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CALENDARS by David Le Conte
CALENDARS by David Le Conte This article was published in two parts, in Sagittarius (the newsletter of La Société Guernesiaise Astronomy Section), in July/August and September/October 1997. It was based on a talk given by the author to the Astronomy Section on 20 May 1997. It has been slightly updated to the date of this transcript, December 2007. Part 1 What date is it? That depends on the calendar used:- Gregorian calendar: 1997 May 20 Julian calendar: 1997 May 7 Jewish calendar: 5757 Iyyar 13 Islamic Calendar: 1418 Muharaim 13 Persian Calendar: 1376 Ordibehesht 30 Chinese Calendar: Shengxiao (Ox) Xin-You 14 French Rev Calendar: 205, Décade I Mayan Calendar: Long count 12.19.4.3.4 tzolkin = 2 Kan; haab = 2 Zip Ethiopic Calendar: 1990 Genbot 13 Coptic Calendar: 1713 Bashans 12 Julian Day: 2450589 Modified Julian Date: 50589 Day number: 140 Julian Day at 8.00 pm BST: 2450589.292 First, let us note the difference between calendars and time-keeping. The calendar deals with intervals of at least one day, while time-keeping deals with intervals less than a day. Calendars are based on astronomical movements, but they are primarily for social rather than scientific purposes. They are intended to satisfy the needs of society, for example in matters such as: agriculture, hunting. migration, religious and civil events. However, it has also been said that they do provide a link between man and the cosmos. There are about 40 calendars now in use. and there are many historical ones. In this article we will consider six principal calendars still in use, relating them to their historical background and astronomical foundation. -
The Antikythera Mechanism, Rhodes, and Epeiros
The Antikythera Mechanism, Rhodes, and Epeiros Paul Iversen Introduction I am particularly honored to be asked to contribute to this Festschrift in honor of James Evans. For the last nine years I have been engaged in studying the Games Dial and the calendar on the Metonic Spiral of the Antikythera Mechanism,1 and in that time I have come to admire James’s willingness to look at all sides of the evidence, and the way in which he conducts his research in an atmosphere of collaborative and curious inquiry combined with mutual respect. It has long been suggested that the Antikythera Mechanism may have been built on the is- land of Rhodes,2 one of the few locations attested in ancient literary sources associated with the production of such celestial devices. This paper will strengthen the thesis of a Rhodian origin for the Mechanism by demonstrating that the as-of-2008-undeciphered set of games in Year 4 on the Games Dial were the Halieia of Rhodes, a relatively minor set of games that were, appro- priately for the Mechanism, in honor of the sun-god, Helios (spelled Halios by the Doric Greeks). This paper will also summarize an argument that the calendar on the Metonic Spiral cannot be that of Syracuse, and that it is, contrary to the assertions of a prominent scholar in Epirote stud- ies, consistent with the Epirote calendar. This, coupled with the appearance of the extremely minor Naan games on the Games Dial, suggests that the Mechanism also had some connection with Epeiros. The Games Dial and the Halieia of Rhodes The application in the fall of 2005 of micro-focus X-ray computed tomography on the 82 surviv- ing fragments of the Antikythera Mechanism led to the exciting discovery and subsequent publi- cation in 2008 of a dial on the Antikythera Mechanism listing various athletic games now known as the Olympiad Dial (but which I will call the Games or Halieiad Dial—more on that below), as well as a hitherto unknown Greek civil calendar on what is now called the Metonic Spiral.3 I begin with my own composite drawing of the Games Dial (Fig. -
When Was Jesus Born? a Response to a Recent Proposal
When Was Jesus Born? A Response to a Recent Proposal Lincoln H. Blumell and Thomas A. Wayment Editor’s note: We are pleased to publish this article, which pushes forward the con- versation about what is known and not known about the dating of the birth of Jesus Christ. This article responds to the article by ProfessorJeffrey R. Chadwick on this subject, which appeared in 1 in our volume 49, number 4, available on the BYU Studies website. The goal of the Chadwick article was to harmonize as much of the evidence, both scriptural and historical, as possible, sometimes using new or uncommon interpretations in order to reconcile apparent dispari- ties in the sources. By contrast, Professors Wayment and Blumell prefer a more cautious approach, placing less weight on positions that cannot be established with historical or textual certainty. While both of these articles agree on many points, this new analysis urges readers to adopt a less precise time frame in think- ing about when the birth of Jesus might have occurred. We welcome this rigorous and respectful give-and-take, and we hope that all readers will enjoy drawing their own conclusions about the evidences and approaches advanced by both of these articles. etermining an exact date (year, month, and day) for many events from Dantiquity is fraught with difficulties and challenges. Though modern society tends to implicitly associate “important” events with a specific date (or dates), like September 11, 2001, or December 7, 1941, ancient societies did not always feel compelled to remember such events by reference to the actual date on which they occurred. -
Welcome to the Source of Data on Calendars
19/04/2019 Calendopaedia - The Encyclopaedia of Calendars Welcome to THE source of data on calendars. I recommend that you start by looking at the Comparison of Calendars. Alternatively you could choose from one of these pull-down meus then click 'Go'. Choose a calendar :- Go or Choose a topic :- Go Since the dawn of civilisation man has kept track of time by use of the sun, the moon, and the stars. Man noticed that time could be broken up into units of the day (the time taken for the earth to rotate once on its axis), the month (the time taken for the moon to orbit the earth) and the year (the time taken for the earth to orbit the sun). This information was needed so as to know when to plant crops and when to hold religious ceremonies. The problems were that a month is not made up of an integral number of days, a year is not made of an integral number of months and neither is a year made up of an integral number of days. This caused man to use his ingenuity to overcome these problems and produce a calendar which enabled him to keep track of time. The ways in which these problems were tackled down the centuries and across the world is the subject of this Web site. It is recommended that you start by looking at the Comparison of Calendars. This page was produced by Michael Astbury. Thanks to all the reference sources which I have quoted (too many to list them all) and to all the friends who have contributed to these pages in so many ways. -
The Calendar: Its History, Structure And
!!i\LENDAR jS, HISTORY, STRUCTURE 1 III i; Q^^feiTAA^gvyuLj^^ v^ i Jb^ n n !> f llfelftr I ^'^\C)SL<^ THE CALENDAR BY THE SAME AUTHOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE GREGORIAN CALENDAR, WITH NOTES OF AN ADDRESS ON CALENDAR REFORM AND SOCIAL PRO- GRESS DELIVERED TO THE ABERDEEN ROTARY CLUB. 32 pp. Crown 8vo. zs.dd. GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & SONS, Ltd. A PLEA FOR AN ORDERLY ALMANAC. 62 pp. Crown 8vo. Cloth zs. 6d. Stiff boards is. 6d. BRECHIN : D. H. EDWARDS. LONDON : GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & SONS, Ltd. THE CALENDAR ITS HISTORY, STRUCTURE AND IMPROVEMENT BY ALEXANDER PHILIP, LL.B., F.R.S. Edin. CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS I 9 2 I CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS C. F. Clay, Manager LONDON : FETTER LANE, E.C.4 fij n*'A NEW YORK : THE MACMILLAN CO. BOM HAY ) CALCUTTA I MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd. MADRAS j TORONTO : THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd. TOKYO : MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA ALL RIGHTS RESERVED M u rO(Ku CE 73 f.HS PREFACE THE following essay is intended to serve as a text-book for those interested in current discussion concerning the Calendar. Its design is to exhibit a concise view of the origin and develop- ment of the Calendar now in use in Europe and America, to explain the principles and rules of its construction, to show the human purposes for which it is required and employed and to indicate how far it effectively serves these purposes, where it is deficient and how its deficiencies can be most simply and efficiently amended. After the reform of the Calendar initiated by Pope Gregory XIII there were published a number of exhaustive treatises on the subject—^voluminous tomes characterised by the prolix eru- dition of the seventeenth century. -
Star of Bethlehem
STAR OF BETHLEHEM Biblical evidence Matthew II, 1–2: “Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judaea in the days of Herod the King behold, there came wise men from the east to Jerusalem, saying, where is He that is born King of the Jews? For we have seen His star in the east, and are come to worship Him.” Matthew II, 9–10: “Then Herod, when he privily called the wise men, enquired of them diligently when the star appeared.” [...] “When they had heard the King, they departed; and lo, the star, which they saw in the east went before them, till it came and stood over where the young child was. When they saw the star, they rejoiced with exceeding great joy.” What can we say from this? • The wise men (Magi) were most likely priests and/or astrologers. They came presumably from Babylon, but possibly from Assyria or Chaldea. • At about the sixth century tradition changed the Magi into Kings and their number was fixed at three because of the threefold nature of their gifts gold, frankincense and myrrh (but six Kings in the eastern tradition). • The star was not very bright and obvious to everybody, but must have held astrological significance. Also it must have been a fairly long lasting phenomenon. • It was only in medieval times that the star got to be depicted as very bright and with a tail, suggesting a comet or a meteorite. • It remains possible that the story about the star is only fiction; part of a tale to amplify the significance of Jesus’s birth and/or to fulfill the Old Testamental prophecy. -
ANACALYPSIS, an ATTEMPTTO DRAW {XSIDE the VEIL of (Bibs %>Aiti£ Ems;
__j:__, Tj.,W a TO BE COMPLETED IN 16 PARTS. / ANACALYPSIS, AN ATTEMPTTO DRAW {XSIDE THE VEIL OF (Bibs %>aiti£ Ems; ' A 7-2 fzzquiry z'm‘0 Ike Orégzkz 0/ LANGUAGES, ‘NAT ONS, AND RELIGIONS. BY GODFREY HIGGINS, ESQ., _F.S.A., r.R..-\sm'r.s0c.. I-'.R.AST.S., LATE OF SKELLO\V GRANGE, NEXR DONCASTER. LONDON: J. BURNS, :5 SOUTHAMPTON ROW, HOLBORN, w.c. I874. \ PART I. PRICE 2s. ea. H- NISBET, PRINTER. 2:9 GEORGE STREET, GLASGOVV. V i-q‘+‘ HUMAN NATURE : A MONTHLY JOURNAL of Zoistic Science, Intelligence, and Popular Anthropology. Price 6d. Monthly; Subscription, 75. per Annum, post free. Eight Annual Volumes have been already published, price 7s. 6d. each. Valuable Works are given as Premium Volumes, at Special Prices, with each Number. Part I. Anacalypsis goes with Human Mzlure for October, 1874, for Is. 9d. Publi:/tea’at 5x. [V21/L “l{umzm. ./Valure”fir October, 1873, 3.r.%t'., _/wt frat, 4.s‘., in /mmz':omt c/at/1, bevelledéoards, 376 pager, dtmy 8110., SEERS OF THE AGES. EMBRACING SPIRITUALISM,PAST AND PRESENT, DOCTRINES STATED, AND MORAL TENDENCIES DEFINED. BY J. M. PEEBLES. CONTENTS: LECTURE 1. Chap. .1. Spirit of the Age. Chap. 2. Spiritual Ratios. LECTURE IT.—-ANCIENT HISTORIC SPIRITUALISM. Chap. 3. Indian. Chap. 6. Persian. -——- 4. Egyptian. - — 7. Hebraic. + 5. Chinese. —— 8. Grecian. ‘V Chap. 9. Roman. LECTURE III.—Ci-_nusriAN SPIRITUALISM. Chap. 10. The Fo1'esha(lo\\'ing. Chap. 12. Theologic. — u. Mythic. — 13. The Nazarene. LECTURE IV.—MEDIzEVAL SPIRITUALISM. Chap. 14. Transitional. Chap. 16. Post-Apostolic. -
Re-Dating the Fall of Sardis *
Re-dating the Fall of Sardis * Nikos Kokkinos The shaky nature of the historical (and by association archaeological) dates in the Greek Archaic period (usually taken as ending with the Persian sack of Athens in 480 BC), is a well-known problem. Of course, some dates are less shaky than others. Perhaps every scholar will agree that the earliest, indisputable , absolute date in Greek history (that is to say textually based), is that of the death of Hipparchus son of Pisistratus I in 514/3 BC. He was assassinated at the Great Panathenaea, ‘four years’ before the expulsion of his brother Hippias in 511/0 BC (on inclusive reckoning), which was ‘twenty years’ (a round number) before the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC (Hdt. 5.56; Thuc. 1.20; 6.56, 59; Arist. Ath. Pol . 18.3; 19.2). A further deduction can be made: the death of Pisistratus I and the accession of Hippias occurred in 528/7 BC — as the latter ruled for ‘eighteen years’ (Arist. Pol . 5.1315b 29-34 — even if Ath. Pol . 19.6 says ‘about seventeen years’). But there will be (and legitimately should be) disagreement between scholars in respect to any date earlier than Pisistratus’ death. An earlier point thought to be ‘fixed’, providing a link to the Athenian chronology, is the Fall of Sardis, the Lydian capital of the famous king Croesus. In the past, the date of this major international event used to be given very inconsistently (from as early as 557 BC to as late as 540 BC), 1 but in recent decades confidence has grown regarding the year * I must thank Professor Fergus Millar for reading this paper and making some adjustments to the language in order to ease a subject complex by nature. -
Another Look at Josephus' Evidence for the Date of Herod's Death*
Another Look at Josephus’ Evidence for the Date of Herod’s Death* Alla Kushnir-Stein Our evidence for the date of Herod's death consists of a few disconnected ele ments, some of which appear at first sight to be mutually exclusive. Any use of this evidence for the purposes of chronological reconstruction is thus bound to be selective. Due to the variety of dates which have been suggested, most of the existing data have already been extensively scrutinized. There are, however, two popular assumptions which do not seem to have been doubted; both of these are based on Josephus' account of the events before and after Herod's death. It will be argued below that neither of these assumptions may be taken for granted and that a re-interpretation of some related points may help in establishing a satisfac tory date for the king’s death. The only direct reference to the date of Herod's death is found in Megillat Ta'anit (the Scroll of Fasting). This ancient Jewish source represents a list of days on which fasting was forbidden in memory of some joyful event in the his tory of the Jews during Second Temple times. The list in its final form appears to belong to the first, or at the latest to the beginning of the second century AD; in a later, probably post-Talmudic period, a scholion was appended to it.* 1 The scroll contains indications of Hebrew months and days of the month, but not of years; although most dates are followed by the mention of the joyful event which occurred on that day, two entries - Shebat 2 and Kislev 7 - are given in the original list without any explanation. -
History of Calendar-Panchanga Committee Report
History of the Calendar in Different Countries Through the Ages M.N. Saha and N.C. Lahiri COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC & INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH Rafi Marg, New Delhi- 1 10001 1992 Part C of Report of Calendar Reform Committee, Government of India First published: 1955 Reprinted: 1992 © Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, New Delhi Printed by Publications & Information Directorate Dr K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi -110012 FOREWORD The Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) of the Government of India appointed a Calendar Reform Committee under the chairmanship of Prof. Meghnad Saha in November 1952. The Committee was entrusted with the task of 'examining all the existing calendars which are being followed in the country at present and after a scientific study of the subject, submit proposals for an accurate and uniform calendar for the whole of India'. The following were the members of the Committee: Prof. M.N. Saha, D.Sc, RR.S., M.P. (Chairman) Prof. A.C. Banerji, Vice-Chancellor, Allahabad University Dr. K.L. Daftari, Nagpur Shri J.S. Karandikar, Ex-Editor, The Kesari, Poona Dr. Gorakh Prasad, D.Sc., Allahabad University Prof. R.V. Vaidya, Madhav College, Ujjain Shri N.C. Lahiri, Calcutta (Secretary) Dr. Gorakh Prasad and Shri N.C. Lahiri came in place of Prof. S.N. Bose and Dr. Akbar Ali who were originally appointed but were unable to serve. The Committee's Report was submitted to CSIR in 1955 and the Government, in accepting the recom- mendations of the Committee, decided that 'a unified National Calendar' (the Saka Calendar) be adopted for use with effect from 21 March 1956 A.D., i.e., 1 Chaitra 1878 Saka. -
Indian Art,Culture & Heritage-Gktoday
Civil Services Examination 2013 Conventional General Studies-39 www.gktoday.in Target 2013 Indian Culture- Comepndium of Basics 1 1. Religions Religion has been an important part of India’s culture throughout its history. Religious diversity and religious tolerance are both established in the country by law and custom. A vast majority of Indians (over 93%) associate themselves with a religion. Four of the world's major religious traditions; Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism are originated at India. These religions are also called as ‘Eastern Religions’. 1. Hinduism The word Hindu is derived from the Sanskrit name Sindhu for the Indus River. With around 1 billion followers, Hinduism is the third largest religion in the world after Christianity and Islam. Hinduism is considered as the oldest religion of the World originating around 5000 years ago. It is the predominant spiritual following of the Indian subcontinent, and one of its indigenous faiths. Hinduism is a conglomeration of distinct intellectual or philosophical points of view, rather than a rigid common set of beliefs. Hinduism was spread through parts of South-eastern Asia, China, Korea, and Japan. Hindus worship a god with different forms. Evolution The origin of Hinduism dates back to prehistoric times. Some of the important evidences of prehistoric times: • Mesolithic rock paintings depicting dances and rituals gives evidence attesting to prehistoric religion in the Indian "subcontinent". • Neolithic pastoralists inhabiting the Indus River Valley buried their dead in a manner suggestive of spiritual practices that incorporated notions of an afterlife and belief in magic. • Other Stone Age sites, such as the Bhimbetka rock shelters in central Madhya Pradesh and the Kupgal petroglyphs of eastern Karnataka, contain rock art portraying religious rites and evidence of possible ritualised music. -
Time, Calendar and Millenium
GENERAL I ARTICLE Time, Calendar and Millenium E S R Gopal The new millennium started quietly on the 1st of January 2001, unlike the wide publicity given to the Y2K problem last year. The evolution of the concepts of months and years as well as the ideas of the calendar, culminating in the present Gregorian calendar, is described. Some anomalies are also discussed, showing clearly that scientific logic E S R Gopal was earlier must necessarily coexist with popular perceptions. the Director of the National Physical Introduction Laboratory, whose Time & Frequency Division When we say that India became independent on the 15th of has the responsibility of August 1947, we seem to understand the timing of the event. dissemination of the Indian Standard Time However it causes some surprise when we hear that the so-called services. Russian October Revolution of 1917 overthrew the Czar, that a major underground railway station in Moscow is named Oktyabrskaya in its honor and that the event now comes in November. We feel quite puzzled. When we hear the US athletic team went to Athens in Greece for the first modern Olympic Games of 1896, keeping about a fortnight for practice, and yet found that the Games were beginning one day after their arrival in Greece, we feel that something is not right. The story behind these happenings is an old one going back to the dawn of human society. Periodicity of the Sun, the Moon and the Seasons; Day, Month and the Year When hu~an beings started to notice their surroundings, the first striking observation was the rising and setting of the sun going across the sky from east to west.