DOCSLIB.ORG

Reply Refer To

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reply Refer To IN REPLY REFER TO: UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W A SHI NGTON 25, D. C . October 10, 1958 AEC-126/9 Mr. James E. Reeves Assistant Manager for Test Operations Albuquerque Operations Office u. s. Atomic Energy Commission P. 0. Box 5400 Albuquerque, New Mexico Dear Mr. Reeves: Transmitted herewith are ten copies of TEI -729, "The action of heat and of superheated steam on the tuff of the Oak Spring formation," by George W. Morey, August 1958. This report is part of our Nevada Test Site project. We plan to incorporate the information in TEI-729 with that in other reports on this project for publication by the Geological Survey. · Sincerely yours, -~ . ~~ ~/Vc):,R j..,- W. H. Bradley Chief Geologist UNI1rED STAIJ::'ES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GE LOGI CAL SliRVEY THE .AC TION OF HFJ\.T A~TD OF SUPERHEATED STEAM ON ·IE~ T0~ OF TFili OAK SPRING FORMATION* George Wa Morey Augu.st 1958 Trace El ements Investiga t i ons Report 729 This preliminary report is distributed without editoria l and. technical review f or conformity ·with official standards and nomenclature . It is not f or public . inspection or quot ation. *This report concerns work done on behal f of Albuquerque Operations Office, U. s. Atomi c Energy Commission .. 2 USGS - TEI- 729 Distribution No. of copies Albuquer que Opera t:i.ons Office ( J.. :F~.. Ree·7es) o •• o " .... o .... " ... o e .. ., .. o • ., .. 10 Division of Re search, Washington (D .. R. Mi.l_er) .... .... ., ., .. o. o.......... 2 Office o.f the Commissioners, Washington (J .. C .. Pot~s ) •o••ooe•o•o •o 1 Office of Operations Analysis & Plan~ing, Was hi ngton ' P .. C. Fine) 1 Chemistry Division, ArgorLne National Lab . (W, M .. Mann.ing ) .. • .. • • • .. .. • 1 Chemical Tech ., Di v ., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab .. (F~ R. Bruce) ... ~••o•ooo 1 Engineer Research & Deve ~opment Lab"' Ft .. Belvoir, Va. (Chief, Spec:ia l P:t'l... jec-ts B"':"'82u.ch) o ooo. oott<> o G> <> o<>&<> o o•eaoseooeeooeo 1 Health Physi ~ s Div .. , Oak Ridge Na tl. La.b o ( F .. L .. Parker) ..... ..... •• 3 Los A- amos Scientific Labora tory ·· J. iL. Ha. ll .J .. ,. .. .. o ..... o •••••••• o .. • 1 Uni v. Ca lif. Radia tion J...a b., , L~'~-vermore (G .. W. Johnson) . .. ...... " •••• 10 U .. S. Naval Ordnance Lab" ' Whi+.e Oak, Mri . (J .. E .. .Abla!'d) . .. .......... 1 U. S. Naval Radiological Lab .. , San Francisco (IlL E . Ballou) • • • • • • • 1 U. s. Geological Survey~ Engineering Geology Bran.ch, Denve~c· ...... o ........ o & .. • • • • • • • • .. .. • • • • • • • • 10 Fuels Branch, Denver •o••• .. •••&ee &o o•• o • o •••eo•••"'"""••••.,••<>••e••• 2 Geochemistry and Petrology Br anch, Was hington ••o~••••o• .. o••• •••••• 8 Ge ophysics Branch, Washington o•e•e ••oo .... ..... .......... ..... o ..... .......... 6 Militar y Geology Bran~ h , Washington •••• oo •••o•••·~••••eooe•••••o•• 2 Mineral Deposits B:ranch, Washington ............ .,oooo••o•• •• """'"""•"• 2 Radiohydrology Section , Washington ••• o., e " ...... a." ••• e ... 0 · .. o ...... .., e • • 6 TEreo' Denve r ••••• 0 Q • e Q ••••••• ~ 0 Qo •••• • e 0 0 Cio 0 0 0 0 G () Q •• G • 0 A} " •• 0 •• • · . 0 • • l TEPCO, Washington (including maste:r) .... o•o•••oo.,ooeoe<><>OOCOee•o••• • 4 74 Page Abstract 4 Introduc~ ti. o!J . 4 Experi.me r..-:;s in. a .i!" 5 Exper iments E2. s~;~~Jerheate •1 s+,eam at h:~g:C. :r;c:'e BS'-)~'e o~, o.... o........ 9 RefeTences e o o e o. e • (I o t'> " e t:~ t':'l o o ~ f'l fl e o o I") <» o o o a o o tJ o c· n o (} o o o o o o e 41 • & o o o e • 13 Table l . in a i.r 6 Effect u:f heat::.:o_g he-J.landi.te ., -,...., a~i.~~· 8 X~ray :~?atter::; of the l12:~~ :1.e~~":i:;if::_e(. : .a :ri~.-at:.~.-e of !J.eula:'J.d.:.te · {~:r:t ich ~\ra. ,s ob·:.a5.r..ed. b;y- ::.ea.t2.l!.g .b.e u:l.anL~. i te f r o:Ti Icelar2.d. to 290° C ~- D:!:" 64 !:D:.J::.' S, and :te1;~landi te ::.::.-:;. ·~uff of tb.e Oa.~~. S:p:':"'2 ~2. g f or::nat:Lc>rl to ~~6~~c C fQr 4 d.a;y-s 10 4. The e f:'ect r::;f sv.pe:::-hea.ted. .stemr. a-+~ hig:!.". pressu.:':"e 0:::1 t :he tuff' of the Oak. Sp~<~.: :1~ forma-cion. •• o ...... G., • ., ........ ll 4 TEE A"GTION OF HEAT Al\ID OF SOPERfiEATED STEAM ON TUFF OF THE OAK SPRING FORMATION By G-eorge W. Morey ABSTRACT Samples of tuff of the Oak Spring f ormation hea ted in air at different temperatures were examined. with the petrographic microscope and by X-ray diffraction methods. The changes in the heulandi te, which makes up the greater part of the tuff, can be used to estimate the temperature to which the tuff had been heatedo The tuff becomes f luid enough to begin to flow under its own weight at about 1,200° C in air, but even a t higher temperatures the mo lten w~terial has extremel y high viscosityo Samples of the tuff were heated in superheated steam at high pressures, and from these experiments it is concluded that recrystallization of the heulandite with formation of plagioclase feldspar is indicative of the presence of steam at high temperature and pressure during recrystallization .. INTRODUCTION The underground nuclear explosion of September l~ 1957 took place in a rhyolitic tuff of the Oak Spring formation of Tertiary age. In the specimen used for the experiments described below the originally glassy shards have been completely altered, chiefly to the zeol ite mineral heul andite [(Ca,Na2)0•Al203 ·6Si02•5H20 ] . Heulandite makes up about 70 percent of the rock specimen. The remainder is about 20 percent quartz, many of bipyramid.crl habit indicating that they were formed as high-quartz above 575° C, and r:: / 10 percent of K feld.spar, plagioclase, hornblende, mag~1eti te, and bi.oti te (Hansen and Lemke, 1958)., A considerable amount o.f -~!later is a.l.so present. Some of this is combi ned. in the heulandi te, which i.d.eally contains 15 percent water. If the tuff is 70 per'cer. ~ .t he<.Llan.d.:f. 'te, i.t shm.1.ld. have a minimum water con.tent of J,O percent .. Actual analyses of -l:uff range from 10 to 29 percent "Water, so t:~1e quantity of water i::1. the -:;uff actually subject to the heating efi.ects of the naclear explosi.or.;. is UJ.'lce:.:'tain. The authoY takes pleas'l.J2'e j_n. acknm-1:::..edging tl~.e assistance of W. F. Outerbridge in the pet:.ographic examinati.ons ar.'::. of Daphne R .. Ross in the X-ray diffraction st·o.c":.ies. T!le \<Tork. herein repcr,ted. is part of a program being corrd.ucted ·:::r;y the U. S" C-eologi.cal Su:.:·vey 02 behalf of Al~uquerque Operations Office, U .. S. Atomi-c Energy Com.rnissio!.'... EXPERIMENTS L\! AIR Sam;ples of tuff taken. from the exploi3ic:n chani::,er prior to -th.e shot, and identified by the number G57 -9-l, ·were purN"d.e:red, :pla eed in sma::;_l crucibles hanging i:n an automatically con.tl"ollec1 quench1ng furnace, ar1d. heated in air. After heating, the samples ·were :!:'emoved and exarr..iEed with the petrographic microscope and. X-.:ray diffractometer. The ex:perime~ . tal conditions and. results of these experiments are sho•..m. in. table l Q The author estimates, from the chemical compositicn of the material and the melting :!:'elati.ons of per·t:!.nent systems -~..r~i.c!h have al:!:'eady been studied at the Geophysical Iaborato:r·y, Carnegie Irrst:i. t·u.tion of Washington, that the temperature of completim:·"' of the melt~.. ng p:('ocess is abou.t 900° C. This estimate p:r-esl2pp9ses that the material -w-as O:::'iginally crystalline and that eq_uilibril:'.m Y.TaS reached., 1r:he last crystallin-e phase to disappear wou ld be 6 Table 1.--Effect of heating tuff of the Oak Spring formation in air. Temperature .J£L Time Condition 36o 4 days X-ray pattern shows heulandite altered to unidentified., Other minerals unchanged. 500 18 hrs Heulandite has decomposed to glass. Other minerals unchanged., 760 42 hrs Doo 1,032 42 hrs Not sintered. Heulandite has decomposed to glass. Other minerals unchangedo 1,150 8 days Partly sintered; heulandite decomposed to bubbly glass. Other minerals Q~changedo 1,160 4 hrs Thoroughly sintered and cemented together by bubbly glass. Other minerals unchanged. 1,191 6 days Melted, but phenocrysts of ~uartz and K feldspar are not altered. In addition to the bubbly glass formed from heulandite, there is a clear glass probably formed from the plagioclase. 1,205 5 days Melted to bubbly glass with some phenocrysts of quartz and K feldspar remaining metastably. 7 silica i n the :form of' quartz or trid;ylilite.. The tu:rf original y , however, -was largely gl ass, s o the me ; ting process v.Jas near completion, 'but ·the phases pre-sent , quartz .and f el dspar, are as wou.ld be expected ~ Howeve r ~ equilibrium in mixtures of this general composition -~ras real.hed very slo-wly, as is shown in tabl e 1 " At 1 ~ 03 2° C the heul a ndi te had decomposed t o a gl ass , but t he material was still so viscous that the powder did not s:.:nter together i n 42 hours" At 1 ,150° C sintering had begun, and at 1 , 19-o C the material was thoroughly me l ted t ogethe:c" T r,._ro types of gl a ss could.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Surface Reactions of Silicate Minerals
    RESEARCH BULLETIN 614 SEPTEMBER, 1956 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION J. H. Longwell, Director The Surface Reactions Of Silicate Minerals PART II. REACTIONS OF FELDSPAR SURFACES WITH SALT SOLUTIONS. V. E. NASH AND C. E. MARSHALL (Publication authorized September 5, 1956) COLUMBIA, MISSOURI TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .......... .. 3 The Interaction of Albite with Salt Solutions . .. 4 The Interaction of Anorthite with Salt Solutions ........ .. 7 Relative Effectiveness of Ammonium Chloride and Magnesium Chloride on the Release of Sodium from Albite . .. 9 Surface Interaction of Albite with Salt Solutions in Methanol . .. 13 Experiments on Cationic Fixation ............................... 16 Detailed Exchange and Activity Studies with Individual Feldspars .......... .. 19 Procedure .. .. 20 Microcline . .. 21 Albite .................................................... 22 Oligoclase . .. 23 Andesine . .. 24 Labradori te . .. 25 Bytownite ................................................. 25 Anorthite . .. 27 Discussion ........ .. 28 Summary ..................................................... 35 References .. .. 36 Most of the experimental material of this and the preceding Research Bulletin is taken from the Ph.D. Thesis of Victor Nash, University of Missouri, June 1955. The experiments on cation fixation were carried our with the aid of a research grant from the Potash Rock Company of America, Lithonia, Georgia, for which the authors wish to record their appreciation. The work was part of Department of Soils Research Project No.6, entitled, "Heavy Clays." The Surface Reactions of Silicate Minerals PART II. REACTIONS OF FELDSPAR SURFACES WITH SALT SOLUTIONS. v. E. NASH AND C. E. MARSHALL INTRODUCTION The review of literature cited in Part I of this series indicates that little is known of the interaction of feldspar surfaces with salt solutions. The work of Breazeale and Magistad (1) clearly demonstrated that ex­ change reactions between potassium and calcium occur in the case of or­ thoclase surfaces.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Geology of the Upper Rock Creek Area, Inyo County, California, and Its Relation to the Regional Structure of the Sierra Nevada
    Structural geology of the upper Rock Creek area, Inyo County, California, and its relation to the regional structure of the Sierra Nevada Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic); maps Authors Trent, D. D. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 27/09/2021 06:38:23 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565293 STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY OF THE UPPER ROCK CREEK AREA, INYO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA, AND ITS RELATION TO THE REGIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE SIERRA NEVADA by Dee Dexter Trent A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 7 3 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by __________ Dee Dexter Trent______________________ entitled Structural Geology of the Upper Rock Creek Area . Tnvo County, California, and Its Relation to the Regional Structure of the Sierra Nevada ________________ be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of ____________Doctor of Philosophy_________ ___________ P). /in /'-/7. 3 Dissertation Director fJ Date After inspection of the final copy of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:* f t M m /q 2 g ££2 3 This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina by W
    .'.' .., Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina By W. F. Wilson and B. J. McKenzie RUTILE GUMMITE IN GARNET RUBY CORUNDUM GOLD TORBERNITE GARNET IN MICA ANATASE RUTILE AJTUNITE AND TORBERNITE THULITE AND PYRITE MONAZITE EMERALD CUPRITE SMOKY QUARTZ ZIRCON TORBERNITE ~/ UBRAR'l USE ONLV ,~O NOT REMOVE. fROM LIBRARY N. C. GEOLOGICAL SUHVEY Information Circular 24 Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina By W. F. Wilson and B. J. McKenzie Raleigh 1978 Second Printing 1980. Additional copies of this publication may be obtained from: North CarOlina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development Geological Survey Section P. O. Box 27687 ~ Raleigh. N. C. 27611 1823 --~- GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SECTION The Geological Survey Section shall, by law"...make such exami­ nation, survey, and mapping of the geology, mineralogy, and topo­ graphy of the state, including their industrial and economic utilization as it may consider necessary." In carrying out its duties under this law, the section promotes the wise conservation and use of mineral resources by industry, commerce, agriculture, and other governmental agencies for the general welfare of the citizens of North Carolina. The Section conducts a number of basic and applied research projects in environmental resource planning, mineral resource explora­ tion, mineral statistics, and systematic geologic mapping. Services constitute a major portion ofthe Sections's activities and include identi­ fying rock and mineral samples submitted by the citizens of the state and providing consulting services and specially prepared reports to other agencies that require geological information. The Geological Survey Section publishes results of research in a series of Bulletins, Economic Papers, Information Circulars, Educa­ tional Series, Geologic Maps, and Special Publications.
    [Show full text]
  • Optical Properties of Common Rock-Forming Minerals
    AppendixA __________ Optical Properties of Common Rock-Forming Minerals 325 Optical Properties of Common Rock-Forming Minerals J. B. Lyons, S. A. Morse, and R. E. Stoiber Distinguishing Characteristics Chemical XI. System and Indices Birefringence "Characteristically parallel, but Mineral Composition Best Cleavage Sign,2V and Relief and Color see Fig. 13-3. A. High Positive Relief Zircon ZrSiO. Tet. (+) 111=1.940 High biref. Small euhedral grains show (.055) parallel" extinction; may cause pleochroic haloes if enclosed in other minerals Sphene CaTiSiOs Mon. (110) (+) 30-50 13=1.895 High biref. Wedge-shaped grains; may (Titanite) to 1.935 (0.108-.135) show (110) cleavage or (100) Often or (221) parting; ZI\c=51 0; brownish in very high relief; r>v extreme. color CtJI\) 0) Gamet AsB2(SiO.la where Iso. High Grandite often Very pale pink commonest A = R2+ and B = RS + 1.7-1.9 weakly color; inclusions common. birefracting. Indices vary widely with composition. Crystals often euhedraL Uvarovite green, very rare. Staurolite H2FeAI.Si2O'2 Orth. (010) (+) 2V = 87 13=1.750 Low biref. Pleochroic colorless to golden (approximately) (.012) yellow; one good cleavage; twins cruciform or oblique; metamorphic. Olivine Series Mg2SiO. Orth. (+) 2V=85 13=1.651 High biref. Colorless (Fo) to yellow or pale to to (.035) brown (Fa); high relief. Fe2SiO. Orth. (-) 2V=47 13=1.865 High biref. Shagreen (mottled) surface; (.051) often cracked and altered to %II - serpentine. Poor (010) and (100) cleavages. Extinction par- ~ ~ alleL" l~4~ Tourmaline Na(Mg,Fe,Mn,Li,Alk Hex. (-) 111=1.636 Mod. biref.
    [Show full text]
  • Educator Guide Presented by the Field Museum Education Department Fieldmuseum.Org/Gems
    Educator Guide Presented by The Field Museum Education Department fieldmuseum.org/gems INSIDE: Exhibition Introduction & Correlations to ILS Tips for Planning Your Visit • Gallery Overview & Guiding Questions Focused Field Trip Activities • Related Exhibitions & Resources The Grainger Hall of Gems is generously sponsored by The Grainger Foundation. Walking Map TIFFANY WINDOW Elementals Oxides Silicates Organics Phosphates ENTRANCE The Grainger Hall of Gems is located on the Upper Level The Field Museum • Grainger Hall of Gems Educator Guide • fieldmuseum.org/gems Page 2 Exhibition Introduction Grainger Hall of Gems The Field Museum’s newly renovated Grainger Hall of Gems takes a unique approach to understanding the natural history of precious stones. For a greater understanding of their relationships, all of the gems are arranged according to type—from organic gems such as amber, coral, and pearls, to elementals made from one type of atom, such as diamonds (pure carbon). You’ll discover how stones that sometimes appear identical, like garnets and spinels, can come from completely different chemical families. And you’ll be surprised to learn that gems that bear no resemblance to one another, like rubies and sapphires, can actually be siblings made of the same material (corundum). Each display features a gem in its three stages of transformation: as a raw crystal, as a cut and polished stone, and as a jewel It’s obvious how aquamarine got its water-inspired name when mounted in a finished ring, brooch, or necklace. You’ll also looking at this specimen, still on its matrix. © The Field Museum view gems notable for their size or rarity, including a 341-carat aquamarine and a 97.45-carat Imperial Topaz—the rarest type of topaz and the largest owned by any museum in the world! By visiting the Grainger Hall of Gems and visiting our online Gallery of Gems at fieldmuseum.org/gems, you’ll discover why gemstones have captured our hearts and inspired cultures around the world for millennia.
    [Show full text]
  • Geologie N° 2.Qxp
    ABSTRACTS GÉOLOGIE DE LA FRANCE, N° 2, 2007 55 ABSTRACT Variscan kinematics of the Ural and Tienshan junction area ALEXEIEV Dmitriy V. * Late Paleozoic evolution of the Ural-Tienshan junc- the Kazakhstan continent with Tarim in the latest tion area was controlled by the processes of conver- Carboniferous and with Turan in the Permian time. gence and multiply collisions between Kazakhstan, Baltica, Turan, and Tarim continents. Subduction in Principal structural assemblages and deformation ages the Valerianov arc since middle Visean till beginning within the Ural–Tienshan junction area can be defined as of the Late Carboniferous (during ~335-315 Ma) was the following. D1) Accretionary thrust folded belt of the responsible for convergence between Kazakhstan South Tienshan (since ~330 Ma in the West and since and Baltica. Duration of arc magmatism for ~20 Ma ~315 Ma in the East); D2) Laramide-style thrust-folded suggest that minimum several hundreds of kilometers belt in the SW and S of Kazakhstan in Karatau and Middle of an oceanic crust was consumed there that time. Tienshan, with major thrusts, directed toward the conti- nent (since ~315 Ma); D3) North-South trending folds in Collision of Kazakhstan started in the middle of the the W and SW of Kazakhstan, mainly Karatau ridge, over- Bashkirian age (~315 Ma). It resulted in: a) formation printing D2 structures (Permian?); D4) Left-lateral strike- of sub-meridional divergent thrust folded belt in Urals, slip faults and plunging folds within entire Tian Shan, due b) Laramide-style deformations in the Southwest and to oblique collision of Kazakhstan and Tarim (mainly Late South of the Kazakhstan continent, and c) iniciation Permian and early Mesozoic), and D5) East-West of a north-dipping subduction zone in the South of the trending compressional structures and diagonal strike-slip Kazakhstan continent within Central Tienshan.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sierra Nevada Batholith a Synthesis. of Recent Work Across the Central Part
    I _; The Sierra Nevada Batholith A Synthesis. of Recent Work Across the Central Part By PAUL C. BATEMAN, LORIN ~- CLARK, N. KING HUBER, JAMES G. MOORE, and C. DEAN RINEHART SHORTER CONTRIBU.TIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY· G E 0 L 0 G I CAL SURVEY P R 0 FE S S I 0 N A L PAPER 414-D Prepared in cooperation with the State of Caltfornia, Division of Mines and Geology · ti II R fA u 0 F u' N f I ._rBRARV SPUI\ANf:.. !NASH. JUN 31971 . ·~-~ - ~ ... -- --s PtfASf RfT,fJR~ fO liBRARY UNITED S.TATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1963 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C., 20402 CONTENTS Page Abstract------------------------------------------- D1 Constitution' of the batho1ith-Continued Introduction ______________________________________ _ 2 Contact relations _______________ ~ ______ - -- _----- D22 Genernl geologic relations _______________________ _ 2 Contacts between different granitic rocks _____ - 22 Previous geologic work _________________________ _ 4 Contacts between granitic rocks and meta- Acknowledgments _____________________________ _ 5 morphic rocks or diorite ___________ -- __ ---- 22 Wu.llrocks u.nd roof rocks ___________________________ _ 5 Felsic dike swarms __________________ - ___ -------- 24 Pu.leozoic rocks ________________________________ _ 5 Mafic dike swarms _________________________ ----- 25 Mesozoic rocks ________________________________ _ 6 Structure
    [Show full text]
  • Petrography and Engineering Properties of Igneous Rocks
    ENGINEERil~G MONOGRAPHS No. I United States Department of the Interior BUREAU OF RECLAMATION PETROGRAPIIY AND ENGINEERING· PROPER11ES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS hy Rit~bard C. 1\lielenz Denver, Colorado October 1948 95 cents (R.evised September 1961) United States Department of the Interior STEWART L. UDALL, Secretacy Bureau of Reclamation FLOYD E. DOMINY, Commissioner G~T BLOODGOOD, Assistant Commissioner and Chief Engineer Engineering Monograph No. 1 PETROGRAPHY AND ENGINEERING PROPERTIRES ·OF IGNEOUS RO<;:KS by Richard C. Mielenz Revised 1959. by William Y. Holland Head. Petrographic Laboratory Section Chemical Engineering Laboratory Branch Commissioner's Office. Denver Technical Infortnation Branch Denver Federal Center Denver, Colorado ENGINEERING MONOGRAPHS are published in limited editions for the technical staff of the Bureau of Reclamation and interested technical circles in Government and private agencies. Their purpose is to record devel­ opments, innovations, .and progress in the engineering and scientific techniques and practices that are employed in the planning, design, construction, and operation of Rec­ lamation structures and equipment. Copies 'may be obtained from the Bureau of Recla- · mation, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colon.do, and Washington, D. C. Excavation and concreting of altered zones in rhyolite dike in the spillway foundation. Davis Damsite. Arizona-Nevada. Fl'ontispiece CONTENTS Page Introduction . 1 General Basis of Classification of Rocks . 1 Relation of the Petrographic Character to the Engineering Properties of Rocks . 3 Engineering J?roperties of Igneous Rocks ................................ :. 4 Plutonic Rocks . 4 Hypabyssal Rocks . 6 Volcanic Rocks..... 7 Application of Petrography to Engineering Problems of the Bureau of Reclamation . 8 A Mineralogic and Textural Classification of Igneous Rocks .
    [Show full text]
  • Minerals Found in Michigan Listed by County
    Michigan Minerals Listed by Mineral Name Based on MI DEQ GSD Bulletin 6 “Mineralogy of Michigan” Actinolite, Dickinson, Gogebic, Gratiot, and Anthonyite, Houghton County Marquette counties Anthophyllite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirinaugite, Marquette County Antigorite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirine, Marquette County Apatite, Baraga, Dickinson, Houghton, Iron, Albite, Dickinson, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Kalkaska, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Monroe and Marquette counties counties Algodonite, Baraga, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Aphrosiderite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette Ontonagon counties counties Allanite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette counties Apophyllite, Houghton, and Keweenaw counties Almandite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, and Marquette Aragonite, Gogebic, Iron, Jackson, Marquette, and counties Monroe counties Alunite, Iron County Arsenopyrite, Marquette, and Menominee counties Analcite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Atacamite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Anatase, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Augite, Dickinson, Genesee, Gratiot, Houghton, Iron, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Andalusite, Iron, and Marquette counties Awarurite, Marquette County Andesine, Keweenaw County Axinite, Gogebic, and Marquette counties Andradite, Dickinson County Azurite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Anglesite, Marquette County Ontonagon counties Anhydrite, Bay, Berrien, Gratiot, Houghton, Babingtonite, Keweenaw County Isabella, Kalamazoo, Kent, Keweenaw, Macomb, Manistee,
    [Show full text]
  • 44. K-Metasomatism and the Origin of Ba- and Inclusion- Zoned Orthoclase Megacrysts in the Papoose Flat Pluton, Inyo Mountains, California, USA
    1 ISSN 1526-5757 44. K-metasomatism and the origin of Ba- and inclusion- zoned orthoclase megacrysts in the Papoose Flat pluton, Inyo Mountains, California, USA Lorence G. Collins and Barbara J. Collins July 31, 2002 email:[email protected] Abstract In the Papoose Flat pluton in the Inyo Mountains of California the orthoclase megacrysts are suggested to form by K-metasomatism because microfracturing of a few normally zoned plagioclase crystals channeled introduced K-bearing fluids to these places, thereby promoting K-metasomatism and localized growth to form the megacrysts. Isochemical recrystallization to produce the megacrysts from preexisting stressed orthoclase and plagioclase crystals is ruled out because the original relatively undeformed granodiorite of the Papoose Flat pluton contained only 8-13 vol. % orthoclase that could not have been reorganized into more than 19 vol. % orthoclase in the groundmass and megacrysts and because original biotite was insufficient to supply enough K. An outside K source is required. Si- metasomatism of biotite to form quartz would have supplied some of the K. Concentrically oriented plagioclase inclusions that occur parallel to Ba-K growth zones in the megacrysts are shown to be formed from primary groundmass minerals, some of which were broken into fragments but others were not microfractured. The occurrences of myrmekite inside the megacrysts, scalloped edges on all surfaces of many plagioclase inclusions, sodic rims on irregular plagioclase inclusions against outer surfaces of former faces of the orthoclase, and disoriented inclusions that are not parallel to growth zones provide evidence for the primary origin of the inclusions. Rare trails of inclusions through the megacrysts indicate that the megacrysts are porphyroblasts and not residual phenocrysts (porphyroclasts).
    [Show full text]
  • Identification Tables for Common Minerals in Thin Section
    Identification Tables for Common Minerals in Thin Section These tables provide a concise summary of the properties of a range of common minerals. Within the tables, minerals are arranged by colour so as to help with identification. If a mineral commonly has a range of colours, it will appear once for each colour. To identify an unknown mineral, start by answering the following questions: (1) What colour is the mineral? (2) What is the relief of the mineral? (3) Do you think you are looking at an igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary rock? Go to the chart, and scan the properties. Within each colour group, minerals are arranged in order of increasing refractive index (which more or less corresponds to relief). This should at once limit you to only a few minerals. By looking at the chart, see which properties might help you distinguish between the possibilities. Then, look at the mineral again, and check these further details. Notes: (i) Name: names listed here may be strict mineral names (e.g., andalusite), or group names (e.g., chlorite), or distinctive variety names (e.g., titanian augite). These tables contain a personal selection of some of the more common minerals. Remember that there are nearly 4000 minerals, although 95% of these are rare or very rare. The minerals in here probably make up 95% of medium and coarse-grained rocks in the crust. (ii) IMS: this gives a simple assessment of whether the mineral is common in igneous (I), metamorphic (M) or sedimentary (S) rocks. These are not infallible guides - in particular many igneous and metamorphic minerals can occur occasionally in sediments.
    [Show full text]
  • A Partial Glossary of Spanish Geological Terms Exclusive of Most Cognates
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY A Partial Glossary of Spanish Geological Terms Exclusive of Most Cognates by Keith R. Long Open-File Report 91-0579 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 1991 Preface In recent years, almost all countries in Latin America have adopted democratic political systems and liberal economic policies. The resulting favorable investment climate has spurred a new wave of North American investment in Latin American mineral resources and has improved cooperation between geoscience organizations on both continents. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has responded to the new situation through cooperative mineral resource investigations with a number of countries in Latin America. These activities are now being coordinated by the USGS's Center for Inter-American Mineral Resource Investigations (CIMRI), recently established in Tucson, Arizona. In the course of CIMRI's work, we have found a need for a compilation of Spanish geological and mining terminology that goes beyond the few Spanish-English geological dictionaries available. Even geologists who are fluent in Spanish often encounter local terminology oijerga that is unfamiliar. These terms, which have grown out of five centuries of mining tradition in Latin America, and frequently draw on native languages, usually cannot be found in standard dictionaries. There are, of course, many geological terms which can be recognized even by geologists who speak little or no Spanish.
    [Show full text]