DOCSLIB.ORG

Chemistry of Kilauea and Mauna Loa Lava in Space and Time

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chemistry of Kilauea and Mauna Loa Lava in Space and Time "JflK 8 B72 Branch of Chemistry of Kilauea and Mauna Loa Lava in Space and Time GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 735 Chemistry of Kilauea and Mauna Loa Lava in Space and Time By THOMAS L. WRIGHT GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 735 An account of the chemical composition of lavas from Kilauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes. Hawaii, and an interpretation of the processes of partial melting and subsequent fractional crystallization that produced the chemical variability UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1971 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ROGERS G. B. MORTON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. A. Radlinski, A cting Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. 74-178247 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Price 50 cents (paper.cover) Stock number 2401-1185 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract ________________________________________ 1 Observations Continued Introduction _____________________________________ 1 Olivine-controlled lavas _________________ 16 Acknowledgments ________________________________ 2 Petrography __________ __ 16 Definitions and terminology _______________________ 2 Chemistry _______________________ 16 Tholeiite ____________________________________ 2 Differentiated lavas ______ _ ___ 23 Mineral control lines _________________________ 4 Chemical variation within Kilauea lava and differ­ Olivine-controlled and differentiated basalt _____ 4 ence between Kilauea and Mauna Loa lavas____ 23 Previous work ___________________________________ 5 Discussion _____________________ ___ 23 Methods of study _________________________________ 5 Olivine-controlled chemical variation in Kilauea Sampling ____________________________________ 5 and Mauna Loa lavas ____________________ 26 Chemical analyses ___________________ 6 Olivine-pyroxene-plagioclase control of Mauna Loa Computer reduction of chemical data ___________ 6 lava compositions _ . __ 27 Observations _____________________________________ 6 High-pressure fractionation of Kilauea lava ____ 28 Kilauea ___ ____________________________ 8 Long-term chemical variation _____________ 29 Olivine-controlled lavas ___________________ 8 Short-term chemical variation __ 31 Petrography _________________________ 8 Chemistry ___________________________ 9 Model for melting and fractionation of Kilauea and Differentiated lavas ______________________ 15 Mauna Loa magmas ___________ . __ 33 Mauna Loa __________________________________ 16 References cited ______-_____ 39 ILLUSTRATIONS Page FIGURE 1. Index map showing the five volcanoes that make up the Island of Hawaii ___ _________ 2 2-12. MgO Variations diagrams: 2. Mauna Loa and Kilauea lava flows and minerals that control the chemical variation 3. Lavas erupted at Kilauea summit ______ _ ____________________________ 10 4. Lavas erupted from the Kileauea southwest rift zone _______ - _________ 11 5. Lavas erupted from the Kilauea east rift zone _________ ___________ 12 6. Kilauea lavas erupted in 18th and 19th centuries ____________ __________ 13 7. Lavas from the summit and northwest slope of Mauna Loa _______________ 19 8. Lavas from Mauna Loa southwest rift zone __________ _ ____________ 20 9. Lavas from Mauna Loa northeast rift zone ___________________________ 21 10. Lavas from the Ninole Hills ___________________________________________________ 22 11. Differentiated lavas from Kilauea and Mauna Loa ______________________________ 24 12. Kilauea summit lavas 1952-68 _________________________________________________ 32 13. Hypothetical model of Kilauea and Mauna Loa outlining regions of melting, fractionation, and storage of magma prior to eruption _____________________________________________________________________ 34 III IV CONTENTS TABLES Page TABLE 1. Historic eruptions of Mauna Loa __-__ 3 2. Historic eruptions of Kilauea ______ __ 3 3. Data for equation y = ax + b to define mineral control lines for suites of olivine-controlled lavas from Kilauea and Mauna Loa __ ____ _ 8 4 6. Chemical analyses of olivine-controlled lavas from Kilauea 4. Summit ___________________ ___ _____ _ 9 5. Southwest rift zone __________ _ _ - _ _ 14 6. East rift zone ____________________________________-______ _ - 15 7. Modal data for selected porphyritic lavas from Mauna Loa _ _ 16 8-11. Chemical analyses of olivine-controlled lavas from Mauna Loa 8. Summit ______________________ _______________________-__ _ _ 16 9. South rift zone ______________________________________________ _________ 17 10. Northeast rift zone ____________________ _____ _ _ _ 17 11. Northwest slope ______________________ _____ _ _ _ 18 12. Chemical analyses of lavas from the Ninole Hills, southeast slope of Mauna Loa _ _ 18 13. Chemical analyses of differentiated lavas from Mauna Loa _ _ _ 23 14. Summary of chemical composition of historic flows from Mauna Loa and of flows of different ages from Kilauea ____________________________________________________________ 23 15. Analyses of minerals used in differentiation calculations _ ___-____ _ __ _ 25 16-18. Results for differentiation calculations for 16. Kilauea and Mauna Loa control lines __ _ _ _ 26 17. Olivine-controlled lavas from Mauna Loa _ 27 18. Differentiated lavas from Mauna Loa __ 28 19. Calculated mode and pyroxene composition of a "Mauna Loa" mantle _______________________ 29 20. Lava compositions used in high-pressure fractionation calculations - 30 21. Results of high-pressure fractionation calculations for Kilauea summit lavas _ _ _ _ ___ 30 22. Calculated high-pressure solidus assemblages and pyroxene compositions for Kilauea summit lavas _____ 31 23. Sample data for the chemical analyses of tables 4-6 and 8-13 ___________________________ 35 24. List of references to published chemical analyses of Kilauea (olivine-controlled) and Mauna Loa flows other than those reported in this paper ____ - - - 38 CHEMISTRY OF KILAUEA AND MAUNA LOA LAVA IN SPACE AND TIME By THOMAS L. WRIGHT ABSTRACT The increase in KzO and PzOs in the more recent Kilauea Kilauea and Mauna Loa, Hawaii's two active shield vol­ eruptions suggests that the magma which supplies Kilauea canoes, are composed of tholeiitic basalt having MgO con­ eruptions has been fractionating. The time-related chemical tents ranging from more than 20 percent to less than 4 per­ variation can be expressed by two mineral assemblages: (1) cent. Most eruptive vents are located either within the olivine-orthopyroxene-plagioclase (An eo-es) where the ratio central caldera or on two rift zones extending to the east of orthopyroxene to plagioclase equals 2:1 and (2) olivine- and southwest from each volcano's summit. Mauna Loa also aluminous orthopyroxene-aluminous and jadeitic clinopyrox- has a few isolated vents on its northwest slope that are ap­ ene where the ratio of orthopyroxene to clinopyroxene equals parently unrelated to any rift zone. The chemical variability 2:1. Both assemblages indicate relatively high pressure frac­ of Mauna Loa and Kilauea lava having more than about 6.8 tionation. Neither of the calculated mineral assemblages is percent MgO is principally explained by addition or removal of basalt at high pressure, and it may be that the magmas of olivine (olivine control), but other minerals are involved entirely consistent with recent studies on the crystallization to a lesser degree. The chemical variability of these lavas is have undergone more than one stage of fractionation. described and interpreted in this paper. Lavas having less A model is proposed for the origin of Kilauea which em­ than 6.8 percent MgO are fractionated by separation of bodies the following points: pyroxene, plagioclase, and Fe-Ti oxides in addition to oli­ 1. Generation by partial melting of picritic magmas (20-25 vine. Fractionated basalt from Kilauea is confined to the percent MgO) at depths of greater than 60 kilometers. rift zones. The rare fractionated lavas from Mauna Loa are 2. High-pressure fractionation of these magmas during rel­ also confined to the rift zones and are less fractionated atively slow ascent to a storage region at 20-30 km (higher MgO) than those from Kilauea. depth. The chemistry of nonfractionated lava from single erup­ 3. Minor fractionation during storage followed by rapid as­ tions of Kilauea may be explained by olivine control alone, cent into shallow crustal reservoirs at 2-4 km depth. and this process is consistent with the observation that oli­ 4. Settling of olivine during storage at 2-4 km and periodic vine is the only true phenocryst in unfractionated Kilauea eruption of the upper parts of these reservoirs, or lavas. The chemistry of nonfractionated lava from single rarely, the entire reservoir including settled olivine. eruptions of Mauna Loa can be explained by a more complex mineral control involving olivine, hypersthene, augite, and INTRODUCTION plagioclase, all being commonly present as phenocrysts. The addition or removal of these minerals is inferred to take Kilauea and Mauna Loa are two active shield vol­ place at pressures not exceeding 2 kilobars in shallow canoes on the island of Hawaii (fig. 1), which rise magma reservoirs located beneath the two volcanoes. to heights above sea level of 1,260 and 4,200 meters, The chemistry of Mauna Loa lavas shows no correlation respectively. The undersea part of each volcano is with either the time of eruption or location of the eruptive probably composed of overlapping pillow lavas vents. By contrast the lavas erupted at Kilauea summit may separated by a thin layer of hyaloclastic material be subdivided into three
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Life in Mauna Kea's Alpine Desert
    Life in Mauna Kea’s by Mike Richardson Alpine Desert Lycosa wolf spiders, a centipede that preys on moribund insects that are blown to the summit, and the unique, flightless wekiu bug. A candidate for federal listing as an endangered species, the wekiu bug was first discovered in 1979 by entomologists on Pu‘u Wekiu, the summit cinder cone. “Wekiu” is Hawaiian for “topmost” or “summit.” The wekiu bug belongs to the family Lygaeidae within the order of insects known as Heteroptera (true bugs). Most of the 26 endemic Hawaiian Nysius species use a tube-like beak to feed on native plant seed heads, but the wekiu bug uses its beak to suck the hemolymph (blood) from other insects. High above the sunny beaches, rocky coastline, Excluding its close relative Nysius a‘a on the nearby Mauna Loa, the wekiu bug and lush, tropical forests of the Big Island of Hawai‘i differs from all the world’s 106 Nysius lies a unique environment unknown even to many species in its predatory habits and unusual physical characteristics. The bug residents. The harsh, barren, cold alpine desert is so possesses nearly microscopically small hostile that it may appear devoid of life. However, a wings and has the longest, thinnest legs few species existing nowhere else have formed a pre- and the most elongated head of any Lygaeid bug in the world. carious ecosystem-in-miniature of insects, spiders, The wekiu bug, about the size of a other arthropods, and simple plants and lichens. Wel­ grain of rice, is most often found under rocks and cinders where it preys diur­ come to the summit of Mauna Kea! nally (during daylight) on insects and Rising 13,796 feet (4,205 meters) dependent) community of arthropods even birds that are blown up from lower above sea level, Mauna Kea is the was uncovered at the summit.
    [Show full text]
  • Mauna Loa Reconnaissance 2003
    “Giant of the Pacific” Mauna Loa Reconnaissance 2003 Plan of encampment on Mauna Loa summit illustrated by C. Wilkes, Engraved by N. Gimbrede (Wilkes 1845; vol. IV:155) Prepared by Dennis Dougherty B.A., Project Director Edited by J. Moniz-Nakamura, Ph. D. Principal Investigator Pacific Island Cluster Publications in Anthropology #4 National Park Service Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park Department of the Interior 2004 “Giant of the Pacific” Mauna Loa Reconnaissance 2003 Prepared by Dennis Dougherty, B.A. Edited by J. Moniz-Nakamura, Ph.D. National Park Service Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park P.O. Box 52 Hawaii National Park, HI 96718 November, 2004 Mauna Loa Reconnaissance 2003 Executive Summary and Acknowledgements The Mauna Loa Reconnaissance project was designed to generate archival and inventory/survey level recordation for previously known and unknown cultural resources within the high elevation zones (montane, sub-alpine, and alpine) of Mauna Loa. Field survey efforts included collecting GPS data at sites, preparing detailed site plan maps and feature descriptions, providing site assessment and National Register eligibility, and integrating the collected data into existing site data bases within the CRM Division at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (HAVO). Project implementation included both pedestrian transects and aerial transects to accomplish field survey components and included both NPS and Research Corporation University of Hawaii (RCUH) personnel. Reconnaissance of remote alpine areas was needed to increase existing data on historic and archeological sites on Mauna Loa to allow park managers to better plan for future projects. The reconnaissance report includes a project introduction; background sections including physical descriptions, cultural setting overview, and previous archeological studies; fieldwork sections describing methods, results, and feature and site summaries; and a section on conclusions and findings that provide site significance assessments and recommendations.
    [Show full text]
  • THE HAWAIIAN-EMPEROR VOLCANIC CHAIN Part I Geologic Evolution
    VOLCANISM IN HAWAII Chapter 1 - .-............,. THE HAWAIIAN-EMPEROR VOLCANIC CHAIN Part I Geologic Evolution By David A. Clague and G. Brent Dalrymple ABSTRACT chain, the near-fixity of the hot spot, the chemistry and timing of The Hawaiian-Emperor volcanic chain stretches nearly the eruptions from individual volcanoes, and the detailed geom­ 6,000 km across the North Pacific Ocean and consists of at least etry of volcanism. None of the geophysical hypotheses pro­ t 07 individual volcanoes with a total volume of about 1 million posed to date are fully satisfactory. However, the existence of km3• The chain is age progressive with still-active volcanoes at the Hawaiian ewell suggests that hot spots are indeed hot. In the southeast end and 80-75-Ma volcanoes at the northwest addition, both geophysical and geochemical hypotheses suggest end. The bend between the Hawaiian and .Emperor Chains that primitive undegassed mantle material ascends beneath reflects a major change in Pacific plate motion at 43.1 ± 1.4 Ma Hawaii. Petrologic models suggest that this primitive material and probably was caused by collision of the Indian subcontinent reacts with the ocean lithosphere to produce the compositional into Eurasia and the resulting reorganization of oceanic spread­ range of Hawaiian lava. ing centers and initiation of subduction zones in the western Pacific. The volcanoes of the chain were erupted onto the floor of the Pacific Ocean without regard for the age or preexisting INTRODUCTION structure of the ocean crust. Hawaiian volcanoes erupt lava of distinct chemical com­ The Hawaiian Islands; the seamounts, hanks, and islands of positions during four major stages in their evolution and the Hawaiian Ridge; and the chain of Emperor Seamounts form an growth.
    [Show full text]
  • Hawaiian Hotspot
    V51B-0546 (AGU Fall Meeting) High precision Pb, Sr, and Nd isotope geochemistry of alkalic early Kilauea magmas from the submarine Hilina bench region, and the nature of the Hilina/Kea mantle component J-I Kimura*, TW Sisson**, N Nakano*, ML Coombs**, PW Lipman** *Department of Geoscience, Shimane University **Volcano Hazard Team, USGS JAMSTEC Shinkai 6500 81 65 Emperor Seamounts 56 42 38 27 20 12 5 0 Ma Hawaii Islands Ready to go! Hawaiian Hotspot N ' 0 3 ° 9 Haleakala 1 Kea trend Kohala Loa 5t0r6 end Mauna Kea te eii 95 ol Hualalai Th l 504 na io sit Mauna Loa Kilauea an 509 Tr Papau 208 Hilina Seamont Loihi lic ka 209 Al 505 N 98 ' 207 0 0 508 ° 93 91 9 1 98 KAIKO 99 SHINKAI 02 KAIKO Loa-type tholeiite basalt 209 Transitional basalt 95 504 208 Alkalic basalt 91 508 0 50 km 155°00'W 154°30'W Fig. 1: Samples obtained by Shinkai 6500 and Kaiko dives in 1998-2002 10 T-Alk Mauna Kea 8 Kilauea Basanite Mauna Loa -K M Hilina (low-Si tholeiite) 6 Hilina (transitional) Hilina (alkali) Kea Hilina (basanite) 4 Loa Hilina (nephelinite) Papau (Loa type tholeiite) primary 2 Nep Basaltic Basalt andesite (a) 0 35 40 45 50 55 60 SiO2 Fig. 2: TAS classification and comparison of the early Kilauea lavas to representative lavas from Hawaii Big Island. Kea-type tholeiite through transitional, alkali, basanite to nephelinite lavas were collected from Hilina bench. Loa-type tholeiite from Papau seamount 100 (a) (b) (c) OIB OIB OIB M P / e l p 10 m a S E-MORB E-MORB E-MORB Loa type tholeiite Low Si tholeiite Transitional 1 f f r r r r r r r f d y r r d b b
    [Show full text]
  • Geology, Geochemistry and Earthquake History of Lō`Ihi Seamount, Hawai`I
    INVITED REVIEW Geology, Geochemistry and Earthquake History of Lō`ihi Seamount, Hawai`i Michael O. Garcia1*, Jackie Caplan-Auerbach2, Eric H. De Carlo3, M.D. Kurz4 and N. Becker1 1Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Hawai`i, Honolulu, HI, USA 2U.S.G.S., Alaska Volcano Observatory, Anchorage, AK, USA 3Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai`i, Honolulu, HI, USA 4Department of Chemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA *Corresponding author: Tel.: 001-808-956-6641, FAX: 001-808-956-5521; email: [email protected] Key words: Loihi, seamount, Hawaii, petrology, geochemistry, earthquakes Abstract A half century of investigations are summarized here on the youngest Hawaiian volcano, Lō`ihi Seamount. It was discovered in 1952 following an earthquake swarm. Surveying in 1954 determined it has an elongate shape, which is the meaning of its Hawaiian name. Lō`ihi was mostly forgotten until two earthquake swarms in the 1970’s led to a dredging expedition in 1978, which recovered young lavas. This led to numerous expeditions to investigate the geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of this active volcano. Geophysical monitoring, including a real- time submarine observatory that continuously monitored Lō`ihi’s seismic activity for three months, captured some of the volcano’s earthquake swarms. The 1996 swarm, the largest recorded in Hawai`i, was preceded by at least one eruption and accompanied by the formation of a ~300-m deep pit crater, renewing interest in this submarine volcano. Seismic and petrologic data indicate that magma was stored in a ~8-9 km deep reservoir prior to the 1996 eruption.
    [Show full text]
  • Activities/Attractions Business Name Island Open/Closed Projected
    Activities/Attractions Business Name Island Open/Closed Projected Reopening Air Ventures Hawaii Kaua‘i Temporarily Closed TBD Alii Kauai Air Tours & Charters Kaua‘i Open Aloha with Touch Kauai Kaua‘i Open Anaina Hou Community Park Kaua‘i Open Anara Spa Kaua‘i Open Apex Charters Kaua‘i Open Aulii Luau Kaua‘i Temporarily Closed TBD Best of Kauai Tour Kaua‘i Open Blue Dolphin Charters Kaua‘i Open Blue Hawaiian Helicopters Kaua‘i Open Blue Ocean Adventure Tours Kaua‘i Open Bubbles Below Scuba Charters Kaua‘i Open Captain Andy's Sailing Adventures Kaua‘i Open Catamaran Kahanu Kaua‘i Open CJM Country Stables, Inc. Kaua‘i Open Common Ground Kauai Kaua‘i Open CrossFit Poipu Kaua‘i Open Da Life Outdoors Kaua‘i Open Deep Sea Fishing Kauai Kaua‘i Open Dolphin Touch Wellness Center Kaua‘i Open Eco eBikes Kauai Kaua‘i Open Garden Island Chocolate Kaua‘i Open GetYourGuide Kaua‘i Open Go Fish Kauai Kaua‘i Open Grand Hyatt Kauai Luau Kaua‘i Temporarily Closed TBD Grove Farm Museum Kaua‘i Open Halele'a Spa Kaua‘i Temporarily Closed 2022 Hanalei Spirits Distillery Corp Kaua‘i Open Holo Holo Charters Kaua‘i Open Ho'opulapula Haraguchi Rice Mill Kaua‘i Temporarily Closed TBD Hunt Fish Kauai Kaua‘i Open Island Gym & Fitness Kaua‘i Open Island Helicopters Kauai, Inc. Kaua‘i Open Jack Harter Helicopters Kaua‘i Open Kauai Athletic Club-Lihue & Kapaa Kaua‘i Open Kauai ATV Kaua‘i Open Kauai Backcountry Adventures Kaua‘i Open Kauai Beach Boys Kaua‘i Open Kauai Bound Kaua‘i Open Kauai Coffee Company Visitor Center Kaua‘i Open Kauai CrossFit Kaua‘i Open Kauai Eco
    [Show full text]
  • Hawaii Pacific Aviation Mauna Loa Helicopters Student Catalog
    Hawaii Pacific Aviation Mauna Loa Helicopters Student Catalog Excellence In Flight Training HAWAII PACIFIC A VIATION M AUNA LOA H ELICOPTERS HAWAII Statement of Nondiscrimination The policy of Mauna Loa Helicopters assumes that no person in the United States shall be discriminated against because of race, religion, age, color, sex, disability, handicap, national origin, marital status, veteran’s status, political belief or affiliation, and that equal opportunity and access to facilities shall be available to all. MLH maintains all student records in confidentiality according to the Family Education Rights and Privacy Act of 1964. Because of the changing needs of the aviation industry, course content, material, or schedules, may occasionally change. Mauna Loa Helicopters reserves the right to make modifications and changes to the Professional Pilot Program and any individual courses offered. The changes may include staff or material and equipment used for the course. The FAA may change a regulation or standard, and MLH will maintain the necessary standards set forth by these governing powers. These changes are designed and incorporated to ensure each student receives the best training possible. This catalog, as well as other bulletins, publications or announcements, are subject to change without notice. Updates on the facts and other information in this catalog can be obtained from the President or General Manager. 73-310 U’u Street 90 Nakolo Place, Suite 2 301 Airport Boulevard maunaloahelicopters.com Kailua Kona, Hawaii 96740 Honolulu, Hawaii 96819 Troy, Alabama 36079 maunaloahelicoptertours.com 808-334-0234 808-834-6799 334-770-0359 Updated January 2015 2 HAWAII PACIFIC A VIATION M AUNA LOA H ELICOPTERS HAWAII Table of Contents Our School ............................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Maunaloa/Current/Longterm.Html K!Lauea – the Most Active Volcano on Earth K!Lauea Structure
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
    [Show full text]
  • Petrography of the Island of Hawaii
    Petrography of the Island of Hawaii GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 214-D Petrography of the Island of Hawaii By GORDON A. MACDONALD GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 214-D A study of representative samples of rock types from every volcano on Hawaii by thin sections, mineral grains, and hand specimens. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1949 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR J. A. Krug, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. E: Wrather, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price 35 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Page Abstract.. __J1_____________________________________ 51 HualalaL ____---__-__-__-__--_---___-___- 75 Introduction. -_-------___-_-_______-_-_____________ 51 General geology._____________________ 75 Previous investigations._____________________________ 51 Hualalai volcanic series..____----_-_--_ 75 Principal rock types_______________________________ 53 Lavas-__________________________ 75 Basaltic rocks.-________________________________ 54 Gabbroic and ultrabasie" xenoliths— 76 Andesites._____________________________________ 54 Phreatic explosion debris._________ 76 Trachytes. _----------_______--_-_________-____. 56 Trachyte of Puu Waawaa.—______ 76 Mauna Loa________________________________________ 56 Chemical analyses.___________________ 77 General geology._______________________________ 56 Mauna Kea__--__-_________-_-_-_--__-_-- 78 Lavas of the Ninole volcanic series..._____________ 57 General geology._____________________
    [Show full text]
  • ARCHNES at the *,R ~ Urt MASSACHUSETIS INSTITUTE of TECHNOLOGY
    Living in the Shadow of Mauna Loa by Zahra R. Hirji B.A. Geological Science Brown University, 2009 SUBMITTED TO THE PROGRAM IN COMPARATIVE MEDIA STUDIES/WRITING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN SCIENCE WRITING ARCHNES AT THE *,r ~ urT MASSACHUSETIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SEPTEMBER 2013 © 2013 Zahra Hirji. All Rights Reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copes of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created Signature of Author: A' i I /1 Program in Writing and Humanistic Studies June A 9, 2013 Certified by: Marcia Bartusiak Professor of the Practice, Graduate Program in Science Writing Thesis Advisor Accepted by: Seth Mnookin Assistant Professor of Science Writing Co-Director, Graduate Program in Science Writing Living in the Shadow of Mauna Loa by Zahra Hirji Submitted to the Program in Comparative Media Studies/Writing on June 9, 2013 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Science Writing ABSTRACT One of Hawaii's most dangerous natural hazards is sitting in plain sight: Mauna Loa volcano. The mighty mountain makes up more than fifty percent of the island and is the largest volcano on Earth. Since 1843, when people started rigorously recording Mauna Loa's eruptive activity, the volcano has produced raging lava flows, billowing sulfuric- rich clouds, and giant ground cracks, as well as triggered earthquakes, landslides, and even tsunamis. While geologists and emergency managers are concerned about and actively preparing for a future eruption, Hawaii's general public is largely ignorant or apathetic to their risk.
    [Show full text]
  • Sb1041 Testimony Tra 02-10-15
    SB RELATING TO HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK. Authorizes Haleakala National Park special license plates and provides that any owner of a passenger motor vehicle,1041 who is a resident of the State, upon application, may be issued a Haleakala National Park special license plate for the owner's passenger vehicle to observe the importance of Haleakala National Park in Hawaii. ALAN M. ARAKAWA 200 South High Street MAYOR Wailuku. Ha\\ Ji'i 96793-2155 Telephone (808) 270-7855 Fax (808) 270-7870 e-mail: [email protected] OFFICE OF THE MAYOR Ke 'cna 0 Ka Meia COUNTY OF MAUI - Kalana 0 Maui TESTIMONY OF ALAN ARAKAWA, MAYOR COUNTY OF MAUI BEFORE THE SENATE COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION Tuesday, February 10, 2015 at 2:45 p.m. Conference Room 229 SB1041 RELATING TO HALEAKAIA NATIONAL PARK Honorable Clarence K. Nishihara, Chair Honorable Breene Harimoto, Vice-chair Honorable Members of the Senate Committee on Transportation Thank you for this opportunity to testify in SUPPORT of SB 1041. This measure would allow any owner of a passenger motor vehicle who is a resident of the state to apply for and be issued a special Haleakala National Park license plate. • The Hawaii Volcanoes and Haleakala National Parks Specialty License Plate Program would help generate revenue for the State of Hawaii and these two national parks. • Implementation of this program also coincides with the celebration of the 1 100 h birthdays of both national parks in 2016. As Mayor of Maui County, I support this for reasons, including: • Haleakala National Park, one of the state's largest national parks, extends from sea level on the south side of Maui to the summit of Haleakala volcano at 10,023 feet.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Department of the Interior US Geological Survey
    United States Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey MISCELLANEOUS HAWAIIAN XENOLITH LOCALITIES by E. D. Jackson D. A. Clague M. H. Beeson OPEN-FILE REPORT 82-304 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature INTRODUCTION During the late 1960s and early 1970s, E. D. Jackson and his coworkers undertook a study of Hawaiian xenoliths. Detailed studies of the xenoliths from Hualalai and Mauna Kea volcanoes on the island of Hawaii are presented elsewhere (Jackson and others, 1981, and Jackson and Clague, 1981), as is some early work work on the xenoliths in the Honolulu Volcanics on Oahu (Jackson and Wright, 1970). The detailed studies of the xenoliths in the Honolulu Volcanics will form the last in this series of reports (Clague, Beeson, Jackson, in prep.). This report presents xenolith count data from Kilauea, Mauna Loa, Kohala, W. Maui, E. Molokai, Kauai, and the Waiainae range on Oahu. Many of these data were summarized by Jackson (1968), but the xenolith counts identified by prefixes 66-, 67-, or 70- were not included in that summary. At localities where xenoliths were numerous, either 50 or 100 xenoliths were measured, described, and their modal mineralogy estimated. Every 10th xenolith and other xenoliths of special interest were collected. The xenoliths were identified as being cumulate rocks, metamorphic (mantle) rocks, or veins. The descriptive details, as well as the xenoliths and the host lavas and their thin sections, are in the Jackson collection at the U.S. National Museum. The interested reader should contact the curator of the Department of Mineral Science for more information.
    [Show full text]