DOCSLIB.ORG

Valley Forge National Historical Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Valley Forge National Historical Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Valley Forge National Historical Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2010/236 THIS PAGE: Reconstruction of a hut built by soldiers of Washington’s Continental Army to survive the winter of 1777-1778. Copyrighted image by M.J. Ticcino for National Park Service, courtesy Kristina Heister (Valley Forge National Historical Park) ON THE COVER: The Grand Parade ground of Valley Forge National Park, view from the Huntington Camp. Mount Joy rises in the background. National Park Service photo- graph by Megan Carfioli, courtesy Amy Ruhe and Kris- tina Heister (Valley Forge National Historical Park). Valley Forge National Historical Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2010/236 Geologic Resources Division Natural Resource Program Center P.O. Box 25287 Denver, Colorado 80225 September 2010 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Ft. Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Program Center publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate high-priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U. S. Government. Printed copies of this report are produced in a limited quantity and they are only available as long as the supply lasts. This report is available from the Geologic Resources Inventory website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/inventory/gre_publications.cfm) and the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/ NRPM). Please cite this publication as: Thornberry-Ehrlich, T. 2010. Valley Forge National Historical Park: geologic resources inventory report. Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2010/236. National Park Service, Ft. Collins, Colorado. NPS 464/105493, September 2010 ii NPS Geologic Resources Division Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................ iv Executive Summary ....................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... vi Credits ........................................................................................................................................................................ vi Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose of the Geologic Resources Inventory ............................................................................................................... 1 Geologic Setting .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Atlantic Coastal Plain Province ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Piedmont Province ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 Blue Ridge Province ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 History of Valley Forge ................................................................................................................................................. 2 Geologic Issues .............................................................................................................. 5 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Karst Issues .................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Water and Sediment Issues .......................................................................................................................................... 6 Paleontological Resources ............................................................................................................................................ 8 Slope Processes ............................................................................................................................................................ 8 Disturbed Lands and Mineral Development .................................................................................................................. 9 Geologic Influences on Cultural Resources .................................................................................................................... 9 Geologic Features and Processes ................................................................................ 15 Cambrian-Triassic Unconformity ................................................................................................................................. 15 Caves and Karst ......................................................................................................................................................... 15 Historic Connections with Geology ............................................................................................................................. 16 Map Unit Properties .................................................................................................... 21 Geologic History .......................................................................................................... 27 Precambrian and Early Paleozoic Era: Ancient Mountain Building and Iapetus Ocean Formation .................................. 27 Paleozoic Era: Appalachian Mountain Building ........................................................................................................... 27 Mesozoic Era: Rifting, Atlantic Ocean Formation, and Mountain Erosion ..................................................................... 28 Cenozoic Era: Karst Development and Ice Ages .......................................................................................................... 28 Glossary ........................................................................................................................ 32 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................ 37 Additional References ................................................................................................. 41 Appendix A: Overview of Digital Geologic Data ....................................................... 43 Appendix B: Scoping Meeting Participants ................................................................ 45 Attachment 1: Geologic Resources Inventory Products CD VAFO Geologic Resources Inventory Report iii List of Figures Figure 1. Map of Valley Forge National Historical Park ...................................................................................................... 3 Figure 2. Physiographic provinces of Pennsylvania ............................................................................................................ 4 Figure 3. Wetlands are present near the contact between the Triassic sandstones and Cambrian dolomite ...................... 11 Figure 4. Cross-sections of Skolithos (worm burrow) trace fossils .................................................................................... 12 Figure 5. Exposure of Ledger Formation in abandoned dolostone quarry near the visitor center ...................................... 13 Figure 6. Fossil jaw of gracile sabretooth (Smilodon gracilis) recovered from Bone Cave .................................................. 17 Figure 7. Fragmentary jaw of a large tapir (Tapirus copei) discovered at Bone Cave ......................................................... 17 Figure 8. Generalized cross-sectional view of the development of a karstic landscape through dissolution and collapse... 18 Figure 9. View looking west from the Statue of General Anthony Wayne at Valley Forge National Historical Park ........... 19 Figure 10. Rolling karst landscape
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bedrock Geologic Map of the Monmouth Junction Quadrangle, Water Resources Management U.S
    DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Prepared in cooperation with the BEDROCK GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE MONMOUTH JUNCTION QUADRANGLE, WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SOMERSET, MIDDLESEX, AND MERCER COUNTIES, NEW JERSEY NEW JERSEY GEOLOGICAL AND WATER SURVEY NATIONAL GEOLOGIC MAPPING PROGRAM GEOLOGICAL MAP SERIES GMS 18-4 Cedar EXPLANATION OF MAP SYMBOLS cycle; lake level rises creating a stable deep lake environment followed by a fall in water level leading to complete Cardozo, N., and Allmendinger, R. W., 2013, Spherical projections with OSXStereonet: Computers & Geosciences, v. 51, p. 193 - 205, doi: 74°37'30" 35' Hill Cem 32'30" 74°30' 5 000m 5 5 desiccation of the lake. Within the Passaic Formation, organic-rick black and gray beds mark the deep lake 10.1016/j.cageo.2012.07.021. 32 E 33 34 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 490 000 FEET 542 40°30' 40°30' period, purple beds mark a shallower, slightly less organic-rich lake, and red beds mark a shallow oxygenated 6 Contacts 100 M Mettler lake in which most organic matter was oxidized. Olsen and others (1996) described the next longer cycle as the Christopher, R. A., 1979, Normapolles and triporate pollen assemblages from the Raritan and Magothy formations (Upper Cretaceous) of New 6 A 100 I 10 N Identity and existance certain, location accurate short modulating cycle, which is made up of five Van Houten cycles. The still longer in duration McLaughlin cycles Jersey: Palynology, v. 3, p. 73-121. S T 44 000m MWEL L RD 0 contain four short modulating cycles or 20 Van Houten cycles (figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Lancaster County Geology
    LancasterLancaster CountyCounty GeologyGeology gfgh µ OverOver TopographicTopographic ReliefRelief Om Miles Í897 0 10 hg Lebanon County Adamstown ¦¨§76 ! Berks County Oha ! Oo Denver ab322 Ephrata Csc Í501 ! Í72 TRh 272 TRn Oco Lititz Í ! Akron Elizabethtown Manheim ! Dauphin County! ! TRhc Cr TRs c Os Rn ! T Terre Hill TRg Trd 322 772 ab 10 Í 222 625 Í ab Í897 Í Í283 Ohm Í230 Oan Í241 East New Holland Oe 722 Petersburg Í Cbs ! Mount Joy ! ! Czc Cch Í23 Cm gga fl R 743 T Í Csb gg pg ggd Í441 Ck Cl 772 72 Í 23 Í ! Í Ca Marietta Ch Lancaster Mountville ! 340 ! Í Columbia 30 ! ! ba Í462 Í462 ab30 Í999 Millersville Ccc Strasburg ! ! Cv Í741 Í741 Í272 41 Í County Chester 896 222 Í gn Christiana ba mg ! oct Cah Í372 S u sq u e h a n n a R iv e r Y o rk C o u n ty gqm LEGEND COUNTY BOUNDARIES Í324 Source: Lancaster County GIS, Copyright (c) 2019 MAJOR ROADS This map to be used for reference or illustrative purposes only. This map FAULT is not a legally recorded plan, survey, or engineering schematic Quarryville and it is not intended to be used as such. For complete disclaimer see: RIVERS AND STREAMS ! http://www.co.lancaster.pa.us/gisdisclaimer DIKE wc ORDOVICIAN Í472 Oan, ANNVILLE FORMATION LIMESTONE TRIASSIC 372 Oco, COCALICO FORMATION DARK GRAY SHALE TRfl, LIMESTONE FANGLOMERATE Í TRg, GETTYSBURG FORMATION SHALE-SANDSTONE Oe, EPLER FORMATION LIMESTONE TRh, HAMMER CREEK FORMATION SANDSTONE-SHALE Oha, ANNVILLE, HERSHEY, AND MYERSTOWN FORMATION TRhc, HAMMER CREEK QUARTZ-CONGLOMERATE Ohm, HERSHEY AND MYERSTOWN FORMATION LIMESTONE 272 TRn, NEW
    [Show full text]
  • The Surface Reactions of Silicate Minerals
    RESEARCH BULLETIN 614 SEPTEMBER, 1956 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION J. H. Longwell, Director The Surface Reactions Of Silicate Minerals PART II. REACTIONS OF FELDSPAR SURFACES WITH SALT SOLUTIONS. V. E. NASH AND C. E. MARSHALL (Publication authorized September 5, 1956) COLUMBIA, MISSOURI TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .......... .. 3 The Interaction of Albite with Salt Solutions . .. 4 The Interaction of Anorthite with Salt Solutions ........ .. 7 Relative Effectiveness of Ammonium Chloride and Magnesium Chloride on the Release of Sodium from Albite . .. 9 Surface Interaction of Albite with Salt Solutions in Methanol . .. 13 Experiments on Cationic Fixation ............................... 16 Detailed Exchange and Activity Studies with Individual Feldspars .......... .. 19 Procedure .. .. 20 Microcline . .. 21 Albite .................................................... 22 Oligoclase . .. 23 Andesine . .. 24 Labradori te . .. 25 Bytownite ................................................. 25 Anorthite . .. 27 Discussion ........ .. 28 Summary ..................................................... 35 References .. .. 36 Most of the experimental material of this and the preceding Research Bulletin is taken from the Ph.D. Thesis of Victor Nash, University of Missouri, June 1955. The experiments on cation fixation were carried our with the aid of a research grant from the Potash Rock Company of America, Lithonia, Georgia, for which the authors wish to record their appreciation. The work was part of Department of Soils Research Project No.6, entitled, "Heavy Clays." The Surface Reactions of Silicate Minerals PART II. REACTIONS OF FELDSPAR SURFACES WITH SALT SOLUTIONS. v. E. NASH AND C. E. MARSHALL INTRODUCTION The review of literature cited in Part I of this series indicates that little is known of the interaction of feldspar surfaces with salt solutions. The work of Breazeale and Magistad (1) clearly demonstrated that ex­ change reactions between potassium and calcium occur in the case of or­ thoclase surfaces.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Geology of the Upper Rock Creek Area, Inyo County, California, and Its Relation to the Regional Structure of the Sierra Nevada
    Structural geology of the upper Rock Creek area, Inyo County, California, and its relation to the regional structure of the Sierra Nevada Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic); maps Authors Trent, D. D. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 27/09/2021 06:38:23 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565293 STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY OF THE UPPER ROCK CREEK AREA, INYO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA, AND ITS RELATION TO THE REGIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE SIERRA NEVADA by Dee Dexter Trent A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 7 3 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by __________ Dee Dexter Trent______________________ entitled Structural Geology of the Upper Rock Creek Area . Tnvo County, California, and Its Relation to the Regional Structure of the Sierra Nevada ________________ be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of ____________Doctor of Philosophy_________ ___________ P). /in /'-/7. 3 Dissertation Director fJ Date After inspection of the final copy of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:* f t M m /q 2 g ££2 3 This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination.
    [Show full text]
  • THE JOURNAL of GEOLOGY March 1990
    VOLUME 98 NUMBER 2 THE JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY March 1990 QUANTITATIVE FILLING MODEL FOR CONTINENTAL EXTENSIONAL BASINS WITH APPLICATIONS TO EARLY MESOZOIC RIFTS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA' ROY W. SCHLISCHE AND PAUL E. OLSEN Department of Geological Sciences and Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964 ABSTRACT In many half-graben, strata progressively onlap the hanging wall block of the basins, indicating that both the basins and their depositional surface areas were growing in size through time. Based on these con- straints, we have constructed a quantitative model for the stratigraphic evolution of extensional basins with the simplifying assumptions of constant volume input of sediments and water per unit time, as well as a uniform subsidence rate and a fixed outlet level. The model predicts (1) a transition from fluvial to lacustrine deposition, (2) systematically decreasing accumulation rates in lacustrine strata, and (3) a rapid increase in lake depth after the onset of lacustrine deposition, followed by a systematic decrease. When parameterized for the early Mesozoic basins of eastern North America, the model's predictions match trends observed in late Triassic-age rocks. Significant deviations from the model's predictions occur in Early Jurassic-age strata, in which markedly higher accumulation rates and greater lake depths point to an increased extension rate that led to increased asymmetry in these half-graben. The model makes it possible to extract from the sedimentary record those events in the history of an extensional basin that are due solely to the filling of a basin growing in size through time and those that are due to changes in tectonics, climate, or sediment and water budgets.
    [Show full text]
  • USNMP-76 2806 1929.Pdf
    NEW LOWER AND MIDDLE CAJ^IBRIAN CRUSTACEA By Charles E, Resser Associate Curator of Stratigraphic Paleontology INTRODUCTION Among the numerous Cambrian fossils that have been accumulating in the United States National Museum during the last 15 years, there are many undescribed species and some of the specimens are remarkable for the preservation of thin tests or of soft body parts. In order to stimulate further search for the rarer fossils, and par- ticularly for preservations of the softer parts of animals or of delicate plant tissues, it is planned to publish more or less related groups of these animals from time to time. Accordingly, in this paper I have assembled a group of species that centers mainly around the pre- viously described genus Tuzoia, but which also includes several unre- lated forms that were secured from the same localities as the others. This paper thus adds several new species preserving more than ordinarily thin tests of Crustacea and a few with the still softer fleshy parts. Some are from the well known Burgess shale that has already furnished so many interesting animals and plants, but other formations, some of which have not previously been known to yield such fossils, are also represented. This paper also contains information of interest aside from that naturally attaching to any description of the softer parts of such ancient animals, by presenting certain important stratigraphic facts in addition to further data regarding the geographic distribution and origin of the faunas to which these species belong. Acknowledgment.—In the preparation of this paper I was kindly assisted by Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Gettysburg National Military Park & Eisenhower National Historic Site
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Gettysburg National Military Park & Eisenhower National Historic Site Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2009/083 THIS PAGE: North Carolina State Monument (NPS Photo) ON THE COVER: Gettysburg NMP, looking toward Cemetery Ridge Cover photo by Bill Dowling, courtesy of the Gettysburg Foundation Gettysburg National Military Park and Eisenhower National Historic Site Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2009/083 Geologic Resources Division Natural Resource Program Center P.O. Box 25287 Denver, Colorado 80225 March 2009 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Denver, Colorado The Natural Resource Publication series addresses natural resource topics that are of interest and applicability to a broad readership in the National Park Service and to others in the management of natural resources, including the scientific community, the public, and the NPS conservation and environmental constituencies. Manuscripts are peer-reviewed to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and is designed and published in a professional manner. Natural Resource Reports are the designated medium for disseminating high priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. Examples of the diverse array of reports published in this series include vital signs monitoring plans; "how to" resource management papers; proceedings of resource management workshops or conferences; annual reports of resource programs or divisions of the Natural Resource Program Center; resource action plans; fact sheets; and regularly-published newsletters.
    [Show full text]
  • Reply Refer To
    IN REPLY REFER TO: UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W A SHI NGTON 25, D. C . October 10, 1958 AEC-126/9 Mr. James E. Reeves Assistant Manager for Test Operations Albuquerque Operations Office u. s. Atomic Energy Commission P. 0. Box 5400 Albuquerque, New Mexico Dear Mr. Reeves: Transmitted herewith are ten copies of TEI -729, "The action of heat and of superheated steam on the tuff of the Oak Spring formation," by George W. Morey, August 1958. This report is part of our Nevada Test Site project. We plan to incorporate the information in TEI-729 with that in other reports on this project for publication by the Geological Survey. · Sincerely yours, -~ . ~~ ~/Vc):,R j..,- W. H. Bradley Chief Geologist UNI1rED STAIJ::'ES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GE LOGI CAL SliRVEY THE .AC TION OF HFJ\.T A~TD OF SUPERHEATED STEAM ON ·IE~ T0~ OF TFili OAK SPRING FORMATION* George Wa Morey Augu.st 1958 Trace El ements Investiga t i ons Report 729 This preliminary report is distributed without editoria l and. technical review f or conformity ·with official standards and nomenclature . It is not f or public . inspection or quot ation. *This report concerns work done on behal f of Albuquerque Operations Office, U. s. Atomi c Energy Commission .. 2 USGS - TEI- 729 Distribution No. of copies Albuquer que Opera t:i.ons Office ( J.. :F~.. Ree·7es) o •• o " .... o .... " ... o e .. ., .. o • ., .. 10 Division of Re search, Washington (D .. R. Mi.l_er) .... .... ., ., .. o. o.......... 2 Office o.f the Commissioners, Washington (J .
    [Show full text]
  • Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina by W
    .'.' .., Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina By W. F. Wilson and B. J. McKenzie RUTILE GUMMITE IN GARNET RUBY CORUNDUM GOLD TORBERNITE GARNET IN MICA ANATASE RUTILE AJTUNITE AND TORBERNITE THULITE AND PYRITE MONAZITE EMERALD CUPRITE SMOKY QUARTZ ZIRCON TORBERNITE ~/ UBRAR'l USE ONLV ,~O NOT REMOVE. fROM LIBRARY N. C. GEOLOGICAL SUHVEY Information Circular 24 Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina By W. F. Wilson and B. J. McKenzie Raleigh 1978 Second Printing 1980. Additional copies of this publication may be obtained from: North CarOlina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development Geological Survey Section P. O. Box 27687 ~ Raleigh. N. C. 27611 1823 --~- GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SECTION The Geological Survey Section shall, by law"...make such exami­ nation, survey, and mapping of the geology, mineralogy, and topo­ graphy of the state, including their industrial and economic utilization as it may consider necessary." In carrying out its duties under this law, the section promotes the wise conservation and use of mineral resources by industry, commerce, agriculture, and other governmental agencies for the general welfare of the citizens of North Carolina. The Section conducts a number of basic and applied research projects in environmental resource planning, mineral resource explora­ tion, mineral statistics, and systematic geologic mapping. Services constitute a major portion ofthe Sections's activities and include identi­ fying rock and mineral samples submitted by the citizens of the state and providing consulting services and specially prepared reports to other agencies that require geological information. The Geological Survey Section publishes results of research in a series of Bulletins, Economic Papers, Information Circulars, Educa­ tional Series, Geologic Maps, and Special Publications.
    [Show full text]
  • Optical Properties of Common Rock-Forming Minerals
    AppendixA __________ Optical Properties of Common Rock-Forming Minerals 325 Optical Properties of Common Rock-Forming Minerals J. B. Lyons, S. A. Morse, and R. E. Stoiber Distinguishing Characteristics Chemical XI. System and Indices Birefringence "Characteristically parallel, but Mineral Composition Best Cleavage Sign,2V and Relief and Color see Fig. 13-3. A. High Positive Relief Zircon ZrSiO. Tet. (+) 111=1.940 High biref. Small euhedral grains show (.055) parallel" extinction; may cause pleochroic haloes if enclosed in other minerals Sphene CaTiSiOs Mon. (110) (+) 30-50 13=1.895 High biref. Wedge-shaped grains; may (Titanite) to 1.935 (0.108-.135) show (110) cleavage or (100) Often or (221) parting; ZI\c=51 0; brownish in very high relief; r>v extreme. color CtJI\) 0) Gamet AsB2(SiO.la where Iso. High Grandite often Very pale pink commonest A = R2+ and B = RS + 1.7-1.9 weakly color; inclusions common. birefracting. Indices vary widely with composition. Crystals often euhedraL Uvarovite green, very rare. Staurolite H2FeAI.Si2O'2 Orth. (010) (+) 2V = 87 13=1.750 Low biref. Pleochroic colorless to golden (approximately) (.012) yellow; one good cleavage; twins cruciform or oblique; metamorphic. Olivine Series Mg2SiO. Orth. (+) 2V=85 13=1.651 High biref. Colorless (Fo) to yellow or pale to to (.035) brown (Fa); high relief. Fe2SiO. Orth. (-) 2V=47 13=1.865 High biref. Shagreen (mottled) surface; (.051) often cracked and altered to %II - serpentine. Poor (010) and (100) cleavages. Extinction par- ~ ~ alleL" l~4~ Tourmaline Na(Mg,Fe,Mn,Li,Alk Hex. (-) 111=1.636 Mod. biref.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbonate Rocks of Cambrian and Ordovician Age in the Lancaster Quadrangle Pennsylvania
    Carbonate Rocks of Cambrian and Ordovician Age in the Lancaster Quadrangle Pennsylvania By HAROLD MEISLER and ALBERT E. BECHER CONTRIBUTIONS TO STRATIGRAPHY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1254-G Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Geological Survey Department of Internal Affairs Commonwealth of Pennsylvania UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1968 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 10 cents CONTENTS Page Abstract-____-___- _._-_-._____-____.-.____,-__._______-^___-----^-_ Gl Introduction._______-_______-__-_-_---______-_-_ ____---__--__--__ 1 Cambrian System.________________________________________________ 5 Vintage, Kinzers, and Ledger Formations__-^___^_-___-_--____-___ 5 Zooks Corner Formation______________________________________ 6 Conococheague Group.___-____-_-__-___- -______--___-_--_-___ 7 Buffalo Springs Formation_____-_-_---_---_-----_---_----- 9 Snitz Creek Formation.____________________________________ 9 Millbach Formation____-_-________^.__.___________________ 9 Richland Formation._______________________________________ 10 Ordovician System.-_______________________________________________ 10 Conestoga Limestone___---__-____-____-_-_-_-__--_-__---__-__ 10 Beekmantown Group.______-_--___---__.--_____-_-_____________ 11 Stonehenge Formation.____________________________________ 11 Epler Formation._________________________________________ 11 Ontelaunee Formation___-_-_-______-_.___^-__---__---__--__ 12 Annville Limestone.______________--___.-___--___--___----_---_ 13 Myerstown Limestone._______________________________________ 13 References cited.__________________________________________________ 13 ILLUSTRATIONS Page FIGURE 1. Map showing the location of the Lancaster quadrangle and general physiography of southeastern Pennsylvania. _______ G2 2.
    [Show full text]
  • PCPG Newsletter Communicating Key Information & Concerns to Geologists and Environmental Professionals Issue 3 / 2017
    PCPG Newsletter Communicating Key Information & Concerns to Geologists and Environmental Professionals Issue 3 / 2017 INSIDE THIS ISSUE... President’s Message ............................................................................................................... 1 Field Trip to Limestone Mine ................................................................................................. 2 BOARD OF DIRECTORS Member Spotlight ................................................................................................................... 4 President GAC Update ............................................................................................................................ 7 Dan Billman, P.G., C.P.G. Billman Geologic Consultants, LLC [email protected] President Elect MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT Martin F. Helmke, PhD, P.G. West Chester University of Pennsylvania [email protected] Welcome to Fall!! Looking into my backyard, I see Immediate Past President the leaves of the birch trees are starting to turn color. Gary Kribbs, P.G. AEON Geoscience, Inc. Typically, Fall always seems to feel like the beginning of [email protected] a new year. Not a calendar year, obviously, but a school Permanent Director (1936-2016) year. I guess that is programmed into us, each of our first Richard E. Wright, P.G. R. E. Wright, P.G., LLC 18 to 22 years on the planet. As Professional Geologists, we are on a similar schedule. Every second year, in the Board Members Vincent Carbone, P.G., C.P.G. Fall, we need to re-register our license.
    [Show full text]