Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge Valentine, Nebraska

Annual Narrative Report Calendar Year 2001 Fort Niobrara-Valentine NWR Complex Valentine, Nebraska

Annual Narrative Report Calendar Year 2001

Refuge Manager Date Refuge Supervisor Review Date

Regional Office Approval Date 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS B. Climatic Conditions ...... 8

D. Planning ...... 8 D.2. Management Plan ...... 8 2.a. Wilderness Stewardship Plan ...... 8 D.S. Research and Investigations ...... 8 D.5.a. Recreational Impacts on Avian Assemblages in the Niobrara River Corridor, Fort Niobrara NWR ..•...... 9 D.5.b. Bison Chemical Immobilization Study: Effects of Varying Antagonist Regimens on Recovery from Carfentanil-Xylazine Anesthesia ...... 10 D.5.c. Comparison of Bison Weights for Department of Interior Herds ...... 10 D.5.d. Genetic Parameters of the Bison Herd on Fort Niobrara NationaJ Wildlife Refuge .....•....••...... •...... •...... 10 D.5.e. Niobrara National Scenic River Studies: Visitor Survey and Use Estimation .. 10 D.5.f. Location and Identification of Hepaticae in Nebraska ...... 11 E. Administration ...... 11 E.4. Volunteers ...... •...... •...... 11 F. Habitat Management ...... 11 F.1. General/Ecosystem ...... •....•...... • 11 F.2. Wetlands ...... 12 F .3. Woodlands ...... 13 F.5. Grasslands ...... •... 13 F.7. Grazing...... 14 F.8. Haying ...... 15 F.9. Fire Management ...... •. 15 F.10. Invasive-Noxious Weed Management ...... 26 F.12. Wilderness and Special Areas ...... •...... •...... 26 F.12.a. Fort Niobrara Wilderness ...... 26 F.12.b. Niobrara National Scenic River ...... 27 G. Wildlife ...... 27 G.1. Wildlife Diversity ...... 27 G.2. Endangered and/or Threatened Species ...... 27 G .2.a. Bald Eagle ...... •.•••...•...... •...... •...... •...... •....•..•...... 2 7 G.2.b. Whooping Crane, Piping Plover and Least Tern...... 28 G.2.c. American Burying Beetle ...... ••.... 28 G.3. Waterfowl ...... 28 , G.4. M.arsh and Waterbirds ...... •...... •...... •...... •...... 28 4 G.5. Shorebirds, Gulls, Terns and Allied Species ...... 28 G.6. Raptors ...... 29 G.7. Other Migratory Birds •...... 29 G.10. Resident Wildlife ...... 30 G.10.a. Bison ...... 30 G.1 O.b. Elk•.•• ...... 33 G.l O.d. Pronghorn antelope ...... •...... 34 G.10.e. Texas Longhorn Cattle ...... 34 G.10.f. Black-tailed Prairie Dog ...... 35 G.10.g. Other Mammals ...•...... 35 G.10.h. Prairie Grouse ...... 35 G.10.i. Wild Turkey ...... 35 G.10.j. Reptiles, Amphibians and Others ...... 36 G.11. Fisheries Re.source ...... •.....•...... ••...... •...... 36 G.13. Surplus Animal Disposal ...... •. 36 G.13.a. Bison ...... 36 G.13.b. Elk...... 37 G.16. Marking and Banding...... 37 G.17. Disease Prevention and Control ...... 37 H. Public Use ...... 37 H.1. General ...... 38 H.2. Environmental Education - Students ...... 38 H.3. Environmental Education - Teachers ...... 38 H.4. Interpretive Foot Trails ...... 38 H.5. Interpretive Tour Route ...... 39 H.6. Interpretive Exhibits/Demonstrations ...... 39 H.8. Hunting ...... •...... 39 H.11. Wildlife ObseITation ...... 39 H.12. Other Wildlife Oriented Recreation ...... 40 H.14. Picnicltlng...... •...... 41 H.17. Law Enforcement ...... •...... •...... 41 H.18. Cooperating Associations .....•...... •...... •.•..... 43 I. Equipment and Facilities ...... 43 1.5. New Construction...... •.....•.••...... •...... 43 1.2. Rehabilitation ...... 44 1.2.a. Buildings ...... 44 1.2. b. Residences ...... 44 1.2.c. Structures and Facilities ..•...... •.. 44 1.3. Major Maintenance ...... 44 1.3.a. Buildings ...... 44 1.3.b. Residence.s •...... •...... •...... •.•.....•...... ••...... 44 1.3.c. Structures and Facilities ...... 44 1.3.d. Vehicles and Equipment ...... 45 5 1.4. Equipment Utilization and Replacement ...... 45 1.4.a. Replacement ...... :...... 45 1.5. Communication System ...... 45 1.6. Computer Systems ...... •...... 46

Figure 1. Prescribed Burning...... 16 Figure 2. Bison at Fort Niobrara NWR ...... 32 Figure 3. Black-tailed Prairie Dog ...... 35 Figure 4. Picture of new shop...... •...... 44

Table 1. 2001 Climatological Data• ...... •...... •...... 8 Table 2. Summary of 2001 Water Use in Man-made Ponds ...... 12 Table 3. Prescribed Fire Activity for 2001 ...... 18 Table 4. Refuge Responses to Wildfires in 2001 ...... 23 Table 5. Bison Herd Structure on November 1, 2001...... 32 Tab.le 6. Habitat Unit ...... •...... , ...... 34 Table 7. Summary of 2001 river outfitter reports ...... 40 Table 8. Ft. Niobrara/Valentine NWR Complex Violation/Warning Tally for Fiscal Year 2001 ...... 41 6

Introduction

Ft. Niobrara-Valentine National Wildlife Refuge Complex is compiled of three refuges and two satellite units within a 100 mile radius of each other. The refuges are Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Valentine NWR and John L. & Louise Seier NWR. The satellite units are Y ellowthroat and Holt Creek Wildlife Management Areas.

Fort Niobrara NWR is located five miles east of Valentine, Nebraska in Cherry County. The refuge consists of 19,131 acres of high and rolling prairie traversed by the Niobrara River.

The Fort Niobrara NWR was created by Executive Order 1461, January 11 , 1912, (with a designated acreage of 13,279 acres) " ... reserved and set apart for the use of the Department of Agriculture as a preserve and breeding ground for native birds." Shortly after the Refuge's establishment, J.W. Gilbert, owner of a private game park at Friend, Nebraska, "offered his buffalo, elk, and deer to the Federal Government for preservation on a national reservation, with the understanding that they would remain in Nebraska. The acceptance of this offer was delayed through lack of a suitable range in the State. On November 14, 1912, however, an Executive Order was issued enlarging the Fort Niobrara Game Preserve (then known as the Niobrara Reservation) by adding thereto the area formerly used as the parade grounds and headquarters for the old military post. This made the total area of the preserve about 14,200 acres. Mr. Gilbert's offer was then formally accepted by the Secretary of Agriculture, and arrangements were made to transfer the animals to Fort Niobrara." (Ruth 1938) As a result, the Refuge is to be managed (1) as a preserve and breeding ground for native birds, and (2) for the preservation of bison and elk herds representative of those that once roamed the Great Plains. , 7 Furthermore, the Wilderness Act of 1964 calls for designated wilderness areas within a National Wildlife Refuge to receive equal consideration in management decisions and become a supplemental purpose of the Refuge. Section 4. (a) of this Act reads: "The purposes of this Act are hereby declared to be within and supplemental to the purposes for which national forests and units of the national park and national wildlife refuge systems are established and administered." Thus, the purpose of the designated wilderness area within this Refuge is to be supplemental and not subservient to the other purposes of the Refuge. 8 B. Climatic Conditions

Table 1. 2001 Climatological Data Valentine, NE Weather Station

Temperature Precipitation {degrees F} {inches} Average Departure Snow/Ice Water Departure Month High Low Monthl)l Normal* Depth Eguiv Normal* Jan 59 -7 29.4 8.6 8.9 0.5 0.2 Feb 50 -7 22.5 -4.1 6.2 0.23 -0.25 Mar 66 14 37.7 2.4 1,5 0.33 -0.78 Apr 88 16 49.7 3.6 5.1 5.49 3.52 May 96 33 58.2 0.7 3.12 -0.08 June 104 34 67.7 0.1 2.14 -0.87 July 101 51 77 3.3 3.05 -0.32 Aug 104 47 74.6 2.5 1.72 -0.48 Sep 102 29 63.9 2.4 1.92 0.31 Oct 88 14 49.7 1.4 0.5 -0.72 Nov 83 -6 40.1 7.1 15 1.57 0.85 Dec 56 -3 26.5 2.9 T T -0.33 Total 20.57 1.05

* Departure from Normal Averages 1971-2000

D. Planning

D.2. Management Plan

2.a. Wilderness Stewardship Plan

Sections of the Wilderness Stewardship Plan (WSP) were drafted and provided to stakeholders in April for review and comment. The WSP is a step-down plan of the Comprehensive Conservation Plan(CCP) completed for Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge in September, 1999. The draft WSP describes goals/desired conditions, standards, indicators for monitoring, and management actions for the wilderness area based on refuge purposes and wilderness management policies of the Service. Sections that address public use issues identified in the CCP will be drafted once data collected on river recreation are analyzed (see section H.12) and the graduate research project titled Recreational Impacts on Avian Assemblages in the Niobrara River Corridor, Fort Niobrara NWR (see section D.5) is completed. The WSP is an update of the Wilderness Management Plan approved for Fort Niobrara in July, 1983.

D.S. Research and Investigations 9 D.5.a. Recreational Impacts on Avian Assemblages in the Niobrara River Corridor, Fort Niobrara NWR. Chtis Anderson, Graduate Research Assistant, Kansas State University.

The USFWS contracted with Kansas State University to conduct a study addressing the issue of increased river recreation and its possible effects on avian wildlife on the Refuge. Since 1961 , float trips on the Niobrara River through the Refuge have increased from several hundred people per year to more than 30,000 in 1997. River recreation varies seasonally, weekly, and daily with peaks occurring on Saturdays and holidays during the summer with July and August the busiest months. Counts of river traffic in 1998 found that the number of people floating past a fixed point per minute varied from a maximum observed rate of 54 persons per minute to an average of five persons per minute, with 95% of observed traffic falling within a range of 0- 16 persons per minute. River floating is considered an appropriate public use activity on Fort Niobrara because it enables visitors to observe and appreciate wildlife and wildlands, however, adequate scientific data is needed to determine the level of use that can be allowed that does not interfere with or detract from fulfillment of the purposes of the Refuge and mission of the National Wildlife Refuge System.

Field Season 2000 - Community Level Responses (Pilot Study) Due to the unusual diversity of plant and bird communities within the Niobrara River corridor, the first year of the project was considered a "pilot study''. Study goals for the 2000 field season were to (1) determine avian abundance and composhion in human utilized and non-utilized riparian areas, (2) determine which bird species, if any, are sensitive to human activity along the river, (3) compare avian presence and activity during high and low periods of river use, and (4) determine if forest vegetation is similar in recreation and non-recreation sites despite differences in hydrology, forest patch size, and orientation. Initial study results suggested common yellow throat, belted kingfisher, great blue heron, spotted sandpiper, eastern kingbird and wood duck are sensitive to human intrusion. Although data suggest these species were displaced by river recreation, it is not known if human intrusion is preventing access to resources (i.e. food, cover, water) or impacting reproduction and survival.

Field Season 2001 and 2002 - Population Level Responses Study goals for the 2001 and 2002 field seasons address population level responses to recreation and are to (1) measure direct and indirect effects of river recreation on daily activity of common yellowtbroats and evaluate potential energetic and reproductive costs of such disturbance, (2) determine if common yellowthroat can be used as a '·model" for other scrub-shrub riparian species, (3) compare presence and activity of other sensitive species (spotted sandpiper, great blue heron, belted kingfisher) through observational studies during high and low periods of river use, and (4) rank disturbance by measuring avian responses to recreational variables including noise levels, recreational use levels, and vessel types.

Results from this research project will be used to develop standards and threshold levels for appropriate management actions on the Refuge to reduce conflict between river recreation and avian wildlife. Information will also be used with conservation partners (i.e. National Park , Service, Niobrara Council, private landowners) off-refuge to enhance the Service effort in maintaining the unusual biological diversity of the Niobrara River corridor while providing 10 opportunities for public appreciation and enjoyment. The project may also contribute to the broader National Wildlife Refuge System need to acquire better scientific data on the potential short and long-tenn effects of public use on wildlife populations.

D.5.b. Bison Chemical Immobilization Study: Effects of Vaiying Antagonist Regimens on Recovery from Carfentanil-Xylazine Anesthesia. Thomas J. Roffe, PhD, DVM, USGS Biological Resources Division, Bozeman MT.

The study was conducted in October and it evaluated the behavioral responses of 29 adult bison females to different dosages and routes of tolazoline used to reverse the alpha-2 adrenergic component of carfentanil-xylazine anesthesia. Induction and recovery times of bison given standard dosages of immobilants and varying dosages of antagonists were measured. Also, behaviors of bison under different antagonist regimens were compared to that of saline-treated controls. The goals of the project were to determine whether tolazoline induced undesirable side-effects and evaluate the effectiveness of an apparent effective dose and route of tolazoline. This control study was followed by a field study at the National Elk Refuge. Results from both studies confomed that tolazoline is effective at reversing the effects of xylazine, however; adverse effects (i.e. agitation, tailing swishing, ataxia/dysmetria, head bobbing) were significant enough to warrant discontinued use of this product in bison.

D.5.c. Comparison of Bison Weights for Department of Interior Herds. Dr. Peter Gogan, USGS Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, Montana State University

Bison weights collected during fall roundups on Fort Niobrara NWR since 1988 were provided for this study. The goal of this ongoing project is to compare growth rate patterns of male and female bison and weight at maturity of Department of Interior herds. Data analyzed to date suggest that weight gain in females is over at five years of age while the males gain weight until seven years at Fort Niobrara and the National Bison Range.

D.5.d. Genetic Parameters of the Bison Herd on Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge. Dr. James N. Derr, Texas A & M University

Blood and hair samples were collected from yearling bison retained in the herd after fall roundup 1999-2001. Samples were also collected from 29 adult cows during the anesthesia study. Samples were sent to Tex.as A & M University for storage until funds could be acquired for analysis (possible fimding 2002). The goals of this study will be to determine if bison with hybrid origin exist in the herd, define population genetic parameters, and test the effect of various population sizes and removal strategies on genetic diversity. Data are being collected from all Department of Interior bison herds and will be used to develop management strategies that preserve the genetic diversity of wild bison.

D.5.e. Niobrara National Scenic River Studies: Visitor Survey and Use Estimation. Mae A. Davenport, Ph.D Candidate, University of Minnesota

River recreationists at the Refuge launch area were surveyed and numbers counted as part of studies being conducted on the Niobrara National Scenic River and funded by the National Park 11 Service. The visitor survey is a repeat of the study conducted in 1993 by the NPS and seeks information on visitor demographics and socio-economic characteristics, places visited and activities pursued in the riverway, level of satisfaction with river experiences, benefits and motives sought from their river experiences, opinions about management actions, etc. The survey also includes a separate one-page wilderness questionnaire. Visitor and vehicle counts were conducted to identify summer visitor trends and use levels which will be used to develop protocol or a "model" for estimating river use in the future. A portion of the video data collected on Fort Niobrara by Refuge staff and compiled outfitter data for the Refuge were provided to Mae Davenport to test and bolster her use estimation model.

D.5.f. Location and Identification ofHepaticae in Nebraska. Patricia E. Wilkel

The goal of this project is to determine the status of liverworts in Nebraska. Plants were located in the area of Fort Falls in 2001. The investigation will expand to other suitable habitat on the Refuge in 2002.

E. Administration

E.4. Volunteers

Volunteers donated - 1200 hours to the biological program during the year. Becky Curtis, a junior at Michigan Technological University, worked on non-game bird and public use monitoring projects during a16-week internship. Kristy Hajny, a junior at Hastings College in Nebraska, completed a three week internship on the Refuge doing projects on prairie dogs, native plant communities, and river recreatioh. Eric Palm, a freshman at Colorado College, spent five weeks assisting with the Kansas State University research project on river recreation/birds. Paul and Karla Kaufman from Grandin, Missouri conducted the Breeding Bird Survey and "tested" point count stations along the Niobrara River on the Refuge. Dr. John Davis, Southern Vermont College, compiled and analyzed river recreation data. Local volunteers assisted with spring and fall bison roundups and other biological projects.

F. Habitat Management

F .1. General/Ecosystem

Fort Niobrara NWR and the surrounding area is recognized by ecologists for its biogeographic significance due to the co-occurrence of six major vegetation communities. Distributional limits of vegetation types along the Niobrara River include Rocky Mountain coniferous forest (eastern limit), northern boreal forest (southern 1irnitt eastern deciduous forest (western limit), tallgrass prairie (western limit). The area north of the Niobrara River valley is classified as mixed prairie and to the south is sandhills prairie. The highly variable climate of this area along with diverse refuge habitats and objectives provide for management challenges and opportunities.

Resource management issues and priorities identified by the Service's ecosystem team for this area are native prairie restoratioh and preservation, species of concern, water quality and 12 quantity, and native fishes. Actions taken by the ecosystem team this year that directly affected Fort Niobrara included funding support ($5,000) for the river recreation/avian study.

F.2. Wetlands

Approximately 375 acres of the Refuge are classified as wetland which includes - nine miles of the Niobrara River and adjacent riparian habitat, numerous intermittent streams and ponds. The river flows from west to east across the Refuge with the channel upstream of Cornell Dam braided and shallow with the downstream portion confined to a single, narrow channel. During July and August, sandbar habitat in the lower stretch of river increases as water flow/levels decrease.

Water quality data were collected August - October by a NPS biological technician at several sites along the Niobrara River including the Refuge bridge, Fort Falls, Tyler Falls, and Big Beaver Creek. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrate, turbidity, alkalinity, and salinity readings for the Refuge were within normal or acceptable ranges.

Beaver created several impoundments on Crooked Creek and Little Beaver (Cabin) Creek in 2001 and were active at several locations along the River. Cages placed around the base of trees in the canoe launch area appear to be deterring beaver.

Twelve man-made ponds, formed by damming feeder streams of the Niobrara River, were maintained at full capacity throughout most of the year and were used by waterfowl, bison, elk, and other wildlife. Ponds used for fish rearing under cooperative agreement with the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission are drawn down periodically for aquatic vegetation management and structure repair.

Table 2. Summary of2001 WaterUsein Man-made Ponds

Water Surface Storage Pond # Location Depth Acres CaQacitv Comments IT H.U.32 4' .12 .23 Water impow1ded; FA, Birds, Fish. 2T H.U. 30 4' .82 2.46 Water impounded; FA, Birds, Fish. 3T H.U.29/30 4' . 15 .39 Water impounded; FA, Birds, Fish . ST H.U.16a 6' .74 2.98 Water impounded; FA, Birds, Brood fish. 6T H.U.16b2 5' .31 1.26 FA, Birds, No fish . I H.U.27 4' .2 2 .66 FA, Birds, Brood fish . 2 H.U.27 5' . 83 2.91 FA, Birds, Brood fish . 3 H.U.27 5' 1.07 3.76 FA, Birds, Brood fish. 4 H.U.27 5' 1.85 6.47 FA, Birds, Brood fish. 5 H.U.27 6' .42 1.47 FA, Birds, Brood fish . 6 H.U.13 8' 1.10 6.65 FA, Birds, Brood fish, Kid's Fishing 13 Day. 7 H.U.16b4 6' .61 2.47 FA, Birds, Fish.

F.3. Woodlands

Approximately 3022 acres of the Refuge is classified as ponderosa pine savanna and forest, 1296 acres as eastern deciduous forest intermixed with small pockets of northern boreal forest, and 59 acres tree plantations. Woodland management on the Refuge was limited in 2001 and included selective thinning of live trees using a tree spade and removal of dead or down timber presenting a hazard or threatening fences. Fire, as a management too1 , was used for the first time in Refuge woodlands in 1999, however, no woodland burns were accomplished in 2001. Bison and/or elk grazing programs included - 3,280 woodland acres (mostly ponderosa pine savanna) in 2001.

Several dead or dying ponderosa pine trees were observed in the spring and early summer this year. Tree limb, needle and bark samples were collected and taken to the Cherry County Cooperative Extension Service - University of Nebraska for analysis. Cause of death was environmental (drought) and not pine beetle or pine tip moth.

Mike Behrens, woodland management specialist at the Niobrara Valley Preserve (The Nature Conservancy), was consulted on management alternatives that enhance or maintain the rarity, riclmess and representativeness of the various woodland communities of this area

F .5. Grasslands

Most of the - 14,264 acres of Refuge grasslands are classified as mixed prairie or sandhills prairie with small pockets of tallgrass prairie found on river lowlands. Plant distribution and abundance varies in relation to subsurface moisture, soils, competition between species, topography, aspect, fire, and grazing by bison, elk, and prairie dogs.

Grassland communities are maintained in early through late successional stages through the combined use of large ungulate grazing, rest, and prescribed fire. In 2001 , approximately 76% of grasslands were grazed by bison or elk, 2% were prescribe burned, 1% combination of prescribe burned/grazed, and 20% rested. Grazing systems were designed to meet the life requirements of bison and elk herds, as well as maintain or improve the health of refuge grasslands (section F.7). Prescribed fire was used to maintain/enhance native plant diversity and abundance, control invading eastern red cedars, reduce the occurrence of invasive grasses (smooth brome, cheat grass), and/or affect bison grazing patterns (section F.9).

Efforts continued in trying to develop and implement a grassland vegetation monitoring procedure that measures structure and species composition rapidly. It is our hope that the procedure, with slight modifications to what data are collected, can be used to monitor fire and bison grazing effects and/or document habitat conditions for grassland birds. We tested the technique developed on several refuges in North Dakota and found their plant associations to be too broad for Fort Niobrara where native plants dominate and invasive/exotic plants are rare. Our efforts will continue in 2002 to refine the procedure and test it on a larger scale. 14 F.7. Grazing

A total of 10,439 AUMs is available for grazing on the Refuge under the traditional grazing program set up in cooperation with the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). Total forage consumption decreased by over 2,200 AUMs and grazing management options for bison, elk and government horses increased in 2001 from previous years due to the removal of Texas longhorn cattle from the Refuge. Approximately 5,352 AUMs were grazed this year with an additional 157 AUMs (exhibition herds, elk, horses) supplemented with hay during the winter feeding program.

Bison - Fifteen habitat units totaling 11 ,228 acres were grazed by the main herd of bison dw-ing the year. Grazing strategies (time of year, intensity, length) within each habitat unit were determined according to available AUM's, current and desired grassland condition, water, climatic conditions, bison management needs and behavior, public viewing opportunities, native bird life requirements, and other management considerations (i.e. staffing, round-up). All units were visually inspected before, during and after the year's program to determine if goals had been met and if any additional changes were needed.

The main bison herd (-340 animals) spent the winter (late September - early April) in habitat unit Ol(wiJdemess area) where live water, adequate forage and shelter were available, Gates out of the unit were opened on March 23 to allow bison to move themselves prior to round-up and reduce AUMs. Approximately 204 bison came across the river on their own between March 26 and April 4. The spring round-up of bison was accomplished April 3 and 4 with 12 horseback riders (nine refuge staff, three volunteer). Bison were taken out via the main access trail (Plan A) instead of the historic '·two jump" method (Plan B) to the west. Four bison escaped round-up and came out on their own later.

Bison (-340 +calves) moved through 14 habitat units south of the Niobrara River on a 5-7 day rotation April through late September. Each unit was grazed twice in the rotation and the start and end points were altered from last year so that each unit was grazed and rested at a different growth stage of the various plants. "Lighter" grazes were accomplished in habitat units 28a3, 28a4, 28b3, and 28b4 due to the selective use of the flat/open areas by the bison. Gates between units were opened the afternoon before the planned move day allowing bison to move themselves. Remaining bison were moved by 2-3 horseback riders the next day. The "planned" rotation was altered a few times by the bison (broke fence/gate during rut) and when the windmills did not keep up with water demand.

Elk - The main herd of elk (- 46 animals) grazed habitat unit 16a the entire year and was supplemented with prairie hay in January and February. Approximately 4-6 elk inhabited the wilderness area year-round. Due to increasing concern over disease, especially chronic wasting disease, potential modifications to the elk grazing program and facilities are being investigated.

Bison and Elk - Because of their proximity to the corrals, habitat units nine and 23 are used for bison and elk handling operations. In 2001, bison grazed the units during spring and fall round­ ups, surplus program activities, and the anesthesia research project. 15 Habitat unit 27 was grazed year-round by exhibition herds of bison and elk. Animals were supplemented with prairie hay during the winter. With the removal of longhorns, the exhibition herd of bison was increased at fall round-up. Future work plans call for the removal of fence and enlarging of the exhibition area.

F.8. Haying

Haying on Fort Niobrara was terminated in 1973. Since that time, prairie hay harvested under cooperative agreement on Valentine NWR has been used as winter supplement for government horses and exhibition herds of bison and elk. Approximately 44 tons of hay were fed during the winter in 2001 and an additional -10 tons of hay were fed at the corrals, barn, or placed at disturbed sites (ie. vehicle trails, blowouts, gate approaches, watering areas).

F.9. Fire Management

The Fort Niobraia/Valentine NWRC Fire Management Program completed several Complex goals in 2001. The most significant event for the program was the completion of a Fire Management Plan for the Complex. Other significant highlights will be reviewed below to document the major program activities for the year.

Personnel: Six seasonals were hired to support prescribed and wildfire actlv1t1es. Those individuals were Ryan Cumbow, Billy Cumbow, Tylr Naprstek, Kirk Jess, Lee Jeffers and Trevor Rockenbach. Jeffers and Rockenbach were new employees. Jeff Dion was promoted from a GS-5 to a GS-6 Fire Program Technician. The Valentine Refuge fire crew relocated from the Hackberry Bunkhouse over to the Pony Lake quarters. The quarters were available due to Dion's move to the town of Valentine.

Training: Fire crew personnel attended several courses to increase their qualification levels to Single Resource Engine Boss and ICT4. New fire crew members worked on training to reach FFTl ce1iification. Three sessiohS of basic firefighter, S130/Sl90, training were administered to local volunteer fire departments to train approximately 40 fire persons. The training sessions were held at Nenzel, Thedford and Valentine. Fourteen members of the Cody/Kilgore department and three members of the Stuart fire department obtained red cards. Fire crew members that served as instructors from the Complex were Ryan Curnbow, Jeff Dion, and Tim Klukas. The Forest Service assisted with the training at Thedford and Nenzel and the instructors were John Baldwin, Jim Cornelius, and Mike Watts.

Equipment: The regional fire program provided fwids for a four door crew cab truck to meet the fire program needs on the Complex. A GMC truck was procured with some savings from a local vendor. A jeep which was procured in 2000 for the fire management program was transferred to the regional fire program office. The type five engine was taken out of service because it became too unreliable to have in a fire environment. General maintenance costs for the fire fleet were approximately $5,000. Equipment breakdowns during the prescribed burn season continued to show the wear and tear the equipment had been exposed to during the 2000 fire season. 16 Administration: The fire workload from the 2000 fire season hampered prescribed fire plan preparation efforts. Four smoke jumpers from Boise were detailed in to write bum plans and implement prescribed fires. Those individuals were Matt Bowers, Dennis Terry, Bob Hurley and Mike Haydon.

The item of most significance for the program was the completion of a fire management plan draft. The draft was prepared collaboratively with Tim Klukas, Carl Douhan, Jim Kelton, Jeff Dion, and Ken Kerr. The draft later became an approved plan in the following year with further support from Refuge personnel.

Figure 1. Prescribed Burning

The Valentine Complex Fire Rehabilitation Plan was initiated and coordinated primarily by the Valentine ROS and biologist, the FMO, and the Refuge Manager. The project was supervised by the Valentine ROS. Field work was completed by fencing contractors, the fire crew and the Valentine Refuge maintenance person. The project was carried out on schedule and expenses were under the initial assessment. The project is scheduled to be completed in 2002.

Numerous deadlines were imposed and met due to the National Fire Plan, Wildland Urban Interface Initiatives, and Firebase funding protocols getting synchronized.

The FMO made a transition from Refuge Complex FMO to District FMO and inherited more responsibilities with the following refuges, Crescent Lake/North Platte NWRC, and LaCreek NWR. The new district duties involved a range of duties supporting wildfire and prescribed fire operations, program administration, Firebase, training, and weekly situation reports. (Figure 1. Prescribe burning)

Prescribed Fire Activity: Only one prescribed fire occurred on the Valentine NWR due to the previous impact of the 2000 wildfire season. During that year 30% of the Valentine Refuge burned from wildfires. The prescribed fire activity increased on the Fort Niobrara NWR. In spite of the impacts of the preceding wildfire season, 30% of the Refuges' ten year acreage total 17 was burned in the 200 I burn season. Some acreage that was burned fell under a new category of prescribed fire activity, Wildland Urban Interface (WUI). Burn plans on Fort Niobrara NWR in the river corridor were postponed or altered due to the continuation of a bird study designed to evaluate public use impacts on the various avian communities in the corridor. The Bison Jump fire was the first fire conducted entirely in the wilderness area. The following table 2 summarizes info1mation for the prescribed fires on the Complex.

The fire crew and collateral staff provided support to Lacreek NWR during the spring and fall burn seasons. Refuge firefighters were also detailed to Kansas to help Quivira NWR and Rainwater Basin WMD complete prescribed fires. Resources from Rainwater Basin WMD, Huron WMD, Rosebud BIA, Lower Brule BIA, Pine Ridge BIA, and Badlands NP, assisted LaCreek NWR and the Complex complete prescribed bums. Monitoring plots and photo points were established on units predicted to be completed in 2002. The fire program technician and Fo1t Niobrara biologist evaluated monitoring techniques to be utilized for first order fire effects. Prescribed fire in the headquarters area shifted the growth of the prairie dog town. Prescribed fire was used to reduce eastern red cedar, control smooth brome and cheat grass, and invigorate native prairie. The results obtained with cheat grass control were successful in some areas south of the headquarters. Native wam1 season grasses and Forbes were stimulated to compete against Kentucky bluegrass, cheat grass and smooth brome. Cedar reduction on the Valentine Refuge was not effective due to high moisture content in the cedars that were four to eight feet in height.

Wildfire Activity: The firefighters from the Complex completed three tours of duty at the Brown's Park Refuge in CO. Mixed resources from Crescent Lake, Kirwin, Quivira, Rainwater, and FNRNNR made up the engine crews (Jess, Cumbow, Cumbow, Naprstek, Dion). An initial attack module composed of firefighters from VNR/FNR and CRL/NPL NWRC completed a tour of duty for the Black Hills NF during a period of high fire danger on the Forest (Jeffers, Rockenbach). Two large fires were burning in the Custer area, so the ten person initial attack crew worked in the Mystic Ranger District outside of Rapid City, SD. One :firefighter worked on the Hell Canyon Ranger District while the South Hell's Canyon fire burned, Billy Cumbow. A crew composed of firefighters from the KS and NE refuges formed an initial attack squad that was needed to work on a fire use event in Grand Canyon National Park, North Rim. Ryan Cumbow detailed on th.is event and received training as a fire monitor. Billy Cumbow and Kirk Jess nearly completed engine boss task books. Ryan Cumbow initiated work on a ICT4 taskbook and Jeff Dion completed the ICT4 taskbook. The FMO primarily coordinated district resources for mobilization and initial attack on the Complex. Information on local fires is included in table 3 below. The support action information is detailed above.

Special Events: The FMO attended the annual Black Hills Interagency Fire Cotmcil Meeting in Rapid City, SD. As a representative for the FWS, the FMO reviewed dispatch concerns, local mobilization, an agency coordinating group, and summarized the fire activity that occurred in SD and NE refuges in 2001. All groups reported on the status of rural fire assistance programs.

A special meeting was held at the Crescent Lake/North Platte NWRC office with Nebraska state and federal staff members of Congressman Tom Osborne, Senator Chuck Hagel, and Senator Ben Nelson. The federal fire agencies were represented by the National Park Service FMO, Bill 18 Gabbert and the Midwest NPS FMO, Fred Bird, Nebraska National Forest FMO, Alan Setzer, Fort Niobrara/Valentine NWRC Manager, Royce Huber and Tim Klukas, No1th Platte/Crescent Lake Manager, Steve Knode, and USFWS regional office staff Jim Kelton and Ken Kerr. Huber coordinated the meeting with the delegation. Agencies discussed the need for statewide agreements, training, coordination of resources, and communication systems. The Federal Agencies reported on the status of new rural fire assistance programs and the action items in the updated National Fire Plan>and the Federal Wildland Fire Policy of 1995 and NWCG training standards. The Park Service completed a presentation on the use of prescribed fire to reduce hazard fuels and enhance resource management programs. The delegation was particularly interested in communication problems in the field, interagency training, and coordination of resources, The meeting was requested by the delegates due to the interest in wildland fire issues following the large wildland fires that occu1Ted near Chadron, Crawford, and Valentine in 2000.

The Fire Management Program set up a fire information booth at the Cherry County Fair. The booth space was sponsored by the Raine Motel of Valentine. Ryan Cumbow and Tim Klukas used a Prescribed Fire display provided by the national office in Boise. About two hundred persons visited the display. A full array of Service Refuge pamphlets was available for the public. Several fire prevention items (rulers, pens, balloons, key chains, stickers, magnets, posters) were given away. Several persons were interested in urban interface pamphlets that were handed out. Kids were the primary audience. Some younger persons were interested in fire careers and were shown the full compliment of PPE and fire tools. Only a handful of persons were interested in prescribed fire.

Jeff Dion and Tim Klukas attended mutual aid fue meetings with the following associations, Cherry County Mutual Aid~ Sandhills Mutual Aid, and Keya Paha, Brown, Rock County Mutual Aid. The Refuge Complex has membership with the first two associations. The FMO remained the treasurer and secretary for the Cherry County Mutual Aid Association.

The FMO helped obtain $3,500 for the Cherry County Mutual Aid Assn. by speaking with a representative of the Irvin Eighmy Foundation. The· Eighmy Foundation is a non-profit foundation set up to administer aid to agricultmal communities in Nebraska. The USFWS rural fire assistance program contributed $6,000 to the Wood Lake Fire depatiment for radio equipment. The state administered the funding to Wood Lake because they had a grant in place.

The FMO participated in Local Emergency Planning Committee meetings in Cherry County. The Cherry County Mutual aid updated fire directory prepared by Ryan Cumbow was given to the State Emergency Managers attending a meeting. The FWS is not a member of the LEPC) but attends meeting because the personnel and equipment on the Complex may be integrated into a local FEMA operation.

Table 3. Prescribed Fire Activity for 2001 IDate IFir e Name I Acres INarrative

r 19 4-25-0 I HU 3282/3281 15 This burn plan was written by Bob Hurley a BLM smoke jumper from Boise, Idaho who was brought in to assist the Refuge with prescribed bum plans. The objectives of this burn were to reduce the cedars that were not burned in the 2000 wildfire. The resource objectives were to maintain and enhance native Sand.hills grassland vegetation as wildlife habitat. Improve dense nesting cover for upland birds and waterfowl. The bum was conducted without incident on the Valentine Refuge. 5-2-01 Pelican Y 7 This burn plan was written by Dennis Terry a past Refuge employee who, at the time, was working with the BLM smoke jumpers out of Boise, Idaho. The objectives oftbe burn were to reduce Smooth Brome by 50%. Reduce Kentucky Blue Grass by 50%. Remove accumulated thatch. The primary resource objective was to enhance the integrity and reinvigorate Sandhills prairie vegetation. The burn was conducted without incident on the Valentine Refuge. 5-8-01 HU 2182 150 This burn plan was written by Matt Bowers a BLM smoke jumper from Boise, Idaho who was brought in to assist the Refuge with prescribed bum plan writing. The primary resource objectives of the unit are to maintain native Sandhills Prairie vegetation as wildlife habitat and to improve dense nesting cover for upland birds and waterfowl. The objectives of the fire were to burn 100% of the unit, eliminate/reduce Kentucky Blue Grass, and eliminate or reduce residual vegetation. The burn was conducted without incident on the Valentine Refuge. One false start occurred due to incoming precipitation. 20 5-9-01 HU 1 200 This burn plan was written by Bob Hurley a BLM smoke jumper from Boise, Idaho. The primary resource objectives of the burn were to enhance native Sandhills grassland vegetation diversity and abundance for wildlife habitat. The objectives of the fire were to reduce the Kentucky Blue Grass and the Smooth Brome grass by 100%, removal of the residual vegetation by 100%, burn 100% of the unit and enhance the palatability fo the Little Blue Stem grass. The one incident on the burn was that the water tender broke down and had to be recovered the following week. This was the first prescribed fire conducted entirely in the wilderness at FNR. About 3,000 gallons were taken from a blivet to contain and mop up the fire. Vehicles were used around the perimeter and determined to be critical for containment. Burn results indicated the objectives were achieved. Little trace remained of the vehicle impacts. This unit is also known as the Bison Jump unit.

5- 10-01 E. River Cedars 25 This burn plan was written by Dennis Terry, a BLM smoke jumper, out of Boise, Idaho. The Primary resow·ce goals of the burn plan are to maintain and enhance native plant diversity and abundance. Restore old feed lines in HU 29 and 30. Remove encroaching Eastern Red Cedars. The objectives of the burn were to burn 90% of the unit. Eliminate/reduce Eastern Red Cedars. Maintain historic fire regime in the Ponderosa Pine stands. Demonstration bwn for public education on the use of prescribed fire. The bum was conducted without incident. This was part of three East River Cedar plan subunits burned. The original plan called for burning all the way down to the river, but the bird study required the plan be modified to incorporate a smaller grassland unit. This was the north end of the prairie subunits burned. The cheat grass domination and green vegetative state rendered the bum nearly ineffective for conswnption of the area. The burn promoted cheat grass, ragweed, sunflowers, and mustard weeds. Some native warm season patches were stimulated. The burn did not have enough thatch to bum up the cheat grass or carry fire well. Temperatures in the 60's and relative humidity in the 30-40% range was too cool. 21 5-11-01 E. River Cedars 60 See notes above. This was the middle portion of the prairie area burned. This was a very successful prescribed fire. Feed lines were removed. cedars were killed and the native plant composition improved. Cheat grass was set back. Burning conditions were in the 70's and 80's accompanied with 20% relative humidities. Adequate thatch was present to scorch and consume cheat grass. No incidents occurred on the fire. 5-12-01 E. River Cedars 186 See notes above. This was the southern end of the prairie subunits burned. A triangle shaped unit was burned. Later another subunit was attached to this unit and the bum boss completed this burn by anchoring into the previous burn with a favorable wind blowing the fire toward burned acres. This was a very hot burn. No erosion occurred. Feed lines and some small cedars were removed. Burning was done in the 80's and low relative humidities were m the 20% range. One cancellation on the bum occurred because conditions were too hot, windy, and dry. The burn was conducted without incident. Excellent response occurred with Sandhills bluestem. 5-15-01 HQ Compound 11 This bum plan was written by Michael Haydon a BLM smoke jumper from Boise, Idaho who was brought in to assist the Refuge with prescribed burning. The primary resource goals of the burn plan were to maintain and enhance native plant diversity and abundance, restore prairie component to the unit, enhance native vegetation primarily warm season grasses. Objectives 9f the fire were to bum 90% of the unit, increase palatability for wildlife and horses in pasture, maintain and enhance native plant diversity and abundance. Demonstration burn for public education in the use of prescribed fire. The bum was conducted without incident. Pre and post photos were taken. These acres counted as WUI acres. Initial burning results promoted sagewort. Little bluestem, milkweed, sunflower, and some switchgrass. Kentucky bluegrass removal adjacent to the exhibition pasture fence shifted the prairie dog colony northward and adjacent to the visitor center road. Cedar trees in the writ were protected for transplanting operations in the new maintenance shop area. 22 5-25-01 HU 16B4 70 This bum plan was written by Jeff Dion. Jeff Dion is employed at Ft. Niobrara/Valentine NWRC as a Fire Program Technician. The primary goals of the burn were to reduce invasive cool season grasses, decrease occurrence and density of the Eastern Red Cedar, and maintain and enhance the native Sandhills prairie vegetation as wildlife habitat. The objectives of the fire were to burn 90-100% of the burn unit, have a m01tality rate of 90-100% of the encroaching cedars on point intersect transect. Reduce non-native cool season grasses by 90-100% on a point intersect transect. The bwn was conducted without incident and has shown great response and results due to the prescribed fire. Total 9 prescribed 724 The Fire program conducted a total of nine burns which fires totaled 724 acres. These bums were conducted during a one month period. Without the additional help from the collateral staff and outside resources this would not have been possible. Twenty acres were counted as WUI acres for mowing arow1d the Seier Refuge, so some reports show 744 acres treated on the Complex during this year. 23 Table 4 Refuge Responses to Wildfires in 2001 DATE FIRE NAME OWNER/ NARRATIVE Acres 1-12-0] Ramm Private On January 12, 2001 a bail fire was reported near the Ramm ranch, which is north of the Valentine NWR. .1 ac. Mark Lindvall and Dave Kime responded, and so did the Valentine Fire Dept. The fue consumed a number of bales and no equipment was lost. Lindvall's and Kim.e's engine had no water in the unit at that time due to the cold and freezing possibilities.

4-9-01 Higgins Private On April 9, 2001 a fire was reported on the southeast comer of the Valentine NWR at about 1600. The 1~500 ac. Smoke could be seen from Fort Niobrara NWR. Engines from Pony Lake, Hackberry Lake, and Fort Niobrara responded. This fire was far south and east of the refuge. It was dete1mined it was near the Higgin's east place. Many other departments from the surrounding area contained the fire at around 1800 acres. A strong st01m system had passed through the area a few days before that had lightning, the cause was lightning that had struck an old cottonwood tree. This tree was surrounded by water but the branch that was hit by lightning had eventually burned through and broke off. The end of the burning branch landed on dry land. The weather conditions were hot and dry with a 20-30 mph southwest wind. This caused the fire to be four miles long and only a half a mile wide at its widest point. It was declared out with 1500 acres consumed.

4-24-01 Lenser Private On April 24, 2001 a fire north of Valentine was reported on the Lenser place. The fire crew was put on 350 ac. standby. At 1630 the Valentine Fire Dept. asked for our assistance. Three engines were sent from Fort Niobrara to assist. At around 1800, the fire was contained and controlled. The cause of this fire was downed power lines that bad been knocked down by the previous week's ice storm. On the fire, there were still snow drifts that seemed to help in containing some parts of the fire. This fire had burned around 350 acres. 24 4-28-01 Shermans Private On April 28, 2001 a fire call went out for assistance south of Valentine NWR on the She1man place. This 30 ac. fire was already contained by the time the Fort Niobrara fire engine arrived, but mop-up efforts were needed. Only one engine from both refuges assisted. The fire was caused by downed power 1in.es that an ice storm had caused from a week and a half before. The weather the day of the fire was very windy with gusts up to 35 mph were reported.

5-10-01 Krzyznaowski Private On May 10, 2001, a fire was reported near Smith Falls State Park. Three engines from Fort Niobrara .1 ac. responded along with three engines from the Valentine Fire Dept. This was around 1100. The fire was in a heavy Ponderosa pine stand. Downed power lines caused the fire. A few dead and downed trees that were completely dry caused some problems. The fire was mopped up by the Fort Niobrara crew and they returned by 1400 to resume prescribed burning activities in the Bull Pasture, 16B4. The fire needed to be put out to put the local department back online as a contingency resource needed for prescribed bums.

7-26-01 Lightning FA Private On July 26, 2001, a lightning storm had moved through area north of Fort Niobrara NWR. The refuge staff patrolled the area but no fires were reported. The suspected fire turned out to be water vapor boiling out of the canyons to look like smoke. Lee Simmons reported the suspected smoke.

7-JO-Ol Rahm Bale Private On July 30, 2001 the fire crew returning to Hackberry spotted a bale that was on fire. The Valentine Fire . 1 ac. Dept. responded along with the single refuge engine . The fire was quickly contained.

8-2-01 Dump Private One engine from Fort Niobrara responded to a fire on August 2, 2001 east of Fort Niobrara. The fire was .2 ac. someone' s trash burning that got out of control. With assistance from the Valentine Fire Dept. they contained the fire in a short amount of time.

8-14-01 Lightning F A2 Private On August 14, 2001 a lightning sto1m moved through Fort Niobrara NWR area. Two units patrolled for a couple of hours in the night. No fires were reported. 25

8-21-01 McCloud FA Private On August 21 , 2001 one engine from Fort Niobrara responded to a grass fire west of Hackberry Lake. The 1 ac. engine was called back shortly after being dispatched. The fire was small and was contained and controlled by a rancher.

9-5-01 Bond Private On September 5, 2001 a call came in at 1930 from the Valentine fire department requesting assistance on a 50 ac. fire near Anderson Bridge. Jeff Dion, Gary Coleman, and TJ Rockenbach were dispatched to the scene of the fire. At 2000 hours, Jeff Dion called back to the station and requested additional resources be dispatched to the fire. Tim Klukas and Casey McPeak were dispatched at 2000 hours with an additional engine. At 2030 hrs, another engine was dispatched with Chuck Melvin, Mark Lindvall and Gordon Suhr. Upon arrival of the additional Refuge engines the Refuge personnel along with the Cody/Kilgore volunteer fire department and the Valentine volunteer fire department proceeded to direct attack the fire using engines, hand tools and a progressive hose lay. At 2300, a request was made by the Kilgore fire department for a hand crew from the Rose Bud Reservation. At 0300, a ten man hand crew arrived and the Refuge persormel were released. The fire was again patrolled on the 6th of Sept. and the hose lay that was put in place by the Refuge was retrieved.

9-28-01 Cumbow Private On September 28, 2001, at around I 130, a request for the refuge fire staff went 01,1t to assist in a wildfire at 175 ac. the Cumbow ranch north of Fort Niobrara. This fire was in South Dakota and was owned by two refuge employee's parents. The weather conditions were dry and south winds at around 20 mph. The fire was started by a bailer in numerous spots. At the end the fire was contained to 175 acres at around 1600. The fire was over a mile long due to high winds. Four refuge engines responded along with a number of local departments. The fire was right on the border of BIA lands, so the request was honoring nearest available federal resource guidelines to suppress fires on Federal lands. 26 10-28-01 Davis Private On October 28, 2001, a fire was spotted by two refuge employees and they called to see if assistance was 320 ac. needed. The fire was along Highway 20 and was moving very quickly due to the high winds. One engine was dispatched from Fort Niobrara but was turned back on arrival to the fire. The fire was determined to be around 320 acres. Resources were requested through CCMA. Wood Lake requested the assistance.

11-13-01 Hammond Private On November 13, 2001, a hunter's vehicle started a fire near the Hammond Ranch. Firefighters on the 3 ac. staff were prepared for the possibility of a start from hunting activity. Conditions were very dry and fuels were fully cured. One engine from the Complex was called to assist the local fire department. Totals 2,429.5 ac Ten fires and four false alarms were responded to on private lands. No wildfires were detected on the Refuge Complex. A moderate drought occurred during the summer and fall, however lightning patterns did not produce many ignitions.

F.10. Invasive-Noxious Weed Management

Five of six patches of leafy spurge, ranging in size from a few feet to 1/ 4 acre, that were treated with Plateau in the fall of 1997 had little to no leafy spurge plants growing in 2001 . Native grasses and forbs cover four sites and smooth brome dominates the fifth site. The sixth patch had leafy spurge plants growing in 2001 , however the density of plants and size of patch was greatly reduced. Another treatment of Plateau is planned for 2002.

Purple loosestrife patches that dot the banks of the Niobrara River on the Refuge were mapped in 2000 and 2001 with acreage estimated at less than two acres. Approximately 500 root-boring weevils were released in five purple loosestrife stands that were intermixed with native vegetation in August. Despite the annual release of biological control agents on the Refuge beginning in 1996, stands of purple loosestrife have expanded.

F.12. Wilderness and Special Areas

F.12.a. Fort Niobrara Wilderness

A 4,635 acre area on Fort Niobrara was designated as Wilderness on October 19, 1976. The south end of the wilderness area is bordered by the Niobrara River (designated Wild and Scenic, 1991). High benchland capped by sandy soil rises abruptly from the narrow river valley an average of 200 feet on both sides. Five of the six deep canyons that divide the tableland to the north carry sptingwater to the river continually. All of the major vegetation communities present 27 on Fort Niobrara are found within the wilderness area. A relatively dense stand of ponderosa pine, approximately 200 acres in size, was established as a Research Natural Area (Type K 23 7, Interior Ponderosa Pine) in 1960. Seventeen distinct fossil sites have been excavated in the wilderness area. Two fossil beds of the lower Pliocene and upper Miocene epochs provided non­ articulated skeletons and bone fragments of more than 20 extinct animal species. Most of the sites have reverted back to a natural state and exhibit little or no evidence of an unnatural disturbance.

Work began in 2001 on drafting the Fort Niobrara Wilderness Stewardship Plan (section D.2). The Wilderness Management Plan that was approved in July, 1983 has been used as guidance for managing the area and must be updated to address management issues identified in the Fort Niobrara NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan.

The Wilderness Area Invasive Species Survey was completed in cooperation with the Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute. Invasive/exotic species listed as potential problems were purple loosestrife, eastern red cedar, cheat grass, and smooth brome.

F,12.b. Niobrara National Scenic River

A 76-mile segment of the Niobrara River including the nine mile portion within the Fort Niobrara NWR is designated as a Scenic River under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act.

G. Wildlife

G.1. Wildlife Diversity

A rich and unusual diversity of wildlife with eastern, western, northern, and southern affinities as well as niches specific to the northern Great Plains inhabit Fort Niobrara NWR seasonally or year-round. In addition to bison and elk, 48 mammal species, 23 1 bird species, and 24 species of reptiles and amphibians have been recorded.

G.2. Endangered and/or Threatened Species

G.2.a. Bald Eagle

The portion of the refuge traversed by the Niobrara River is a traditional wintering area for bald eagles. Approximately 12 bald eagles (eight adult, four immature) and three golden eagles were observed periodically January through March. One to two immature bald eagles inhabited the Refuge during the spring and summer, and beginning in mid July, two adult bald eagles were observed on several occasions. Eagles did not nest on Fort Niobarara, however, a pair of bald eagles have successfully nested east of the Refuge at the confluence of the Niobrara and KeyaPaha rivers since 1996. Bald eagle numbers increased beginning in early November with three adults observed on November 7. Following the passage of the first arctic cold front and blizzard at the end of November, the number of bald eagles observed on the refuge ranged from 5-15 throughout November and December. 28

G.2.b. Whooping Crane, Piping Plover and Least Tern

The shallow, braided river habitat above Cornell Dam receives rare migration use by whooping cranes, piping plovers>and least tern. An adult whooping crane was observed flying over the Refuge with - 75 sandhill cranes on October 16.

No sightings ofp iping plover or least tern were made this year. Stretches of sparsely vegetated sandbar habitat along the Niobrara River east of Fort Niobrara in Brown, Keya Paha, and Rock counties were proposed for designation as critical habitat for piping plover on June 12, 2001.

G.2.c. American Burying Beetle

American burying beetles have not been documented on Fort Niobrara. however, they are present on Valentine NWR and have been reported at other locations in this area.

G.3. Waterfowl

The Niobrara River, beaver ponds along several feeder streams, and man-made ponds provide migration, wintering and nesting habitat for ducks and geese. Approximately 200 Canada geese and 100 ducks including mallard} common merganser, and common goldeneye wintered on the Refuge. Spring waterfowl migrations were noted in March and early April with - 1000 Canada geese and several hundred ducks (mallard, gadwall, blue-winged teal, green-winged teal, shoveler, common merganser, redhead, canvasback, ring-necked duck) observed. Species that nested on the Refuge included Canada goose, wood duck, mallard and blue-winged teal. Fall duck migrations were noted in September, October and November. Unusually mild conditions during the fall prolonged waterfowl migrations into November, Approximately 1000 Canada geese were observed resting on the Niobrara River and flying off refuge to feed in neighboring com fields throughout October and November with fewer than 200 birds observed in December. Approximately 25 mallards and 50-60 common mergansers were also present on the refuge at the end of the year.

G.4. Marsh and Waterbirds

Large flocks of sandhill cranes are observed flying over the refuge each year during their spring and fall migrations. The Coordinated Spring Sandhill Crane Survey was not conducted on Fort Niobrara this year as usual due to lack of staff. Fall migrating cranes passed through the area the last half of October.

A great egret was observed on June 27 which was a new species record for the refuge. Approximately 3-5 great blue herons were observed along the Niobrara River and an occasional green heron sighting was made on wetlands wrth woodland cover during the summer.

G.5. Shorebirds, Gulls, Terns and Allied Spedes 29 Approximately 26 species of this diverse category inhabit the refuge at some time during the spring, summer, and fall. Spotted sandpiper were frequently observed on rocky, gravelly shorelines/pockets of the Niobrara River below Cornell Darn until river recreation increase-cl in late June and then their numbers increased above the Darn. Upland sandpiper inhabit refuge grasslands late April through early August, however, breeding bird survey (BBS) results in 2000 and 2001 suggest the population has declined. Long-billed curlew numbers remained low again this year with none recorded on the BBS and only two sightings made during the spring and summer.

G.6. Raptors

Raptor species sighted during January and February included rough-legged hawk, red-tailed hawk, sharp~shinned hawk, Cooper's hawk and kestrel. Raptor migrations took place in March with rough-legged hawk documented the first week, followed by red-tailed hawk and then kestrel at month's end. Northern harrier were sighted for the first time this spring the first week of March. Turkey vultures arrived the first week of April as usual. An osprey inhabited the refuge May through September.

Raptors that nest on Fort Niobrara include red-tailed hawk, Swainson's hawk, Cooper's hawk, kestrel, eastern screech owl, great homed owl, and burrowing owl. Burrowing owl, a species of management concern, arrived -April 12 and at least four pair successfully fledged young.

Turkey vultures began to group the third week of September with migrations noted the first week of October. Kestrels migrated through the last week of September followed by red-tailed hawks the first week of October.

G.7. Other Migratory Birds

The Breeding Bird Survey was conducted on June 20 with 42 species and 399 individuals counted. The number of species and individuals recorded are up from last year but below the previous seven-year average. Weather conditions during the count varied from acceptable to light rain and probably affected the results. Western meadowlark and grasshopper sparrow were the most abundant as in previous BBS surveys, accounting for 53% of total individuals recorded. A total of 88 grasshopper sparrows and 123 western meadowlarks were counted which equals their long~te1m average count numbers. Mourning dove and horned lark numbers were also similar to their long-term averages, while brown-headed cowbird and upland sandpiper were down and American crow, red-eyed vireo, ovenbird, and field sparrow were up. Over half of the 40 stops are located in sandbills prairie, 10% deciduous/coniferous woodland, and 40% woodland/grassland edge. Volunteer bfrders Paul and Karla Kaufman from Grandin, MO have conducted the survey since 1997.

Fifteen bird point count stations adjacent to the Niobrara River were surveyed on June 21 by Paul Kaufman. This was the 4th year we have experimented with point counts accessed by canoe as a means to monitor bird assemblages within the Niobrara River corridor. Thirty-two species and 190 individuals were counted. Northern rough-winged swallow, American crow, common yellowthroat, red-eyed vireo, American redstart, yellow-breasted chat, American goldfin~h, 30 ovenbird, house wren, and towhee species (Eastern, spotted, hybrid) accounted for 78% of the individuals counted. Ruby-throated hummingbird, a rare summer inhabitant of the refuge, was recorded. Based on recommendations made by graduate research sh1dent Chris Anderson, long­ term monitoring protocol will be established following the 2002 field season.

Ninety bird point count stations in sandhills prairie grasslands south and east of the Niobrara River were sw-veyed twice in June by intern Becky Curtis. This was the 2nd year of the project to develop and implement monitoring protocol (based on recommendations from Stephanie Jones, Regional Office nongame bird biologist, and Bob Murphy, Des Lacs NWR Complex biologist) that documents grassland bird population trends over time.

A ten-box bluebird trail, erected in 1997, was monitored again by volunteers Ross and Gina Brockley with the assistance of a local Boy Scout troop. Three boxes had nests initiated prior to the first check on April 1 with the first hatch recorded on May 11. A minimum of 19 eastern bluebirds, 14 house wrens, and nine tree swallows fledged.

Fort Niobrara NWR was designated a Globally Important Bird Area by the American Bird Conservancy because of its significance for world bird conservation.

Researchers with the KSU river recreation/avian project confirmed rock wren as a breeder, heard and saw,common poorwill which are rare on Fort Niobrara, heard whip-poor-will (new bird for refuge), and documented above average use of ponderosa pine areas by large groups of red crossbills throughout the summer.

G.10. Resident Wildlife

G.10.a. Bison

The bison herd consisted of- 351 animals (- 340 main herd, 11 exhibition herd) on January 1, 2001. The first bison calf was born on April 1 with the last calf born in early September. The nwnber of calves born during late summer and early fall was down from previous years. A minimum of 123 bison calves (66 male, 54 female, three unknown) was born for a calving rate of 85% (females three years old and older). The 22 year~old cow did not calve, however she appeared to be in good condition. This year's calving rate is down from last year's rate of91 %, but above the ten- and 20-year averages of 83%. The rut began in early July with peak breeding activity observed late July and early August.

The fall roundup of bison was completed September 24 - 27. Matw-e animals were visually inspected in the main pens for injury, age, and condition before processing through the hub where potential surplus bison were sorted off. Surplus animals were chosen across the roundup and not in one cut so as to not remove an entire family group. Keeper bison were slowed only long enough to read age brands. Thirty adult cows were sorted off and transported to unit 28al for the anesthesia study. All calves and yearlings were sorted off, weighed and evaluated with approximately half of each class surplussed. Keeper yearlings were branded, blood and hair samples collected for genetic analysis, and retw-ned to the keeper herd. All calves passing through the chute received a seven-way vaccination for various calfhood diseases, however, no 31 female calves were vaccinated for brucellosis. Keeper calves were not branded to reduce handling and were returned to the keeper herd. Surplus yearlings and calves were tagged with a numbered, yellow eartag for identification.

Health testing of surplus bison was accomplished on September 28 and October 1 by USDA~ APHIS veterinarians at no cost to the refuge. All bison tested negative for tuberculosjs and brucellosis. Any additional health testing (i.e. anaplasmosis) or vaccinations (i.e. bmcellosis) required for interstate shipment of the bison was accomplished prior to loadout at the request and expense of the buyer or donation recipient.

Weights are collected each year for all surplus bison and keeper calf and yearling age classes during fall roundup. Data were submitted to Peter Gogan for his long-term project looking at differences and similarities in bison growth rate patterns and weights at maturity for Department oflnterior bison herds. Weights for calves and yearling are also used to monitor condition and calving period (early, average, late). Weights for both calf (male 337 lbs.; female 323 lbs.) and yearling (male 698 lbs.; female 666 lbs.) age classes were above the long term average reflecting quality forage and few late calves.

The bison herd was reduced by 117 animals during the fall program which included 80 bison sold at public auction on October 1O ; 28 bison donated to the InterTribal Bison Cooperative; two bison transferred to the U.S. Penitentiary in Leavenworth, KS; two bison donated to Pottawattamie County Conservation Board, IA; two bison salvaged for meat donation to the Valentine Elementary/Middle School System and Valentine Rural Fire Department; and three bison that died or were dispatched as a result of injuries suffored prior to or during roundup. Additional known mortality in 2001 included one adult cow during the winter and one adult bull. 32

Figure 2. Bison at Fort Niobrara NWR

The number of bison on Fort Niobrara at the end of the year was - 352 (- 336 main herd, 16 exhibition herd).

Table 5. Bison Herd Structure on November 1, 2001.

BISON Age Male Female Calf 32 27 1 16 16 2 9 8 3 11 12 4 9 10 5 9 10 6 10 6 7 10 12 8 8 9 9 11 13 10 10 14 11 8 11 12 6 10 13 5 8 14 5 6 15 3 6 16 1 4 17 1 18 4 33 ______19 20 21 22 1 Unk _1 Total 163 189

G.10.b. Elk

The nwnber of elk on Fort Niobrara approximated 59-63 (6-8 wilderness herd, 11 exhibition herd, 42-44 main herd) on January 1, 2001. The various elk herds remained in their respective habitat units the entire year with exchange or removal of animals accomplished by immobilization. An adult bu11, brought to the refuge as calf from the Bison Range in 1997, was moved from the main herd to the exhibition herd on February 2.

Elk calving began on June 1. A minimum of nine calves were born this year for a calving rate of 3 8%. This year's calving percent is down from last year (48%) but similar to the previous five­ year average of 37%. The poor calving rate is believed to be due to animal condition. Liver samples collected the past two years suggest the elk are not getting enough copper in their diet. Mineral supplement in the fo1m of a lick tub was tried in 1999 but the elk did not use them. Based on recommendations from an elk feed specialist, a loose mineral was placed in two ground level mineral boxes in habitat unit 16a in 2001. Although their take is below recommended levels, the elk consumed the loose mineral. Animal condition at year's end appeared to be much improved from previous years. Hopefully, calving rates will improve as well.

Reports of free-ranging elk outside of Fort Niobrara were received throughout the year. A small herd of 8-10 elk was observed on land owned by Simmons Cattle Company north of Fort Niobrara on several occasions. Multiple sightings of free-ranging elk in the river con-idor on the refuge were made. Refuge boundary fence in the wilderness area and habitat unit 16a was damaged by elk off-refuge on several occasions, however, no elk succeeded in joining refuge herds. Free-ranging verse fenced elk, disease, genetics (red deer) and private landowner concerns in this area are issues being addressed by various entities (Nebraska Game & Parks Commission, Nebraska Department of Agriculture, elk ranches, cattle ranches, and USFWS).

Refuge staff continued to consult and cooperate with Dr. Butch Sahara, veterinarian for the State of Nebraska, regarding Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD). The refuge has worked with Dr. Sahara and participated in the surveillance program since CWD was diagnosed in two captive elk herds in western and northcentral South Dakota in 1997 and a private, captive elk herd west of Fort Niobrara near Nenzel, NE in 1998. Dr. Sahara trained refuge staff in brain stem and cerebellum removal and general necropsy procedures. Six elk (three in 1999, three ih 2000) on Fort Niobrara have tested NEGATIVE for CWD. Elk were monitored closely during the year, however, none warranted being euthanized and tested for CWD.

No requests for suprlus elk were received this year. Known mortality in 2001 included two bulls in the wilderness area of old age, one cow and one calf in the main herd during the winter, and one calf in the exhibition herd of unknown cause. 34

The number of elk believed to be on the refuge on December 31, 2001 was approximately 61-63 (Table 6).

Table 6. Habitat Unit _Q!_ 16a 27 Males: l+ year old 4 2+ year old I Adult J.:l. 15 ~ Total 1-3 20 2

Females: 1+ year old 3 1 2+ year old 2 Adult _1 16 ---1 Total 1 19 7

Sex Unknown: Calf 8 l+ year old l Adult _1 Total 2 8 1

Grand Totals 4-6 47 10

G.10.c. Deer (white-tailed, mule)

General observations suggest that deer populations on the Refuge are similar to last year with numbers estimated at 60-70 white-tailed deer and 35 mule deer. There are no management efforts to control deer numbers or movement Coyote predation and off-refuge hunting have kept refuge deer numbers in check A white-tailed deer doe that died near the Fort Falls trail head on October 5 tested positive for EHD. The disease was confirmed at other locations off refuge.

G. 10.d. Pronghorn antelope

Multiple sightings of a pronghorn antelope male were made during the summer in habitat units 32, 36b, 38, and 39. A small herd of pronghorns (7-10 animals) has been observed in recent years on private land south of Fort Niobrara. During the past ten years, isolated incidences of a pronghorn migrating onto the Refuge have occurred, however, the antelope did not stay or was killed by coyotes. Reproduction on the Refuge has not been documented since the 1980's.

G.10.e. Texas Longhorn Cattle

The Refuge cooperated with Fort Robinson State Park on management of the Texas Longhorn cattle herd that was transferred from Fort Niobrara to the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission • 35 in November, 2000. In addition to conducting the required annual program review, refuge staff provided management advice, assisted with genetic record keeping, facilitated communication between Fort Robinson and Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, provided files and photographs for copying, and transferred ownership of longhorn semen stored at the Nebraska Bull Service in North Platte.

G.10.f. Black-tailed Prairie Dog

The black-tailed prairie dog town in the exhibition area increased to 30 acres. The northwest side of the town expanded into the headquarter' s area in the spring and prairie dogs in this area were doing well at year' s end. If allowed to expand further into the headquarter' s area, the next likely area of occupation will be the visitor center lawn and parking lot. Prairie dogs were observed "on the move" to other parts of the refuge but no new towns were established.

Figure 3. Black-tailed Prairie Dog

G.10.g. Other Mammals

River otter sightings increased in 2001 with an otter observed on the Niobrara River above and below Cornell Dam during the summer and fall.

G.10.h. Prairie Grouse

Annual prairie chicken and sharp-tailed grouse breeding ground counts were conducted April 6 - 27. Refuge grasslands south and east of the Niobrara River (count area =-14,000 acres) and private land adjacent to the refuge are usually searched for booming/dancing grounds with at least one follow-up count conducted, however, this year only a portion of the count area was surveyed. Data for the partial count area were taken from the previous ten years of surveys for comparison to this year. Fifty-seven sharp-tailed grouse males were counted on eight grounds which is down from 2000. The sharp-tailed count for 2001 was below the five-year average (64.2 males) but above the ten-year average (49.9 males). Thirteen prairie chicken males were counted on four grounds which is down from 2000. The prairie chicken count for 2001 was below the five-year average (25.6 males) and the ten-year average (21.4).

G.10.i. Wild Turkey 36 Turkey observations are recorded during the summer and winter in cooperation with Nebraska Game and Parks Commission surveys. The primary objective of the surveys is to determine the status of the wild turkey population (numbers and distribution) along the Niobrara River and its watershed. At least 15 turkeys were reported wintering on Fort Niobrara in January which is the same as last year. Turkey along the lower stretch of river on the Refuge and in the wilderness area are rarely sighted, and therefore not included in the survey. The number of hens observed raising young during the summer survey period of July 1 through August 15 suggested production of turkeys on Fort Niobrara was similar to 2000, however, brood data and age ratio data collected by the Nebraska Game and Parks during the hunting season off-refuge indicate poor production in this area in 2001.

G.10.j. Reptiles, Amphibians and Others

A rare sighting of a Blanding' s turtle was made in the prairie dog town on July 2

G,11. Fisheries Resource

Nothing to report.

G.13. Surplus Animal Disposal

G.13.a. Bison

The surplus bison auction was held on October 10 with 80 animals sold for a total of $31,575. The average price paid for bison was $395 which is a decrease of $133 from 2000. Prices paid for bison peaked in 1998 when the average price paid per animal was $1,862. Thirty-nine buyers from Nebraska, Iowa, South Dakota, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wisconsin attendea the sale in comparison to 42 buyers from three states in 2000. Approximately 100 spectators also watched. Bidding was strong on several age classes of bulls with top price of$ 1,225 paid for a two-year old bull.

Per the Memorandum of Agreement between the USFWS and InterTribal Bison Cooperative, 28 bison of representative age and sex were donated to the InterTribal Bison Cooperative in 2001 which then transferred the animals to the Spirit Lake Tribe ofNorth Dakota and Oneida Tribe of Wisconsin. The donated bison were to be used for propagation of new populations or improvement of genetic diversity.

Other donations/transfers of bison included two yearling heifers to Pottawattamie County Conservation Board, IA for public education and observation; one yearling bull and one yearling heifer to the U.S. Penitentiary in Leavenworth, KS for environmental education and observation; and two bison that died during the roundup were salvaged for meat donation to the Valentine Rural Fire Protection District and Valentine Elementary/Middle Schools.

The Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe of South Dakota (non-ITBC member tribe) requested the entire tribal donation (25% of surplus bison) on August 13 which was after the August 1 cut-off 37 date for disbursement of donation bison in 200 l . Its tribal representative was provided information for qualification and consideration for donation disbursement in 2002.

G.13.b. Elk

Nothing to report.

G.16. Marking and Banding

Bison yearlings retained in the herd were branded on the top left hip with a four-digit brand in September. The first two digits of the brand signify year of birth and the last two digits signify the order in which the animal came through the chute (i.e. 0029). Calves were not branded again this year to reduce handling. Branding or ear tagging of keeper bison at the calf age class would be accomplished if blood is collected for genetic monitoring or if a scientific study of the herd is being conducted.

No elk were ear tagged in 2001 .

G.17. Disease Prevention and Control

The complexity and number of wildlife diseases that the refuge must consider in management actions and decisions have increased tremendously. The refuge has a long history of closely cooperating and coordinating work with state and federal wildlife and agricultural agencies, however, the complexity of disease issues has challenged staff. The Imowledge and expertise of local, state, and federal veterinarians and their willingness to consult and advise on refuge management decisions has been greatly appreciated.

On September 26, bison calves were vaccinated for malignant edema, blackleg, and hemorrhagic septicemia as part of accepted standard health management practices for fenced bovines

Government saddle horses received their annual vaccination for Encephalomyelitis Virus (eastern and western), Equine Influenza Virus (subtypes Al and A2), and Tetanus Toxoid in May. They were also wormed twice for various parasites. Horses that were transferred to the refuge from Neal Smith NWR in Iowa passed a Coggin's test (equine infectious anemia) to meet importation requirements.

AJl surplus bison selected for sale or donation were tested for various diseases in accordance with State and Federal regulations. Current health regulations from the lower 48 states are obtained each year prior to the surplus program. Brucellosis and tuberculosis tests were done on all animals prior to sale or donation while additional tests/requirements (ie. anaplasmosis, parasite treatment, etc.) were accomplished after the sale on specific animals at the expense of the buyer. Nebraska is classified as "Brucellosis Free" and "Tuberculosis Free".

H. Public Use 38 H.1. General

Fort Niobrara receives approximately 131,000 visitors a year. The main public use activities for the Refuge include canoeing the Niobrara Scenic River, the auto tour loop which goes through the bison and elk exhibition pasture and the Fort Falls Nature Trail. Minor public use activities occurring on the Refuge include fishing, bird watching and picnicking. By far, the greatest number of people visiting the Refuge is those canoeing the Niobrara Scenic River. During 2001 12,038 people took part in this activity.

During the year our guest register recorded visitors from the following countries, Australia, England, Germany, Hungry, Ireland, Manitoba, New Zealand, Nonvay, Ontario, Scotland and South Africa. Most of the continental states were represented. Visitation continues to increase as the popularity of the Scenic River grows.

A new general refuge brochure was drafted and submitted to Denver for editing. The project needs to be to design in May 2002.

H.2. Environmental Education - Students

Fort Niobrara is a popular spot for field trips from the local and surrounding community schools. During the year approximately 150 students visit the Refuge as school groups. The usual tour for these school groups includes a trip through the visitor center, the bison and elk exhibition pasture and Fort Falls Nature Trail. During the tour, Refuge staff talks with the students about the things they see and how the various animals and plants are connected in the web oflife . Refuge staff also did off-site refuge talks. During these opportunities, approximately 200 students were reached.

H.3. Environmental Education - Teachers

Fort Niobrara staff hosted a workshop for the teachers of Valentine and surrounding areas. Fifteen teachers participated in this workshop that discussed environmental education for this region.

H.4. Interpretive Foot Trails

There are two foot trails on the Refuge, Fort Falls Nature Trail and a Wilderness Access Trail. The most popular of the trails at the Refuge, the Fort Falls trail is approximately one mile long and takes the visitor through the six different ecosystems that converge on the Refuge. The Fort Falls trail goes through a portion of the Designated Wilderness Area and shows off the Fort Falls and the National Scenic Niobrara River. The steps and bridges along the trail are becoming dilapidated and in serious need of repair. MMS projects are in place to do this repair work.

The second foot trail on the Refuge is the Wilderness Access Trail This trail starts at the Buffalo Bridge and meanders through the Designated Wilderness Area. While this trail is not used as heavily as the Fort Falls Trail those who venture into the Wilderness are rewarded with 39 spectacular views of the Niobrara River, possible sightings of elk and Bison and the beauty of the prairie.

H.5. Interpretive Tour Route

The Auto Tour, being one of the more popular attractions in the area, brings thousands of people to drive it to see the 15 bison, nine elk and the multitude of prairie dogs. The Auto Tour route which winds around the display pasture is a mirid of trails and roads which are often impassable to our visitors. The system does give the visitor some close up viewing opportunities of the big game animals and the large and very active prairie dog town, but the condition ofthe roads leave much to be desired.

H.6. Interpretive Exhibits/Demonstrations

The displays and exhibits in the Visitor Center remain the same as the past several years. While they still are interesting to the visiting public the need for updating and upgrading is evident. Unfortunately, the high cost of new exhibits and displays prohibits us from upgrading.

The Fire Crew from the Fort Niobrara/Valentine Complex staffed a booth at the Cherry County Fair. Information was handed out on the Refuges in the area and on prescribed fire and its benefits.

H.8. Hunting

Hunting is not permitted on the Fort Niobrara Refuge at this time. The possibility of having hunts was discussed in the CCP process and was dependent on a variety of things, for example quality ofthe experience, population of elk and bison. At this time the option to allow hunting is not seen as viable.

H.9. Fishing

Fishing is permitted on the Niobrara River however very few people take advantage of this opportunity.

The Annual Fishing Day event was successful as usual. The State Game and Fish Commission gave the fish used to stock a pond located near the big game corrals. A good time was enjoyed by all with several people catching their first fish. Approximately I 00 people attended this event.

H.11. Wildlife Observation

Next to canoeing the Niobrara River this is the most popular activity on the Refuge. Thousands of people annually drive tbru the exhibition pasture to see the bison, elk and prairie dogs. The auto tour route, which is through the exhibition pasture, is especially busy during the bison and elk rut, and the bison calving. 40 H.12. Other Wildlife Oriented Recreation

The Refuge is starting to see an increase in the number of people coming out to bird watch. The spring season seems to be the most popular time for this activity due to the return of the neo­ tropical migrants. The Refuges unique location. with six distinct ecosystems converging here, makes for truly spectacular birding opportunities. This activity is really becoming popular with our visitors.

River floating was determined to be a compatible public use on Fort Niobrara because it enables visitors the opportunity to learn more about and appreciate refuge wildlife and habitats. Outfitters that have special use permits for the refuge are required to submit monthly reports summarizing number of people and vessels launched by vessel type and date/day ofweek (Sunday, Monday-Friday, Saturday). This information along with iron ranger receipts (user fee envelopes) is used to estimate river use on the lower stretch of the Niobrara River through the refuge (upper stretch on refuge is closed to public use). In 2001, 10,654 vessels and 16,525 people launched on the refuge (Table 7). The number of people floating through the refuge was - 6% less than 2000, 48% less than the peak in 1997, and below the 1993 level when detailed record keeping began.

Based on outfitter reports, the high river recreation use period in 2001 was June 17-August 19. Low to moderate use occurred May 1 - June 16 and August 20 - September 30. The remainder of the year, low to no river recreation took place. The "high use period" was the time period when daily records exceeded the average, however spikes occurred before and after the "high use period." In comparing information to previous year reports, Saturdays still account for most of the use, however, weekday recreation has increased.

Table 7. Summary of 2001 river outfitter reports

Day ofTotaJ # Avg.# Max.# People Week People People / Day and Date Mon-Fri 6653 (44%) 61.04 995 people July 30-Aug.3 (avg 199/day) Saturday 6573 (44%) 298.8 805 people on July 21 Sunday 1868 (12%) 84.9 411 people on Sept.2

Video taping in four hour blocks (a.m.; p.m.) on randomly selected days (statistically sound sample size) was accomplished late June through September 3 (Labor Day Weekend) to determine river recreation patterns during the day. The number of observed vessels and people were significantly higher during all morning periods than corresponding afternoon periods. The highest observed number of people floating past a fixed point was 29 on a Saturday morning. The lowest amount of use took place on weekdays in the afternoon. When all Saturday data were combined to calculate a JO-minute moving average, fluctuations were smoothed showing that the peak period of activity took place between 9:30 a.m. and 12:30 p.m. Data collection will be expanded in 2002 to sample low and high use periods (May 25 - Sept 2) and Dr. John Davis, Southern Vermont College, will again assist with data analysis. Information will be used to develop the Wilderness Stewardship Plan, River Recreation/Visitor Services Plan, and 41 supplement the research project being conducted by Kansas State University (Recreational Impacts on Avian Assemblages in the Niobrara River Corridor, Fort Niobrara NWR).

H.14. Picnicking

Picnicking opportunities are available at the Burr Oak Area on the Refuge. The Refuge maintains picnic tables, restrooms and trash cans in this area. The increasing use of the Niobrara River is making this a popular location on the Refuge as a before and after spot for the cancers.

H.17. Law Enforcement

The law enforcement (LE) program saw a variety of changes in 2001. The Refuge began the year with a new full time law enforcement officer (LEO). In August, 2000 Refuge Officer Charles (Chuck) Melvin transferred from Wichita Mt. Wildlife Refuge filling the newly acquired LEO position. In the same month collateral officer Jim Sellers transferred to Quivera NWR. The addition and loss of officers brought the complex LE staff to three collateral and one full time LEO. With the addition of a full time LEO considerably more time was spent in the field monitoring public use.

Refuge law enforcement personnel provided law enforcement coverage of all roads and public use areas throughout the year. Officers were involved in search and rescue, vehicle accident investigations, river patrol, and collateral duty firefighters. Countless hours were spent monitoring visitor use on complex.

The Refuge continued with an excellent working relationship with the U.S. Magistrate court in Lincoln, NE. The conviction rate of citations is almost 100%. Refuge officers worked closely throughout year with the U .S. Fish & Wildlife Service special agents, Nebraska Game and Fish, Cherry County sheriff deputies, and Nebraska Highway Patrol Working agreements with the Cherry County Sheriff's Office allows the Service to deal with LE situations that would normally become complex due to the lack of a federal holding facility within close proximity to the Refuge complex.

Citations were issued for possession of alcoholic beverages, controlled substances, DUI, littering, collection of animals, unplugged shotgun, hunting in closed area, no hunter orange, hunting out of season, take of illegal turkey, oversize fish, more than five ice fishing lines, illegal fillet fish, no fishing license, possession oflead shot, hunting without an antler tag, and failure to tag deer. See table's for a summary of all violations and warnings for 2001 . A total of 133 citations and 300 warnings were issued in 2001 . Full time LEO made 3, 554 contacts in 2001. The public keeps the officers very busy!

Table 8. Ft. Niobrara/Valentine NWR Complex Violation/Warning Tally for Fiscal Year 2001 42

Violations Valentin Ft. Warnings eNWR Niobrara Valentine/Ft. Niobrara NWR Complex Possession of Alcoholic Beverage 24 49 167 Possession ofNarcotics 9 27 DUI 1 Littering 1 1 6 Collection of Animals 1 Unplugged Shotgun 2 Hunting in Closed Area 2 No Hunter Orange 1 Hunting Out of Season l Taking of Illegal Turkey 1 Take of Oversized Fish 2 More than five Ice Fishing Lines 3 Illegal Fillet Fish 2 No Fishing License 2 Possession of Lead Shot 1 Hunting with Antlerless Tag 2 Failure to Tag Deer 1 Trespassing 3 Fireworks 2 Fishing Violations 7 Game Violations 50 OffRoad Travel 2 Swimming in Closed Area 10 Traffic Violation 2 Weapons Violation 2 Permit Violation 21 43 Life Jacket Violation 9 Water Canon Use 19

Total 54 79 300

Total Violations for Fiscal Year 2001 133 II

H.18. Cooperating Associations

The Fort Niobrara Natural History Association was fonned in 1982 and took over the sale of books and other items from the Badlands Natural History Association. During the year sales of $5,888.00 were made, donations of$197.00 received and interest of$172.00 received. Total revenues for 2001 were $6,257.00. Disbursements of $3,098.00 for Association Operations, and $130.00 to the Refuge were given out, tot&ling $3,228.00.

During the year the Association hosted the Annual Kids Fishing Day and provided a horse drawn wagon to transport visitors during the annual bison sale. 1n addition the Association sponsored the Nebraska Junior Duck Stamp Contest, and printed the Nature Trail and Auto Tour guides.

In December the Annual Board Meeting was held. At this meeting the Board members were introduced to Bernie Petersen, the new Deputy Refuge Manager for the Refuge Complex. The Board also honored long time board member Cork Young for his long standing support and dedication to the Association.

Membership in the Association has remained at a fairly constant level over the years. The staff of the Refuge and members of the Association would like to come up with ideas on boosting and revitalizing the membership.

I. Equipment and Facilities

LS. New Construction

In October of2001 construction on a new shop facility was started. Only two bidders responded to the request, Kelly Klosure Systems, of Fremont, Nebraska, was awarded the contract. R.L. Fauss was sub-contracted to do the building erection. The pre-engineered building measures 87' by 40'. Numerous problems arose during the construction of this building ranging from poor workmanship to omissions in the contract and drawings. The contract used was a generic GSA building contract, the plans did not have electrical switches, overhead door opener switches and the like. Since the drawings did not have these items the sub-contractor claimed he did not have to put them in. This was indicative of the numerous problems we faced every day on this project. Completion will occur around the first of the year hopefully. 44

Figure 4. Picture of new shop

1.2. Rehabilitation

I.2.a. Buildings

New air cleaners were installed in the existing shop facility in August. This was done to comply with safety standards, as indicated during the station safety inspection. This new equipment will allow for working on equipment, wood working, and other related activities to be done safely in the shop.

I.2.b. Residences

Residence number two was rehabilitated in anticipation of the new Deputy Complex Manager. New carpet and vinyl flooring was installed throughout the house.

I.2.c. Structures and Facilities

Work continues on rehabilitating the corrals used in bison management. These facilities are long overdue for attention. Old wooden fences are being replaced with steel pipe and walkways replaced with new steel tread plate. Handrails are being replaced and old wooden gates are gone with steel gates in their place. While this is an ongoing project the rejuvenation ofthis facility will make it much safer for both the staff and the animals.

1.3. Mai or Maintenance

I.3 .a. Buildings

See Section 1(2) (a)

I.3.b. Residences

See Section I (2)(b)

I.3.c. Structures and Facilities 45 The major emphasis of the maintenance program for Fort Niobrara NWR is on maintaining the big game and public use facilities. Approximately 55 miles of eight foot big game fence, 42 miles barbed wire, and 19 miles electric fence are maintained each year. In addition, 24 windmill and tank systems and associated gates, cattle guards and other facilities are maintained. Two units had electric fence removed, Unit 16B 1.5 miles was removed and Unit 37 had 1.5 miles removed.

The windmill in Unit 3 7 was upgraded from a two inch to a 2.25 inch well.

Public use facilities serving the Niobrara River canoe launch area including the fee station, public restrooms and informational signs require constant attention. It is not uncommon for the signs to be vandalized several times during the summer. Other public use facilities requiring care include the Visitor Center, Exhibition Pasture road system, Burr Oak picnic area, and the Fort Falls parking and trail.

L3.ci Vehicles and Equipment

The aging fleet of vehicles continues to be a drain on the budget. The vehicles may not have a great number of miles on them but the work required ofthem in the Sandhills, and the rough terrain, is demanding and talces its toll. Vehicles are used in the big game program for herding bison, fencing and other general maintenance.

Equipment repairs are in the same category as the vehicles, old age and demanding work load are taking its toll. The two loaders, motor grader, D-7 crawler and tractors are all well overdue for rep1acement. It is getting harder and harder to find parts for this equipment. All the heavy equipment is used on the complex and as a result gets more use than if a single station was using it. The excavator is also used at the Lacreek NWR in maintaining some of the sand traps along their water system.

1.4. Equipment Utilization and Replacement

1.4.a. Replacement

One of our trailers was replaced during the year. The replacement trailer was a five foot wide by eight foot long tilt bed trailer to be used for hauling the ATV. Numerous problems have been encountered by hauling this type equipment in the back of pickups. The station has initiated a policy to prohibit the hauling of any ATV in the back of pickups.

A Dodge Durango was purchased using salary savings from the Deputy Manager position. The vehicle was purchased through the Express Desk using a local vendor. This turned out to be a very nice vehicle and much more fuel efficient than the one it replaced.

LS. Communication System

The current radio system for the Refuge Complex operates on a low band frequency. The system is due for replacement with the new upgraded narrow band digital using the high band range. 46 The current system does not work well enough to be reliable during either prescribed fire or wild fires. Communication between Fort Niobrara and Valentine Refuges is limited at best. It is hoped that the new system will eliminate the dead spots and be more reliable.

L6. Computer Systems

Most computers on the Station are running on Windows 98, which while very functional is well down the ladder of what's available. Two of the computers on the Station are still using Windows 95. The only equipment purchased during the year were a CD burner and a new printer. Adequate funding is being sought to replace the network system and computers thru MMS and RONS.