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Journal the New York Botanical Garden

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Journal the New York Botanical Garden VOL. XXXV SEPTEMBER, 1934 No. 417 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN FERNS WITHIN ONE HUNDRED MILES OF NEW YORK CITY JOHN K. SMALL TRIFOLIUM VIRGINICUM IN CULTIVATION T. H. EVERETT THE ELIZABETH GERTRUDE BRITTON MOSS HERBARIUM IS ESTABLISHED E. D. MERRILL SCIENCE COURSE FOR PROFESSIONAL GARDENERS ENTERS THIRD YEAR PUBLIC LECTURES SCHEDULED FOR SEPTEMBER, OCTOBER, AND NOVEMBER A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE CAROL H. WOODWARD NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN AT LIME AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, PA. THE SCIENCE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1935: L. H. BAILEY, THOMAS J. DOLEN, MARSHALL FIELD, MRS. ELON HUNTINGTON HOOKER, KENNETH K. MACKENZIE, JOHN L. MERRILL (Vice-presi­ dent and Treasurer), and H. HOBART PORTER. Until 1936: ARTHUR M. ANDERSON, HENRY W. DE FOREST (President), CLARENCE LEWIS, E. D. MERRILL (Director and Secretary), HENRY DE LA MON­ TAGNE, JR. (Assistant Treasurer & Business Manager), and LEWIS RUTHER- FURD MORRIS. Until 1937: HENRY DE FOREST BALDWIN (Vice-president), GEORGE S. BREWSTER, CHILDS FRICK, ADOLPH LEWISOHN, HENRY LOCKHART, JR., D. T. MACDOUGAL, and JOSEPH R. SWAN. II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS FIORELLO H. LAGUARDIA, Mayor of the City of New York. ROBERT MOSES, Park Commissioner. GEORGE J. RYAN, President of the Board of Education. III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS A. F. BLAKESLEE, appointed by the Torrey Botanical Club. R. A. HARPER, SAM F. TRELEASE, EDMUND W. SINNOTT, and MARSTON T. BOGERT, appointed by Columbia University. GARDEN STAFF E. D. MERRILL, SC. D Director MARSHALL A. HOWE, PH. D., Sc. D Assistant Director H. A. GLEASON, PH. D Head Curator JOHN K. SMALL, PH. D., Sc. D Chief Research Associate and Curator A. B. STOUT, PH. D Director of the Laboratories FRED J. SEAVER, PH. D., SC. D Curator BERNARD O. DODGE, PH. D Plant Pathologist FORMAN T. MCLEAN, M. F., PH. D Supervisor of Public Education JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M. D.. .Bibliographer and Admin. Assistant PERCY WILSON Associate Curator ALBERT C. SMITH, PH. D Associate Curator SARAH H. HARLOW, A. M Librarian H. H. RUSBY, M. D Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections FLEDA GRIFFITH Artist and Photographer ROBERT S. WILLIAMS Research Associate in Bryology E. J. ALEXANDER Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium HAROLD N. MOLDENKE, PH. D Assistant Curator CLYDE CHANDLER, A. M Technical Assistant ROSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant CAROL H. WOODWARD, A. B Editorial Assistant THOMAS H. EVERETT, N. D. HORT Horticulturist HENRY TEUSCHER, HOUT. M Dendrologist G. L. WITTROCK, A. M Docent ROBERT HAGELSTEIN Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes ETHEL ANSON S. PECKHAM . .Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections WALTER S. GROESBECK Clerk and Accountant ARTHUR J. CORBETT Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VOL. XXXV SEPTEMBER, 1934 No. 417 FERNS WITHIN ONE HUNDRED MILES OF NEW YORK CITY1 Manhattan Island has outstanding botanical characteristics. So far as ferns are concerned, nature, after the last Ice Age, continued to build up a luxuriant growth on the island. This survived until the activities of the white man from Europe inaugurated changes on the surface of the land. Since modern history began on Man­ hattan the fern growth has gradually dwindled to almost nil. The same processes of destruction that reduced the fern growth on Manhattan have been and are operating nearly throughout the Local Flora area. Through its geological formation Manhattan represents the southern tip of one of the larger plant-provinces—the New En­ gland Coast Region. It was originally a wedge of ancient crystal­ line rock flanked on either side by portions of other plant-provinces, one the latest formation, the Coastal Plain, the other the oldest formation, the Piedmont.2 These two plant-provinces coincide with the geological formations of the same names. The amateur botanists of Manhattan and vicinity were the first on the Atlantic seaboard to organize themselves into an association 1 This note is published as a basic plan for field work looking toward a detailed monograph on the ferns of the general region and the minor areas outlined on the following pages. 'Just after the Ice Ages Manhattan was for the most part a bare rocky island. As the Coastal Plain province was formed sand was deposited with the remains of the glacial drift over the lower parts of the eastern edge and the low positions south of the present 59th Street. 197 —The Torrey Botanical Club3—for the study of plants from a botanical standpoint, growing naturally within a certain area. In this case an area two hundred miles in diameter with Manhattan Island at the center was designated. This region has come to be known as the Local Flora area. Exploration for plants and the collecting of specimens within this area has been carried on officially and otherwise for over a half century. The specimens were preserved in various private her­ baria. Mainly through the activities of the Local Flora committee, the Torrey Botanical Club gradually built up an herbarium of the local plants. The enthusiasm with which the work of the Local Flora committee was carried on varied according to the time, op­ portunity, and interests of the members and their associates. Even­ tually, the Club presented its local flora herbarium to the Board of Managers of the Garden. One of the early activities of the Garden's botanical work, before the accession of the herbarium of the Torrey Botanical Club, was the beginning of a local flora herbarium. When the Club's her­ barium was turned over to the Garden, the two collections were merged. During the past three decades miscellaneous collections of plants from the Local Flora area and several large private herbaria have been incorporated with the original nucleus. Now, there is a large herbarium of local plants available for consultation or study to any one qualified for such work. This note is based on collections of ferns preserved in the her­ barium of The New York Botanical Garden, besides studies in the field, both within and without the Local Flora area.4 The Local Flora area is an arbitrary assemblage of parts of sev­ eral major and minor plant-provinces. Curiously enough, this area 3 The Torrey Botanical Club is the oldest botanical society in the United States, its present organization dating from December, 1867; its incorpora­ tion was effected in January, 1873. The Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, the oldest botanical journal in America, was commenced in 1870; it is now in its 61st volume. The Club also publishes a journal called Torreya, and a series entitled Memoirs. The membership, at first only about 30, all living in or near New York City, now numbers about 500, widely distrib­ uted geographically, although the meetings are still held in New York. The Club was responsible for the establishment of The New York Botanical Garden.—JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART. 4 The word fern is used here in the broad sense covering the groups of fern-allies as well as the true ferns. 199 represents the most complicated assemblage of plant-provinces, five in number, to be found in any similar-sized area in all of North America. The flora is thus large for the size of the area, and the floristics complicated. The very ancient history of the land has had a profound effect on the floristics. The outstanding influences in A COASTAL PLAIN Mil B PIEDMONT C NEW ENGLAND D APPALACHIAN VALLEY E APPALACHIAN PLATEAUS FIGURE I. Map of the Local Flora area. The limits of the plant provinces are shown by heavy black lines. The southern limit of the glaciers, the terminal moraine, is shown by the line in hachure running across Long Island and northern New Jersey into Pennsylvania. modifying the more ancient floristics involving the direct ancestors of our modern plants were the Ice Ages. During these periods more than half of the local flora area was buried beneath prodigious ice sheets. The vegetation was wiped out and the configuration of the surface of the land was more or less modified. The greater part of the more southern portion of the local flora area has had a continuous plant covering since very early times, whereas the portion north of the terminal moraine5 was repopu- lated largely by immigrants after the ice receded to the north. PLANT PROVINCES The plant provinces involved in the Local Flora area are five. The newest formation is the coastal region of our area—the Coastal Plain. The boundary of this province extends from the northern tip of Delaware diagonally across New Jersey, thence to Staten Island and Long Island, where it leaves two sections on the front shore of the former island and the whole front of the latter. Northwestward the Coastal Plain abuts on two provinces of the very old formations: one, the Piedmont, extending up from Georgia through eastern Pennsylvania and, as a tongue, along the Hudson River to Rockland County, New York; beyond this point the Coastal Plain abuts on the New England province. This ex­ tends southward as two tongues or wedges, one ending near Read­ ing in eastern Pennsylvania, the other wedge in the form of Man­ hattan Island, or New York City. The remaining two provinces are northward extensions from less ancient eroded uplifts from the south. The one bordering the New England province is the Appalachian Valley province, which begins in central Alabama, extending northeastward just west of the Blue Ridge province, which however ends in southern Pennsyl­ vania, a short distance southwest of Harrisburg and outside our area.
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