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Comparison of Fish Assemblage Structure and Underlying Ecological Comparison of fish assemblage structure and underlying ecological processes, between Cystoseira forests and less structurally complex habitats of North-Western Mediterranean rocky subtidal Pierre Thiriet To cite this version: Pierre Thiriet. Comparison of fish assemblage structure and underlying ecological processes, between Cystoseira forests and less structurally complex habitats of North-Western Mediter- ranean rocky subtidal. Agricultural sciences. Universit´eNice Sophia Antipolis, 2014. English. <NNT : 2014NICE4061>. <tel-01083893> HAL Id: tel-01083893 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01083893 Submitted on 18 Nov 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. UNIVERSITE DE NICE-SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS - UFR Sciences Ecole Doctorale en Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées THESE pour obtenir le titre de Docteur en Sciences de l' Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis Discipline: Sciences de l'Environnement présentée et soutenue par Pierre THIRIET Comparaison de la structure des peuplements de poissons et des processus écologiques sous-jacents, entre les forêts de Cystoseires et des habitats structurellement moins complexes, dans l'Infralittoral rocheux de Méditerranée nord-occidentale Thèse dirigée par Patrice FRANCOUR et Luisa MANGIALAJO soutenue le 30 septembre 2014 devant le jury composé de : M. Carlo Nike BIANCHI Professeur Rapporteur M. Pierre LEJEUNE Docteur Rapporteur M. Philippe LENFANT Professeur Examinateur M. Gilles LEPOINT Docteur Examinateur M. Patrice FRANCOUR Professeur Directeur de thèse Mme Luisa MANGIALAJO Docteur Directrice de thèse Pierre THIRIET's PhD thesis ii Titre de la thèse: Comparaison de la structure des peuplements de poissons et des processus écologiques sous-jacents, entre les forêts de Cystoseires et des habitats structurellement moins complexes, dans l'Infralittoral rocheux de Méditerranée nord- occidentale Doctorant : Pierre THIRIET, pierre.d.thiriet[at]gmail.com Directeurs de thèse : Patrice FRANCOUR, patrice.francour[at]unice.fr Luisa MANGIALAJO, luisa.mangialajo[at]unice.fr Laboratoire: Ecosystèmes Côtiers Marins et Réponses aux Stress Université de Nice - Sophia Antipolis, EA 4228 - ECOMERS Faculté des Sciences Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France Résumé Dans l'Infralittoral rocheux méditerranéen, les algues brunes du genre Cystoseira forment des habitats structurellement complexes, dénommés forêts à Cystoseira. A cause de certaines activités anthropiques, ces forêts ont déjà disparu dans de nombreuses localités et sont en train de régresser dans d'autres. Elles ont été (sont) généralement remplacées par des habitats structurellement moins complexes de type brousse, gazon ou désert. Cette thèse a visé à estimer les possibles conséquences pour les poissons de la régression des forêts à Cystoseira et à identifier les processus écologiques en cause. Plusieurs approches complémentaires ont été employées : inventaires de macroalgues et de poissons, expériences de prédation et de sélection d'habitats en aquarium, analyses de composions isotopiques et de contenus stomacaux. Les densités de poissons proie et prédateur étaient plus importantes dans les forêts à Cystoseira que dans les habitats structurellement moins complexes. Cela peut résulter, au moins en partie, du rôle "refuge" de Cystoseira spp. qui induit (1) une plus faible mortalité des poissons proies et prédateurs dans les forêts, due à une plus grande disponibilité en abris et en nourriture, respectivement, (2) une immigration nette des poissons dans les forêts due à leur préférence pour cet habitat structurellement complexe. De plus, Cystoseira spp. pourrait être une importante source de matière organique pour l'écosystème. Ce potentiel rôle "trophique" mérite des études complémentaires. Ce travail suggère que la régression des forêts à Cystoseira est néfaste pour les poissons et souligne donc la nécessité de mieux gérer les activités humaines impactant Cystoseira spp.. Mot clés Ecologie marine ; changement d'habitat ; complexité structurelle de l'habitat ; relations proie-prédateur ; mortalité différentielle ; préférence d'habitat ; source de matière organique ; rôle refuge ; rôle trophique Pierre THIRIET's PhD thesis iii Pierre THIRIET's PhD thesis iv Title of the PhD thesis: Comparison of fish assemblage structure and underlying ecological processes, between Cystoseira forests and less structurally complex habitats of North-Western Mediterranean rocky subtidal PhD candidate: Pierre THIRIET, pierre.d.thiriet[at]gmail.com Supervisors: Patrice FRANCOUR, patrice.francour[at]unice.fr Luisa MANGIALAJO, luisa.mangialajo[at]unice.fr Laboratory: Ecosystèmes Côtiers Marins et Réponses aux Stress Université de Nice - Sophia Antipolis, EA 4228 - ECOMERS Faculté des Sciences Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France Abstract In Mediterranean rocky subtidal, large brown algae belonging to the genus Cystoseira form structurally complex habitats, called Cystoseira forest. Due to anthropogenic stressors, Cystoseira forests disappeared from numerous localities in the Mediterranean Sea and are deteriorating in other localities. Cystoseira forests are usually replaced by structurally less complex habitats, such as shrublands, turfs and barrens. This PhD aimed to assess putative consequences for fish of Cystoseira forest degradation, and to identify the underlying ecological processes. Multiple complementary approaches were used: macroalgae and fish field surveys, tank-based predation and habitat-choice experiments, stable isotopes and stomach contents analyses. Densities of prey and predatory fish were higher in Cystoseira forests compared to structurally less complex habitats. This may be due to the shelter role of Cystoseira spp. that induces (1) reduced mortality of prey and predatory fish in forests, due to high shelter and food availability, respectively, and (2) net immigration of fish into forests due to their preference for this structurally complex habitat. Moreover, Cystoseira spp. may be an important source of organic matter to the ecosystem. This possible trophic role deserves complementary studies. This work suggests that Cystoseira forest degradation are harmful to fish and from this perspective stresses the need to better manage human activities impacting Cystoseira spp.. Keywords: Marine ecology; habitat shift; habitat structural complexity; prey-predator relationships; differential mortality; habitat selection; source of organic matter; shelter role; trophic role Pierre THIRIET's PhD thesis v Pierre THIRIET's PhD thesis vi Table of contents Remerciements _________________________________________________ 5 Chapitre 1 (version française). Introduction générale _________________ 13 1 Les écosystèmes marins côtiers menacés _________________________________ 13 2 La dégradation des habitats dans l'Infralittoral rocheux Méditerranéen __________ 14 3 Les peuplements de poissons sont-ils affectés par la régression des forêts à Cystoseira? _____________________________________________________________ 16 4 Quels sont les processus écologiques sous-jacents ? ________________________ 17 5 Approches employées et structure du manuscrit ___________________________ 18 6 Références bibliographiques ___________________________________________ 19 Chapter 1 (english version). General Introduction ____________________ 25 1 Marine coastal ecosystems under threats _________________________________ 25 2 Habitat degradation in subtidal Mediterranean rocky reefs ___________________ 26 3 Do habitat degradations affect fish assemblages? __________________________ 28 4 What are the ecological processes underlying the effects of habitat degradation on fish distribution patterns? __________________________________________________ 29 5 Approaches used and structure of the manuscript __________________________ 30 6 References ________________________________________________________ 30 Chapter 2. The ecological processes structuring fish assemblages and the effects of habitat-forming macroalgae: A literature synthesis _______ 33 1 Copy of the book chapter 'How 3D Complexity of Macrophyte-Formed Habitats Affect the Processes Structuring Fish Assemblages Within Coastal Temperate Seascapes?' 33 2 Complements to the literature synthesis presented in the book chapter __________ 49 2.1 Further details about some processes mentioned in the book chapter _____________ 49 2.2 Some other possible effects of macroalgae on fish ___________________________ 50 3 Conclusion ________________________________________________________ 51 4 References of Section 2 ______________________________________________ 52 Chapter 3. Crypto- and necto- benthic fish assemblages in Cystoseira forests and less structurally complex habitats. _________________________ 55 1 Introduction _______________________________________________________ 57 2 Material and Methods ________________________________________________ 59 2.1 Sampling sites _______________________________________________________ 59 2.2 Data collection _______________________________________________________ 60 2.3 Data analysis ________________________________________________________
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