Arca Zebra (Mollusca Bivalvia: Arcidae) En Venezuela

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Arca Zebra (Mollusca Bivalvia: Arcidae) En Venezuela Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras Boletín de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras ISSN 0122-9761 “José Benito Vives de Andréis” Bulletin of Marine and Coastal Research Santa Marta, Colombia, 2018 47 (1), 45-66 Fauna asociada a la pesquería de Arca Zebra (Mollusca Bivalvia: Arcidae) en Venezuela Fauna associated with the fishing of Arca Zebra (Mollusca Bivalvia: Arcidae) in Venezuela Roberto Díaz-Fermín, Vanessa Acosta-Balbás Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Ecología. Escuela de Ciencias. Universidad de Oriente, Cumana, Venezuela. [email protected], [email protected] RESUMEN rca zebra, constituye uno de los recursos pesqueros de mayor impacto económico en el nororiente de Venezuela, ya que forma bancos de importancia comercial. Durante un periodo de nueve meses (mayo 2010- agosto 2011) se identificó, cuantificó y describió la estructura comunitaria de los organismos provenientes de la pesquería de arrastre efectuada por los pescadores de la zona; así mismo, se calculó la Abiomasa y abundancia de los diferentes grupos taxonómicos para realizar Curvas de Comparación Abundancia-Biomasa (ABC), con el objetivo de determinar el grado de afectación por la actividad de arrastre. En total se contabilizaron 3 249 organismos, pertenecientes a 130 especies, agrupadas en cinco Phylla: Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata y Chordata. La diversidad total de Sanders fue de 122.9. Entre los taxones más diversos se encontraron los moluscos (70.87) y poliquetos (29.91). Los moluscos presentaron la mayor abundancia, seguidos de los poliquetos, crustáceos, equinodermos y ascidias. El mayor aporte en biomasa la mostraron los moluscos y equinodermos. Las especies constantes fueron: Mithraculus forceps, Phallucia nigra, Echinometra lucunter, Eunice rubra y Pinctada imbricata. El microgasterópodo Triphora melanura se reconoce como nuevo registro para la zona y el poliqueto Oenone fulgida, para Venezuela. La curva ABC mostró que la abundancia total de organismos estuvo por encima de la biomasa total, sugiriendo que la pesquería de Arca zebra, ejerce un efecto negativo sobre la mayoría los grupos de organismos, principalmente sobre los equinodermos, ya que muchos de ellos sufren fuertes daños físicos en el momento de la extracción del recurso, por lo antes señalado existe la necesidad de modificar las redes de arrastre, incrementado la apertura de la malla, pero sin poner en peligro la viabilidad económica de la pesquería. PALABRAS CLAVE:Pesca incidental, banco de pepitona, Arca zebra, Chacopata, Venezuela ABSTRACT rca zebra, constitutes one of the fishing resources with the greatest economic impact in northeastern Venezuela, since it forms banks of commercial importance. During a period of nine months (May 2010-August2011) the community structure of the organisms from the trawling fishery carried out by the fishermen of the area was identified, quantified and described. The biomass and abundance Aof the different groups were estimated to perform Abundance-Biomass Comparison Curves (ABC) with the objective of determining the degree of affectation by the trawling activity. A total of3 249 organisms belonging to 130 species were grouped in five Phyla: Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata and Chordata. The Sanders' diversity index was 122.9 with mollusks (70.87) and polychaetes (29.91) as the most diverse taxa. Mollusks had the highest abundance followed by polychaetes, crustaceans, echinoderms and ascidians. Mollusks and echinoderms made the largest contribution to total biomass. The most frequent species were: Mithraculus forceps, Phallucia nigra, Echinometra lucunter, Eunice rubra and Pinctada imbricata. The microgastropods Triphora melanura is recognized as a new record for the area and the polychaete Oenone fulgida, for Venezuela. The ABC curve showed that total abundance of organisms was above total biomass, suggesting that the fishery of Arca zebra has a negative effect on most groups of organisms, mainly on echinoderms, since many of them suffer strong physical damage at the time of extraction, therefore, there is a need to modify the trawl nets, increasing the mesh opening, but without endangering the economic viability of the fishery. KEY WORDS: Bycatch, pepitona bank, Arca zebra, Chacopata, Venezuela DOI: 10.25268/bimc.invemar.2018.47.1.737 Publicado por INVEMAR Published by INVEMAR Este es un manuscrito de acceso abierto bajo la licencia CC This is an open Access article under the CC BY-NC-SA Reconocimiento-No Comercial-Compartir Igual 45 Boletín de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras • Vol. 47 (1) • 2018 INTRODUCCIÓN INTRODUCTION Arca zebra es un molusco pelecípodo perteneciente Arca zebra is a pelecypod mollusk belonging to the al superorden Filibranchia, familia Arcidae. Se distribuye superorder Filibranchia, family Arcidae.), It is distributed desde el Golfo de México y norte de Florida hasta el norte de from the Gulf of Mexico and north of Florida to the north of Brasil (Lodeiros et al., 1999), pero es en Venezuela donde Brazil (Lodeiros et al., 1999), but it is in Venezuela that they forma bancos de importancia comercial (Prieto et al., 2001). form commercially important banks (Prieto et al., 2001). La reproducción continúa y el crecimiento están condicionados The reproduction continues and the growth is conditioned por el enriquecimiento y fertilidad de las aguas, a la que es by the enrichment and fertility of the waters, by the constant sometida por la acción constante de los vientos alisios que action of the trade winds that originate the coastal upwelling originan la surgencia costera (Saint-Aubyn et al., 1999; Acosta (Saint-Aubyn et al., 1999; Acosta et al., 2007). et al., 2007). Arca zebra is the second-most important product Arca zebra es el segundo recurso de la pesca for small-scale fisheries in Venezuela and has a significant artesanal en Venezuela, tiene un alto impacto socioeconómico, socioeconomic impact, mainly in the northeastern region principalmente en la región nororiental (costa norte de la península de Araya y en algunas comunidades de las islas (northern coast of the Araya Peninsula and in some de Margarita y Coche), con una producción de 40000 t/ communities of the islands of Margarita and Coche), año. La zona con mayor actividad corresponde al morro with a production of 40,000 tons/year. The area with de Chacopata (11214 t y 2313 faenas/mes). Se estima que the greatest activity is Chacopata (11,214 tons and 2,313 unas 6000 personas se benefician directa o indirectamente fishing expeditions/month). It is estimated that 6,000 people de la extracción, procesamiento y comercialización de este benefit directly or indirectly from the extraction, processing recurso. La estructura de tallas oscila entre 10 y 115 mm and marketing of this product. The size of the mollusk con un promedio de 56 mm de longitud, tiene reproducción ranges between 10 and 115 mm, with an average length continua, con máximos de julio a noviembre, observándose of 56 mm, reproduction occurs continuously, reaching a ejemplares maduros desde 41 mm, con una longevidad de 2 peak between July and November, and mature specimens años (Jiménez, 1998, 1999; Arias et al., 2002; Ramírez et al., have been observed starting at 41 mm, with a lifespan of 2006). La Gaceta Oficial Ordinaria Nº 38.372, establece como 2 years (Jiménez, 1998; 1999; Arias et al., 2002; Ramírez cuota de captura 200 sacos de 40 kg para las embarcaciones et al., 2006). The Ordinary Official Gazette No. 38,372, que utilicen rastras y 60 sacos para los que realicen extracción establishes as a quota of capture 200 sacks of 40 kg for boats manual (Casas et al., 2015). Según Peralta et al. (2016), that use harrows and 60 sacks for those that perform manual 2 actualmente en cada faena de pesca se arrastran 27830 m extraction (Casas et al., 2015). According to Peralta et al. por cada embarcación, extrayendo en promedio 607 kg de A. (2016), each fishing expedition currently covers 27,830 zebra (sin concha) y la flota completa captura ~30000 kg. m2 per vessel, harvesting, on average, 607 kg of A. zebra Los estudios sobre A. zebra están relacionados con (without shells), with the entire fleet’s catch approaching el crecimiento (Prieto y Saint-Aubyn, 1998), producción 30,000 kg. específica (Saint-Aubyn et al., 1999; Casas et al., 2015), Studies of A. zebra have focused on its growth índices de condición (Lista et al., 2006; Villarroel et al., (Prieto and Saint-Aubyn, 1998), specific production (Saint- 2016), movilización y utilización de substratos energéticos Aubyn et al., 1999; Casas et al., 2015), condition indices (Villarroel et al., 2016), aspectos pesqueros (Novoa et al., (List et al., 2006; Villarroel et al., 2016), mobilization and 1999; Ramírez et al., 2016), diversidad malacológica (Prieto use of their energetic substrates (Villarroel et al., 2016), et al., 2001), microgasterópodos y macromoluscos bentónicos aspects of fishing (Novoaet al., 1999; Ramírez et al., 2016), asociados (Narciso et al., 2005; Acosta et al., 2007; Licet et mollusk diversity (Prieto et al., 2001), associated benthic al., 2009) y captura incidental de gasterópodos asociados a la pesca (Nieves, 2012; Peralta et al., 2016). Sin embargo, existe micro gastropods and macro mollusks (Narciso et al., 2005; un vacío de información con respecto a los organismos que Acosta et al., 2007; Licet et al., 2009) and the bycatch of viven asociados A. zebra; es por ello que en este estudio, se gastropods associated with fishing (Nieves, 2012, Peralta, identificaron, cuantificaron y
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