Principais Métodos De Diagnóstico E Tratamento Da Doença Causada Pelo Vírus Ebola

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Principais Métodos De Diagnóstico E Tratamento Da Doença Causada Pelo Vírus Ebola Revista Ciencia & Inovação - FAM - V.5, N.1 - JUN - 2020 PRINCIPAIS MÉTODOS DE DIAGNÓSTICO E TRATAMENTO DA DOENÇA CAUSADA PELO VÍRUS EBOLA Jaqueline Pereira Fernandes Patricia Ucelli Simioni Graduada de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Americana (FAM) Bióloga, mestre e doutora em Imunologia, [email protected] Faculdade de Americana, [email protected] Monna Abdel Latif Elaine Cristina Berro Graduada de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Americana (FAM) Engenheira Ambiental, especialista em Microbiologia, [email protected] Faculdade de americana (FAM), [email protected] Leila Ugrinovich Bióloga, mestre e doutora em Microbiologia, Faculdade de Americana, [email protected] RESUMO ABSTRACT Ebola é uma doença grave causada pelo Ebola vírus, Ebola is a serious disease caused by the Ebola virus da família Filoviridae, que apresenta altos índices of the Filoviridae family has high mortality rates. Bat, de mortalidade. Animais como morcego, chimpanzé chimpanzee and monkey may be hosts of the virus. e macaco podem ser hospedeiros do vírus. O The diagnosis is only made by specialized laboratories, diagnóstico adequado é feito apenas em laboratórios based on the isolation of viral RNA. However, especializados, a partir do isolamento do RNA viral. current diagnostic methodologies include real-time Entretanto, metodologias atuais de diagnóstico incluem polymerase chain reaction (PRC) and assessment reação de polimerase em cadeia (PRC) em tempo real of immunoglobulins (Ig) M and G Currently available e avaliação de imunoglobulinas (Ig) M e G As terapias therapies are palliative. New therapies are already disponíveis atualmente são paliativas. Novas terapias já being tested in humans and promise advances in the estão em fase de testes em seres humanos e prometem treatment of the disease, although their safety and avanços no tratamento da doença, embora ainda não effectiveness have not yet been proven. tenham sua segurança e a eficácia comprovadas. Keywords: Ebola virus, ebola, RNA, Filoviridae. Palavras-chave: Ebola vírus, ebola, RNA, Filoviridae. INTRODUÇÃO doença que precisa de um rigoroso controle, este controle é feito a partir da sorologia muito utilizada para estudos O vírus Ebola, pertencente à família Filoviridae, epidemiológicos. Esses estudos são necessários para sendo o agente causador da febre hemorrágica que se entenda a disseminação da doença. A organização denominada Ebola. Essa doença foi descrita pela mundial de saúde considera um surto extinto, quando não primeira vez em 1976 no antigo Zaire, hoje denominado há relato da doença por 42 dias3. República Democrática do Congo, quando ocorreu o primeiro surto.1 Por ser uma doença altamente contagiosa, são necessários cuidados específicos para seu diagnóstico, A transmissão do vírus se dá através de fluídos como treinamentos especiais, uso de equipamento de corporais, como sangue, saliva, vômito, sêmen, entre proteção individual adequados, entre outras precauções outros. Seu reservatório natural é o morcego, o qual 4.O diagnóstico é feito a partir do isolamento do RNA também é capaz de propagar a doença2. A propagação viral, por PCR em tempo real e rastreamento rápido da doença também leva a consequências mais graves, através do método ELISA2, 3. como o aumento de mortes causadas pela Ebola. A taxa de mortalidade pode chegar até 90%, sendo uma 35 Revista Ciencia & Inovação - FAM - V.5, N.1 - JUN - 2020 Epidemiologia da doença vírus do Sudão; Ebolavirus coted’ivoire, vírus da floresta Tai e Bundibugyo Ebolavirus. O Ebolavirus O surto de Ebola que ocorreu na África Ocidental Zaire é patogênico aos seres humanos. 2 É um vírus no período de 2013 a 2015, foi um dos maiores que o que de fácil transmissão, sendo provável ocorrer infecção a região já sofreu, surto este provocado pelo vírus Makona, em zonas de carência econômica. Foi encontrado onde de acordo com a Organização mundial de Saúde material genético do vírus em animais contaminados (OMS) registrou-se 26.648 casos de ebola e 11.017 óbitos5. (normalmente macacos ou durante a caça de animais), O Ebola é considerado como uma epidemia fluidos corporais (lágrima, sêmen, secreção vaginal), tendo potencial para se alastrar para outras regiões fezes e leite materno9, 10. rapidamente, podendo resultar em uma pandemia. O Ebolavirus é um vírus de envoltório Em 1976 surgiu o primeiro surto de Ebola na África. glicoproteico, que apresenta a estrutura da célula Depois desse surto, países como Libéria, Guiné, Serra hospedeira. Seu período de incubação é de Leoa e Nigéria, passaram a apresentar casos. Devido aproximadamente de 3 a 7 dias11. Dispõe de genoma à incapacidade de se adotar medidas de controle da linear de RNA de fita simples. Esse RNA dispõe de disseminação do vírus para países vizinhos, os infectados, uma estrutura circular, ramificada, apresenta um para conseguir um tratamento, migram-se para países nucleocapsídeo com eixo central cercado por uma vizinhos, onde existiam condições mais adequadas. cápside helicoidal11. Contém cadeia única e sua Dessa forma, o vírus era levado para diferentes locais. polaridade é negativa. O RNA viral é molde para Outro motivo para a disseminação do vírus foi o fato de moléculas de RNA complementares. Alguns RNA parentes permanecerem junto aos corpos, sem nenhum mensageiros (RNAm) tem função de produzir proteínas tipo de proteção. Contribuiu ainda para o alastramento virais e outras de molde para a cadeia negativa, dando do surto, a precariedade na infraestrutura de países origem a novos vírus12. como Guine, Libéria e Serra Leoa, onde há dificuldade no sistema de locomoção, bem como na realização de O genoma codifica sete proteínas. As que se exames e tratamentos necessários6. apresentam nucleocapsídeo viral são a nucleoproteína (NP), glicoproteína (GP), nucleoproteína menor Em julho de 2014 a OMS reconheceu a (VP30), complexo de polimerases (VP35),polimerase epidemia da Ebola a África Ocidental como estado dependente de RNA (L). O VP24 e VP40 são proteína de emergência, sendo controlada em 2015. Até o ano de matriz, fundamental para a gemulação viral, de 2016 ainda havia casos esporádicos da doença, e recrutamento nucleocapsídeo e manutenção da tudo indica que a doença ocorre em um baixo nível, estrutura viral3. A proteína VP40 é uma das principais de forma controlada7, disseminação do vírus para proteínas codificadas pelo Ebola vírus. Ela induz a países vizinhos, os infectados, para conseguir um formação de partículas semelhantes ao do vírus (VLP), tratamento, migram-se para países vizinhos, onde é uma proteína periférica, contém 326 aminoácidos. existiam condições mais adequadas. Dessa forma, o É necessária para o vírus ser liberado da membrana vírus era levado para diferentes locais. Outro motivo da célula hospedeira13. A proteína VP40, unida ,com para a disseminação do vírus foi o fato de parentes VP24, influencia a capacidade da replicação viral em permanecerem junto aos corpos, sem nenhum tipo hospedeiros variados, formando um fator de virulência de proteção. Contribuiu ainda para o alastramento do importante, para que seja efetuada a replicação do surto, a precariedade na infraestrutura de países como vírus, é necessária a existência de receptores, que Guine, Libéria e Serra Leoa, onde há dificuldade no são reconhecidos pela proteína de absorção viral, que sistema de locomoção, bem como na realização de consiste na ligação de uma proteína de superfície do exames e tratamentos necessários6. virion (partícula viral completa) chamada glicoproteína República Democrática do Congo se concentra (gp), que se liga no receptor existente na superfície da o atual surto de Ebola. A transmissão da doença célula hospedeira. O vírus Ebola, tem capacidade de permanece intensa nas zonas de Katwa, Butembo, se ligar em diferentes tipos de receptores contidos na Mandima, Mabalako, Musienene, Beni e Kalunguta, superfície celular, como no caso do receptor de ácido que juntos representam 93% dos 303 casos notificados fólico, lectina tipo C, integrina, e receptores TIM1 e entre 17 de abril e 7 de maio de 20198. TAM12. Possui tropismo por um variável conjunto de células, entre elas macrófagos, monócitos e células dendríticas. Isso ocorre no início da infecção e esse se Vírus Ebola espalha para diversas células, como células epiteliais nos órgãos viscerais14, 15. Ebola é uma doença letal, causada por um vírus da família Filoviridae, cujo reservatório natural é o morcego. Porém, é um vírus capaz de se manter Diagnóstico em hospedeiros diferentes, como chimpanzés, gorilas e macacos. Os mamíferos possuem uma resistência No início da doença, o diagnóstico de Ebola maior ao vírus. O gênero do vírus é Ebolavirus, sendo pode não ser rápido, pelo fato de os sintomas se classificado em quatro espécies diferentes. São elas, confundirem facilmente com outras doenças mais Ebolavirus Zaire, vírus do Ebola; Sudan Ebolavirus, comuns, como malária e febre tifoide. Os sintomas 36 Revista Ciencia & Inovação - FAM - V.5, N.1 - JUN - 2020 apresentados são febre, calafrio, diarreia, vômito, Sorologia cefaleia, dor abdominal, manifestações hemorrágicas, A detecção de anticorpos por ensaios erupção cutânea e sangramento da mucosa, sorológicos é utilizada para demonstrar a presença principalmente nos tratos gastrintestinal e geniturinária2. da infecção por ebola, sendo ela atual ou anterior, Pacientes em áreas de risco e que apresentem clínica através da detecção de IgM e IgG respectivamente. de Ebola devem receber o tratamento e ações para a O Teste de imunoabsorção enzimática (ELISA) é um contenção da disseminação da doença,
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