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Water-Quality and Fish-Community Data for the Niobrara National Scenic River, Nebraska, 2003–05

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Water-Quality and Fish-Community Data for the Niobrara National Scenic River, Nebraska, 2003–05 Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service Water-Quality and Fish-Community Data for the Niobrara National Scenic River, Nebraska, 2003–05 Introduction land-use practices, and other factors are affecting the Niobrara River. In 1991, a 76-mile reach of the Niobrara River in north- central Nebraska was designated as a National Scenic River Background (NSR). This reach of the river hosts a unique ecosystem that provides habitat for a diverse fish and wildlife population The Niobrara River extends 536 miles from eastern that include several threatened and endangered species. The Wyoming to its mouth near Niobrara, Nebraska. Streamflow Niobrara NSR also is a popular destination for campers, canoe- within the basin is derived primarily from snowmelt and seep- ists, kayakers, and tubers. age from the underlying High Plains aquifer. Flows are usually Changes in surface-water quality, related to recreation, highest in the spring and early summer and lowest in late sum- mer and early fall. Land use in the Niobrara River Basin primar- industrial and municipal discharge, and agricultural activities in ily consists of rangeland, alfalfa, and row crops. Minnechaduza the region have the potential to affect fish and wildlife popula- Creek, a small tributary to the Niobrara River, located on the tions within the Niobrara NSR. Additionally, water users may northern edge of Valentine, Nebraska, the largest community in be at risk if elevated concentrations of chemical or biological the sparsely populated region, receives runoff and treated waste- contaminants are present in the waterway. The U.S. Geologi- water discharge from the city. cal Survey (USGS) and the National Park Service (NPS) began The Niobrara NSR designation begins near Valentine and a 3-year cooperative study of water-quality characteristics in extends 76 miles downstream to north of Newport, Nebraska, Niobrara NSR in 2003. During the study, water samples were and encompasses 23,000 acres of open water, forests, hills, prai- collected for analysis of a suite of physical, chemical, and ries, and canyons. The area received approximately 53,400 visi- biological indicators of water quality in the Niobrara River. tors in 2004 (National Park Service, 2005). Although recreation The resulting data have been published previously (Hitch and activities take place year-round, the greatest public use occurs others, 2004; Hitch and others, 2005) and included: major ions, from mid-May to mid-October. nutrients, trace elements, pesticides, organic (wastewater) com- The study area includes the 35-mile reach of the Niobrara pounds, bacteria, and suspended sediment. In addition to water- NSR from the Borman Bridge to the Carns Bridge (fig. 1). Four quality sampling, fish communities were sampled to identify the sites were selected to monitor water-quality conditions from presence and diversity of species at selected sites (data available online in Annual Water Data Reports). These water-quality and fish-community data are summarized in this report. The data were collected to provide baseline information that will help NPS managers determine if changes in recreational activities, Photograph by Stuart Schneider, National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Fact Sheet 2007–3098 U.S. Geological Survey Printed on recycled paper April 2008 100°30’ 20’ 10’ 100° 50’ 40’ 99°30’ Todd County Tripp County Missouri River Basin 43° SOUTH DAKOTA Gregory County NEBRASKA 83 183 Ke ya P aha River Sparks Keya Paha River Basin 12 9 11 13 14 Burton eek4 12 M a Cr 10 12 innechaduz 8 15 7 16 STUDY AREA 20 6 2 Nio bra Valentine 1 Fort Niobrara ra Keya Paha County 5 National Wildlife 97 Refuge 50’ Borman bridge 12 Springview Cherry County 17 Norden bridge 3 River Niobrara National Scenic River 18 19 7 21 Carns bridge 83 Niobrara River Basin 20 22 20 ek re e C Long Pin 42°40’ Rock County Brown County 183 Wood Lake Elkhorn River Basin Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, 1:100,000, 1999 0 3 6 9 12 MILES Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 14 0 3 6 9 12 KILOMETERS Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83) EXPLANATION Extent of High Plains aquifer SOUTH DAKOTA Niobrara National Scenic River Keya Paha River designation drainage area Boundary of drainage basin Niobrara River Study area 3 Water-quality sampling site and drainage area Newport map number NEBRASKA 17 Fish community sampling site and map number Index map Figure 1. Location of the study area for water-quality and fish-community data collection for the Niobrara National Scenic River, Nebraska, 2003–05. June to September 2003 and from May to December 2004. and 11 were located on selected tributaries (fig. 1). Potential Filtered (0.45-micron) and unfiltered samples were collected fish migration barriers occurred within the reach such as the to evaluate dissolved and total concentrations. Samples were Cornell Dam, a large knickpoint near the Norden bridge, and collected twice in June 2003 and once per month from July rock riffles. Samples were obtained using electroshocking and through September 2003 using methods described in Meyers seining techniques (fig. 2) primarily during early to mid-Sep- (2004) and Wilde (variously dated), and U.S. Geological Survey tember 2003–05. (variously dated). Samples were collected monthly from May 2004 through December 2004. Three of the four sampling sites Water-Quality Properties were located along the Niobrara River—upstream from Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge at the Borman Bridge (site During water-quality sample collection, study personnel 1, USGS station 06460800), at Berry Bridge near Sparks (site measured specific conductance, pH, air and water tempera- 2, USGS station 06461500), and at the Norden Bridge (site 3, tures, and dissolved oxygen concentration using calibrated USGS station 06462000). The fourth site was located on Min- instruments (Wilde, chapter sections variously dated). Specific nechaduza Creek downstream from Valentine (site 4, USGS conductance values measured at the Niobrara River sites ranged station 06461010). A continuous streamflow recorder has been from 198 to 229 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees in operation at Berry Bridge near Sparks (site 2) since 1946. Celsius (µS/cm) and were less than values measured in Min- Fish-community sampling occurred once at each of 18 nechaduza Creek (site 4), which ranged from 285 to 335 µS/cm. sites of which 7 were located on the Niobrara River main stem Specific conductance observations at individual sites did not often are associated with agricultural runoff and with detergents and chemicals found in municipal wastewater discharges and septic systems (Mueller and Helsel, 1996). Excessive nutrient concentrations can trigger algal blooms (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986) that may cause decreases in dissolved oxygen and increases in suspended materials. All samples were analyzed for eight nutrient compounds at the NWQL (Fishman, 1993). Nitrite plus nitrate was less than 1 mg/L as nitrogen in all of the samples. In most months, water from the Minnecha- duza Creek site showed the largest concentrations of unfiltered ammonia plus organic nitrogen, filtered ammonia plus organic nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, filtered phosphorus, and organophos- phates. Of the 51 unfiltered samples collected in the Niobrara NSR that were analyzed for total phosphorus, 45 exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recommenda- tion of 0.1 mg/L for avoiding algal blooms (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986). In general, phosphorus concentra- tions in samples from the Minnechaduza Creek site were higher Figure 2. Collecting fish by electroshocking technique, Niobrara than the phosphorus concentrations at other sites for the cor- River Nebraska. Photograph by Stuart Schneider, National Park responding sampling event. Service. vary substantially. At the Niobrara River sites, pH values varied Trace Elements from 7.8 to 8.7 standard units, and in general, the values were Naturally occurring arsenic can be found in deposits of the smallest at the most upstream site (Borman Bridge, site 1). In Cretaceous-aged Niobrara Formation and Carlile Shale of the most cases, pH values were highest at the Minnechaduza Creek Colorado Group that underlie the study area (Bradley, 1956). site (site 4), where pH ranged from 8.1 to 8.8 and the highest Uranium is known to occur in water-bearing units of the Brule pH value (8.8) of all samples at all sites was measured in May Formation and Chadron Formation in Nebraska west of the 2004. The highest water temperatures usually were measured study area (Dickinson, 1991). These compounds can be carried when the highest air temperatures were measured, and the to streams from ground water and on sediment during surface lowest water temperatures were measured when the lowest air runoff events. For the protection of aquatic life, the Nebraska temperatures were measured at all four water-quality sites. Dis- Department of Environmental Quality criteria (Nebraska solved oxygen concentrations were larger than 7.2 milligrams Department of Environmental Quality, 2006) require long- per liter (mg/L) in all samples and typically were larger when term average arsenic concentrations to be less than 16.7 µg/L. water temperatures were low. Dissolved oxygen concentrations Although there is no State standard for dissolved uranium for usually were largest at Berry Bridge near Sparks (site 2) and the protection of aquatic life, uranium concentrations in public- smallest at Norden Bridge (site 3). drinking water must be less than 30 µg/L (Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality, 2006). All samples were analyzed for Major Ions trace elements arsenic, lead and uranium at the NWQL (Faires, 1993). Concentrations for trace elements including arsenic, lead, All water-quality samples were analyzed for 10 major and uranium were determined in samples from Minnechaduza ions at the USGS National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) Creek (site 4) and on the Niobrara River at the Borman Bridge in Lakewood, Colorado, using methods described in Fishman (site 1).
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