss= 10 St=5 35 lubricants Biological environment a) Habitat Fragmentation L=10 Ss= 10 Lt=20 50 b) Illegal firewood, herbs and NTFPs M= 20 Ss= 10 St=5 35 collection c) Disturbance to the wild animals L=10 Ss= 10 St=5 25 d) Illegal wildlife hunting M= 20 Ss= 10 St=5 35 e) Issues of forest fire M= 20 Lo= 20 St=5 45 f) Impact on Aquatic Fauna (Fish) L=10 Ss= 10 St=5 25 Operation Phase Socio-economic and Cultural Environment a) Occupational health and safety M= 20 Ss= 10 Lt=20 50 hazards b) Impact due to operation of Irrigation H= 60 Ss= 10 Lt=20 90 Canal c) Issues related to Gender equity L=10 Ss= 10 Lt=20 40 Physical and Chemical Environment a) Reinstatement of project ancillary H= 60 Ss= 10 Lt=20 90 facilities Sites

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 96

Identification of environmental impacts ss

b) Issues of Sediments and Siltation M= 20 Ss= 10 Lt=20 50 c) Impact on Air and noise Quality L=10 Ss= 10 Lt=20 40 d) Impact on Ground Water Level M= 20 Ss= 10 Lt=20 50 e) Irrigation Water Quality (N, P and L=10 Ss= 10 Lt=20 40 K) f) Impacts due to Disaster Risk M= 20 Lo= 20 Lt= 20 60 Biological Environment a) Illegal wildlife hunting L=10 Ss= 10 Lt=20 40 b) Illegal extraction of forest resources M= 20 Ss= 10 Lt=20 50 c) Fire hazards H= 60 Lo= 20 St=5 85 d) Impact on aquatic life M= 20 Lo= 20 Lt=20 60 Note: Magnitude- L= Low; M= Medium; H= High; Extent- L= Local; R= Regional, S= Site Specific; Duration- Lt= Long term; Mt= Medium Term; St= Short Term

Table 38: Impact Evaluation Score

Type Criteria Impact Symbol Rating Hard to Mitigate or high positive effect High H 60 Mitigate with some precaution or medium Medium M 20 Magnitude positive effect Easily mitigate or low positive effect Low L 10 Within NP/RM Regional R 60 Extent Within Project Ward Local L 20 Within Project Site Site Specific SS 10 > 5 years Long Term Lt 20 Duration 1 to 5 years Medium Term Mt 10 < 1 years Short Term St 5

Table 39: Score table

Total Score Significance > 75 High Significant 50 – 75 Medium Significant < 50 Low significant

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 97

Alternative for the implementation for the project

8. ALTERNATIVE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION FOR THE PROPOSAL

Alternative analysis has been considered as an integral part of EIA study, which involves an examination of alternative ways of achieving objectives of the proposed project. The aim of alternative analysis is to arrive at a development option, which maximizes the benefits while minimizing the adverse impacts. Alternative analysis basically depends on technical feasibility, economic viability and environmental acceptability of the alternatives identified. In general there are two basic alternatives, no project action and implementation of the project. No action alternative lead to continue the existing condition of the area that limits the development of the area with continuation of poverty, gender inequity and environmental degradation. The second alternative option describes the site selection for identified activities.

8.1 Alternative Design

Design standard for the present canal are mainly based on the DOI‟s (Now DoWRI) criteria, which are given in the “Planning and Design Strengthening Project” (PDSP) manuals. However, some of the criteria have been adapted, where necessary, to take into account the local conditions and the design criteria used by the previous experience. Furthermore, the views of the IDD have also been taken into account as expressed during a number of meetings with the IDD. Protection of environment is one of the most sensitive issues presently considered seriously, while implementing any infrastructure development Projects. During the selection of alignment, full attention was given in environmental issues. Environmental aspects were considered at each stage of design work to prevent the damages to the environment. The consultant chose appropriate measures in designing to protect environment. So, the proposed design is suitable for proposed project.

8.2 Alternative Alignment

The proposed Tribeni Irrigation Project is new scheme. The lack of irrigation is preventing the farmers of the area from engaging in modern farmer practices and hence increases the agricultural yields. Protection of environment is one of the most sensitive issues presently considered seriously, while implementing any infrastructural development projects. Earlier, the proposed irrigation canal alignment was proposed to be drawn from middle of the existing forest areas. This resulted into habitat fragmentation and massive trees loss. As for this, alternative alignment such as alignment of the proposed irrigation canal from the margin of the buffer zone of different community forests was made as an alternative to previous route. Seeking other alternative alignment is not suitable and appropriate as the proposed alignment has been fixed after taking in consideration all the advantages and constrains that may arise due to project implementation.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 98

Alternative for the implementation for the project

8.3 Alternative Technology

The technology adopted for the construction of the present canal is both modern and conventional. The work such as fresh cut, earth work excavation, Clearance of land; gradation etc. will be done by the machine. The other work such as providing gabion wall, masonry wall, bio engineering structure and Plantation work will be done by Labor force. This technology is more suitable for present canal project

8.4 Time Schedule

During the rainy season, construction work has to be stopped. Construction work will be carried out during the remaining months. The work is more appropriate from October to June as the local people are more or less free from farming activities.

8.5 Raw Materials

The construction work will require sand, aggregates, boulders and RBM which will be transported from Biring Khola. Other required materials such as cements, geo textile, reinforcement steel, HP pipe will be imported from Birtamod, Jhapa.

8.6 No Action

This alternative does not allow the implementation of the proposal. This alternative has both beneficial and adverse impacts on the environment. If the proposal is not implemented, then the project area will be deficit of water for irrigation. The locals are suffering from proper irrigation facilities. They have to depend upon rain water or ground water for irrigation. So the implementation of the project will enhance quality of life of the local people through local employment.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 99

Impact enhancement and mitigation measures

9. IMPACT ENHANCEMENT AND MITIAGATION MEASURES

Impacts from the proposed canal alignment project can be both beneficial as well as adverse. An effective implementation of benefit maximization measures and adverse impacts mitigation measures would optimize the benefits expected from the project and avoid/minimize the adverse impact from the project. Based on the impact assessment and identification, beneficial augmentation and adverse impact mitigation measures are presented below;

9.1 Beneficial Impacts Augmentation Measures

9.1.1 Construction Phase a) Job opportunities for locals

Construction workers will be benefitted during the time of construction. The construction work of canal structures offers a wide range of works for unskilled and skilled laborers. The amount of money that will be earned by the workers as their daily wage earnings will directly enhance the initiation of various ancillary economic activities. Moreover, poor, women and minorities will be motivated and emphasized to work as a labor; which will generate livelihood for such minorities. Disparity between men and women labor regarding their wages will be avoid. b) Skill enhancement of Human Resources

During the canal construction works, the local laborers will be given training in construction of soft engineering structures and bio-engineering works. Such job trainings can help them to enhance their skills and find relevant job as skilled workers in future projects as an alternative occupation in addition to their current line of work. c) Increase in economic activities

During construction phase, the proponent will hire local vendors and service providers for assistance in food, water and lodging for labours in order to raise income generation of local. This can thereby, increase economic activities of the local areas. d) Women empowerment

Project will emphasize the employment opportunities to the local people. Especially, women of these areas will be given priority. This shall encourage women and acts as a medium for women empowerment. Different training program will be held on the project area regarding construction activities and awareness programmes that will target to increase the socio-economic status of women.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 100

Impact enhancement and mitigation measures

9.1.2 Operation Phase a) Crop Yields and Production

The provision of irrigation water and introduction of improved technology within the proposal area will raise the cropping intensity from 139 % to 215 %. With the completion of the project, all the agricultural landwithin the command area will be fully irrigated and more intensive use of the farmland will be made-to-order.Further, the proponent shall organize an innovative agricultural technologies and fertilizer quantities for better agricultural production related knowledge/ trainingin coordination with District Agriculture Development Office (DADO) in operation phase. b) Impact on Agricultural Production Land

Proposed irrigation canal shall operate irrigation facility throughout the operation phase and shall make the nearby agricultural land areas suitable for agricultural production rather than other value. The impact is unavoidable; hence the impact needs to be taken as a beneficial impact that allows increment in agricultural production. c) Increase in Economic Activities

Because of irrigation facilities, the farm production on an average will increase to 215 %. Now, the people can think of investment in small industries, mills and other units that can run from agro-based products such as juice farm, paddy flour, maize flour or all-purpose flour. This shall promote income generation, thus increasing chances for more investment and increase in economic activities. d) Employment Opportunities

Operation and Maintenance of canal shall require workforce to run and manage the canal, thus generation employment opportunities in operation phase. For this, both skilled and unskilled labours shall be required. The amount earned by them will directly raise their living standard. e) Transfer of skills

The workers will be trained about handling the structures before operation and maintenance of proposed irrigation canal. The proponent will organize training programs to orient and train local people to work, the training program should be launched at least one month prior to the commencement of operation.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 101

Impact enhancement and mitigation measures

f) Improved road access

The locals will be benefitted after the construction of canal and service road. The service road can be used for an alternative route and besides can also act as a road to transport materials for irrigation canal maintenance and operation purpose in operation phase as well as an alternative route to the earthen village route. g) Control in Human Wildlife Conflict

The proposed irrigation canal after operation can act as a source of drinking for wild animals as well as a barrier to control existing human wildlife conflict within the proposal area. The impact can be taken as a beneficial impact. h) Community Support Programme

The training programme will be provided to the local farmers and Water User’s Association (WUA) members in coordination between proponent, DADO (District Agriculture Development Office) and Sana Kishan Krishi Sahakari Sanstha Ltd. The training will focus on use of quantities or proportion of fertilizers like urea and nitrogen to increase soil fertility to attain greater agricultural production after the operation of the proposed irrigation facilities.

9.2 Adverse Impacts Mitigation Measures

9.2.1 Pre-Construction Phase

9.2.1.1 Socio-economic and Cultural Environment

a) Occupational hazards/ Risk of injury/ death

To reduce the probability of risk of injury and occupational hazard during pre-construction phase, it is important that one (labor/human resource) employed under different works shall first have personal protecting equipments like boots, jacket, helmet, gloves, mask, ear muffles along with medical first aid kit and others depending upon their nature of work. Prevention is better than cure, likewise, suitable PPE in prior to work can ensure the minimization of risk to injury or occupational hazard.

b) Property, Agricultural Land Acquisition and Compensation

Compensation will be provided for the 20 households lying under immediate impact zone and agricultural lands to be acquired for construction of proposed irrigation canal. Compensation to such land will be made as per the Government Rules (Land Acquisition Act, 2034 B.S.). Compensation Fixtation Committee will be formed which will look after it.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 102

Impact enhancement and mitigation measures

c) Regulatory permission

Regulatory permission in prior to construction activities is necessary. For this, the local stakeholders, Division Forest Office, local level offices such as Rural Municipalities and wards will be notified and work order permissions will be taken to maintain transparency and reliability of work.

d) Preparedness awareness to contractor’s staff/ others

Awareness regarding work handling is important along with working knowledge and awareness in prior to any work activities. The skilled and unskilled human resources will be provided training that includes awareness regarding occupational and safety hazards, waste segregation and disposal methods, handling methods for machines, technologies or highly flammable chemical substances and use of personal protecting equipments. Also, hording boards will be displayed to ensure awareness among local people as well as human workforce.

9.2.1.2 Physical and Chemical Environment

a) Project Ancillary Facilities Sites Identification and Site clearance

Area required for the establishment of project ancillary facilities such as stockpiling sites, spoil disposal sites, camp site, crusher and quarry sites, batching plant, aggregate crushing and washing areas is important in prior to the clearance process. Estimation value thus made can guide the appropriate land requirement and thus clear the site as per requirement purpose.

9.2.1.3 Biological Environment

a) Marking and clearance of trees from impact zone

After acquiring the permission from DFO for tree clearance, the verified and marked trees will be removed in tree clearance process. At such, the minimal and required trees will only be removed. Also, the compensatory plantation using local tree species (E.g. Sal) will be done in the ratio of 1: 10 to the defined site under discussion with DFO and CFUGs. The compensatory plantation number and cost has been prepared in following table as;

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 103

Impact enhancement and mitigation measures

Table 40: Compensatory Tree Plantation Cost

Compensatory Re-Plantation Management Total Number Compensatory Unit Rate Total Total cost cost 5 Yrs. Total Cost of Trees Ratio of Sapling Sapling of Sapling (NRs 200 for (NRs.) each Sapling) 384 1:10 60 3,840 2,30,400 7,68,000 9,98,400 Source: Field Survey, 2018

9.2.2 Construction Phase

9.2.2.1 Socio-economic and Cultural Environment

a) Child labor Issues

The construction of irrigation canal requires different human resource for work execution. The proponent shall make sure that only independent population of age 15 to 59 years will be given priority to work. No child will be involved as a human resource into any sort of work. Also, the local people will be focused for work execution. To ensure this, their national citizenship will be referred to reduce the child labor issues.

b) Loss of Agricultural Land/ agro-products/ cash crops

Agro-products in agricultural land may get damaged due to project activities such as stockpiling and spoil disposal activities or use of such lands temporarily for other project ancillary facilities. To ensure this, the proponent/ contractor shall provide rates to the quantity of damaged agro- products as per the existing market rate. The proponent/ contractor shall also verify the temporarily hired land being cleared and posing minimal impact to the surrounding agricultural land whole stockpiling materials.

c) Occupational health and safety hazards/ accidents/ Risk of injury/death

The labor involved in construction activities will be exposed to different levels of risk. Personal protecting equipments such as safety helmets, gloves, eye protection, high-visibility clothing and safety footwear depending upon work nature. Insurance to human workforce is also another way to ensure life guarantee. Life insurance will be provided as per the existing rules of Government of Nepal.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 104

Impact enhancement and mitigation measures

d) Solid Waste Management

Camp sites during construction phase can generate solid waste mainly organic and inorganic wastes through the food preparation. The training on awareness provided during pre-construction phase can help them segregate the waste and help in waste disposal techniques. This shall also reduce the possibility of air and water pollution in long run.

e) Impact on access road (Local area)

Service road can act as an alternative route for the transportation of loaded vehicles with construction materials for the construction of proposed irrigation canal alignment. The existing village road is an earthen road which may have otherwise got inundated and damaged unless the alternative road can ease to less impact on the local earthen roads.

f) Pressure on public utilities due to in migration of workers

Work force influx into the area may exert pressure on the public utilities like energy for lighting, energy such as kerosene or diesel to run vehicles, LP Gas for cooking, drinking water and proper toilets. The contractor shall make an initial estimation of the requirement of such utilities and shall make arrangements from the local market. The local market here will be promoted so as to increase trade and commerce of the proposal area and help increase economic activities within the proposal area.

g) Sanitation Issues

Sanitation issues shall arise due to lack of toilets and lack of proper awareness.Therefore, Contractor and labor workers will be awared for proper waste handling practice, solid waste management and hygiene issues. Wastes from kitchen in labor camp will be well segregated and disposed only in the approved disposal sites. Clean and potable water will be managed in camps to maintain health and hygiene.Temporary toilets (2) will also be made in proposal area to reduce open defecation problems and likelihood of emergence of other vector diseases.Regular cleaning facilities will be also made in kitchen, bathroom and toilets.

h) Issues related to Gender equity

To promoted gender equity, both human resources will be provided opportunities regardless of any discrimination on the basis of sexand addressing any imbalances in the benefits available to them.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 105

Impact enhancement and mitigation measures

i) Pressure on Existing Health care Facilities

Theregion lies in tropical region having higher chance of mosquito bites. Mosquito breeding sites such as stagnant water will be identified and buried in most extent. Besides, use of proper nets will be also emphasized to reduce the chances of mosquito bites to reduce probability of malaria. Also, proper care will be given to address the training and awareness learnt methods for solid waste management and reduces open defecation issues which may later arise into other secondary health issues.

j) Social conflict due to influx of workers

The proposed construction sites lies in the margin/ buffer zone of forest areas where the probability of human and wildlife conflict increases. At such, the settlement areas are only favorable sites for camping purpose. To reduce probability of conflict between non-local and local people and with other construction crew members, the temporary renting for camp sites including separate rooms for male and female workers will be made for the entire construction period such that the workforce will be made confined to the sites and prevent unwanted interaction provocating for conflict. Also, the local people will be kept as first priority for employment opportunity during construction phase to avoid as sort of conflict issues.

k) Crime Issues

To reduce such crime issues due to such catalytic activities, the workforce will be made confined to the temporary camping sites and prevents unwanted interaction provocating for conflict. Also, gambling and drinking activities in public will be strictly prohibited.

l) Introduced diseases, including STDs, AIDS, or any other communicable disease

Awarenessamong workers regarding proper waste handling practice including waste segregation and disposal knowledge, establishment of soak pits and septic tanks for disposal of both solid and liquid waste from toilets is important to prevent open defecation and reduce spreading and emergence of diseases. Sufficient amount of clean water must be available for drinking and for sanitation purpose within camp. To control the disease transmission such as STDs or AIDs, the camp sites will be confined within the area such that the possibility of criminal activities will be prevented.

m)Fire hazards

To ensure the control of possibility of fire hazards within the proposal site, the highly flammable substances like petrol or diesel, bituminous substances will be kept sealed packed in a container, covered with a tarpaulin sheet. LP Gas will be also carefully operated within camp sites. Other possibility of fire hazard may also exist when the machine consumes power over the capacity of the electricity. At such, the machines will be operated as per the carrying capacity of the load or the power will be upgraded as per the need of the machines.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 106

Impact enhancement and mitigation measures

n) Impact on Belief systems

To reduce the impact on belief systems through the activities of workers, the interaction between workers and the local people will be avoided completely. All the decisions will be taken by the proponent and the contractor itself such as it reduces the need to interact with the workers itself.

o) Migration Issues

Irrigation canal construction is an inevitable process, however, those discomforts which may be caused to the settlement areas will be mitigated. The directly affected houses in the settlement area will be compensated as per the decision of the Compensation Fixation Committee.

9.2.2.2 Physical and Chemical Environment

a) Temporary and permanent change in Land use

The proposed irrigation canal shall permanently occupy 13.03 ha of total land (10.24 ha of government land from community forest and 2.79 ha from agricultural land). At such, the land will be permanently changed to the irrigation canal and components, however the temporarily used land for camp sites, stockpiling sites, quarry sites, crusher sites and others will be rehabilitated to its prior state to reduce the land change induced impacts.

b) Soil erosion/ Topsoil (Productive Soil) Loss

The estimated 1, 50,000 m3 volume of topsoil will be refilled in agricultural land so that the productive soil will be reutilized. This will help the minimization of resource wastage to the maximum extent.

c) Emission of Dust Particles/ Air pollution

To reduce probability of dust emission into the atmosphere during the construction phase, water will be sprinkled into the earthen road. The water will be sprinkled three times a day to reduce dust spread within the construction area due to vehicle movement. Also, stockpiled sand and soil will be slightly wetted before loading, particularly in windy condition. Vehicles transporting sand and soil will be covered with tarpaulin sheet. For the fossil fuel combustion related emission during construction phase, compensatory plantation will be afforested at the defined sites in operation phase.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 107

Impact enhancement and mitigation measures

d) Noise Pollution

Vehicle movement within the proposal area can produce noise when there is use of unwanted horns. Also, the vehicles and machines such as excavator, operated within construction phase can also produce noise. At such, unwanted horns within the proposal site and noise silencer equipped construction achiness will be highly recommended to reduce possibility of noise pollution within the area.

e) Disruption of natural water flow due to construction of H/W

The construction of headwork will be conducted in other season besides monsoon season, such that the construction work will be only preceded when the water level in the Aduwa River becomes minimal that allows lower disruption of natural water flow during construction phase.

f) Pollution of water resources

Vehicle washing or equipments will be strictly prohibited within or nearby to water resources (mainly river). The waste water along with dust and noise pollution from the construction activities likes batching plant can pose possibility of water pollution if situated nearby to water resources. Also, river sediments need to be extracted carefully within posing any site disturbance to the aquatic environment. The batching plant location must be established as per the site provided and proposed for batching purpose.

g) Hazards due to spoil disposal

The excavation work/ earthwork during construction phase will generate total 99, 311 m3 earthwork volume of spoils and 1, 50,000 m3 volume of topsoil. Haphazard spoil disposal can cause nuisance to the visual qualities of landscape beside probability of nearby water sources pollution. At such, the spoil will be disposed to only refer site.

h) Visual impairment of landscape

The spoil generated during construction phase requires disposal only at the proper identified sites which will avoid the creation of visual impairment and nuisance besides probability of increase of problems like air pollution or disease spread through improper waste management.

i) Impacts due to use of oil/grease, lubricants

Chemical substances like oil/grease, lubricants, and bituminous substances, fossil fuels like kerosene, petrol or diesel are highly inflammable substances that require proper and careful handling operation. These chemical substances must be stored in sealed packed container to reduce probability of fire hazard. Besides, the improper handling of such chemicals can cause land pollution or water pollution if handled carelessly causing it getting spilled over land/ fertile topsoil (stockpiled areas) or nearby to any source of water bodies.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 108

Impact enhancement and mitigation measures

9.2.2.3 Biological Environment

a) Habitat Fragmentation

To reduce the possibility of habitat fragmentation, the entire proposed irrigation canal alignment is proposed through the marginal land of the forest (within buffer zone). The alignment shall only create minimal habitat fragmentation towards the buffer zone rather than the previous proposed alignment which was from the middle of the forest areas.

b) Illegal firewood, herbs and NTFPs collection

Only construction crew will be allowed to work within the construction site with the presence of concerned authorities like members from the Community Forests to cross check the work being performed as per schedule and control unwanted activities. Outsiders or local people will be strictly prohibited to visit the site ongoing tree clearance process where there can be probability of collection of firewood or herbs or NTFPs. Besides, the members from the Community Forests/ CFUGs member shall monitor to ensure the work being carried out as scheduled.

c) Disturbance to the wild animals

Construction activities like excavation and machines operation shall produce noise within the proposal vicinity (buffer zone area) which can cause impact to the diurnal behavior of the wild animals. At such, the noise silencer equipped machines will be given top priority to be operated and the construction work shall be carried out only throughout the day hours (sunshine hours), to ensure, the reduction of disturbance to wild animals and their behavior.

d) Illegal wildlife Poaching

Construction phase can attract unwanted numbers and visits of people from different location. Such congested environment can draw the attention of poachers within the forest areas. To avoid this, the Community Forests/ CFUGs member shall monitor to ensure the work being carried out as scheduled.

e) Issues of forest fire

Issues of forest fire may arise due to careless handling of chemical substances or can cause forest fire due to other reasons. To avoid this, the CFUGs members are always monitor the forest area at a defined interval as a part of their daily work. Issues of forest fire due to careless handling of chemical substances will be reduced with proper and careful handling of such chemical substances as per the guideline.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 109

Impact enhancement and mitigation measures

f) Impact on Aquatic Fauna (Fish)

Headwork construction in construction phase requires water diversion which can cause impact of aquatic fauna. At such, the head work construction is only proposed when the water level gets lowered to a level such that the water channel gets diverted away from the headwork construction site for a short interval with proper attention to pose minimal impact to the aquatic species.

9.2.3 Operation Phase

9.2.3.1 Socio-economic and Cultural Environment

a) Occupational health and safety hazards

Personal protecting equipments along with provision of medical first aid kits and insurance policy as per rules set by GoN and Irrigation Policy if required will always be in favor to reduce the possibility of occupational health and safety hazards in operation phase or construction phase.

b) Impact due to operation of Irrigation Canal

Flooding of settlement areas is higher in monsoon season with the operation of irrigation canal. No doubt, the probability of over flooding from river to adjacent areas is high during the monsoon season. However, the water flow in the headwork site will be adjusted so as to reduce the probability of flooding due to the operation of irrigation canal.

c) Issues related to Gender equity

Gender equity will be given top priority being a cross cutting issues in terms of employment opportunities in operation phase of irrigation canal (as in operation and maintenance of irrigation canal) such that, the opportunities will be provided regardless of any discrimination on the basis of sexand addressing any imbalances in the benefits available to them.

9.2.3.2 Physical and Chemical Environment

a) Reinstatement of project ancillary facilities Sites

The spoil disposed areas will be refilled with a layer of topsoil and will be replanted with different plant species (compensatory planation) such that it helps to regain the prior state and maintain visual impairment causes due to the operation of project ancillary sites like camp, crusher, spoil disposal, stockpiling, quarry sites, batching plant, aggregate crushing and washing areas.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 110

Impact enhancement and mitigation measures

b) Issues of Sediments and Siltation

The headwork site will have a settling basin where the sediments and silts from the river source will be screened such that the issues of sediments and siltation from river water will be reduced to much extent.

c) Impact on Air and Noise Quality

The vehicle movement in operation phase can possibly increase with the operation of service road. This can cause impact on the air and noise quality of the study area. To reduce this, the compensatory plantation will be carried out that shall combat the vehicle emissions and unwanted horns sounds will be prohibited to reduce the noise emission in operation phase of the service road.

d) Impact on Ground Water Level

With the operation of proposed irrigation canal, the water shall be well distributed throughout the agricultural lands through branch canals. At such, it can promote ground water level recharge. To support the statement, the water level of the ground will be measured in three different wells to support derive conclusion regarding ground water recharge.

e) Impact due to Irrigation Water Quality (N, P and K)

The irrigation water quality derived from river will be first confirmed so as to predict its allowance to the agricultural land which will have further impact on the soil properties or soil fertility (cation and anion exchange).

f) Impacts due to Disaster Risk

To prevent the impact from flood, the proponent shall pay attention to construct the irrigation canal structure resilient proof and reliable. Besides, flood insurance will be also done to ensure mitigation for the damages produced by such flood risk.

9.2.3.3 Biological Environment

a) Illegal wildlife Poaching

With the operation of service road along with irrigation canal, there can be possibility of illegal wildlife poaching. To reduce this, the CFUGs members are already involved in monitor activities within the forest area to check forest fire issues or illegal timber/firewood or poaching issues.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 111

Impact enhancement and mitigation measures

b) Illegal extraction of forest resources

The CFUGs members are already involved in monitor activities within the forest area to check forest fire issues or illegal timber/firewood or poaching issues.

c) Fire hazards

The CFUGs members are already involved in monitor activities within the forest area to check forest fire issues or illegal timber/firewood or poaching issues.

d) Impact on aquatic life

The monthly water flow of the Aduwa River will be maintained to minimum of atleast 50 % flow so that there will be minimal impact on the aquatic life within the river as well downstream region within the river and will be checked periodically as required.

9.3 Issues raised by Local People

The issues raised by Local people were collected and following mitigations or enhancement measures are proposed under each issue as provided below;

Table 41: Issues raised by Local People

S.N. Issues Issues raised by Local Measures Proposed No. People 1 Issue 1 Take prior permission Under this issue, the Division Forest Office was from Division Forest already notified about the ongoing EIA processes. Office and proceed the During Pre-construction phase, the entire activities like work in regards to tree tree marking and tree clearance processes will be aided clearing from the as per the suggestions and in presence of the community forests representatives from the Division Forest Office. 2 Issue 2 Forest and biological The entire pre-construction activities such as tree diversity must not be marking and tree clearance processes will be carried harmed in due course out as per the suggestions and in presence of the representatives from the Division Forest Office. The suggestions will definitely incorporate the activities promoting lesser impact to the forest and biological diversity of the study area. 3 Issue 3 Forests must not be Suggestions and guidance for tree marking and affected as far as possible removal will be carried with the direction form the Division Forest Office. 4 Issue 4 Mitigation measures must The EIA Report is ensured to propose mitigation be followed to ensure measures to most of the adverse environmental environment conservation impacts. However, the comments and suggestions will be incorporated after public hearing to make a reliable

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 112

Impact enhancement and mitigation measures

one. In meanwhile, it will be the sole responsible of proponent to ensure all the mitigation measures to be followed as per scheduled construction activities to ensure minimal adverse impacts. 5 Issue 5 As the construction of The compensation price for the private lands will be canal requires private fixed by the Compensation Fixation Committee (CFC) land of locals, so locals that shall make fair price allocation incorporating the must be compensated for price bided by the land owners, real land value and acquiring their land for existing market value of the area. canal construction. 6 Issue 6 Opportunities far as The construction phase shall generate employment possible must be given to opportunities as 166 skilled and 525 unskilled human locals as labours. resources per day to complete construction of canal. At such, the local people will be given first priority promoting gender equality and equity. Rest will be added as per the requirement of the project. 7 Issue 7 The project pose no The project pose no impacts on existing public impact on existing public infrastructures, however, it poses impacts on some infrastructure, hence, it settlements (20 households) which are situated within must be implemented as the range of 15 to 20 m away from the canal alignment. fast as possible. The compensation will be provided to them as per compensation Fixation Committee.

9.4 Grievance Re-address Mechanism

The proposed irrigation canal undergoes pre-construction or construction activities like permanent acquisition of agricultural land and community forest areas (15.838 ha), temporary acquisition of land for project ancillary facilities, acquisition of 20 households within direct impact areas and other activities. At such, there can be rise in grievance/ concerns from local affected persons/ stakeholders. Such issues can be addressed well with the use of corrective evaluation action and response method. To make the grievance re-address mechanism, a Grievance Register Book will be kept at the office of Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa. The register book will be filled by those affected local people or stakeholders under grievances/ bearing concerns. The register book shall delineate date of grievance registered; name/ address of grievance logged; nature of grievance being logged and location/ site of fault works requiring corrections. The logged information will first be verified if they are genuine to confirm if viable for incorporation into the project. Accordingly, such response will be corrected by IDDJ within 15 to 30 days along with the Supervising Consultant. In case, if it cannot be solved, the concerns will be forwarded to DoWRI. The corrective action will be carried out as per the response/ action plan indicated to the stakeholders. The outcome can be also drafted as a quarterly progress report. Such grievance re-address mechanism will be translated in Nepali language and will be posted to the respective RM/ DCC office by the proponent within 30 days prior to the commencement of the Project.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 113

Impact enhancement and mitigation measures

9.5 Cost for Enhancement and Mitigation Measures

Most of the suggested mitigation measures such as spoil disposal, waste disposal, health and safety, labor camp management, fall under the specification of the construction work. Contractor will be liable to maintain the environment. The compensation for land acquisition will be included in total project cost which will be fixed by the Compensation Fixation Committee (CFC). However management of environmental adverse or beneficial impacts needs to allocate funds during construction and operation of Irrigation Project to mitigate or enhance such impacts. In order to cover cost for mitigation and enhancement measures, an estimated amount of NRs 4,164,145.00/- has been proposed. The breakdown of this cost is as shown in the table below:

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 114

Impact enhancement and mitigation measures

Table 42: Cost for enhancement and mitigation measures

Mitigation/Enhancement Measures Impacts Responsibility Measures Proposed Cost Remarks Beneficial Impacts (Construction Phase) Job opportunities Proponent/ The construction of canal requires 166 skilled and 525 unskilled Included in total project cost for Local People Contractor labors. The Proponent will give top priority to local people. Skill enhancement Proponent/ The Proponent will organize training programs by announcing 8,00,000 Training Cost for of Human Contractor opening in local newspapers and FM. Interested labors will be skill enhancement Resources trained in soft engineering structures and bio-engineering works Increase in Proponent/ Opportunities for establishment of additional business like local NA economic activities Contractor tea shops and hotels for assistance in fooding and lodging for which local vendors and service providers will be promoted Women Proponent/ Gender equity and equality will help strengthen the opportunities NA empowerment Contractor to women and encourage women for different economic activities in construction phase Beneficial Impacts (Operation Phase) Crop Yields and Proponent/ Operation of irrigation canal will raise the cropping intensity from 2,50,000 Training by DADO Production DADO/ WUA/ 139 % to 215 %. Further, innovative agricultural technologies and and Proponent (for Wards/ Rural fertilizer quantities for better agricultural production related better agricultural Municipalities knowledge will be provided as a part of training. production) Impact on Local People/ The impact being unavoidable, the operation of irrigation canal NA Agricultural WUA will hence promote the agricultural land for production purpose Production Land Increase in Wards/ Rural Year round irrigation facility shall increase agricultural NA economic activities Municipality production and income and can also be used for investment in agro-based products like small industries, mills and other units. Employment WUA/ Generation of skilled and unskilled employment opportunities to NA opportunities Proponent local people for the operation and maintenance of proposed

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 115

Impact enhancement and mitigation measures

irrigation canal as per the recommendation of WUA Transfer of skills WUA/ Training to the workers on operation and maintenance of 2,50,000 Training (for 0 & M Proponent/ proposed irrigation canal at least one month prior to the of irrigation canal) DADO commencement of operation. Improved road WUA/ Use of service road as an alternative route for transport of NA access Proponent/ maintenance and operation materials for irrigation canal purpose Wards/ RM or use as an alternative vehicle movement road Control in Human WUA/ CFUGs Irrigation canal operation shall act as source of drinking for wild NA Wildlife Conflict animals as well as a barrier to control existing human wildlife conflict within the proposal area. Community WUA/ DADO/ The training programme will be provided to the local farmers and NA Support Programme Sana Kishan Water User’s Association (WUA) members, focusing on use of Krishi Sahakari quantities or proportion of fertilizers like urea and nitrogen to Sanstha Ltd. increase soil fertility to attain greater agricultural production after the operation of the proposed irrigation facilities. Adverse Impacts Pre-Construction Phase Socio- economic and Cultural Environment Occupational Proponent/ Provision of medical first aid kit and personal protecting Included in total project cost hazards/ Risk of Contractor equipments like boots, jacket, helmet, gloves, mask, ear muffles 20,000 First aid kit injury/ death and others depending upon their nature of work. Property, Proponent/ Compensation to such land will be made as per the decision made Will be fixed by CFC Agricultural Land Contractor by Compensation Fixation Committee (CFC) as per the Acquisition and Government Rules (Land Acquisition Act, 2034 B.S.). Compensation

Regulatory Proponent/ Regulatory permission will be taken before conduction of any NA permission Contractor work. Preparedness Proponent/ Awareness regarding occupational and safety hazards, waste Included in training cost

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 116

Impact enhancement and mitigation measures

awareness to Contractor segregation and disposal methods, handling methods for 20,000 Hoarding Boards contractor’s staff/ machines, technologies or highly flammable chemical substances others and use of personal protecting equipments. Also, hording boards will be displayed to ensure awareness among local people as well as human workforce. Physical and Chemical Environment Project Ancillary Proponent/ Identified site will be cleared for establishment of project ancillary Included in total project cost Facilities Sites Contractor/ facilities as per requirement Identification and WUA Site clearance Biological Environment Marking and DFO/ WUA/ Verified trees will only be removed lying within immediate 9,98,400 384 trees (1: clearance of trees Proponent/ impact zone under permission from DFO. Compensatory 10 ratio wise from impact zone CFUGs plantation using local tree species (E.g. Sal) will be done in the ratio of 1: 10 to the defined site under discussion with DFO and CFUGs. Construction Phase Socio-economic and Cultural Environment Child labor Issues Proponent/ Ensure that local people holding national citizenship or age above NA Contractor 14 years will only be promoted for skilled or unskilled human resources for construction phase. Occupational Proponent/ Personal protecting equipments such as safety helmets, high- Included in total project cost health and safety Contractor visibility clothing and safety footwear along with first aid medical hazards/ accidents/ kits and provision of life insurance will be done as per the existing Risk of rules of Government of Nepal. injury/death Solid Waste Proponent/ Training shall also include contents like waste segregation and Included in training cost (Under Management Contractor disposal methods that shall help the workforce manage the Skill enhancement Training) generated solid waste.

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 117

Impact enhancement and mitigation measures

Loss of Proponent/ Compensation to the quantity of damaged agro-products as per the Will be decided and included in total Agricultural Land/ Contractor existing market rates in terms of use of land for project ancillary project cost agro-products/ facilities. 2,585,145 (Estimated for 17.23 cash crops Bigha of Agriculture land*NRs 1,50,000) Impact on access Proponent/ To prevent inundation of earthen village road, the service road Included in total project cost road (Local area) Contractor will be used as alternative route for the transportation of loaded vehicles with construction materials. Pressure on public Proponent/ Maximize use of local human resource besides promotion of local NA utilities due to Contractor market to increase trade and commerce of the proposal area and influx of workers help increase economic activities within the proposal area to reduce pressure on the public utilities like energy for lighting, diesel to run vehicles, LP Gas for cooking and clean and potable water for drinking purpose Sanitation Issues Proponent/ Awareness for proper waste handling practice, solid waste Training Cost included (Under Contractor management and hygiene issues will be provided within training Skill enhancement Training) phase. Provision of Clean and potable water will be managed in camps to maintain health and hygiene along with construction of 2 temporary toilets. Issues related to Proponent/ Both human resources will be provided opportunities regardless of NA Gender equity Contractor any discrimination on the basis of sex and addressing any imbalances in the benefits available to them. Pressure on Proponent/ Mosquito nets will be purchased to reduce the chances of 10,000 Mosquito Net (20 Existing Health Contractor mosquito bites causing malaria besides the training learnt methods * Rs.500 per) care Facilities applications for waste management. Social conflict due Proponent/ Temporary leasehold of houses (separate rooms for male and NA to influx of Contractor female workers) within settlement area for camping purpose will workers be done rather than nearby to forest areas and workforce will be made confined to the sites to prevent unwanted interaction,

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 118

Impact enhancement and mitigation measures

provocating for conflict. Also, priority will be given to the livelihood of local, poor and marginalize groups locals as far as applicable. Crime Issues Proponent/ Workforce will be made confined to the temporary camping sites NA Contractor to prevent unwanted interaction provocating for conflict. Also, gambling and drinking activities in public will be strictly prohibited. Introduced Proponent/ To control the disease transmission such as STDs or AIDs, the NA diseases (STDs, Contractor camp sites will be confined within the area such that the AIDS or any other possibility of criminal activities will be prevented. communicable disease) transmission Fire hazards Proponent/ Bituminous substances will be kept sealed packed in a container, (DG Set as required) (Cost Contractor covered with a tarpaulin sheet. LP Gas will be also carefully for tarpaulin sheet included) operated within camp sites. And additional power sources will be added or capacity of the power will be upgraded as per the need of the machines. Impact on Belief Proponent/ Interaction between workers and the local people will be avoided NA systems Contractor completely and all decisions will be taken by the Proponent and the contractor itself to reduce such interactions. Migration Issues Proponent/ Migration due to direct impact may cause for which compensation CFC will decide Contractor/ to the directly affected houses in the settlement area will be done CFC as per the decision of the Compensation Fixation Committee. Physical and Chemical Environment Temporary and Proponent/ Permanent conversion of 15.838 ha of total land (12.448 ha of Included in total project cost permanent change Contractor/ government land from community forest and 3.39 ha from in Landuse WUA agricultural land) to proposed irrigation canal structures and rehabilitation/ reinstatement of temporary used land for project

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 119

Impact enhancement and mitigation measures

ancillary facilities sites. Soil erosion/ Proponent/ Estimated 1, 50,000 m3 volume of topsoil will be refilled in NA Topsoil Contractor/ agricultural land so that the productive soil will be reutilized. (Productive Soil) WUA Loss Emission of Dust Proponent/ The water will be sprinkled three times a day to reduce dust spread 200,000 Sprinkle water thrice Particles/ Air Contractor within the construction area due to vehicle movement. Also, a day to reduce dust pollution Stockpiled sand and soil will be slightly wetted before loading, (3000 per day) particularly in windy condition. Vehicles transporting sand and 16,000 NRs 800 per soil will be covered with tarpaulin sheet. tarpaulin sheet (Total 20) Noise Pollution Proponent/ Unwanted horns within the proposal site and noise silencer Included in total project cost Contractor equipped construction achiness will be highly recommended to reduce possibility of noise pollution within the area. Disruption of Proponent/ Headwork construction will be only proceeded when the water NA natural water flow Contractor level in the Aduwa River becomes minimal that allows lower due to construction disruption of natural water flow during construction phase. of H/W Pollution of water Proponent/ Vehicle washing or equipments will be strictly prohibited within NA resources Contractor or nearby to water resources (mainly river). Batching plant will be set in the identified sites away from water resources. Careful extraction of river sediments such as sand/ gravel to ensure prevention of water pollution. Hazards due to Proponent/ Spoil will be disposed to only referred site and later will be Included in total project cost spoil disposal Contractor reinstated through few layers topsoil compaction and compensatory plantation for the generated total 99, 311 m3 earthwork volume of spoils. Visual impairment Proponent/ Spoils will be disposed to spoil disposal sites and later Included in total project cost of landscape Contractor reinstatement of disposal sites as well as other project ancillary

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 120

Impact enhancement and mitigation measures

facilities sites will be done to minimize the creation of visual impairment and nuisance. Impacts due to use Proponent/ Chemical substances like oil/grease, lubricants, and bituminous Included in total project cost of oil/grease, Contractor substances, fossil fuels like kerosene, petrol or diesel will be lubricants stored in sealed packed container and used carefully handled to avoid spilling. Biological Environment Habitat Proponent/ The alignment shall only create minimal habitat fragmentation as NA Fragmentation Contractor it passes through buffer zone rather than the previous proposed alignment which was from the middle of the forest areas. Illegal firewood, Proponent/ Only construction crew will be allowed to work within the NA herbs and NTFPs Contractor/ construction site with the presence of concerned authorities like collection DFO/ CFUGs members from the Community Forests to cross check the work being performed as per schedule and control unwanted activities. Outsiders will be strictly prohibited to visit the site ongoing tree clearance process where there can be probability of collection of firewood or herbs or NTFPs. Disturbance to the Proponent/ Noise silencer equipped machines will be given top priority to be NA wild animals Contractor operated and the construction work shall be carried out only throughout the day hours (sunshine hours), to ensure, the reduction of disturbance to wild animals and their behavior. Illegal wildlife Proponent/ Community Forests/ CFUGs member shall monitor along to NA Poaching Contractor/ ensure the work being carried out as scheduled. CFUGs Issues of forest fire Proponent/ Careful handling of flammable chemical substances will be done NA Contractor/ besides the monitoring done by CFUGs members within the forest CFUGs area at a defined interval as a part of their daily work. Impact on Aquatic Proponent/ Headwork construction will be only conducted when the water NA Fauna (Fish) Contractor level gets lowered to a level such that the water channel gets

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 121

Impact enhancement and mitigation measures

diverted away from the headwork construction site for a short interval with proper attention to pose minimal impact to the aquatic species. Operation Phase Socio-economic and Cultural Environment Occupational Proponent/ Personal protecting equipments along with provision of medical Included in total project cost health and safety WUA first aid kits and insurance policy as per rules set by GoN and hazards Irrigation Policy if required will always be provided to reduce any hazards

Impact due to Proponent/ Water flow in the headwork site will be adjusted so as to reduce NA operation of WUA the probability of flooding in settlement areas due to the operation Irrigation Canal of irrigation canal.

Issues related to Proponent/ Gender equity will be given top priority in terms of employment NA Gender equity WUA opportunities in operation phase regardless of any discrimination on the basis of sex and addressing any imbalances in the benefits available to them.

Physical and Chemical Environment Reinstatement of Proponent/ Spoil disposed areas will be refilled with a layer of topsoil and Included in total project cost project ancillary WUA will be replanted with different plant species (compensatory facilities Sites planation) such that it helps to regain the prior state and maintain visual impairment causes due to the operation of project ancillary sites

Issues of Proponent/ Provision of settling basin in headwork site to screen sediments Included in total project cost Sediments and WUA and silts from the river source and intrusion into agricultural lands. Siltation

Impact on Air and Proponent/ Compensatory plantation will be carried out that shall combat the Included in total project cost Noise Quality DFO/ CFUGs vehicle emissions and unwanted horns sounds will be prohibited to reduce the noise emission in operation phase of the service

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 122

Impact enhancement and mitigation measures

road.

Impact on Ground Proponent/ Ground level data will be collected from three different sites to 3,000 For 3 sites, ground Water Level WUA ensure the level of impact on ground water level level water examination Impact due to Proponent/ The irrigation water quality derived from river will be first 10,000 For soil and water Irrigation Water WUA confirmed (N, P and K) so as to predict its allowance to the analysis Quality (N, P and agricultural land which will have further impact on the soil K) properties or soil fertility (cation and anion exchange).

Impacts due to Proponent/ To prevent the impact from flood, the proponent shall pay attention Will be included in total project cost Disaster Risk WUA to construct the irrigation canal structure resilient proof and reliable. Besides, flood insurance will be also done to ensure mitigation for the damages produced by such flood risk.

Biological Environment Illegal wildlife Proponent/ CFUGs members are already involved in monitoring activities NA Poaching WUA within the forest area to check forest fire issues or illegal timber/firewood or poaching issues.

Illegal extraction Proponent/ CFUGs members are already involved in monitoring activities NA of forest resources WUA within the forest area to check forest fire issues or illegal timber/firewood or poaching issues. Fire hazards Proponent/ CFUGs members are already involved in monitoring activities NA WUA within the forest area to check forest fire issues or illegal timber/firewood or poaching issues. Impact on aquatic Proponent/ The monthly water flow of the Aduwa River will be maintained to NA life WUA minimum of atleast 50 % flow so that there will be minimal impact on the aquatic life

Total Mitigation / Enhancement Cost (NRs) 4,164,145.00

EIA Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 123

Environmental management plan

10. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is an important part of EIA report. It is a tool for identifying and quantifying the impacts to formulate strategies in order to minimize adverse impacts caused by the implementation of the project. Hence, the EMP has been prepared for this project to set out environmental management requirements and to develop procedures to ensure that all mitigation measures and monitoring requirements specified in this report will be followed. It is also prepared to establish a supervision, monitoring, auditing and reporting framework with roles and responsibilities of all parties involved.

10.1 Project Organization

The Environment framework of proposed project is prepared to show linkage with different parties to be involved directly or indirectly during different phases of project development and operation in compliance with the existing Acts and Rules. Main stakeholders/agencies responsible for the implementation of environmental safeguards measures are:

• MoEWRI • DoE • DoWRI • IDDJ • Project Design and Supervision Consultant • Contractor – Construction / Bio-engineering Works

The Project Implementation Unit (PIU) will carry out the monitoring of the implementation of the EMP by the Contractor through its Supervising Consultant. The proponent will establish a separate Environmental Management Unit (EMU) as an integral part of the project to ensure the implementation of EPMs. The MoEWRI and MoFE will evaluate the monitoring results, as and when necessary. PIU staff will work alongside the construction and operation to ensure that the measures and requirements outlined in the EMP are carried out effectively.

During construction, PIU will carry out internal monitoring of the environmental compliance carried out by the contractor while the Supervision Consultant will carry out external monitoring at field level and higher level respectively. The Environmental Management OrganizationStructure is presented in below diagram as;

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 124

Environmental management plan

Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation

Department of Environment

Water Resources and Irrigation Development, Division, Jhapa

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa

Project Project Environmental Implementation Supervision Management Unit Consultant Unit

Internal Implementation External Monitoring of EMP/EPMs Monitoring

Figure 13: Environmental Management Organization Structure

10.2 Environmental Management Roles and Responsibility

As per EPR 1997, the environment management of the project is the responsibility of the Proponent. Role and responsibilities of different stakeholders/agencies in environment management are presented in the table below:

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 125

Environmental management plan

Table 43: Role and responsibilities of different stakeholders/agencies

SN Stakeholders/agencies Role and responsibilities Time Schedule 1. MoFE Overall responsibility for ensuring Entire life-time of project environmental safeguards being respected Final approval of the EIA reports as per Prior to proposal the provisions of Act and Rules implementation Review of monitoring reports during During construction and construction and operation phases and operation phase give comments for corrective actions Auditing of project general After implementation performance during operation phase 2 MoEWRI Review and comments on EIA for final Prior to EIA approval approval. Give permission for project After approval of EIA implementation Review and approval of detailed design Before contract bidding of proposed canal construction Review monitoring of reports of As and when required project construction and operation during construction and and give comments for corrective operation phases action Canal maintenance, environmental After implementation monitoring and management 3. DoE Review and comments on EIA for final Prior to EIA approval approval.

Review monitoring of reports of project As and when required construction and operation and give during construction and comments for corrective action operation phases

4. Project Design and Prepare final design for proposed Prior to proposal Supervision Consultant project construction, its required implementation environmental studies and EMP design recommendations Supervise construction undertaken by Regularly during the contractor according to contract construction phase document Inspect and report contractor's state of Regularly during works related to EMP respect construction and operation phase Report all EMP non-conformances to After implementation IDDJ for action. Certify works if and when contractor After implementation fully respected to EMP and approvedenvironmental management action plan

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 126

Environmental management plan

Oversee the overall implementation of Entire life-time of project EMP, provide expertise knowledge, suggestion and recommendation when and where ever necessary to minimize/avoid/prevent any adverse impact 5. Contractor Undertake construction works Regularly during according to approved design, with construction full respect to EMP specifications as well as to approved environmental management plan Be available on site as and when Regularly during inspections of works is to be construction undertaken by the SC Respect Supervision Consultant's Regularly during instruction for correction action construction affected against defective works

10.3 Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation

Environmental monitoring is an integral part of the EIA report. During the course of carrying out monitoring and evaluation of impact, if the actual impact is found higher than the one specified in the conditions prescribed at the time of approving the proposal, the MoFE will issue necessary directives to the proponent to adopt measures to reduce or control such impact. Monitoring activities during project operation will focus on recording environmental performance and proposing remedial actions to address unexpected impacts.

10.3.1 Type of Monitoring

There are three types of monitoring in environmental studies mentioned as under:

 Baseline monitoringaims to identify, collect, and verify the additional environmental baseline data, that is scientific or social in nature and needed to augment information on baseline conditions initially generated.

 Compliance monitoring is necessary in order to ensure that the contractors comply with the requirement as listed in the mitigation measures and any condition set-forth during the project approval.  Impact monitoring is necessary in order to know the actual level of impact in the field during the construction and operation of the proposed project.

10.3.2 Monitoring Parameters

Based on the level of site-specific information or existing data series and impacts prediction, efforts are made to make the indicators measurable and diagnostic and with low natural variability and broad applicability. In this context, the following indicators will be monitored during the construction and operational stages of the project.

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 127

Environmental management plan

a) Physical Parameters

Irrigation Project construction should be monitored with special attention to sites of unstable soil type, which have a potential for soil / embankment erosion, flood. Air, noise and water quality parameters should be monitored one every three-month in construction phase and one every year in operation phase. Regular supervision on materials handling at earthworks and stockpiling of construction materials in co-operation with environmental protection measures in the detail design, contract documents and tender documents. b) Biological Parameters

The use of fuel wood, construction materials will also increase. Hotels, cafeteria, and tea stalls should be monitored regularly through the group of experts for discouraging use of such materials. Similarly, unstable and fragile land should be maintained through bioengineering. This needs the serious consideration of the species types, and survivability of the planted species thus should have monitoring of this activity. c) Socio-economic and Cultural Parameter

During the construction stage, the project will monitor the rate and amount of compensation paid for acquired land or other properties. The project will also record the use of received compensation if possible, number of counseling trainings and income generating activities during the construction stage. The project will monitor the number of construction workers the local people according to the type of work, number of women employed number of outside laborers and their dependents and will record the salaries or daily wages. The project will also monitor the number and type of tea stall nearby the project area, health and sanitation facilities in the work camps and labor camps. Similarly, the project will monitor frequency and types of illness of the construction workers and cases of construction-related respiratory diseases, type and number of accident, availability of first-aid and emergency services and awareness of the workers and roadside people on occupational health and safety. Furthermore, the project will monitor the events of social disharmony and related disputes, prostitution and liquor drinking, if any, and other disputes within the project area during the construction stage.

Table below presents the compliance monitoring plan and impact monitoring plan in a matrix format showing monitoring indicators, monitoring methods, development phase and frequency of monitoring of the various environmental parameters during the different stages of the proposal implementation.

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 128

Environmental management plan

Table 44: Baseline Monitoring Plan

Physical Environment Indicators of Methods of monitoring Proposal phase Monitoring monitoring frequency Ambient air quality, Direct measurement and Pre-construction Once PM 2.5, PM10, review of documents Water quality Sampling, lab testing Pre-construction Once parameter of river and comparing with generic standard Monitoring Noise level Direct measurement in Pre-construction Once of proposed site dB (A) at different points in different time zones using Noise meter

Table 45: Compliance Monitoring Plan

Indicators of Methods of Monitoring Proposal Phase Monitoring Monitoring Frequency Physical Parameters Water quality Sampling, lab testing and Construction Once parameter of river comparing with generic standard Stockpiling of Direct observation Construction Every 15 days construction materials in safe areas Transportation of Direct observation Construction Every week construction material in covered containers Water sprinkling in Direct observation Construction Every week dust prone area Stockpiling of Direct observation Construction Every 15 days excavated materials Till end of in safe area for later construction reuse and surface leveling Arrangement of Site inspection Construction Every three month temporary toilets and restriction on open defecation Solid waste Direct observation Construction Everyday segregation and minimization Adaptation of safe Observation and inquiry Construction Once in 3 month working environment Personal Safety Observation and record Construction Once in 3 month equipment availability Arrangements, Direct observation and Construction Once in 3 month

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 129

Environmental management plan

design and level of interaction with Operation Once in a year awareness for staffs/workers disaster risk reduction Rehabilitation of Observation and inquiry Immediately after labor camp construction over Biological Parameters Wildlife Habitat Inspection Construction Everyday Disturbance Impacts on Forest Resources Plantations Actual number of Direct observation and Construction Everyday trees felled down record inspection Volume of wood Measurement Construction Everyday extracted Use of fire wood or Observation and inquiry Construction Everyday kerosene or other energy source Fire wood collection Observation and inquiry Construction Everyday from forest Wildlife killing, Observation and inquiry Construction Everyday harassing and poaching events Condition of forest Observation Construction Every 15 days Till end of construction Species survival rate Counting/ Measurement Operation Twice a year and condition of compensatory plantation site Socio-Economic Parameters

Rate of File record and Pre construction Every 15 days compensation for Inquiry stage Till end of land and construction property

Number and type of Review of records and Construction Once in 3 month employees among interaction with locals locals and others and contractors Operation Once in a year

Child and women Inspection and Construction Once in 3 month exploitation interaction with employees Health and sanitation Direct observation and Construction Once in 3 month in and around the interaction with locals project area and staffs/workers

Community Questionnaire Construction Once in 3 month awareness programs evaluation, interviewing relating to selected participants/ environment records from local EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 130

Environmental management plan

protection and avoidance of social conflicts

10.3.3 Environmental Monitoring Cost

The management responsibility for the environmental monitoring is transferred to DoWRI and supervision consultant under IDDJ in coordination. Supervision consultant can be hired by IDDJ.Following monitoring cost will be incurred by project for construction and operation phase consultation and monitoring:

Table 46: Cost for Environmental Monitoring

S.N. Specification Quantity Rate Amount (NRs) 1 Expert Team Monitoring Cost LS 540000 5,40,000 2 Environmental Specialist 2.5 100000 2,50,000 3 Sociologist 2 80000 1,60,000 4 Geologist 1 50000 50,000 5 Printing and Photocopy LS 100000 1,00,000 6 Monitoring by DoWRI 4,50,000

7 Monitoring by MoFE 4,50,000

Total 20,00,000

10.3.4 Records, Reporting and Corrective Actions

To demonstrate compliance with the environmental management, the IDDJ will instruct the construction contractors through supervising engineer to maintain daily records of his mitigation implementation and monitoring works in retrievable forms at its office during the construction phase. Contractors will keep records of the employment of local area people and will submit such records to the supervising engineers every month. Similarly records of occupational health will also be documented in retrievable forms and submitted to supervising engineer every month. Besides, records of instructions, trainings, and land area rented with agreements will also be submitted to the supervising engineers regularly or when it is demanded by the supervising engineer.

The Project Implementation Unit (PIU) under IDDJ section will carry out monitoring works of the construction contractors and prepare monitoring reports bimonthly during construction phase. ESISU under ESU will maintain all the records of land area acquired, and expenses of land acquisition and other environmental enhancement programs implemented. These records will be provided to PIU as and when demanded for the monitoring facilitation. PIU will provide any corrective action required through IDDJ section chief for implementation to PIU and supervising engineers and maintain the records of any corrective actions recommended. The bimonthly reports produced by the PIU will be distributed to the concerned stakeholders through the IDDJ section chief for their comments and suggestions. Any comments and suggestions of the stakeholders will be taken into account in the subsequent environmental management to enhance the project performance during construction by PIU. The PIU consultants will compile the Environmental monitoring report of the construction phase within 3 months of the construction completion and submit to IDDJ. Proponent will pass the

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 131

Environmental management plan

report to stakeholders to get feedback and provide database of environmental management works of the proposal for future use.

In the operation phase, the Project Manager will keep records of the mitigation and monitoring as required in the retrievable forms. Every year, the Project Manager will prepare a compiled report and pass it to the concerned stakeholder for comments and suggestions. The project operators will carry out any recommendations and suggestion of the concerned stakeholders. Monitoring plan, its parameters, indictors, location, method, schedule, individual responsible are given in table below.

Table 47: Environmental Management Action Plan for Beneficial Impact

S.N. Environmental Time of Responsible Agency Enhancement Parameters Action Cost Implementing Supervision Construction Phase a) Job opportunities IDDJ DoWRI Included in for Local People total project cost b) Skill enhancement of Construction Contractor/ IDDJ DoWRI 8,00,000 Human Resources c) Increase in economic Phase Contractor DoWRI NA activities d) Women Contractor DoWRI NA empowerment Operation Phase a) Crop Yields and Entire IDDJ/ WUA DoWRI 2,50,000 Production Project Life

b) Impact on Entire IDDJ DoWRI NA Agricultural Project Life Production Land c) Increase in economic Operation IDDJ DoWRI NA activities Phase d) Employment Entire IDDJ/ WUA DoWRI NA opportunities Project Life e) Transfer of skills Entire IDDJ/ WUA DoWRI 2,50,000 Project Life f) Improved road Entire IDDJ DoWRI NA access Project Life g) Control in Human Entire IDDJ DoWRI NA Wildlife Conflict Project Life h) Community Support Operation IDDJ/ DADO DoWRI Included in Programme Phase total project cost Total Enhancement Cost (NRs.) 13,00,000.00

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 132

Environmental management plan

Table 48: Environmental Management Action Plan for Adverse Impact

S.N. Environmental Time of Responsible Agency Mitigation Cost Parameters Action Implementing Supervision Pre- Construction Phase Socio- economic and Cultural Environment a) Occupational Pre- Contractor/ DoWRI 20,000 hazards/ Risk of Construction IDDJ injury/ death Phase (first aid kit) b) Property, Pre- Contractor/ DoWRI Included in total Agricultural Land Construction IDDJ project cost Acquisition and Phase Compensation c) Regulatory Pre- Contractor/ DoWRI/ Rural NA permission Construction IDDJ Municipality/ Phase Wards/ DFO d) Preparedness Pre- Contractor/ DoWRI 20,000 awareness to Construction IDDJ (Hoarding contractor’s staff/ Phase Boards) others Physical and Chemical Environment a) Project Ancillary Construction Contractor/ DoWRI Included in total Facilities Sites Phase IDDJ project cost Identification and Site clearance Biological Environment a) Marking and Construction Contractor/ DFO/CFUGs 9,98,400 clearance of trees Phase IDDJ from impact zone Construction Phase Socio-economic and Cultural Environment a) Child labor Issues Construction Contractor IDDJ NA Phase b) Occupational Construction Contractor IDDJ Included in total health and safety Phase project cost hazards/ accidents/ Risk of injury/death c) Solid Waste Construction Contractor IDDJ Included in Management Phase training cost d) Loss of Construction Contractor/ DoWRI 2,585,145 Agricultural Land/ Phase IDDJ agro-products/ cash crops e) Impact on access Construction Contractor IDDJ Included in total road (Local area) Phase project cost f) Pressure on public Construction Contractor IDDJ NA

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 133

Environmental management plan

utilities due to Phase influx of workers

g) Sanitation Issues Construction Contractor IDDJ Training Cost Phase included (Under Skill enhancement Training) h) Issues related to Construction Contractor IDDJ NA Gender equity Phase i) Pressure on Construction Contractor IDDJ 10,000 Existing Health Phase care Facilities j) Social conflict due Construction Contractor IDDJ NA to influx of workers Phase

k) Crime Issues Construction Contractor IDDJ NA Phase l) Introduced diseases Construction Contractor IDDJ NA (STDs, AIDS or Phase any other communicable disease) transmission m) Fire hazards Construction Contractor IDDJ (DG Set as Phase required) (Cost for tarpaulin sheet included) n) Impact on Belief Construction Contractor IDDJ NA systems Phase

o) Migration Issues Construction Contractor IDDJ Cost as decided Phase by CFC Physical and Chemical Environment a) Temporary and Construction Contractor IDDJ/ DoWRI Included in total permanent change Phase project cost in Landuse b) Soil erosion/ Construction Contractor IDDJ/ DoWRI NA Topsoil (Productive Phase Soil) Loss c) Emission of Dust Construction Contractor IDDJ/ DoWRI 200,000 Particles/ Air Phase 16,000 pollution d) Noise Pollution Construction Contractor IDDJ/ DoWRI NA Phase EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 134

Environmental management plan

e) Disruption of Construction Contractor IDDJ NA natural water flow Phase due to construction of H/W f) Pollution of water Construction Contractor IDDJ NA resources Phase g) Hazards due to Construction Contractor IDDJ NA spoil disposal Phase h) Visual impairment Construction Contractor IDDJ/ DoWRI Included in total of landscape Phase project cost i) Impacts due to use Construction Contractor IDDJ Included in total of oil/grease, Phase project cost lubricants Biological Environment a) Habitat Construction Contractor IDDJ/ NA Fragmentation Phase DoWRI/ CFUGs/ DFO b) Illegal firewood, Construction Contractor IDDJ/ NA herbs and NTFPs Phase DoWRI/ collection CFUGs/ DFO c) Disturbance to the Construction Contractor IDDJ/ NA wild animals Phase DoWRI/ CFUGs/ DFO d) Illegal wildlife Construction Contractor IDDJ/ NA Poaching Phase DoWRI/ CFUGs/ DFO e) Issues of forest fire Construction Contractor IDDJ/ NA Phase DoWRI/ CFUGs/ DFO f) Impact on Aquatic Construction Contractor IDDJ/ NA Fauna (Fish) Phase DoWRI/ CFUGs/ DFO Operation Phase Socio-economic and Cultural Environment a) Occupational Operation IDDJ/ WUA DoWRI Included in total health and safety Phase project cost hazards b) Impact due to Entire Project IDDJ/ WUA DoWRI NA operation of Life Irrigation Canal c) Issues related to Operation IDDJ/ WUA DoWRI NA Gender equity Phase Physical and Chemical Environment a) Reinstatement of Operation IDDJ/ WUA DoWRI Included in total project ancillary Phase project cost facilities Sites b) Issues of Sediments Entire Project IDDJ/ WUA DoWRI Included in total and Siltation Life project cost

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 135

Environmental management plan

c) Impact on Air and Entire Project IDDJ/ WUA DoWRI Included in Noise Quality Life total project cost

d) Impact on Ground Entire Project IDDJ/ WUA DoWRI 3,000 Water Level Life e) Impact due to Entire Project IDDJ/ WUA DoWRI 10,000 Irrigation Water Life Quality (N, P and K) Biological Environment a) Illegal wildlife Operation IDDJ/ WUA DoWRI NA Poaching Phase b) Illegal extraction of Operation IDDJ/ WUA DoWRI NA forest resources Phase c) Fire hazards Operation IDDJ/ WUA DoWRI NA Phase d) Impact on aquatic Entire Project IDDJ/ WUA DoWRI NA life Life Total Mitigation Cost 4,164,145.00/-

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 136

Environmental management plan

Table 49: Incorporation of Issues raised by Locals

S.N. Issues Issues raised by Measures Proposed Remarks No. Local People 1 Issue 1 Take prior Under this issue, the Division Forest Will be included permission from Office was already notified about the as per Division Forest ongoing EIA processes. During Pre- suggestion Office and proceed construction phase, the entire activities the work in regards like tree marking and tree clearance to tree clearing processes will be aided as per the from the suggestions and in presence of the community forests representatives form the Division Forest Office. 2 Issue 2 Forest and The entire pre-construction activities such Will be included biological diversity as tree marking and tree clearance as per must not be harmed processes will be carried out as per the suggestion in due course suggestions and in presence of the representatives form the Division Forest Office. The suggestions will definitely incorporate the activities promoting lesser impact to the forest and biological diversity of the study area. 3 Issue 3 Forests must not be Suggestions and guidance for tree Will be included affected as far as marking and removal will be carried with as per possible the direction form the Division Forest suggestion Office. 4 Issue 4 Mitigation The EIA Report is ensured to propose Mitigation measures must be mitigation measures to most of the measures will be followed to ensure adverse environmental impacts. However, followed for environment the comments and suggestions will be environmental conservation incorporated after public hearing to make conservation a reliable one. In meanwhile, it will be the sole responsible of proponent to ensure all the mitigation measures to be followed as per scheduled construction activities to ensure minimal adverse impacts. 5 Issue 5 As the construction The compensation price for the private Compensation of canal requires lands will be fixed by the Compensation fixed by CFC private land of Fixation Committee (CFC) that shall locals, so locals make fair price allocation incorporating must be the price bided by the land owners, real compensated for land value and existing market value of acquiring their land the area. for canal construction. 6 Issue 6 Opportunities far as The construction phase shall generate Contractor will possible must be employment opportunities as 166 skilled make sure for given to locals as and 525 unskilled human resources per local people as labours. day to complete construction of canal. At first priority for such, the local people will be given first employment priority promoting gender equality and opportunity equity. Rest will be added as per the requirement of the project.

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 137

Environmental management plan

7 Issue 7 The project pose no The project pose no impacts on existing Will be impact on existing public infrastructures, however, it poses proceeded as public impacts on some settlements (20 soon as approval infrastructure, households) which are situated within the of this EIA hence, it must be range of 15 to 20 m away from the canal Report implemented as fast alignment. The compensation will be as possible. provided to them as per compensation Fixation Committee.

10.4 Environmental Audit

As per legal provisions, Environmental Audit forms an integral part of EIA. Environment Protection Regulation 1997 (revised in 1999) suggests conducting environmental auditing. Auditing refers to a general class of environmental assessment that is used to verify past and current environmental performances. In these context of environmental management of a project, environmental impact auditing may asses the actual environmental impacts, evaluate the accuracy of prediction and effectiveness of environmental impacts mitigation measures, and functioning of pre-construction, construction and operation phase of monitoring mechanism.

Environmental audit is conducted after 2 years of implementation of the project, as per Rule 14, section 2 of EPR. The main agencies responsible to conduct environmental audit will be Ministry of Forests and Environment (MoFE). IDDJ will also assist to conduct the Audit, as per needed.

The auditing will be carried out as per specified in National EIA Guideline (1993). The Guideline specifies that the result obtained from Environmental Impact Auditing should be made available to the project proponent and concerned agencies. The envisaged environmental audit team will comprise of an environmental expert experienced in EIA study, monitoring and auditing works as team leader accompanied by a sociologist, terrestrial ecologist, hydrologist and geologist. The approach for audit will be a scoping type audit, which will basically rely on the documents and records starting from approved EIA document and including the bi-monthly monitoring reports of the project revealing compliance to EIA approval conditions for mitigation management and impact monitoring recorded database. Environmental auditing reports will include:

• The condition of natural, social and economic resources prior to the project implementation and after completion of the project construction works, • Accounting of whether or not the impacts predicted by EIA occurred, and if yes, the extent of these impacts, and

• Evaluate whether the mitigation/corrective measures implemented are effective to control adverse impacts or to enhance beneficial impacts of the projects implementation or not. All the specific aspects like slope stability, spoil disposal, quarrying, local economy, reinstatement and social attitudes towards projects implementation will be addressed for environmental auditing. Environmental audit frame work is given in table below.

The cost for the environmental audit is estimated at NRs 12,00,000 including remuneration, daily allowance in the field, photography, stationary, and transportation. EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 138

Environmental management plan

Table 50: Environmental Audit Framework for Beneficial Impacts

S.N. Parameter Indicator Location Methods Sources Construction Phase a) Job Nos. of local labors Project area Interview Records, local opportunities employed during and records people, records for Local project construction from contractors People

b) Skill Nos. of training Project area Interview Records, local enhancement of conducted and and records people, records Human employment in from contractors Resources construction project c) Increase in Income generating Project area Interviews Records, local economic activities and people, records activities observation from contractors d) Women Involvement of Project area Interviews Records from empowerment woman into and contractors construction observation phase, gender equity and quality Operation Phase a) Crop Yields Increase in crop Project site Interview Local people, DCC and Production yield, marketing, and records etc. b) Impact on Changes in Command area Observation Observation, Agricultural agricultural and interview with local Production practices, cropping interview people, WUA intensity, crop Land yields, crop diversification c) Increase in Income generating Project area Interviews Records, local economic activities in and people activities operation phase observation d) Employment Nos. of local labors Project area Interview Records, local opportunities employed during and records people, records project operation from WUA e) Transfer of Nos. of training Project area Interview Records, local skills conducted and and records people, records employment in from WUA post project f) Improved road Service road Project area Observation Site visit access g) Control in Settlement areas Project area Interviews Records, local Human nearby to buffer and people Wildlife zone observation

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 139

Environmental management plan

Conflict h) Community Within Command Project area Interviews Records, local Support Area and practice people, WUA Program observation

Table 51: Environmental Audit Framework for Adverse Impacts

S.N. Parameter Indicator Location Methods Sources Pre- Construction Phase Socio- economic and Cultural Environment a) Occupational Use of Personal Project Site Observation Records from hazards/ Risk of protecting equipments and interview contractors injury/ death and first aid kit availability b) Property, Compensation to Project Site Interviews Records from Agricultural Land affected local people and Records register Acquisition and maintained by CFC Compensation c) Regulatory Documents such as Project Site Document Records from permission letter Proof contractors d) Preparedness Training and Project Site Hoarding Local people awareness to hoarding boards boards, and contractor’s staff/ interviews contractor’s others and staff observation Physical and Chemical Environment a) Project Ancillary Bush/ trees Project Site Observation Local people Facilities Sites clearance for and interview and Identification and Project Ancillary contractor’s Site clearance Facilities Sites staff Biological Environment a) Marking and Cleared trees after Direct impact Interview and CFUGs, clearance of trees marking area records Contractor and from impact zone Local people Construction Phase Socio-economic and Cultural Environment a) Child labor Issues Labours involved in Project Site Interview and Records from construction records contractors activities b) Occupational health Use of Personal Project Site Observation Records from and safety hazards/ protecting equipments and interview contractors accidents/ Risk of and first aid kit injury/death availability c) Solid Waste Waste segregation Camp Site Observation Contractors Management and waste disposal and interview Staffs d) Loss of Agricultural Compensation to Project Site Interviews Records from Land/ agro- affected local people and Records register

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 140

Environmental management plan

products/ cash maintained by crops CFC e) Impact on access Service road Project area Observation Site visit and road (Local area) Local people f) Pressure on public Local trade and Project Site Interview and Records from utilities due to income records contractors and influx of workers local market

g) Sanitation Issues Provision of clean Camp Site Observation, Records from drinking water and Interview and Contractor and ample waster for records Contractors Staffs hygiene h) Issues related to Labours involved in Project Site Interview and Contractors Gender equity construction records Staff/ Local activities People i) Pressure on Number of Mosquito Project Site Interview and Records from health care Existing Health bites caused diseases records centers care Facilities in past and present j) Social conflict due Work environment Project and Observation Local People to influx of workers within project and Camp Site and interview and Contractor camp sites k) Crime Issues Work environment Project and Observation Local People within project and Camp Site and interview and Contractor camp sites l) Introduced diseases Cases of Command Interview and Local people, and DCC (STDs, AIDS or communicable area i.e. area records any other disease as compared that already communicable to numbers and types exist disease) in past settlement transmission m) Fire hazards No. of Fire caused Construction Observation Records from incidents Site and interview contractors n) Impact on Belief Provocating Project area Observation Local People systems Interaction between and interview local people and Contraction staff o) Migration Issues Migration status of Direct Impact Observation Local People local people area and interview Physical and Chemical Environment a) Temporary and Acquisition of land Direct and Observation Records from permanent change for permanent and Indirect and interview contractors in Landuse temporary purpose Impact area b) Soil erosion/ Generation and Direct Impact Observation Records from Topsoil (Productive usage of top soil area and interview contractors Soil) Loss c) Emission of Dust Air quality and their Project site Observation, Measurements results and

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 141

Environmental management plan

Particles/ Air comparison with interview and information pollution standards measurement from local people d) Noise Pollution Noise level and their Project site Measurement Measurements comparison with and Enquiry results and standards information e) Disruption of Water level flow Headwork Observation Observation natural water flow and construction Construction and interview and local due to construction site Site people/ of H/W CFUGs f) Pollution of water Water quality and Project site Observation, Measurements resources their comparison interview and results and information with standards measurement from local people g) Hazards due to Initiated land erosion, Project site Observation, Local people, spoil disposal Affected aesthetic interview and photographs, values, affected measurement observations agriculture, disruption of community infrastructures h) Visual impairment Temporary work site Project area Observation Observations, of landscape clearance and and interview photographs, restoration in original local people condition i) Impacts due to use Issues such as soil Project area Observation Observations, of oil/grease, or water pollution and interview photographs, lubricants or fire incidents local people Biological Environment a) Habitat Forest Coverage Forest area Observation Observations, Fragmentation and interview photographs, local people/ CFUGs b) Illegal firewood, Status of illegal Forest area Observation Observations, herbs and NTFPs firewood and other and interview photographs, collection collection local people/ CFUGs c) Disturbance to the Wild animals Forest area Observation Observations, wild animals movement and interview photographs, local people/ CFUGs d) Illegal wildlife Poachers activity Forest area Observation Observations, Poaching and interview photographs, local people/ CFUGs e) Issues of forest fire Forest fire incidents Forest area Observation Observations, number and interview photographs, local people/ CFUGs

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 142

Environmental management plan

f) Impact on Aquatic Species of fish Rivers and Observation Observation, Fauna (Fish) occurrence as streams and interview interview compared to with with local before project people and scenario scientific reports Operation Phase Socio-economic and Cultural Environment a) Occupational health Use of Personal Project Site Observation Records from and safety hazards protecting equipments and interview WUA and first aid kit availability b) Impact due to Water level flow in Project Site Observation Records from operation of irrigation canal in and interview WUA, Irrigation Canal monsoon photographs c) Issues related to Nos. of men and Project Site Observation Records from Gender equity women involvement and interview WUA in employment Physical and Chemical Environment a) Reinstatement of Visual qualities of Project Site Observation Photographs project ancillary landscape and interview and local facilities Sites people b) Issues of Sediments Presence of settling Headwork Observation Photographs and Siltation tank region and interview and local people c) Impact on Air and Compensatory Irrigation Observation Photographs Noise Quality plantation and Canal and interview and local unwanted horns Structure site people prohibition d) Impact on Ground Ground water level Project Site Observation Photographs Water Level data from 3 different (Well) and interview and local sites people e) Impact due to Water quality analysis Project Site Laboratory River water Irrigation Water (N, P and K) analysis quality Quality (N, P and analysis K) Biological Environment a) Illegal wildlife Poaching activities Forest area Observation Observations, Poaching and interview photographs, local people/ CFUGs b) Illegal extraction of Status of illegal Forest area Observation Observations, forest resources firewood and other and interview photographs, collection local people/ CFUGs c) Fire hazards Fire hazard incidents Forest area Observation Observations, and interview photographs,

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 143

Environmental management plan

local people/ CFUGs d) Impact on aquatic Minimum water flow Aduwa River Observation Water flow life into Aduwa River and interview measurement, Observations, photographs, local people/ CFUGs

10.5 Summary of the Environmental Management Cost

Environment management cost includes environmental management action plan cost, monitoring cost and auditing cost. The details of environmental management cost are presented in table below.

Table 52: Summary of the Environmental Management Cost

Mitigation/ Enhancement Measures S.N. Measures Cost Remarks 1 Training Cost 8,00,000 Skill enhancement Training by DADO and 2 2,50,000 Better agricultural production Proponent 0peration & Maintenance of 3 Training 2,50,000 irrigation canal 4 First aid kit 20,000 5 hoarding bords for NRs. 4,000 5 Hoarding Boards 20,000 each 384 trees*10*60 (per Compensatory plantation of 6 9,98,400 sapling)*5yrs*12 m*15000 (per 384 trees month pay) A 17.23 Bigha of Agricultural land* 7 Loss of Agro-products 2,585,145 NRs 1,50,000 7 Mosquito Net 10,000 20 * Rs.500 per Sprinkle water thrice a day to 8 2,00,000 3000 per day reduce dust Tarpaulin sheet for covering 9 stockpiled materials and 16,000 Total 20 for NRs 800 per chemicals For 3 sites, ground level water 10 3,000 examination 11 For soil and water analysis 10,000 Total 2,664,145 B Total Monitoring Cost 20,00,000 C Total Auditing Cost 12,00,000 Total (A+B+C) 5,864,145.00/-

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 144

Conclusion

11. CONCLUSION

The purpose is to achieve sustainable and increased access to economic and social services and enhanced social and financial capital for people in the project area, particularly poor and disadvantaged groups, labor based, environmentally friendly, ensuring maximum utilization of local resources and local human resources. Local participatory approaches thus used will also ensure that the investment in construction and rehabilitation of infrastructure results in sustainable, improved access to economic and social services, and enhanced social and financial capital. For the construction of branch canal, WUA can be consulted along with Sana Kishan Krishi Sahakari Sanstha Ltd. The proposed Tribeni Irrigation Project is judged to have lesser degree of adverse environmental impacts with more beneficial impacts. Most of the identified environmental adverse impacts are site specific, and limited mainly to the period of construction. These impacts are typically associated with the nature of construction works. Inorder to successfully complete the proposed project, it is important to have coordination among all responsible stakeholders (ongoing planners proceeding with solar fencing activities), local people, representatives from different institutions/ organizations and concerned wards and Rural Municipalities representatives and other agencies. Similarly, the construction activities are also going to be carried out in the only remaining patch of tropical forest in Nepal; Jalthal Forest, which is rich in biological diversity and agricultural lands. Therefore, careful actions are required to be proceeded with more focus on conservation and protection, ensuring minimal tree removal and lesser disturbance nearby to the forest areas and agricultural production/ lands. There must be also agreement between proponent and the CFUGs of different Community Forests in different phases of the project. It is concluded that with the set of proposed mitigation measures, much of the impacts can be minimized or even set off. Therefore, the proposed enhancement / mitigation measure needs to be implemented in order to enhance and level off the identified beneficial and adverse environmental impacts. Once the stringent measures are observed by the contractors and all supervision and monitoring mechanisms are carried out, there is no risk for residual impacts that may affect the bio-physical, social and cultural environment. Given the above conclusion, this EIA Report recommends to implement the Proposal under the condition that the safeguard measures described in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) are equally implemented and followed and monitored accordingly.

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 145

Conclusion

11.1 Proponent’s Obligations

The proponent of the proposal, IDDJ‟s obligations for the proposal will remain as below:

• Local people and members of WUA will remain as primary workforce during the construction and operation of the Irrigation Project. • A Compensation Fixation Committee will be formed for land acquisition and farmers will be compensated for their land as per Land Act 2034. • Environmental Management Plan and Environment Monitoring Plan recommended by the report will be strictly followed.

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 146

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa References

REFERENCES

Bhagat, R.P. (2002). A checklist of fishes of Nepal. Medha, Vol. 2, 102-113

Bhattarai, K.P. (2013). Biodiversity and Soil Properties of Jalthal Forest, Jhapa, Nepal. Report Submitted to University Grants Commission, Sano Thimi, Bhaktapur. Community Forest Inventory Guideline, 2061 B.S. Chudal, M. (2018). Agricultural Seeds Sovereignty in Agro-ecological Belts of Mechi Zone, Nepal, M.Sc. Dissertation (Unpublished). Current Status of Marketing of Non-Timber Forest Prodcuts in the Terai Region of Nepal, (2004); Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation. Retrieved from http://www.itto.int/files/itto_project_db_input/2666/Technical/PPD-6-99-R3- MFI-Technical-Report-3.pdf

Edwards, D. M. (1993). The marketing of non-timber forest products from the Himalayas: the trade between east Nepal and India. Network Paper-Rural Development Forestry Network (United Kingdom).

Government of Nepal (2053). Environmental Protection Act. Kathmandu, Nepal

Government of Nepal (2054). Environmental Protection Rules. Kathmandu, Nepal

Government of Nepal, Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation (2070).Irrigation Policy

Government of Nepal, Ministry of Forests and Environment (2074). Rastriya Parthamikta Prapta Yojanako Lagi Rastriya Chhetra Prayog Garna Sambandhi Karyabhidhi.

Government of Nepal, National Planning Commission, Central Bureau of Statistics (2074). Household and Population by Ward Level (Based on new structure of 753 local units), National Report.

Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa (2074). Detail Project Report of Tribeni Irrigation Project.

Kumar, P., Barma, S. K., & Subba, B. R. (2011). A checklist of fishes of eastern Terai of Nepal. Nepalese Journal of Biosciences, 1, 63-65.

Neupane, B. (2018). Situation of human elephant conflict (HEC) and approaches for mitigating HEC in surrounding VDCs of Jalthal forest in Jhapa district, Nepal. UK: The Rufford Foundation. Plants of Nepal: Fact Sheet. (2012, June). Thapathali, Kathmandu, Province no. 3, Nepal: Department of Plant Resources, Ministry of Forests & Soil Conservation, Government of Nepal.

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 147

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa References

Retrieved from CITES on 22 November, 2018, https://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php

Retrieved from City Population on 22 November, 2018, https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nepal-mun-admin.php?adm2id=0411

Retrieved from ddcjhapa.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/DTMP-jhapa.pdf

Retrieved from Division Forest Office (Downloads) on 22 November, 2018, http://dfojhapa.gov.np/download.php

Retrieved from Kachankawal Rural Municipality on 22 November, 2018, http://kachankawalmun.gov.np/content/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A 8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0% A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2 -0

Retrieved from Kachankawal Wikipedia,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachankawal on 10 November, 2018

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page 148

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa Annexes

ANNEXES

Annex I: Approved Terms of Reference

Annex II: Public Hearing Notice

Annex III: Recommendations and Muchulka after Public Hearing

Annex IV: Checklist Used For EIA

Annex V: Public Hearing Minutes

Annex VI: Tree Volume Calculation Matrix

Annex VII: Proposal Relevant Photographs

Annex VIII: Water and Soil Test Report

Annex IX: Declaration Form and Curriculum Vitae

Annex X: Land related Documents

Annex XI: Comment Matrix

Annex XII: Project Layout Map

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page I

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

Annex I: Approved Terms of Reference

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page II

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page III

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page IV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page V

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page VI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page VII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page VIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page IX

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page X

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XIV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XVI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XVII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XVIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XIX

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XX

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XXI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XXII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XXIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XXIV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XXV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XXVI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XXVII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XXVIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XXIX

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XXX

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XXXI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XXXII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XXXIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XXXIV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XXXV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XXXVI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XXXVII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XXXVIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XXXIX

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XL

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XLI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XLII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XLIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XLIV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XLV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XLVI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XLVII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XLVIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XLIX

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page L

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LIV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LVI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LVII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LVIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LIX

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LX

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXIV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXVI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXVII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXVIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXIX

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXX

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXXI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXXII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXXIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

Annex II: Public Hearing Notice

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXXIV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXXV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

Annex III: Recommendations and Muchulka

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXXVI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXXVII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXXVIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXXIX

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXXX

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXXXI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXXXII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXXXIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXXXIV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXXXV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXXXVI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXXXVII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXXXVIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page LXXXIX

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XC

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XCI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XCII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XCIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

Annex IV: Public Hearing Minutes

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XCIV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XCV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XCVI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XCVII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XCVIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page XCIX

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

Annex V: Checklist Used For EIA

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page C

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

Checklist Used for Physical Environment

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

Checklist Used forBiological Environment

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

Checklist Used for Socio-Economic Environment

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CIV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CVI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

Annex VI: Tree Volume Calculation Matrix

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CVII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

Table 53: Tree Volume Calculation Matrix

S.N. Community Forest Chainage Tree Species DBH inch Height ft vol (m3) 1 Sadhuprati CF 0+000 – 3+107 Bot dhayero 30.92 35 0.053 2 Bot dhayero 35.87 40 0.190 3 Bot dhayero 18.55 25 0.091 4 Bot dhayero 29.68 35 0.296 5 Bot dhayero 22.26 30 0.258 6 sisso 37.11 35 0.190 7 sisso 34.63 35 0.338 8 sisso 29.68 35 0.461 9 Sal 37.11 40 0.338 10 Sal 43.29 40 1.787 11 Sal 37.11 40 0.076 12 Sal 80.40 45 0.085 13 Sal 22.26 25 0.679 14 Sal 23.50 25 0.054 15 Kalikath 47.00 50 0.048 16 Sal 21.03 20 0.032 17 Sal 19.79 20 0.028 18 Sal 18.55 15 0.024 19 Sal 17.32 15 0.032 20 Sal 16.08 15 0.032 21 Sal 18.55 15 0.048 22 Sal 18.55 15 0.054 23 Sal 19.79 20 0.032 24 Sal 21.03 20 0.020 25 Sal 18.55 15 0.024 26 Sal 14.84 15 0.017 27 Sal 16.08 15 0.020 28 Sal 13.61 15 0.014 29 Sal 14.84 15 0.085 30 Sal 12.37 15 0.032 31 Sal 23.50 25 0.076 32 Sal 18.55 15 0.145 33 Sal 22.26 25 0.085 34 Sal 25.97 35 0.159 35 Sal 23.50 25 0.124 36 Sal 27.21 35 0.085 37 Sal 25.97 30 0.076 38 Sal 23.50 25 0.048 39 Sal 22.26 25 0.028 40 Sal 19.79 20 0.032 41 Sal 17.32 15 0.032 42 Sal 18.55 15 0.076 43 Sal 18.55 15 0.076

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CVIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

44 Sal 22.26 25 0.085 45 Sal 22.26 25 0.085 46 Sal 23.50 25 0.159 47 Sal 23.50 25 0.174 48 Sal 27.21 35 0.206 49 Sal 28.45 35 0.190 50 Sal 30.92 35 0.222 51 Sal 29.68 35 0.206 52 Sal 32.16 35 0.124 53 Sal 30.92 35 0.085 54 Sal 25.97 30 0.076 55 Sal 23.50 25 0.048 56 Sal 22.26 25 0.028 57 Sal 19.79 20 0.032 58 Sal 17.32 15 0.159 59 Sal 18.55 15 0.174 60 Sal 27.21 35 0.206 61 Sal 28.45 35 0.190 62 Sal 30.92 35 0.222 63 Sal 29.68 35 0.206 64 Sal 32.16 35 0.124 65 Sal 30.92 35 0.085 66 Sal 25.97 30 0.076 67 Sal 23.50 25 0.048 68 Sal 22.26 25 0.028 69 Sal 19.79 20 0.032 70 Sal 17.32 15 0.061 71 Sal 18.55 15 0.124 72 Sal 22.26 20 0.085 73 Sal 25.97 30 0.061 74 Sal 23.50 25 0.048 75 Sal 22.26 20 0.028 76 Sal 19.79 20 0.032 77 Sal 17.32 15 0.032 78 Sal 18.55 15 0.061 79 Sal 18.55 15 0.061 80 Sal 22.26 20 0.085 81 Sal 22.26 20 0.085 82 Sal 23.50 25 0.159 83 Sal 23.50 25 0.174 84 Sal 27.21 35 0.206 85 Sal 28.45 35 0.190 86 Sal 30.92 35 0.222 87 Sal 29.68 35 0.206 88 Sal 32.16 35 0.104 89 Sal 30.92 35 0.085

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CIX

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

90 Sal 25.97 25 0.061 91 Sal 23.50 25 0.048 92 Sal 22.26 20 0.028 93 Sal 19.79 20 0.032 94 Sal 17.32 15 0.061 95 Sal 18.55 15 0.104 96 Sal 22.26 20 0.085 97 Sal 25.97 25 0.061 98 Sal 23.50 25 0.048 99 Sal 22.26 20 0.028 100 Sal 19.79 20 0.032 101 Sal 17.32 15 0.032 102 Sal 18.55 15 0.061 103 Sal 18.55 15 0.085 104 Sal 22.26 20 0.085 105 Sal 23.50 25 2.644 106 Sal 23.50 25 0.159 Total 15.507 Pascchim Deurali 107 92.76 CF 3+107- 4+676 sal 50 0.174 108 sal 27.21 35 0.206 109 sal 28.45 35 0.190 110 sal 30.92 35 0.222 111 sal 29.68 35 0.104 112 sal 32.16 35 0.085 113 sal 25.97 25 0.061 114 sal 23.50 25 0.036 115 sal 22.26 20 0.028 116 sal 19.79 15 0.032 117 sal 17.32 15 0.061 118 sal 18.55 15 0.104 119 sal 22.26 20 0.085 120 sal 25.97 25 0.061 121 sal 23.50 25 0.036 122 sal 22.26 20 0.028 123 sal 19.79 15 0.032 124 sal 17.32 15 0.032 125 sal 18.55 15 0.061 126 sal 18.55 15 0.061 127 sal 22.26 20 0.085 128 sal 22.26 20 0.085 129 sal 23.50 25 0.017 130 sal 23.50 25 0.020 131 sal 13.61 15 0.014 132 sal 14.84 15 0.085 133 sal 12.37 15 0.032 134 sal 23.50 25 0.061 EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CX

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

135 sal 18.55 15 0.104 136 sal 22.26 20 0.085 137 sal 25.97 25 0.159 138 sal 23.50 25 0.174 139 sal 27.21 35 0.054 140 sal 28.45 35 0.222 141 sal 21.03 20 0.036 142 sal 32.16 35 0.061 143 sal 19.79 15 0.085 144 sal 22.26 20 0.543 145 sal 23.50 25 2.014 146 sal 47.00 40 1.679 147 sal 85.34 45 2.254 148 sal 77.92 45 2.609 149 sal 90.29 45 0.054 150 sal 92.15 50 1.679 151 sal 21.03 20 0.819 Total 14.727 152 Purbha Deurali CF 4+676- 5+726 Sal 77.92 45 3.284 153 Sal 54.42 45 2.073 154 Sal 98.58 55 0.036 155 Sal 86.58 45 0.032 156 Sal 19.79 15 0.054 157 Sal 18.55 15 1.045 158 Sal 21.03 20 0.782 159 Sal 61.47 45 0.338 160 Sal 53.18 45 0.409 161 Sal 37.11 40 0.572 162 Sal 40.82 40 2.073 163 Sal 48.24 40 2.644 164 Sal 86.58 45 4.569 165 Sal 92.76 50 0.385 166 Sal 111.32 60 0.409 167 Sal 39.58 40 0.487 168 Sal 40.82 40 0.934 169 Sal 44.53 40 0.085 170 Sal 58.13 45 0.258 171 Sal 23.50 25 0.190 172 Sal 34.63 35 0.385 Total 21.046 173 Shree Tribeni CF 5+726-6+641 Masala 29.68 35 0.032 174 Sal 39.58 40 0.222 175 Masala 18.55 15 0.054 176 Masala 32.16 35 0.085 177 Masala 21.03 20 0.258 178 Masala 23.50 25 0.385

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

179 Masala 34.63 35 0.222 180 Masala 39.58 40 0.048 181 Masala 32.16 35 0.076 182 Masala 19.79 20 0.085 183 Masala 22.26 25 0.054 184 Masala 23.50 25 0.048 185 Masala 21.03 20 0.032 186 Masala 19.79 20 0.028 187 Masala 18.55 15 0.024 188 Masala 17.32 15 0.032 189 Masala 16.08 15 0.032 190 Masala 18.55 15 0.048 191 Masala 18.55 15 0.054 192 Masala 19.79 20 0.032 193 Masala 21.03 20 0.020 194 Masala 18.55 15 0.024 195 Masala 14.84 15 0.017 196 Masala 16.08 15 0.020 197 Masala 13.61 15 0.014 198 Masala 14.84 15 0.085 199 Masala 12.37 15 0.032 200 Masala 23.50 25 0.076 201 Masala 18.55 15 0.145 202 Masala 22.26 25 0.085 203 Masala 25.97 35 0.222 204 Masala 23.50 25 0.036 205 sal 32.16 35 0.061 206 sal 19.79 15 0.085 207 sal 22.26 20 0.054 208 sal 23.50 25 0.036 209 sal 21.03 20 0.032 210 sal 19.79 15 0.024 211 sal 18.55 15 0.032 212 sal 16.08 15 0.032 213 sal 18.55 15 0.054 214 sal 18.55 15 0.032 215 Masala 21.03 20 0.020 216 Masala 18.55 15 0.024 217 Masala 14.84 15 0.017 218 Masala 16.08 15 0.020 219 Masala 13.61 15 0.014 220 Masala 14.84 15 0.085 221 Masala 12.37 15 0.032 222 Masala 23.50 25 0.076 223 Masala 18.55 15 0.145 224 Masala 22.26 25 0.085

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

225 Masala 25.97 35 0.076 226 Masala 23.50 25 0.054 227 Masala 22.26 25 0.296 228 Masala 21.03 20 0.385 229 sisso 37.11 35 0.435 230 sisso 39.58 40 0.461 231 sisso 42.05 40 0.385 232 sisso 43.29 40 0.489 233 sisso 39.58 40 0.433 234 sisso 42.05 45 0.407 235 sisso 39.58 45 0.518 236 sisso 38.34 45 0.512 237 sisso 43.29 45 0.433 238 sisso 40.82 50 0.489 239 sisso 39.58 45 0.512 240 sisso 42.05 45 0.407 241 sisso 40.82 50 0.433 242 sisso 38.34 45 0.643 243 sisso 39.58 45 1.749 Total 12.705 Shree 244 6+641-7+315 45.76 Abhimukteswor CF Barro 50 0.829 245 Hallude 75.45 50 3.437 246 Jamun 51.95 50 2.994 247 Bot dhayero 92.76 65 4.075 248 Bot dhayero 86.58 65 6.458 249 Saal 105.13 60 5.528 250 Saal 132.34 60 2.644 251 Saal 122.45 60 2.787 252 Saal 92.76 50 2.715 253 Saal 95.24 50 3.477 254 Saal 94.00 50 2.934 255 Saal 101.42 55 2.787 256 Saal 97.71 50 2.644 257 Saal 95.24 50 2.073 258 Saal 92.76 50 0.174 259 Saal 86.58 45 0.338 260 Saal 28.45 35 0.277 261 Saal 37.11 40 0.240 262 Saal 35.87 35 0.222 263 Saal 33.39 35 3.562 264 Saal 32.16 35 3.648 265 Saal 102.66 55 2.934 266 Saal 103.90 55 0.857 267 Saal 97.71 50 0.461 268 Saal 55.66 45 0.461

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

269 Saal 43.29 40 4.095 270 Saal 43.29 40 5.697 271 Karam 110.08 55 2.383 272 Barro 124.30 60 6.110 273 Barro 80.40 60 4.075 274 Barro 123.68 65 5.091 275 saal 105.13 60 0.159 276 saal 117.50 60 0.190 277 saal 27.21 35 2.825 278 saal 29.68 35 0.032 Total 89.212 279 Durgabhitta CF 7+315-8+819 Jamun 84.11 65 0.222 280 Saal 18.55 15 0.054 281 Saal 32.16 35 0.085 282 Saal 21.03 20 0.258 283 Saal 23.50 25 0.385 284 Saal 34.63 35 0.222 285 Saal 39.58 40 0.048 286 Saal 32.16 35 0.076 287 Saal 19.79 20 0.085 288 Saal 22.26 25 0.054 289 Saal 23.50 25 0.048 290 Saal 21.03 20 0.032 291 Saal 19.79 20 0.028 292 Saal 18.55 15 0.024 293 Saal 17.32 15 0.032 294 Saal 16.08 15 0.032 295 Saal 18.55 15 0.048 296 Saal 18.55 15 0.054 297 Saal 19.79 20 0.032 298 Saal 21.03 20 0.020 299 Saal 18.55 15 0.024 300 Saal 14.84 15 0.017 301 Saal 16.08 15 0.020 302 Saal 13.61 15 0.014 303 Saal 14.84 15 0.085 304 Saal 12.37 15 0.032 305 Saal 23.50 25 0.076 306 Saal 18.55 15 0.145 307 Saal 22.26 25 0.085 308 Saal 25.97 35 0.054 309 Saal 23.50 25 0.032 310 Saal 21.03 20 0.020 311 Saal 18.55 15 0.024 312 Saal 14.84 15 0.017 313 Saal 16.08 15 0.020

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXIV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

314 Saal 13.61 15 0.014 315 Saal 14.84 15 0.085 316 Saal 12.37 15 0.032 317 Saal 23.50 25 0.076 318 Saal 18.55 15 0.145 319 Saal 22.26 25 0.085 320 Saal 25.97 35 0.076 321 Saal 23.50 25 0.054 322 Saal 22.26 25 0.085 323 Saal 21.03 20 0.258 324 Saal 23.50 25 0.385 325 Saal 34.63 35 0.222 326 Saal 39.58 40 0.048 327 Saal 32.16 35 2.073 328 Saal 19.79 20 0.746 329 Sal 86.58 45 0.746 330 Sal 51.95 45 0.857 331 Sal 51.95 45 1.188 332 Sal 55.66 45 0.857 333 Sal 65.55 45 1.144 334 Sal 55.66 45 0.338 335 Sal 64.32 45 3.309 336 Sal 37.11 40 4.075 337 Sal 98.95 55 0.790 338 Sal 105.13 60 2.056 339 Haluday 50.71 50 3.736 340 Barro 71.74 65 0.036 Total 26.022 341 Pathibhara CF 8+819-9+311 sal 105.13 55 0.054 342 sal 19.79 15 0.032 343 sal 21.03 20 0.020 344 sal 18.55 15 0.024 345 sal 14.84 15 0.017 346 sal 16.08 15 0.020 347 sal 13.61 15 0.014 348 sal 14.84 15 0.085 349 sal 12.37 15 0.032 350 sal 23.50 25 0.085 351 sal 18.55 15 0.061 352 sal 23.50 25 0.085 353 sal 22.26 20 0.085 354 sal 23.50 25 0.159 355 sal 23.50 25 0.174 356 sal 27.21 35 0.206 357 sal 28.45 35 0.190 358 sal 30.92 35 0.222

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

359 sal 29.68 35 0.206 360 sal 32.16 35 0.061 361 sal 30.92 35 0.085 362 sal 22.26 20 0.085 363 sal 23.50 25 0.159 364 sal 23.50 25 0.028 365 sal 27.21 35 0.014 366 sal 17.32 15 0.085 367 sal 12.37 15 0.032 368 sal 23.50 25 0.385 369 sal 18.55 15 0.258 370 sal 39.58 40 0.206 371 sal 34.63 35 0.104 372 sal 30.92 35 0.085 373 sal 25.97 25 0.085 374 Sal 23.50 25 0.085 375 Sal 23.50 25 0.076 376 sal 23.50 25 0.076 377 Sal 22.26 25 0.061 378 Sal 22.26 25 0.048 379 sal 22.26 20 0.053 380 Sal 19.79 20 0.042 381 Sal 18.55 25 0.046 382 Sal 18.55 20 0.046 383 Sal 17.32 25 0.000 384 sal 17.32 25 0.000 Total 3.974 All Total 183.191

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXVI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

Annex VII: Proposal RelevantPhotographs

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXVII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

Photograph 1: H/W Site of Proposed Project Photograph 2: Head Reach Site of Proposed Canal

Photograph 3: Houses Situated along the Photograph 4: Aduwa Khola Source for Direct Impact Area Proposed Canal

Photograph 5: Tree located along the Canal Photograph 6: Command Area of Proposed Site Alignment

Photograph 7: Consultation with Photograph 8: Public Consultation Conducted in Community Forest Members Project Site

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXVIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

Photograph 9: Banner of Public Hearing Photograph 10: Venue where Public Hearing was conducted successfully

Photograph 11: Stakeholders representing Photograph 12: People participating in Public their opinions and suggestions Hearing

Photograph 13: Soil sample collection from Photograph 14: Water sample collected from the Command Area Headwork Region

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXIX

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

Annex VIII: Water and Soil Test Report

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXX

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXXI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXXII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXXIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXXIV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXXV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

Annex IX: Declaration Form and Curriculum Vitae

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXXVI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXXVII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

CURRICULAM VITAE

Position Title : Environmental Expert/ Team Leader Name of Consultancy : Environmental Works and Services Pvt. Ltd. Name of Expert : Nisha Balmiki Date of Birth : 2039-05-20 Nationality : Nepali Contact Number : 9849605195 Email : [email protected] Year with Consultancy/Entity : 2 Years

Academic Qualification

 Passed SLC in first division (61.14%) from Mount Mechi Boarding School Ilam.  Passed I.Sc. in second division (51.40%) from Adarsha Higher Secondary School, Ilam.  Passed Bachelors in Environmental Science in first division (66.50) from Birat Science Campus, Biratnagar.  Passed Masters in Environmental Science in distinction (78.20) from Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu.

Work Experience From June 2012 : To July 2012 Employer : WWF Nepal, Friend of Nature Nepal and Youth Alliance for Environment (At Sacred Himalayan Landscape) Position Held : Field Researcher Description of Duties : Forest Carbon Inventory

From June 2014 : To June 2017 Employer : Nepal Batawaraniya Sewa Kendra, Biratnagar Position Held : Analytical Officer Description of Duties :  Water/Waste Water Analysis  Air and Noise Monitoring  Soil, Food and Beverages Analysis  Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Handling  NEPALS/ISO 17025:2005 Documentation From June 2017 : To Date Employer : Environmental Works and Services Pvt.Ltd Position Held : Environmental Expert/Team Leader Description of Duties : Environmental Expert/Team Leader for IEE of Sanga-Ashapuri, Pati Bhanjyang-Pramhansha Ashram Road Section Bhaktapur (5.442 km: 2017).

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXXVIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

: Environmental Expert/Team Leader for IEE of Pasaha Khola Bridge, Kalaiya, Bara (117 m: 2017).

: Environmental Expert/Team Leader for IEE of Thyaure Khola Phyaure Irrigation Project, Ilam (13.50 km: 2018).

: Environmental Expert/Team Leader for IEE of Kachal Phant Irrigation Sub-Project, Palpa (7.7 km: 2018).

: Environmental Expert/Team Leader for IEE of Rohoni Irrigation Project, Rupandehi (5.7 km: 2018).

: Environmental Expert/Team Leader for IEE of Namdu Khulo Irrigation Sub-Project, Phidim Panchthar (5.8 km: 2018).

: Environmental Expert/Team Leader for IEE of Chauri Khola Irrigation Project, Sindhupalchowk (6.8 km: 2018).

: Environmental Expert/Team Leader for IEE of Trolly Buspark (ARM) – Suryabinayak – Bhujunge Road Section, Bhaktapur (7.760 km: 2018).

: Environmental Expert/Team Leader for IEE of Chauri Khola Irrigation Project Lishankhu Pakhar Rural Municipality, Sindhupalchowk (2018) : Environmental Expert/Team Leader for IEE of Hilltake Health and Homes Pvt.Ltd (2018).

: Environmental Expert/Team Leader for IEE of Sustainable Collection and Excavation of Sand, Gravel and Boulder from Flood Plain of Jhijharai, Paruwa and Khairi Rivers of Rapti Sonari Rural Municipality, Banke (2018).

: Environmental Expert/Team Leader for EIA of Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa (2018-till date) : Environmental Expert/Team Leader for EIA of Lalbakaiya Irrigation Project, Rautaht (2018-till date)

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXXIX

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXXX

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

CURRICULUM-VITAE

Name: Bina Ghimire

Address: Permanent: Chapakot-9, Syangja

Temporary: Banglamukhi, Lalitpur

Mobile: 9849057322

E-mail: [email protected]

Education

Masters’ in Environmental Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur

Passed Year- 2016

88.50 %

Specialization

Biodiversity Conservation

Wildlife Management

Climate Change

Experiences and Affiliations

2019, visiting faculty, Institute of Forestry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur  2019, Researcher, Green Economy, Erasmus + and CDES-TU  2018-now, visiting faculty, Om Health Campus  2018, Research Associate, Third National Communication, vulnerability, impact and adaptation assessment, CDES-TU  2017-now, Visiting Faculty, Golden Gate International College, Battisputali, Kathmandu  2017-now, Teaching Faculty, Central Department of Environmental Science, Kirtipur 

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXXXI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

2017, Field enumerator, Baseline Assessment for Emergency Response Asian Disaster Preparedness Center  2016-now, Editor Assistant, Nepal Journal of Environment ScienceCentral Department of Environment Science, Kirtipur

2016-now, Assistant lecturer Tri-Chandra Multiple Campush Gantaghar  2017, Technical Staff, Supporting the Professionalization of health engineering studies and related areas in Asia, CDES-TU  2017, Author Times publication, Banasthali  Volunteer in Post-disasters Assessment in Gorkha District after Gorkha Earthquake 2072  2012, Science Instructor Kashi Noble Academy, Rupandehi  2009-2011, Science Instructor Caliber International Academy, Bhaktapur  2009, Program Coordinator PANAS-Nepal Lalitpur

Key skills

 Good oral and written communication skills  Proficiency in English and Nepali language  Proposal development  Report preparation and presentation  Professional editing  Preparation of training manual  Can work in any kind of environment

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXXXII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXXXIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

General Proposed Position Wildlife and RS Expert Name of Consultant Environmental Works and Services Pvt. Ltd. Name of Staff Niroj Timalsina Address of Staff Koteshwor, Kathmandu Profession Ecology, Wildlife and RS Analysis Date of Birth 2041/11/16 Presently Employed by the Firm (Yes/No) Yes If Yes, years with the firm Engineering Council Membership No.(if NA applicable) Nationality Nepalese Mobile Number 9851186071 Email [email protected]

Key Qualifications I passed my M.Sc. in the year 2012 from Central Department of Environmental Science TU, Kirtipur and I specialize in Wildlife Management. I also have received training in GIS and RS. Since, then I have been working in the sector of ecology, wildlife and geospatial assessment of wildlife habitat. I worked with Environmental Works and Services Pvt. Ltd on various projects of environmental assessment throughout the country since 2014.

Education SN Degree University College, Location Year of Received Completion 1 M.Sc., Environmental Tribhuvan Central Department, 2012 Science University Kirtipur

Employment Record SN Employing Title of Date Location Title of Work Organization Position 1 DoR, GoN Wildlife and 2017 Bhaktapur IEE preparation of Sanga- RS Expert Ashapuri, Pati Bhanjyang- Pramhansha Ashram” Road Section Bhaktapur (5.442 km: 2017).

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXXXIV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

2 Raptisonari RM, Wildlife and 2018 Raptisonari, IEE preparation of Sustainable GoN RS Expert Banke Collection and Excavation of Sand, Gravel and Boulder from Flood Plain of Jhijharai, Paruwa and Khairi Rivers of Rapti Sonari Rural Municipality, Banke (2018) 3 DoR, GoN Wildlife and 2017 Kalaiya,,Bara IEE study of Pasaha Khola RS Expert Bridge

4 DoI, GoN Wildlife and 2017 Palpa IEE Study of Kachal Phant RS Expert Irrigation Project.

5 DoI, GoN Wildlife and 2017 Rupandehi IEE study of Rohini Irrigation RS Expert Project

6 DoI, GoN Wildlife and 2017 Ilam IEE study of Thyaure Khola RS Expert Phyaure Irrigation Project

Languages Languages Reading Writing Excellent Good Fair Poor Excellent Good Fair Poor Nepali English Maithili

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXXXV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXXXVI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

General Proposed Position Sociologist Name of Consultant Environmental Works and Services Pvt. Ltd. Name of Staff Tilak Thapa Address of Staff New Baneshwor, Kathmandu Profession Socio-Economic Analyst Date of Birth 1983/06/06 Presently Employed by the Firm (Yes/No) Yes If Yes, years with the firm 4 years Engineering Council Membership No.(if NA applicable) Nationality Nepalese Mobile Number 9849213839 Email [email protected]

Key Qualifications I passed my M.A. in sociology/anthropology in the year 2014 from Central Department of TU, Kirtipur. Since then I have been working in the sector of socioeconomic analysis and assessment. I worked with Environmental Works and Services Pvt. Ltd. on various projects of environmental assessment throughout the country since year 2014. I also received some training on environment assessment in context of sociological assessment.

Education SN Degree University College, Location Year of Received Completion 1 M.A., Sociology Tribhuvan Central Department, 2014 University Kirtipur

Employment Record SN Employing Title of Date Location Title of Work Organization Position 1 DoR, GoN Sociologist 2017 Bhaktapur IEE preparation of Sanga- Ashapuri, Pati Bhanjyang- Pramhansha Ashram” Road Section Bhaktapur (5.442 km: 2017).

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXXXVII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

2 Raptisonari RM, Sociologist 2018 Raptisonari, IEE preparation of Sustainable GoN Banke Collection and Excavation of Sand, Gravel and Boulder from Flood Plain of Jhijharai, Paruwa and Khairi Rivers of Rapti Sonari Rural Municipality, Banke (2018) 3 DoR, GoN Sociologist 2017 Kalaiya,,Bara IEE study of Pasaha Khola Bridge 4 DoI, GoN Sociologist 2017 Palpa IEE Study of Kachal Phant Irrigation Project. 5 DoI, GoN Sociologist 2017 Rupandehi IEE study of Rohini Irrigation Project 6 DoI, GoN Sociologist 2017 Ilam IEE study of Thyaure Khola Phyaure Irrigation Project

Languages Languages Reading Writing Excellent Good Fair Poor Excellent Good Fair Poor Nepali English Maithili

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXXXVIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXXXIX

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

General Proposed Position Geologist Name of Consultant Environmental Works and Services Pvt. Ltd. Name of Staff Champak Babu Silwal Address of Staff Kirtipur, Kathmandu Profession Geological Survey and Assessment Date of Birth 2046/09/22 Presently Employed by the Firm (Yes/No) Yes If Yes, years with the firm Three Engineering Council Membership No.(if NA applicable) Nationality Nepalese Mobile Number 9849160335 Email [email protected]

Key Qualifications I passed my M.Sc. in geology in the year 2015 with first division from Central Department of Geology. Since then I have been working in the sector of geological assessment. I worked with Environmental Works and Services Pvt. Ltd. on various projects of environmental assessment in various parts of Nepal since 2015. I also received some training on environment and geological Survey and assessment. Training  Training Workshop on Scientific Writing, (21st -25th June, 2018), organized by Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology (RECAST), TU (Nepal).  Lectures and laboratory instructor Geology and Micro tectonics (16th to 18th October, 2017) Organized by Tec Task (IUGS), Italian Group of Himalayan Geology and Central Department of Geology, TU (Nepal).  Research methodology Training (23rd June to1st July, 2017), Organized by Central Campus of Technology, Dharan and Supported by University Grant Commission, Sano Thimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal  10 days GIS (Arc GIS 9.3) training organized by Central Department of Geology, TU, Kirtipur  20 days training on Arc GIS (6th Dec. 2011 to 6th Jan 2012) from PRO-TOOLS Learning Centre.

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXL

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

Education SN Degree University College, Location Year of Received Completion 1 M.Sc, Geology Tribhuvan Central Department of Geology, 2015 University Kirtipur

Employment Record SN Employing Title of Date Location Title of Work Organization Position 1 DoR, GoN Geologist 2017 Bhaktapur IEE preparation of Sanga- Ashapuri, Pati Bhanjyang- Pramhansha Ashram” Road Section Bhaktapur (5.442 km: 2017). 2 Raptisonari RM, Geologist 2018 Raptisonari, IEE preparation of Sustainable GoN Banke Collection and Excavation of Sand, Gravel and Boulder from Flood Plain of Jhijharai, Paruwa and Khairi Rivers of Rapti Sonari Rural Municipality, Banke (2018) 3 DoR, GoN Geologist 2017 Kalaiya, Bara IEE study of Pasaha Khola Bridge 4 DoI, GoN Geologist 2017 Palpa IEE Study of Kachal Phant Irrigation Project. 5 DoI, GoN Geologist 2017 Rupandehi IEE study of Rohini Irrigation Project 6 DoI, GoN Geologist 2017 Ilam IEE study of Thyaure Khola Phyaure Irrigation Project

Languages Languages Reading Writing Excellent Good Fair Poor Excellent Good Fair Poor Nepali English Maithili

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXLI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXLII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

Annex X: Land Related Documents

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXLIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

Name, address and kitta number of persons whose land is to be acquired by the project

Name Address Location Kitta Number Phone Family Number size Barjaman Tamang Baradashi-1 Command 250 - 13 area

Phulmaya Tamang Baradashi-1 Command 251 9825906744 14 area

NainBahadur Limbu Baradashi-1 Command 213 9816996613 13 area

Suresh Chandra Limbu Baradashi-1 Command 286 9817987630 8 area Bishnu Prasad Limbu Baradashi-1 Command 9814903619 6 area DhanMan Tamang Baradashi-1 Command 161 - 7 area Premraj Limbu Baradashi-1 Command 161 - 4 area

Dhani Turo Baradashi-1 Command 30 / 64 - 8 area

Krishna Kumari Baradashi-1 Command 166 9824921759 5 Bhandari area Gaheram Bhattarai Baradashi-1 Command 34/35/37/42/239 9807960754 4 area

Ganga Prasad Kerung Baradashi-1 Command 43 - 8 area

Nabin Magar Baradashi-1 Command 65 9816953281 3 area

Chholaram Bhattarai Baradashi-1 Command 36 9814069823 4 area Tulasa Poudel Baradashi-1 Command 33 9816949500 6 area

Ghyan Bahadur Magar Baradashi-1 Command 31 9814996725 - area

Dharma Singh Tamang Baradashi-1 Command 63 6 area

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXLIV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

Naramaya Kandangwa Baradashi-1 Command 289 9816935360 4 area Durpati Rai Baradashi-1 Command 269 9824050878 9 area

Mina Kumari Dhungana KachanKabal-3 Command - 9817088629 - area Jit Bahadur Basnet KachanKabal-3 Command - - area HarkaBahadur KachanKabal-7 Command - - - Kandangwha area Kunabari Bikram Kandangwha KachanKabal-7 Command - - - area Kunabari Yubraj Kandangwha KachanKabal-7 Command - - - area Kunabari Dal Mardan KachanKabal-7 Command - 9816049848 - Kandangwha area Kunabari Chhavi Idungbo KachanKabal-7 Command - - - area Kunabari Amar Bahadur KachanKabal-7 Command - - - Palungwha area Kunabari Khagendra Kandangwha KachanKabal-7 Command - - - area Kunabari

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXLV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXLVI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXLVII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXLVIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CXLIX

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CL

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CLI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CLII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CLIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CLIV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CLV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CLVI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CLVII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CLVIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CLIX

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CLX

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

Annex XI: Comment Matrix

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CLXI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

Comment Matrix of Tribeni Irrigation Project

SN Comments Comment Remarks ! clxn] canal ko side df x'g] service Total area to be It has been updated as road sf hUuf lnbf one side sf] dfq acquired by the advice in section 2.6 and lnP/ k|ltj]bgdf ;fd'bflos jg If]qsf] project has been 4.6.1 (a); table 9 hUufsf] cfjZostf ;DalGw ljj/0f calculated for the /flvPsf] olb cg';f/ b'j} df service road for both DPR side sides. service road agfpg] nIo xf] eg] clxn]g} o;} k|ltj]bgdf cfjZos hUuf ;DalGw ljj/0f ;dfj]z ug]{ . klxnf o;/L g} :jLs[t ul/Psf cfof]hgfdf o:tf lsl;dsf] ;d:of cfPsf] b]lvPsf] x'gfn] @ sltko test report, quarry site Removed from It has been edited as coordinate EIA k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z whole report advice ul/g] 5 elg pNn]v ePsf] # k|:tfj ;DalGw /flvPsf] technical Construction phase Information regarding x/msf] dfq eGbf klg will generate total technical features feature number 3 yk ug{' kg]{, ;f] n] ubf{ 99,311 m earthwork provided in DPR has been size section volume of spoils and incorporated and sf] ;f] sf] Go"gLs/0f 3 spoil quantity 1, 50,000 m volume information about spoil ;DalGw ljifox/m k|ltj]bgdf yk ug{' kg]{ of topsoil. . has been updated as Haphazard spoil advice in section 7.2.2.2 disposal can cause (g) nuisance to the visual qualities of landscape beside probability of nearby water sources pollution. At such, the spoil will be disposed to only refer site.

$ EIA sf] SD / TOR :jLs[t x'Fbf >L jg It has been included as tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno af6 lbPsf] zt{x/m advice in table 7 klg k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z ug]{ Add new impacts under EIA Report under Section 7.2.1 It has been included as new identification of environmental a) Occupational advice page 80 and 89 impacts hazards/ Risk of injury/ death b) Property, Agricultural Land Acquisition and

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CLXII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

Compensation c) Regulatory permission d) Preparedness awareness to contractor’s staff/ others section 7.2.3.2 f) Impacts due to Disaster Risk has been included

Include the comments raised during It has been included as public hearing from different stakeholders advice in table 7 Suggestion and Recommendation letter Annex III Has been collected as needs to be collected after public hearing advised conduction within the EIA Report The proposed It has been included as irrigation canal advice in section 4.6.2 , alignment of 7.45 km page 30 and 31 length with 17 m of total width including service road is proposed with this Tribeni Irrigation Project. The headwork site is accessible with an earthen road and is about 12.7 km away from Mechi Elaborate information on camp site, Highway. The stockpiling sites, spoil disposal sites proposed irrigation related project ancillary facilities within project requires EIA Report project ancillary facilities like Spoil disposal, Camp, Stockpiling and Quarry Sites, batching plant, aggregate crushing and washing areas. The proposed road of 3.5 m width will be used for the transportation of construction material. Later, this

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CLXIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

road will be also used for the operation and maintenance of the proposed irrigation canal alignment. Proposed project requires operation of quarry, spoil disposal, labor camp and crusher plant sites for the completion of the project. As the canal alignment passes between the boundary of forest and agricultural land permission has to be taken from the land owner and Government before using the area. Similarly for quarry site, Biring Khola will be used, and one site for sand has been identified in field. The proposed Tribeni Irrigation Project will require total 5355.21 m3 and 10,403.04 m3 volume of sand and aggregates for construction purpose. The proposed quarry site will within the study area is suitable for extraction of sand materials.

Cement 80,000 It has been included as Bags; Boulder advice in table 10, page 30 Tabulate information on quantity 10,500 Cubic meter; requirement of construction materials, Sand 5,400 Cubic types and sources within EIA Report meter; Stone 11,000 Cubic meter and Rod

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CLXIV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

480 Metric ton. Camp sites during It has been included as construction phase advice in section 9.2.2.1 can generate solid (d), page 100, and section waste mainly organic 9.2.3.2 (f), page 107 and inorganic wastes through the food preparation. The training on awareness provided during pre- construction phase can help them segregate the waste and help in waste disposal techniques. Elaborate mitigation measures for This shall also solid/liquid waste management or disaster reduce the possibility risk management measures within EIA of air and water Report pollution in long run. To prevent the impact from flood, the proponent shall pay attention to construct the irrigation canal structure resilient proof and reliable. Besides, flood insurance will be also done to ensure mitigation for the damages produced by such flood risk.

Clarify the project required area, types It has been included It has been updated as and ownership of the land for the in table 9, page 28, advice proposed irrigation canal construction table 11, page 31 and within EIA Report table 12, page 33 It has been updated as Community advice in section 7.1.2 (i), Support Program page 79 Also, include budget for Community Support Program (CSP) within EIA As a part of Report community support program, the proponent shall organize a training

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CLXV

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

program for the farmers within the command area where, the farmers will be directly benefitted. The farmers can enhance their knowledge through training on usage of fertilizers to increase soil fertility and agricultural production. Tabulate the incorporation of contents and - Table 7, page 16-21 issues raised within Public hearing % k|:tfjsf] DPR tof/ e}O;s]sf]÷ x'Fb} s] xf] - It has been updated as cfof]hgfsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;+/rgf, ancillary advice in Annex XII facilities ;lxt slDtdf A # ;fOhsf] Topographic Map df b]vfpg] ^ 9'+uf, lu§L, afn'jf vf]nfaf6 lemSg] xf] eg] The construction of It has been updated as DCC ;+u ;dGjo ug{' kg]{ xf]nf, t/ slt canal components advice in section 4.6.1 (c) s'g 7fpFaf6 lemSg] xf] ;f]sf] ljj/0f x/m requires aggregates and sand. The EIA k|ltj]bgdf v'nfpg' kg]{, license k|fKt las|]tf ;+u lsGg] klg elgPsf] 5 , required amount of aggregates and sand To;}n] ;a} :ki6 ;+un] pNn]v ug]{ will be transported from Biring Khola. The required materials will be extracted from river bed. The permission from DCC will be taken before using the construction materials from river bed. In case if the construction materials get insufficient, the remaining construction materials will be purchased from local vendors having licence. & lglh hUuf kg]{÷cfjZos /x]sf] hUufsf] - It has been updated as advice in Annex X EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CLXVI

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

detailed information k]z ug]{ h:t} hUufsf] sheet no., parcel no., owner, land type, etc * TOR :jLs[t x'Fbfsf] Annex II df - Information available has ePsf] ;Dk"0f{ 6]an cg';f/ data x/m not been updated in Annex X Nofpg] / o; EIA sf] Annex df ;dfj]z ug]{ ( Canal df k|of]u x'g] lghL hUuf The land will be It has been written in acquired ul/G5 eg]/ k|ltj]bgdf n]v]tf acquired by whole report klg ;f] s'/f k|ltj]bgdf :ki6 gePsf] compensation process for private land. !) P]g lgod v08df ePsf q'6L x/m ;RrfO{ National Climate It has been edited as ;fy ;fy} cBfjlws plan, policy /fVg] Change Policy, 2076, advice in section 5.1, 5.2 h:t} cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, jg lgodfjnL, National and 5.3 @)&% h:tf s'/f x/m ePsf] Environment Policy ;fy} tFxfaf6 k]z ePsf] 2076, Environment k|ltj]bgdf n]lvPsf s'/fx/mdraft ;Rofpg] EIA Protection Act, 2076, Environment Protection Rules, 2076, Procedures for National Priority Project to Acquire National Forest Land with Standards, 2076 B.S. has been included

!! Edit the word buffer zone in page no. The word buffer It has been edited as 6 zone has been advice in section 2.6, page removed from the no. 6. report. !@ Include Monitoring Table in Monitoring table It has been edited as Environmental Monitoring and has been included advice in section 10.3.2, Evaluation Section with different page no. 124-126 parameters to be monitored. Table no. 45 and 46. !# Submit the Report with maps with The report will be colour print submitted with the colour print maps.

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CLXVII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

Annex XII: Project Layout Map

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CLXVIII

Tribeni Irrigation Project, Kachankawal, Jhapa

EIA of Report Tribeni Irrigation Project, Jhapa Irrigation Development Division, Jhapa Page CLXIX