DOCSLIB.ORG

Chrysosporium Farinicola Aleuriospores

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chrysosporium Farinicola Aleuriospores APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Oct. 1990, p. 2951-2956 Vol. 56, No. 10 0099-2240t90/102951-06$02.00/0 Copyright (© 1990, American Society for Microbiology Influence of Water Activity and Temperature on Survival of and Colony Formation by Heat-Stressed Chrysosporium farinicola Aleuriospores L. R. BEUCHATt* AND J. I. PITT Division of Food Processing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia Received 12 March 1990/Accepted 26 May 1990 The ability of sublethally heat-stressed aleuriospores of Chrysosporium farinicola to form colonies on yeast extract-glucose agar (YGA) supplemented with sufficient glucose, sorbitol, glycerol, and NaCl to achieve reduced water activity (a,) in the range of 0.88 to 0.95 was determined. The effects of the aw of diluent and incubation temperature during recovery and colony formation were also investigated. Aleuriospores harvested from 14-day-old cultures grown at 25°C were less resistant to heat inactivation compared with aleuriospores from 20-day-cultures. Increased populations of heat-stressed aleuriospores were recovered as the aw of YGA was decreased from 0.95 (glucose and glycerol) and 0.94 (sorbitol) to 0.89 and 0.88, respectively. In NaCl-supplemented YGA, populations recovered at an aw of 0.94 were greatly reduced compared with populations detected at an a, of 0.92; no colonies were formed on NaCI-supplemented YGA at an aw of 0.88. Tolerance to aw values above 0.88 to 0.89 as influenced by solute type was in the order of glucose > sorbitol > glycerol > NaCl. Incubation at 20°C generally resulted in an increase in recoverable aleuriospores compared with incubation at 25°C or at 30°C for 14 days followed by 20°C for 10 days. The lethal effect of NaCl on heat-stressed aleuriospores was enhanced at 30°C. The retention of viability of aleuriospores held in sucrose-peptone water diluent (aw, 0.936) for 20 min was essentially the same as that observed when aleuriospores were held in peptone water (a,, 0.997). Considering the sensitivity of heat-stressed and healthy aleuriospores to various solutes, especially at reduced aw values at which nonxerophiles cannot grow, as well as colony size as affected by the type of solute and a,, sorbitol may be the solute of choice for incorporating into media to detect and enumerate C. farinicola in foods. Xerophilic fungi are present on a wide variety of food- Reported here are the results of studies to determine stuffs, although spoilage by this group of microorganisms whether aleuriospores of C. farinicola undergo sublethal tolerant of low water activity (aJ) is most commonly asso- injury upon exposure to heat treatment and to determine the ciated with intermediate-moisture fruits, fish and meats, response of heat-stressed aleuriospores to various solutes confectionery products, jams and jellies, syrups, nuts, and used to adjust the a, of enumeration media. The effects of aw cereal grains (13). Standard methods for analyzing foods for and holding time in diluent as well as the temperature used to yeasts and molds are inadequate for detecting or enumerat- incubate enumeration media were also investigated. ing xerophiles because some genera, such as Chrysos- porium, will not grow at the high a, values of the media MATERIALS AND METHODS employed. The species studies here, Chyrsosporium farini- Mold. C. farinicola Burnside (Skou) FRR 377, obtained been on dried prunes (14), honey (16), and cola, has found from the culture collection of the Commonwealth Scientific It can at values as low as desiccated coconut (10). grow a, and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Food 0.69 (14) and does not grow well at values above 0.95. a, Processing, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia, was Clearly, the a, values of media such as acidified potato used in all experiments. The fungus was isolated from dextrose agar, antibiotic-supplemented plate count agar, and unspoiled prunes by J. I. Pitt in Young, New South Wales, rose agar are too high to dichloran bengal chloramphenicol Australia, in 1969. support the growth of this or other xerophilic species (13). Preparation of aleuriospores used as test inocula. C. farin- The susceptibility of nonxerophilic fungal spores and icola was grown on a modification of yeast extract-glucose upon exposure to physical vegetative cells to sublethal injury The modified medium 0.92) and chemical stress is well documented (4). However, the agar (YGA, pH 6.2) (6). (aw, condi- consisted of 10.0 g of yeast extract, 350 g of glucose behavior of xerophilic mold spores exposed to such 15.0 of and 640 ml of tions is essentially unknown. New media and methods for monohydrate, 4.0 g of K2PO4, g agar, distilled water. The ingredients were dissolved in water by enumerating xerophilic molds in foods are still needed, and steaming for 30 min. After 24 h at 23°C, the medium was such media and methods must be formulated to resuscitate the cells. again steamed for 30 min; this was followed by allowing injured medium to again set at 23°C for 24 h and steaming it for 30 min before cooling it to 48 to 50°C and pouring it (20 ml) into * 90-mm-diameter petri dishes. Corresponding author. 14- t Present address: Department of Food Science and Technology, An aleuriospore suspension was prepared by flooding University of Georgia, Agricultural Experiment Station, Griffin, GA to 20-day-old cultures of C. farinicola grown at 25°C on 30223-1797. modified YGA with a sterile 0.1% peptone solution. Aleuri- 2951 2952 BEUCHAT AND PITT APPL. ENVIRON. MICROBIOL. ospores were dislodged by gently rubbing the surface of the 5 culture with a sterile, bent glass rod. These suspensions served as inocula for all studies involving heat treatment. For viability and injury studies using corn starch as a storage medium, aleuriospores were transferred directly from a 16-day-old culture surface to the starch without the use of E :D peptone water. Ui- Procedure for determining sensitivity to heat. The survival 4 of C. farinicola aleuriospores in 0.1% peptone when heated 0 at 48, 50, 52, 54, and 56°C for 10 min was determined. The 0 aleuriospore inoculum (0.5 ml) harvested from 14- and \ -{}- 20 days 20-day-old cultures was mixed with 4.5 ml of peptone water ---- 14 days adjusted to the desired heating temperature in a water bath. The suspension, contained in 13- by 100-mm test tubes, was positioned in the water bath such that its surface was at least 3 2 cm below the level of the constantly circulating water. 48 50 52 54 56 Samples were withdrawn after 10 min of heat treatment, immediately diluted in 0.1% peptone water, and surface Temperature (°C) plated (0.1 ml) in duplicate on glucose-supplemented YGA FIG. 1. Survival of C. farinicola aleuriospores heated in 0.1% (aw, 0.92). Unheated aleuriospores were likewise plated on peptone for 10 min. Aleuriospores were harvested from 14- and glucose-supplemented YGA. Colonies were counted after 12 20-day-old cultures. days of incubation at 25°C. Recovery of heat-stressed aleuriospores on YGA containing serially diluted, and surface plated on glucose-supplemented various solutes. Peptone water suspensions of aleuriospores YGA values and were were heated at (aw of 0.89, 0.92, 0.95). Colonies from 20-day-old cultures 52°C for 0, 10, 20, counted after 12 to 14 days of incubation at 25°C. 30, and 40 min as described above. Serial dilutions (0.1 ml) Measurement of aw. The aw values of all media and were surface plated in duplicate on YGA supplemented with diluents were determined with a Sina-scope instrument glucose, sorbitol, glycerol, or NaCl to yield a, values (Sina, at All to 0.95 6.2 to were Zurich, Switzerland) 25°C. data reported repre- ranging from 0.88 (pH 6.9). Colonies sent the means of values from at least two replicate experi- counted after 12 to 14 days of incubation at 25°C. ments performed in The diameters of colonies formed on YGA containing duplicate. various concentrations of solutes were measured after 12 days of incubation at 25°C. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Influence of incubation temperature on recovery of heat- Sensitivity of heat-stressed aleuriospores to solutes. The stressed aleuriospores. Aleuriospores from a 20-day-old cul- thermal sensitivity of C. farinicola aleuriospores harvested ture were heated in 0.1% peptone water at 52°C for 30 min from 14- and 20-day-old cultures is illustrated in Fig. 1. and surface plated on YGA containing various concentra- Initial viable populations of aleuriospores before exposure to tions of glucose, sorbitol, glycerol, or NaCl (aw, 0.88 to 10-min heat treatments were 1.05 x 105 CFU/ml (14-day 0.95). Plates were incubated at 20, 25, and 30°C, and colonies culture) and 9.60 x 104 CFU/ml (20-day culture). Aleurios- were counted after 12 days. pores from the older culture were clearly more resistant to Effect of diluent on heat-stressed aleuriospores. Suspen- heat inactivation. This difference was magnified as the sions of aleuriospores harvested from 14-day-old cultures treatment temperature increased from 48 to 56°C. Changes in were heated at 52°C for 30 min as described above before the resistance of fungal spores to heat inactivation as af- transferring 0.1 ml of the suspension to 9.9 ml of sterile 0.1% fected by age have been reported by others. Conidia of peptone water supplemented with 0, 20, and 40% sucrose to Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus appear to yield a, values of 0.997, 0.964, and 0.936, respectively.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gut Mycobiota Alterations in Patients with COVID-19 and H1N1 Infections
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-02036-x OPEN Gut mycobiota alterations in patients with COVID- 19 and H1N1 infections and their associations with clinical features Longxian Lv1,3, Silan Gu1,3, Huiyong Jiang1,3, Ren Yan1,3, Yanfei Chen1,3, Yunbo Chen1, Rui Luo1, Chenjie Huang1, ✉ Haifeng Lu1, Beiwen Zheng1, Hua Zhang1, Jiafeng Xia1, Lingling Tang2, Guoping Sheng2 & Lanjuan Li 1 The relationship between gut microbes and COVID-19 or H1N1 infections is not fully understood. Here, we compared the gut mycobiota of 67 COVID-19 patients, 35 H1N1- infected patients and 48 healthy controls (HCs) using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 3- 1234567890():,; ITS4 sequencing and analysed their associations with clinical features and the bacterial microbiota. Compared to HCs, the fungal burden was higher. Fungal mycobiota dysbiosis in both COVID-19 and H1N1-infected patients was mainly characterized by the depletion of fungi such as Aspergillus and Penicillium, but several fungi, including Candida glabrata, were enriched in H1N1-infected patients. The gut mycobiota profiles in COVID-19 patients with mild and severe symptoms were similar. Hospitalization had no apparent additional effects. In COVID-19 patients, Mucoromycota was positively correlated with Fusicatenibacter, Aspergillus niger was positively correlated with diarrhoea, and Penicillium citrinum was negatively corre- lated with C-reactive protein (CRP). In H1N1-infected patients, Aspergillus penicilloides was positively correlated with Lachnospiraceae members, Aspergillus was positively correlated with CRP, and Mucoromycota was negatively correlated with procalcitonin. Therefore, gut mycobiota dysbiosis occurs in both COVID-19 patients and H1N1-infected patients and does not improve until the patients are discharged and no longer require medical attention.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from by IP: 199.133.24.106 On: Mon, 18 Sep 2017 10:43:32 Spatafora Et Al
    UC Riverside UC Riverside Previously Published Works Title The Fungal Tree of Life: from Molecular Systematics to Genome-Scale Phylogenies. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4485m01m Journal Microbiology spectrum, 5(5) ISSN 2165-0497 Authors Spatafora, Joseph W Aime, M Catherine Grigoriev, Igor V et al. Publication Date 2017-09-01 DOI 10.1128/microbiolspec.funk-0053-2016 License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 4.0 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Fungal Tree of Life: from Molecular Systematics to Genome-Scale Phylogenies JOSEPH W. SPATAFORA,1 M. CATHERINE AIME,2 IGOR V. GRIGORIEV,3 FRANCIS MARTIN,4 JASON E. STAJICH,5 and MEREDITH BLACKWELL6 1Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331; 2Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; 3U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598; 4Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d’Excellence Recherches Avancés sur la Biologie de l’Arbre et les Ecosystèmes Forestiers (ARBRE), Centre INRA-Lorraine, 54280 Champenoux, France; 5Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California–Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521; 6Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 and Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 ABSTRACT The kingdom Fungi is one of the more diverse INTRODUCTION clades of eukaryotes in terrestrial ecosystems, where they In 1996 the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was provide numerous ecological services ranging from published and marked the beginning of a new era in decomposition of organic matter and nutrient cycling to beneficial and antagonistic associations with plants and fungal biology (1).
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Human Microbiota Offers Novel and Promising Therapeutic Options Against Candida Infections
    pathogens Review Understanding Human Microbiota Offers Novel and Promising Therapeutic Options against Candida Infections Saif Hameed 1, Sandeep Hans 1, Ross Monasky 2, Shankar Thangamani 2,* and Zeeshan Fatima 1,* 1 Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, Manesar 122413, India; [email protected] (S.H.); [email protected] (S.H.) 2 Department of Pathology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.T.); [email protected] (Z.F.) Abstract: Human fungal pathogens particularly of Candida species are one of the major causes of hospital acquired infections in immunocompromised patients. The limited arsenal of antifungal drugs to treat Candida infections with concomitant evolution of multidrug resistant strains further complicates the management of these infections. Therefore, deployment of novel strategies to surmount the Candida infections requires immediate attention. The human body is a dynamic ecosystem having microbiota usually involving symbionts that benefit from the host, but in turn may act as commensal organisms or affect positively (mutualism) or negatively (pathogenic) the physiology and nourishment of the host. The composition of human microbiota has garnered a lot of recent attention, and despite the common occurrence of Candida spp. within the microbiota, there is still an incomplete picture of relationships between Candida spp. and other microorganism, as well as how such associations are governed. These relationships could be important to have a more holistic understanding of the human microbiota and its connection to Candida infections. Understanding the mechanisms behind commensalism and pathogenesis is vital for the development of efficient Citation: Hameed, S.; Hans, S.; Monasky, R.; Thangamani, S.; Fatima, therapeutic strategies for these Candida infections.
    [Show full text]
  • Genome and Transcriptome Sequencing of the Halophilic Fungus Wallemia Ichthyophaga: Haloadaptations Present and Absent Zajc Et Al
    Genome and transcriptome sequencing of the halophilic fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga: haloadaptations present and absent Zajc et al. Zajc et al. BMC Genomics 2013, 14:617 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/617 Zajc et al. BMC Genomics 2013, 14:617 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/14/617 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Genome and transcriptome sequencing of the halophilic fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga: haloadaptations present and absent Janja Zajc1†, Yongfeng Liu2†, Wenkui Dai2, Zhenyu Yang2, Jingzhi Hu2, Cene Gostinčar1*† and Nina Gunde-Cimerman1,3† Abstract Background: The basidomycete Wallemia ichthyophaga from the phylogenetically distinct class Wallemiomycetes is the most halophilic fungus known to date. It requires at least 10% NaCl and thrives in saturated salt solution. To investigate the genomic basis of this exceptional phenotype, we obtained a de-novo genome sequence of the species type-strain and analysed its transcriptomic response to conditions close to the limits of its lower and upper salinity range. Results: The unusually compact genome is 9.6 Mb large and contains 1.67% repetitive sequences. Only 4884 predicted protein coding genes cover almost three quarters of the sequence. Of 639 differentially expressed genes, two thirds are more expressed at lower salinity. Phylogenomic analysis based on the largest dataset used to date (whole proteomes) positions Wallemiomycetes as a 250-million-year-old sister group of Agaricomycotina. Contrary to the closely related species Wallemia sebi, W. ichthyophaga appears to have lost the ability for sexual reproduction. Several protein families are significantly expanded or contracted in the genome. Among these, there are the P-type ATPase cation transporters, but not the sodium/ hydrogen exchanger family.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal-Bacterial Interactions in Health and Disease
    pathogens Review Fungal-Bacterial Interactions in Health and Disease 1, 1, 1,2 1,2,3 Wibke Krüger y, Sarah Vielreicher y, Mario Kapitan , Ilse D. Jacobsen and Maria Joanna Niemiec 1,2,* 1 Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institute, Jena 07745, Germany; [email protected] (W.K.); [email protected] (S.V.); [email protected] (M.K.); [email protected] (I.D.J.) 2 Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena 07747, Germany 3 Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 07743, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-3641-532-1454 These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 22 February 2019; Accepted: 16 May 2019; Published: 21 May 2019 Abstract: Fungi and bacteria encounter each other in various niches of the human body. There, they interact directly with one another or indirectly via the host response. In both cases, interactions can affect host health and disease. In the present review, we summarized current knowledge on fungal-bacterial interactions during their commensal and pathogenic lifestyle. We focus on distinct mucosal niches: the oral cavity, lung, gut, and vagina. In addition, we describe interactions during bloodstream and wound infections and the possible consequences for the human host. Keywords: mycobiome; microbiome; cross-kingdom interactions; polymicrobial; commensals; synergism; antagonism; mixed infections 1. Introduction 1.1. Origins of Microbiota Research Fungi and bacteria are found on all mucosal epithelial surfaces of the human body. After their discovery in the 19th century, for a long time the presence of microbes was thought to be associated mostly with disease.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genus Wallemia—From Contamination of Food to Health Threat
    microorganisms Review The Genus Wallemia—From Contamination of Food to Health Threat Janja Zajc 1,2 and Nina Gunde-Cimerman 2,* 1 National Institute of Biology, Veˇcnapot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; [email protected] 2 Biology Department, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel: +386-1-3203400 Received: 11 April 2018; Accepted: 18 May 2018; Published: 21 May 2018 Abstract: The fungal genus Wallemia of the order Wallemiales (Wallemiomycotina, Basidiomycota) comprises the most xerotolerant, xerophilic and also halophilic species worldwide. Wallemia spp. are found in various osmotically challenged environments, such as dry, salted, or highly sugared foods, dry feed, hypersaline waters of solar salterns, salt crystals, indoor and outdoor air, and agriculture aerosols. Recently, eight species were recognized for the genus Wallemia, among which four are commonly associated with foods: W. sebi, W. mellicola, W. muriae and W. ichthyophaga. To date, only strains of W. sebi, W. mellicola and W. muriae have been reported to be related to human health problems, as either allergological conditions (e.g., farmer’s lung disease) or rare subcutaneous/cutaneous infections. Therefore, this allergological and infective potential, together with the toxins that the majority of Wallemia spp. produce even under saline conditions, defines these fungi as filamentous food-borne pathogenic fungi. Keywords: Wallemia; food; air; pathogen; xerophile; halophile; mycotoxin; farmer’s lung disease; subcutaneous infection 1. Introduction Low availability of water is one of the most life-limiting factors, and only specially adapted organisms can cope with such stress in their environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Cladosporium Mold
    GuideClassification to Common Mold Types Hazard Class A: includes fungi or their metabolic products that are highly hazardous to health. These fungi or metabolites should not be present in occupied dwellings. Presence of these fungi in occupied buildings requires immediate attention. Hazard class B: includes those fungi which may cause allergic reactions to occupants if present indoors over a long period. Hazard Class C: includes fungi not known to be a hazard to health. Growth of these fungi indoors, however, may cause eco- nomic damage and therefore should not be allowed. Molds commonly found in kitchens and bathrooms: • Cladosporium cladosporioides (hazard class B) • Cladosporium sphaerospermum (hazard class C) • Ulocladium botrytis (hazard class C) • Chaetomium globosum (hazard class C) • Aspergillus fumigatus (hazard class A) Molds commonly found on wallpapers: • Cladosporium sphaerospermum • Chaetomium spp., particularly Chaetomium globosum • Doratomyces spp (no information on hazard classification) • Fusarium spp (hazard class A) • Stachybotrys chartarum, commonly called ‘black mold‘ (hazard class A) • Trichoderma spp (hazard class B) • Scopulariopsis spp (hazard class B) Molds commonly found on mattresses and carpets: • Penicillium spp., especially Penicillium chrysogenum (hazard class B) and Penicillium aurantiogriseum (hazard class B) • Aspergillus versicolor (hazard class A) • Aureobasidium pullulans (hazard class B) • Aspergillus repens (no information on hazard classification) • Wallemia sebi (hazard class C) • Chaetomium
    [Show full text]
  • The Airborne Mycobiome and Associations with Mycotoxins and Infammatory Markers in the Norwegian Grain Industry Anne Straumfors1*, Sunil Mundra3, Oda A
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN The airborne mycobiome and associations with mycotoxins and infammatory markers in the Norwegian grain industry Anne Straumfors1*, Sunil Mundra3, Oda A. H. Foss1, Steen K. Mollerup1 & Håvard Kauserud2 Grain dust exposure is associated with respiratory symptoms among grain industry workers. However, the fungal assemblage that contribute to airborne grain dust has been poorly studied. We characterized the airborne fungal diversity at industrial grain- and animal feed mills, and identifed diferences in diversity, taxonomic compositions and community structural patterns between seasons and climatic zones. The fungal communities displayed strong variation between seasons and climatic zones, with 46% and 21% of OTUs shared between diferent seasons and climatic zones, respectively. The highest species richness was observed in the humid continental climate of the southeastern Norway, followed by the continental subarctic climate of the eastern inland with dryer, short summers and snowy winters, and the central coastal Norway with short growth season and lower temperature. The richness did not vary between seasons. The fungal diversity correlated with some specifc mycotoxins in settled dust and with fbrinogen in the blood of exposed workers, but not with the personal exposure measurements of dust, glucans or spore counts. The study contributes to a better understanding of fungal exposures in the grain and animal feed industry. The diferences in diversity suggest that the potential health efects of fungal inhalation may also be diferent. Grain elevators and animal feed mill workers are exposed to grain dust and its heterogeneous contents, includ- ing fungal bioaerosols 1,2. Te inhalation of grain dust and its components may induce allergy and infammation and impair lung function3–9, although an inconsistency in exposure–response relationships has been observed between studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Mycological Society of America NEWSLETTER
    Mycological Society of America NEWSLETTER Vol. 36 No. 1 June 1985 SUSTAINING MEMBERS ANALYTAB PRODUCTS TED PELLA, INC. (PELCO) CAMSCO PRODUCE COMPANY,INC. PFIZER, INC. CAROLINA BIOLOGICAL SUPPLY PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC. DEKALB-PFIZER GENETICS THE QUAKER OATS COYPANY DIFCO LABORATORIES ROHM AND HAAS COYPANY HOFFMAN-LA ROCHE INC. SCHERING CORPORATION LANE SCIENCE EQUIPMENT COMPANY SMITH KLINE & FRENCH LABORATORIES ELI LILLY & COMPANY SOUTHWEST MOLD AND ANTIGEN LABS MERCK SHARP AND DOHYE RESEARCH LABS SPRINGER-VERLAG NEW YORK MILES LABORATORIES SYLVAN SPAWN LABORATORY, INC. NALGE COMPANY/SYBRON CORPORATION TRIARCH, INC. NEW BRUNSWICK SCIENTIFIC COMPANY WYETH LABORATORIES The Society is extremely grateful for the support of its Sustaining Members. These organizations are listed above in alphabetical order. Patronize them and let their representatives know of our appreciation whenever possible. OFFICERS OF THE MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA Officers Councilors Henry C. Aldrich, President Sandra Anagnostakis (1983-85) Roger D. Goos, President-elect Martha Christiansen (1983-86) James M. Trappe, Vice-president Alan Jaworski (1983-87) Harold H. Burdsall, Jr., Secretary Richard E. Yoske (1983-86) Amy Y. Rossman, Treasurer David Malloch (1985-88) Richard T.,.Hanlin, Past President (1984) Gareth Morgan-Jones (1983-86) Harry D. Thiers, Past President (1983) Francis A. Uecker (1 982-85) MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA NEWSLETTER Volume 36, No. 1, June 1985 Walter J. Sundberg, Editor Department of Botany Southern Illinois University Carbondal e, I11 i noi s, 62901 (618) 536-2331 TABLE OF CONTENTS Sustaining Members .......... i Uni v. 41 berta Mold Herbarium ........45 Officers of the MSA ......... i Computer Software Available ........46 Table of Contents .........
    [Show full text]
  • Toward a Fully Resolved Fungal Tree of Life
    Annual Review of Microbiology Toward a Fully Resolved Fungal Tree of Life Timothy Y. James,1 Jason E. Stajich,2 Chris Todd Hittinger,3 and Antonis Rokas4 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA; email: [email protected] 2Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA; email: [email protected] 3Laboratory of Genetics, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Center for Genomic Science and Innovation, J.F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA; email: [email protected] 4Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2020. 74:291–313 Keywords First published as a Review in Advance on deep phylogeny, phylogenomic inference, uncultured majority, July 13, 2020 classification, systematics The Annual Review of Microbiology is online at micro.annualreviews.org Abstract https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-022020- Access provided by Vanderbilt University on 06/28/21. For personal use only. In this review, we discuss the current status and future challenges for fully 051835 Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2020.74:291-313. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org elucidating the fungal tree of life. In the last 15 years, advances in genomic Copyright © 2020 by Annual Reviews. technologies have revolutionized fungal systematics, ushering the field into All rights reserved the phylogenomic era. This has made the unthinkable possible, namely ac- cess to the entire genetic record of all known extant taxa.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Control of Spoilage Fungi in Dairy Products: an Update
    microorganisms Review Diversity and Control of Spoilage Fungi in Dairy Products: An Update Lucille Garnier 1,2 ID , Florence Valence 2 and Jérôme Mounier 1,* 1 Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne (LUBEM EA3882), Université de Brest, Technopole Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France; [email protected] 2 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l’Œuf (STLO), AgroCampus Ouest, INRA, 35000 Rennes, France; fl[email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-(0)2-90-91-51-00; Fax: +33-(0)2-90-91-51-01 Received: 10 July 2017; Accepted: 25 July 2017; Published: 28 July 2017 Abstract: Fungi are common contaminants of dairy products, which provide a favorable niche for their growth. They are responsible for visible or non-visible defects, such as off-odor and -flavor, and lead to significant food waste and losses as well as important economic losses. Control of fungal spoilage is a major concern for industrials and scientists that are looking for efficient solutions to prevent and/or limit fungal spoilage in dairy products. Several traditional methods also called traditional hurdle technologies are implemented and combined to prevent and control such contaminations. Prevention methods include good manufacturing and hygiene practices, air filtration, and decontamination systems, while control methods include inactivation treatments, temperature control, and modified atmosphere packaging. However, despite technology advances in existing preservation methods, fungal spoilage is still an issue for dairy manufacturers and in recent years, new (bio) preservation technologies are being developed such as the use of bioprotective cultures. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the diversity of spoilage fungi in dairy products and the traditional and (potentially) new hurdle technologies to control their occurrence in dairy foods.
    [Show full text]
  • D2c0dd149ad01efecf2d43f41ab
    Persoonia 33, 2014: 41–47 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158514X682313 Moniliellomycetes and Malasseziomycetes, two new classes in Ustilaginomycotina Q.-M. Wang1, B. Theelen2, M. Groenewald2, F.-Y. Bai1,2, T. Boekhout1,2,3,4 Key words Abstract Ustilaginomycotina (Basidiomycota, Fungi) has been reclassified recently based on multiple gene sequence analyses. However, the phylogenetic placement of two yeast-like genera Malassezia and Moniliella in fungi the subphylum remains unclear. Phylogenetic analyses using different algorithms based on the sequences of six molecular phylogeny genes, including the small subunit (18S) ribosomal DNA (rDNA), the large subunit (26S) rDNA D1/D2 domains, smuts the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS 1 and 2) including 5.8S rDNA, the two subunits of RNA polymerase II taxonomy (RPB1 and RPB2) and the translation elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α), were performed to address their phylogenetic yeasts positions. Our analyses indicated that Malassezia and Moniliella represented two deeply rooted lineages within Ustilaginomycotina and have a sister relationship to both Ustilaginomycetes and Exobasidiomycetes. Those clades are described here as new classes, namely Moniliellomycetes with order Moniliellales, family Moniliellaceae, and genus Moniliella; and Malasseziomycetes with order Malasseziales, family Malasseziaceae, and genus Malasse- zia. Phenotypic differences support this classification suggesting widely different life styles among the mainly plant pathogenic Ustilaginomycotina. Article info Received: 25 October 2013; Accepted: 12 March 2014; Published: 23 May 2014. INTRODUCTION in the Exobasidiomycetes based on molecular phylogenetic analyses of the nuclear ribosomal RNA genes alone or in Basidiomycota (Dikarya, Fungi) contains three main phyloge- combination with protein genes (Begerow et al.
    [Show full text]