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Progress in the Gondwanan Carboniferous–Permian Palynology and Correlation of the Nilawahan Group of the Salt Range, Pakistan: a Brief Review

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Progress in the Gondwanan Carboniferous–Permian Palynology and Correlation of the Nilawahan Group of the Salt Range, Pakistan: a Brief Review Progress in the Gondwanan Carboniferous–Permian palynology and correlation of the Nilawahan Group of the Salt Range, Pakistan: A brief review Irfan U Jan National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan. e-mail: irfan [email protected] This paper comprises of two sections. The first section describes challenges in the Carboniferous–Permian Gondwanan stratigraphic palynology, and progress in techniques such as presence of the ‘rare-marine intervals’, and ‘radiometric dating’ in some Gondwanan successions, e.g., South Africa, Australia and South America, as tools to confidently calibrate these palynozones. The second section describes devel- opments in the palynological work on the Carboniferous–Permian Nilawahan Group of the Salt Range, Pakistan, and summarises their correlation with the coeval succession of the Gondwana continents and with the Russian/International stages. 1. Introduction hydrocarbon-reserves and also bear remarkable traces of the advance and retreat of the ice from The Salt Range occupies a crucial position in the around the South Polar regions. However, the Salt geological history of Pakistan both in time and Range succession have received limited attention, space. In the time, because the late Palaeozoic although in this tectonic jigsaw puzzle, it repre- stratigraphy of the area represents the end of the sents a place near the very margin of the vast greatest glaciation of the Phanerozoic earth sys- glaciated region (Jan et al., in review). tem, the Carboniferous–Permian, and in space, Previously, some palynological taxonomic work because during that time it lay next to the land- was undertaken on the Salt Range units and mass now represented by Oman, Saudi Arabia attempts were made to understand their strati- and Yemen (Jan 2012; Stephenson et al. 2013). graphic position in relation to the Gondwana Hundreds of metres thick Carboniferous–Permian continents (e.g., Balme 1970), however, the then Nilawahan Group sedimentary successions of palynozones needed robustness in the calibration. Pakistan are preserved in the Salt Range and Recently, some palynological work has been under- Trans-Indus ranges (i.e., Khisor, Marwat and taken on these successions and attempts have been Surghar ranges; Kummel and Teichert 1970, made to correlate them with stratigraphically best- figure 1), which offer great opportunity for study- resolved and palaeogeographically nearby located ing the late Palaeozoics, i.e., Carboniferous– sections of the Gondwana (i.e., Australia and Permian succession. The Arabian successions have Arabia; Jan et al. 2009; Jan and Stephenson 2011; been well-studied, because they contain significant Stephenson et al. 2013). Keywords. Carboniferous–Permian; palynology; Tobra Formation; Sardhai Formation; Pakistan. J. Earth Syst. Sci. 123, No. 1, February 2014, pp. 21–32 c Indian Academy of Sciences 21 22 Irfan U Jan Figure 1. Location map of the Salt Range, Pakistan (modified after Gee 1989; Ghazi and Mountney 2009; Jan and Stephenson 2011). The main aim of this paper is thus to sum- The initiation for this quest for the research in marise the progress that has been accomplished Carboniferous–Permian palynology also originated in the Gondwanan stratigraphic palynology and from the existence and importance of the south- also provide information about the work conducted ern hemisphere late Palaeozoic ice age. Widespread on the palynological correlation of the lowest of late Palaeozoic glacial and deglacial deposits occur the Carboniferous–Permian succession of the Salt in the presently scattered continental fragments of Range, i.e., the Nilawahan Group of Pakistan Gondwana, e.g., South America, Africa, Falkland in the context of the presence of rare-marine Islands, Antarctica, India, Pakistan (Frakes et al. intervals and radiometrically dated tuffs in other 1975) and Australia (Visser 1997). These deposits Gondwanan continents that gave confidence to this and events of glaciation and deglaciation in them correlation. have been correlated using various available infor- mation, among them are: pollen and spores (e.g., Kyle and Schopf 1982; Foster and Waterhouse 2. Progress in the Gondwanan 1988; Lindstr¨om 1995), invertebrate fauna (e.g., Carboniferous–Permian palynology Amos and L´opez-Gamundi 1981;Archbold1999), and challenges marine flooding surfaces (e.g., L´opez-Gamundi 1989; Isbell et al. 1997), and radiometric dating The palynological work on the Carboniferous– of the zircon contained in the volcanic tuffs (e.g., Permian strata of presently scattered Gondwanan Roberts et al. 1996; Bangert et al. 1999). Among continents (figure 2) is mostly related to coal (in these methods the correlation using palynology is India, Australia and South America) and oil explo- strongly encouraged, because with only few excep- ration (in Arabia and South America). Most of tions (e.g., Australia), most of the Late Carbonif- the palynological work was thus either localized erous and Early Permian cold climate nonmarine or remained the oil-companies’ asset (Stephenson glacial deposits of Gondwana lack marine micro- 2008). The progress in the palynology has only fauna, e.g., foraminifera, corals and conodonts been recently made, i.e., in the last few years. (Archbold and Dickins 1997), which form the basis Progress in the Gondwanan Carboniferous–Permian palynology 23 3. Stratigraphy, geology and palynological assemblages of the Nilawahan Group, Pakistan 3.1 Stratigraphy and geology of the Nilawahan Group The Carboniferous–Permian succession of the Salt Range, Pakistan is divided into two groups. The lowermost, i.e., the continental Gondwana suc- cession, represented by the Nilawahan Group (figure 3), and the overlying shallow marine Tethyan succession, represented by the Zaluch Group (Wardlaw and Pogue 1995). Figure 2. Chief Carboniferous–Permian basins of Gond- The base of the Nilawahan Group is repre- wana. (1) Paran´a, (2) Chacoparan´a, (3) Parna´ıba, (4) sented by the Tobra Formation, showing glacially- Amazonas, (5) Solim˜oes, (6) Paganzo, (7) Calingasta- influenced sedimentation (Ghazi et al. 2012;Jan Uspallata, (8) San Rafael, (9) Tepuel, (10) Gabon, (11) et al., in review). It is overlain by the Dandot For- Congo, (12) Karoo, (13) Kalahari, (14) Zambezi, (15) Tanzanian-Malagasy, (16) Yemen, (17) Oman, (18) mation in the Salt Range. The Dandot Formation Himalayan zone, (19) Satpura, Son-Mahanadi, Koel- is absent in the Khisor Range and western Salt Damodar, (20) Godavari, (21) Carnarvon, (22) Collie-Perth, Range (figure 3). The Dandot Formation consists (23) Canning, (24) Officer, (25) Bonaparte, (26) Pedirka, of pale grey to olive green sandstone with sub- (27) Galilee, (28) Bowen-Gunnedah, (29) Cooper, (30) Syd- ordinate dark grey and greenish splintery shales ney, (31) Arckaringa, (32) Murray, (33) Victoria Land, (34) central Transantarctic Mountains (after Stephenson 2008). (Shah 1977). It contains the bivalve Eurydesma and the conularid, Conularia. Many species of Bryozoa and Ostracoda along with a few bra- for the standard International stages (Jin et al. chiopod taxa have also been described from 1997). Thus, palynology is developed as a strong this formation (Reed 1936;Pascoe1959). Arid tool for inter-basinal correlation and the correla- palaeoclimatic conditions are indicated by the suc- tion with the Russian/International stages in these ceeding Warchha Formation, which consists of successions (Stephenson 2008). medium- to coarse-grained, purple, arkosic sand- The few challenges in correlating Gondwana stone, conglomeratic in places with interbeds of palynological assemblages precisely to the Rus- reddish shale. The conglomerate clasts are mostly sian/International stages need appreciation and granitic, however subordinate quartzitic clasts are are attributed to two major reasons. also present (Ghazi and Mountney 2009). Humid • conditions are indicated by the overlying Sardhai The rarely available marine intervals in the Formation, which consist of bluish to greenish-gray Gondwanan deposits having marine fauna, which claystone with subordinate sandstone and siltstone could help to devise a firm and reliable regional interbeds and minor carbonaceous clays (Sultan Gondwana-wide framework; (Stephenson 2008). 2004;Jan2011). • The endemism in the palynological assemblages of the Russian/International stages, which were palaeoequatorial during that time and thus 3.2 Palynology of the Nilawahan Group demonstrated different taxa (Stephenson 2008). The palynomorphs in the Nilawahan Group The presence of the rare marine intervals (table 1) are concentrated in two stratigraphic containing the age-diagnostic non-endemic fauna intervals, i.e., the Upper Pennsylvanian to Asselian in certain stratigraphic successions in Australia Tobra Formation (Jan and Stephenson 2011; (Foster and Waterhouse 1988)andtheuseof Stephenson et al. 2013, figure 4) and the the radiometric dating technique in these succes- Middle Permian (Wordian) Sardhai Formation sion in South America and Africa (Bangert et al. (Jan et al. 2009, figure 4). The Dandot and 1999;C´esari 2007) have overcome these challenges overlying Warchha formations have not yielded over the last few years to a great extent and palynomorphs. have helped to increase the confidence level of Jan and Stephenson (2011) studied the Tobra the palynological correlation of the Carboniferous– Formation palynological assemblage at the Zaluch Permian succession. The palynozones in this Nala section (western Salt Range; figure 3)and Gondwanan succession are now more confidently
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