Saints Cyril and Methodius 1 Saints Cyril and Methodius

For other uses, see Saints Cyril and Methodius (disambiguation).

Saints Cyril and Methodius

"Saints Cyril and Methodius holding the Cyrillic alphabet," a mural by Bulgarian iconographer Z. Zograf, 1848, Troyan Monastery

Bishops and Confessors; Equals to the Apostles; Patrons of Europe; Apostles to the

Born 826 or 827 and 815 Thessalonica, Byzantine (present-day Greece)

Died 14 February 869 and 6 April 885

Honored in Orthodox Church Roman Anglican Communion Lutheran Church

[1] Feast 11 and 24 May (Orthodox Church) 14 February (present Roman Catholic calendar); 5 July (Roman Catholic calendar 1880–1886); 7 July (Roman Catholic calendar 1887–1969) 5 July (Roman Catholic Czech Republic and )

Attributes brothers depicted together; Eastern bishops holding up a church; Eastern bishops holding an icon of the Last Judgment. Often, Cyril is depicted wearing a monastic habit and Methodius vested as a bishop with omophorion.

Patronage Unity between Orthodox and Roman Catholics , Republic of , Czech Republic, Slovakia, Transnistria, Archdiocese of Ljubljana, Europe

Saints Cyril and Methodius (Greek: Κύριλλος καὶ Μεθόδιος, Old : Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи[more]) were 9th-century Byzantine Greek brothers born in Thessalonica, Macedonia, in the . They were the principal Christian among the Slavic peoples of the Great Moravia and Pannonia, introducing Orthodox and writing to the hitherto illiterate, pagan Slav migrants into parts of Macedonia and elsewhere in the Balkans.[2][3][4] Through their work they influenced the cultural development of all Slavs, for which they received the title "Apostles to the Slavs". They are credited with devising the Glagolitic alphabet, the first alphabet used to transcribe .[5] After their deaths, their pupils continued their work among other Slavs. Both brothers are venerated in the Orthodox Church as saints with the title of "equal-to-apostles". In 1880, Leo XIII introduced their feast into the calendar of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1980, Pope John Paul II declared them co-patron saints of Europe, together with Benedict of Nursia.[6] Saints Cyril and Methodius 2

Early career

Early life The two brothers were born in Thessalonica, in present-day Greek Macedonia – Cyril in 827–828 and Methodius in 815–820. Most reputable Byzantinists consider the brothers to have been ethnic Greeks who had learnt the Slav Macedonian/western Bulgarian dialect before introducing Orthodox Christianity and a new script to the hitherto illiterate and pagan Slav migrants into parts of Macedonia and elsewhere in the Balkans.[7] Cyril was reputedly the youngest of seven brothers; he was born Constantine,[8] but took the name Cyril upon becoming a monk in shortly before his death,[9][10][11] according to the "Vita Cyrilli" ("The Life of Cyril"). Methodius was born Michael and took the name Methodius upon becoming a monk at Mysian Olympus (present-day Uludağ), in northwest Turkey.[12] Their father was Leo, a droungarios of the Byzantine theme of Thessalonica, and their mother was Maria, who may have been a Slav. The two brothers lost their father when Cyril was only fourteen, and the powerful minister , who was logothetes tou dromou, one of the chief ministers of the Empire, became their protector. He was also responsible, along with the regent , for initiating a far-reaching educational program within the Empire which culminated in the establishment of the University of Magnaura, where Cyril was to teach. Cyril was ordained as priest some time after his education, while his brother Methodius remained only a deacon until 867/868.Wikipedia:Citation needed

Missions in the Middle East Cyril's mastery of theology and command of both Arabic and Hebrew made him eligible for his first state mission. He was sent to the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mutawakkil to discuss the principle of the Holy Trinity with the Arab theologians, and to improve relations between the Caliphate and the Empire.Wikipedia:Citation needed The second mission (860), requested by the Byzantine Emperor Michael III and the Patriarch of Photius (a professor of Cyril's at the University and his guiding light in earlier years), was a missionary expedition to the Khazar Khaganate in order to prevent the expansion of Judaism there. This mission was unsuccessful, as later the Khagan imposed Judaism on his people as the national . It has been claimed that Methodius accompanied Cyril on the mission to the Khazars, but this is probably a later invention. The account of his life presented in the Latin "Legenda" claims that he learned the Khazar language while in Chersonesos, in Taurica (today Crimea).Wikipedia:Citation needed After his return to Constantinople, Cyril assumed the role of professor of philosophy at the University while his brother had by this time become a significant player in Byzantine political and administrative affairs, and an abbot of his monastery.Wikipedia:Citation needed Saints Cyril and Methodius 3

Mission to the Slavs

Great Moravia

In 862, the brothers began the work which would give them their historical importance. That year Prince Rastislav of Great Moravia requested that Emperor Michael III and the Patriarch Photius send missionaries to evangelize his Slavic subjects. His motives in doing so were probably more political than religious. Rastislav had become king with the support of the Frankish ruler , but subsequently sought to assert his independence from the Franks. It is a common misconception that Cyril and Methodius were the first to bring Christianity to Moravia, but the letter from Rastislav to Michael III states clearly that Rastislav's people "had already rejected paganism and adhere to the Christian ."[13] Rastislav is said to have expelled missionaries of the Roman Church and instead turned to Constantinople for ecclesiastical assistance and, presumably, a degree of political support.[13] The Emperor quickly chose to send Cyril,

accompanied by his brother Methodius. The request provided a Cyril and Methodius, painting by Jan convenient opportunity to expand Byzantine influence. Their first work Matejko, 1885 seems to have been the training of assistants. In 863, they began the task of translating the Bible into the language now known as Old Church Slavonic and travelled to Great Moravia to promote it. They enjoyed considerable success in this endeavour. However, they came into conflict with German ecclesiastics who opposed their efforts to create a specifically Slavic liturgy.

For the purpose of this mission, they devised the Glagolitic alphabet, the first alphabet to be used for Slavonic manuscripts. The Glagolitic alphabet was suited to match the specific features of the Slavic language. Its descendant script, the Cyrillic, is still used by many Basilica of St. Cyril and Methodius in Moravian languages today. Velehrad, Czech Republic They wrote the first Slavic Civil Code, which was used in Great Moravia. The language derived from Old Church Slavonic, known as Church Slavonic, is still used in liturgy by several Orthodox Churches and also in some Eastern Catholic churches. It is impossible to determine with certainty what portions of the Bible the brothers translated. The New Testament and the Psalms seem to have been the first, followed by other lessons from the Old Testament. The "Translatio" speaks only of a version of the Gospels by Cyril, and the "Vita Methodii" only of the "evangelium Slovenicum," though other liturgical selections may also have been translated. Nor is it known for sure which liturgy, that of Rome or that of Constantinople, they took as a source. They may well have used the Roman alphabet, as suggested by liturgical fragments which adhere closely to the Latin type. This view is confirmed by the "Prague Fragments" and by certain Old Glagolitic liturgical fragments brought from Jerusalem to Kiev and discovered there by Saresnewsky—probably the oldest document for the Slavonic tongue; these adhere closely to the Latin type, as is shown by the words "Mass," "Preface," and the name of one Felicitas. In any case, the circumstances were such that the brothers could hope for no permanent success without obtaining the authorization of Rome. Saints Cyril and Methodius 4

Journey to Rome

In 867, invited the brothers to Rome. Their evangelizing mission in Moravia had by this time become the focus of a dispute with Theotmar, the Archbishop of Salzburg and bishop of Passau, who claimed ecclesiastical control of the same territory and wished to see it use the Latin liturgy exclusively. Travelling with the relics of Saint Clement and a retinue of disciples, and passing through Pannonia (the Balaton Principality), where they were well received by Prince Koceľ (Kocelj, Kozel), they arrived in Rome in 868, where they

Saints Cyril and Methodius in Rome. Fresco in were warmly received. This was partly due to their bringing with them San Clemente the relics of Saint Clement; the rivalry with Constantinople as to the jurisdiction over the territory of the Slavs would incline Rome to value the brothers and their influence.

The brothers were praised for their learning and cultivated for their influence in Constantinople. Anastasius Bibliothecarius would later call Cyril "a man of apostolic life" and "a man of great wisdom".[14] Their project in Moravia found support from Pope Adrian II, who formally authorized the use of the new Slavic liturgy. The ordination of Methodius and the brothers' Slav disciples was performed by Formosus and Gauderic, two prominent bishops, and the newly-made priests officiated in their own tongue at the altars of some of the principal churches. Feeling his end approaching, Cyril became a monk, was given the new name Cyril,[15] and died fifty days later (14 February 869). There is some question as to assertion of the Translatio (ix.) that he was made a bishop.

Methodius alone Methodius now continued the work among the Slavs alone; not at first in Great Moravia, but in Pannonia (in the Balaton Principality), owing to the political circumstances of the former country, where Rastislav had been taken captive by his nephew Svatopluk, then delivered over to Carloman, and condemned in a diet of the empire at the end of 870. Friendly relations had been established with Koceľ on the journey to Rome. This activity in Pannonia made a conflict inevitable with the German episcopate, and especially with the bishop of Salzburg, to whose jurisdiction Pannonia had belonged for seventy-five years. In 865 Bishop Adalwin is found exercising all Episcopal rights there, and the administration under him was in the hands of the archpriest Riehbald. The latter was obliged to retire to Salzburg, but his superior was naturally disinclined to abandon his claims. Methodius sought support from Rome; the Vita asserts that Koceľ sent him thither with an honorable escort to receive Episcopal consecration. The letter given as Adrian's in chap. viii., with its approval of the Slavonic mass, is a pure invention. The pope named Methodius archbishop of Sirmium with jurisdiction over Great Moravia and Pannonia, thus superseding the claims of Salzburg by an older title. The statement of the "Vita" that Methodius was made bishop in 870 and not raised to the dignity of an archbishop until 873 is contradicted by the brief of Pope John VIII, written in June 879, according to which Adrian consecrated him archbishop; John includes in his jurisdiction not only Great Moravia and Pannonia, but Serbia as well.

Methodius' final years The archiepiscopal claims of Methodius were considered such an injury to the rights of Salzburg that he was forced to answer for them at a synod held at Regensburg in the presence of King Louis. The assembly, after a heated discussion, declared the deposition of the intruder, and ordered him to be sent to Germany, where he was kept prisoner in Ellwangen for two and a half years. In spite of the strong representations of the Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum, written in 871 to influence the pope, though not avowing this purpose, Rome declared Saints Cyril and Methodius 5

emphatically for Methodius, and sent a bishop, Paul of Ancons, to reinstate him and punish his enemies, after which both parties were commanded to appear in Rome with the legate. The papal will prevailed, and Methodius secured his freedom and his archiepiscopal authority over both Great Moravia and Pannonia, though the use of Slavonic for the mass was still denied to him. His authority was restricted in Pannonia when after Koceľ's death the principality was administered by German nobles; but Svatopluk now ruled with practical independence in Great Moravia, and expelled the German clergy. This apparently secured an undisturbed field of operation for Methodius, and the Vita (x.) depicts the next few years (873–879) as a period of fruitful progress. Methodius seems to have disregarded, wholly or in part, the prohibition of the Slavonic liturgy; and when Frankish clerics again found their way into the country, and the archbishop's strictness had displeased the licentious Svatopluk, this was made a cause of complaint against him at Rome, coupled with charges regarding the Filioque.

Methodius vindicated his orthodoxy at Rome, the more easily as the creed was still recited there without the Filioque, and promised to obey in regard to the Saint Cyril and Methodius by liturgy. The other party was conciliated by giving him a Swabian, Wiching, as Stanislav Dospevski, Bulgarian painter his coadjutor. When relations were strained between the two, John VIII steadfastly supported Methodius; but after his death (December 882) the archbishop's position became insecure, and his need of support induced Goetz to accept the statement of the Vita (xiii.) that he went to visit the Eastern emperor.

It was not until after Methodius' death, which is placed, though not with certainty, on 8 April 885, that the animosity erupted into an open conflict. Gorazd, whom Methodius had designated as his successor, was not recognised by Pope Stephen V. The same Pope forbade the use of the Slavic liturgy and placed the infamous Wiching as Methodius' successor. The latter exiled the disciples of the two brothers from Great Moravia in 885. They fled to the First , where they were welcomed and commissioned to establish theological schools. There they devised the on the basis of the Glagolitic. Cyrillic gradually replaced Glagolitic as the alphabet of the Old Church Slavonic language, which became the official language of the Bulgarian Empire and later spread to the Eastern Slav lands of Kievan Rus'. Cyrillic eventually spread throughout most of the Slavic world to become the standard alphabet in the Orthodox Slavic countries. Hence, Cyril and Methodius' efforts also paved the way for the spread of Christianity throughout Eastern Europe.

Invention of the Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabets

The Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabets are the oldest known Slavic alphabets, and were created by the two brothers and their students, to translate the Bible and other texts into the Slavic languages. The early Glagolitic alphabet was used in Great Moravia between 863 (the arrival of Cyril and Methodius) and 885 (the expulsion of their students) for government and religious documents and books, and at the Great Moravian Academy (Veľkomoravské učilište) founded by The Baška tablet is an early example of the Cyril, where followers of Cyril and Methodius were educated, by Glagolitic from Croatia. Methodius himself among others. The alphabet has been traditionally attributed to Cyril. That attribution has been confirmed explicitly by

the papal letter Industriae tuae (880) approving the use of Old Church Slavonic, which says that the alphabet was "invented by Constantine the Philosopher". The term invention need not exclude the possibility of the brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius 6

having made use of earlier letters, but implies only that before that time the Slavic languages had no distinct script of their own. The early Cyrillic alphabet was developed in the [16] and later finalized and spread by disciples Kliment and Naum in the and Preslav schools of Boris' Bulgaria[17] as a simplification of the Glagolitic alphabet which more closely resembled the Greek alphabet. It was developed by the disciples of Saints Cyril and Methodius at the Preslav Literary School at the end of the . After the death of Cyril, accompanied Methodius from Rome to Pannonia and Great Moravia. After the death of Methodius in 885, Clement headed the struggle against the German clergy in Great Moravia along with Gorazd. After spending some time in jail, he was expelled from Great Moravia, and in 885 or 886 reached the borders of the Bulgarian Empire together with Naum of Preslav, Angelarius, and possibly Gorazd (according to other sources, Gorazd was already dead by that time). The four of them were afterwards sent to the Bulgarian capital of , where they were commissioned by Tsar to instruct the future clergy of the state in the Slavonic language. After the adoption of Christianity in 865, religious ceremonies in Bulgaria were conducted in Greek by clergy sent from the Byzantine Empire. Fearing growing Byzantine influence and weakening of the state, Boris viewed the adoption of the Old Slavonic language as a way to preserve the political independence and stability of Bulgaria, so he established two literary schools (academies), in Pliska and Ohrid, where theology was to be taught in the Slavonic language. While Naum of Preslav stayed in Pliska working on the foundation of the Pliska Literary School, Clement was commissioned by Boris I to organise the teaching of theology to future clergymen in Old Church Slavonic at the . For seven years (886-893) Clement taught some 3,500 students in the Slavonic language and the Glagolitic alphabet.

Commemoration

Saints Cyril and Methodius' Day

The canonization process was much more relaxed in the decades following Cyril's death than today. Cyril was regarded by his disciples as a saint soon after his death. His following spread among the nations he evangelized and subsequently to the wider Christian Church, and he was famous as a holy man, along with his brother Methodius. There were calls for Cyril's canonization from the crowds lining the Roman streets during his funeral procession. The brothers' first appearance in a papal document is in Grande Munus of Leo XIII in 1880. They are known as the "Apostles of the Slavs", and are still highly regarded by both Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christians. Their feast day is Saints Cyril and Methodius procession currently celebrated on 14 February in the Roman Catholic Church (to coincide with the date of St Cyril's death); on 11 May in the (though for Eastern Orthodox Churches which use the Julian Calendar this is 24 May according to the Gregorian calendar); and on 7 July according to the old sanctoral calendar that existed before the revisions of the Second Vatican Council. The celebration also commemorates the introduction of literacy and the preaching of the gospels in the Slavonic language by the brothers. The brothers were declared "Patrons of Europe" in 1980.[18] Saints Cyril and Methodius 7

According to old Bulgarian chronicles, the day of the holy brothers was celebrated ecclesiastically as early as the 11th century. The first recorded secular celebration of Saints Cyril and Methodius' Day as the "Day of the Bulgarian script", as traditionally accepted by Bulgarian history, was held in the town of on 11 May 1851, when a local Bulgarian school was named "Saints Cyril and Methodius": both acts on the initiative of the prominent Bulgarian educator Nayden Gerov,[19] although an Armenian traveller mentioned his visit to the "celebration of the Bulgarian script" in the town of Shumen on 22 May 1803.[20] The day is now celebrated as a public holiday in the following countries: • In Bulgaria it is celebrated on 24 May and is known as the "Bulgarian Education and Culture, and Slavonic Literature Day" (Bulgarian: Ден на българската просвета и култура и на славянската писменост), a national holiday celebrating Bulgarian culture and literature as well as the alphabet. It is also known as "Alphabet, Culture, and Education Day" (Bulgarian: Ден на азбуката, културата и просвещението). Saints Cyril and Methodius are patrons of the National Library of Bulgaria. There is a monument to them in front of the library. Saints Cyril and Methodius are the most celebrated saints in the Bulgarian Orthodox church, and icons of the two brothers can be found in every church. • In the Republic of Macedonia, it is celebrated on 24 May and is known as the "Saints Cyril and Methodius, Slavonic Enlighteners' Day" (Macedonian: Св. Кирил и Методиј, Ден на словенските просветители), a national holiday. The Government of the Republic of Macedonia enacted a statute of the national holiday in October 2006 and the Parliament of the Republic of Macedonia passed a corresponding law at the beginning of 2007.[21] Previously it had only been celebrated in the schools. It is also known as the day of the "Solun Brothers" (Macedonian: Солунските браќа). • In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the two brothers were originally commemorated on 9 March, but Pope Pius IX changed this date to 5 July for several reasons. Today, Saints Cyril and Methodius are revered there as national saints and their name day (5 July), "Sts Cyril and Methodius Day" is a national holiday in Czech Republic and Slovakia. In the Czech Republic it is celebrated as "Slavic Missionaries Cyril and Methodius Day" (Czech: Den slovanských věrozvěstů Cyrila a Metoděje); in Slovakia it is celebrated as "St. Cyril and Metod Day" (Slovak: Sviatok svätého Cyrila a Metoda). • In Russia, it is celebrated on 24 May and is known as the "Slavonic Literature and Culture Day" (Russian: День славянской письменности и культуры), celebrating Slavonic culture and literature as well as the alphabet. Its celebration is ecclesiastical (11 May in the Church's Julian calendar). It is not a public holiday in Russia. The saints' feast day is celebrated by the Eastern Orthodox Church on 11 May and by the Roman Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion on 14 February as "Saints Cyril and Methodius Day". The Lutheran Churches commemorate the two saints either on 14 February or 11 May.

Cross Procession in Inauguration of the monument to Thessaloniki - monument of the Bulgaria - Statue Khanty-Mansiysk on Saints Cyril Saints Cyril and Methodius in two Saints gift from the of the two Saints and Methodius Day in May 2006 Saratov on Slavonic Literature Bulgarian Orthodox Church in front of the SS. and Culture Day Cyril and Methodius National Library in Sofia Saints Cyril and Methodius 8

Bulgaria - Statue of the two Bulgaria - Statue of the The monument in Ohrid Statue of Cyril and Methodius Saints in front of the National two Saints in front in near the Stone Bridge in Palace of Culture in Sofia Pazardzhik

Czech Republic - Statue of Czech Republic - Saints Cyril Czech Republic - Statue of Saint Ukraine - The Saints Cyril and Methodius at and Methodius monument in Methodius at the Holy Trinity monument in Kiev the Charles Bridge in Praha Mikulčice Column in Olomouc in Moravia

Russia - the monument in Serbia - the Khanty-Mansiysk monument to Saints Cyril and Methodius in Saints Cyril and Methodius 9

Other commemoration The national library of Bulgaria in Sofia, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje in the Republic of Macedonia, and St. Cyril and St. Methodius University of in Bulgaria and in Trnava, Slovakia, bear the name of the two saints. In the United States, SS. Cyril and Methodius Seminary in Orchard Lake, Michigan, bears their name. Saints Cyril and Methodius are the main patron saints of the Archdiocese of Ljubljana. Ljubljana Cathedral stands at Sts. Cyril and Methodius Square (Slovene: Ciril–Metodov trg). St. Cyril Peak and St. Methodius Peak in the Tangra Mountains on , South Shetland Islands, in Antarctica are named for the brothers. Saint Cyril's remains are interred in a shrine-chapel within the Basilica di San Clemente in Rome. The chapel holds a Madonna by Sassoferrato. The Basilica of SS. Cyril and Methodius in Danville, Pennsylvania, (the only Roman Catholic basilica dedicated to SS. Cyril and Methodius in the world) is the motherhouse chapel of the Sisters of SS. Cyril and Methodius, a Roman Catholic women's religious community of pontifical rite dedicated to apostolic works of ecumenism, education, evangelization, and elder care.

Notes

a.^ New Church Slavonic: Кѷрі́ллъ и҆ Меѳо́дїй (Kỳrill" i Methodij) • Belarusian: Кірыла і Мяфодзій (Kiryła i Miafodzij) or Кірыла і Мятода (Kiryła i Miatoda) • Bulgarian: Кирил и Методий (Kiril i Metodiy) • Croatian: Ćiril i Metod • Macedonian: Кирил и Методиј (Kiril i Metodij) • Russian: Кири́лл и Мефодий (Kirill i Mefodij), pre-1918 spelling: Кириллъ и Меѳодій (Kirill" i Methodij) • Serbian: Ћирило и Методије (Ćirilo i Metodije) • Slovene: Ciril in Metod • Ukrainian: Кирило і Мефодій (Kyrylo i Mefodij)

References [1] In the 21st century this date in the Julian Calendar corresponds to 24 May in the Gregorian Calendar [2] Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, s.v. "Cyril and Methodius, Saints"; Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Incorporated, Warren E. Preece – 1972, p.846, s.v., "Cyril and Methodius, Saints" and "Eastern Orthodoxy, Missions ancient and modern"; Encyclopedia of World Cultures, David H. Levinson, 1991, p.239, s.v., "Social Science"; Eric M. Meyers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, p.151, 1997; Lunt, Slavic Review, June 1964, p. 216; Roman Jakobson, Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies; Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, A Handbook of Slavic Studies, p.98; V.Bogdanovich, History of the ancient Serbian literature, Belgrade, 1980, p.119 [3] The Columbia Encyclopaedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, O.Ed. Saints Cyril and Methodius "Cyril and Methodius, Saints, 869 and 884, respectively, "Greek missionaries, brothers, called Apostles to the Slavs and fathers of Slavonic literature." [4] Encyclopædia Britannica, Major alphabets of the world, Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets, 2008, O.Ed. "The two early Slavic alphabets, the Cyrillic and the Glagolitic, were invented by St. Cyril, or Constantine (c. 827–869), and St. Methodius (c. 825–884). These men were Greeks from Thessalonica who became apostles to the southern Slavs, whom they converted to Christianity. [5] Liturgy of the Hours, Volume III, 14 February. [6] Apostolic letter of Pope John Paul II, 31 December 1980 [7] Robert Browning, 'The Byzantine Empire', London, 1980. [8] Cyril and Methodius, Encyclopedia Britannica 2005

[9] Vita Constantini slavica, Cap. 18: Denkschriften der kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenschaften 19, Wien 1870, p. 246 (http:/ / books. google.

com/ books?id=RIdFAAAAcAAJ& pg=PA246& dq="et,+ morbum+ per+ multos+ dies+ ferens,+ vidit+ quondam"& hl=en#v=onepage&

q="et, morbum per multos dies ferens, vidit quondam"& f=false)

[10] Chapter 18 of the Slavonic Life of Constantine (http:/ / www. clas. ufl. edu/ users/ fcurta/ Cyril. html), an English translation [11] English Translation of the 18th Chapter of the Vita Constantini, Liturgy of the Hours, Proper of Saints, 14 February

[12] http:/ / www. wf-f. org/ StsCyrilMethodius. html Saints Cyril and Methodius 10

[13] Vizantiiskoe missionerstvo, Ivanov S. A., Iazyki slavianskoi kul'tury, Moskva 2003, p. 147 [14] "Vir apostolicae vitae... sapientissimus vir" MGH Epist., 7/2, 1928, p. 436

[15] As is customary, when one becomes a monk in the Eastern Orthodox tradition, one receives a new name. (https:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism) [16] Paul Cubberley (1996) "The Slavic Alphabets" [17] Daniels and Bright, eds. The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507993-0.

[18] Egregiae Virtutis (http:/ / www. hri. org/ Martis/ contents/ doc19. html) [19] "История на България", Том 6 Българско Възраждане 1856–1878, Издателство на Българската академия на науките, София, 1987, стр. 106 (in Bulgarian; in English: "", Volume 6 Bulgarian Revival 1856–1878, Publishing house of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 1987, page 106). [20] Jubilee speech of the Academician Ivan Yuhnovski, Head of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, held on 23 May 2003, published in

Information Bulletin (http:/ / 195. 96. 224. 7/ basnews/ bulletin/ Bul62. pdf) of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 3(62), Sofia, 27 June 2003 (in Bulgarian). [21] Announcement about the eleventh session of the Government of the Republic of Macedonia on 24 October 2006 from the official site (http:/

/ www. vlada. mk/ sednici/ Oktomvri2006/ sednica24-10-2006. htm) of the Government of the Republic of Macedonia (in Macedonian). • This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Jackson, Samuel Macauley, ed. (1914). "article name needed". New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (third ed.). London and New York: Funk and Wagnalls.

External links

• Slavorum Apostoli by Pope John Paul II (http:/ / www. vatican. va/ holy_father/ john_paul_ii/ encyclicals/

documents/ hf_jp-ii_enc_19850602_slavorum-apostoli_en. html)

• Cyril and Methodius – Encyclical letter (Epistola Enciclica), 31 December 1980 (http:/ / www. hri. org/ Martis/

contents/ doc19. html) by Pope John Paul II • "Sts. Cyril and Methodius". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.

• "Equal to Apostles SS. Cyril and Methodius Teachers of Slavs", by Prof. Nicolai D. Talberg (http:/ / www.

fatheralexander. org/ booklets/ english/ kyrill_and_methody_e. htm)

• Catholic Culture (http:/ / www. papalencyclicals. net/ Leo13/ l13cym. htm)

• Cyril and Methodius at orthodoxwiki (http:/ / orthodoxwiki. org/ Cyril_and_Methodius)

• Bulgarian Official Holidays, National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria: in English (http:/ / www.

parliament. bg/ ?page=history& lng=en& hid=11), in Bulgarian (http:/ / www. parliament. bg/ ?page=history&

lng=bg& hid=11)

• Bank holidays in the Czech Republic, Czech National Bank: in English (http:/ / www. cnb. cz/ www. cnb. cz/ en/

media_service/ schedules/ media_svatky. html), in Czech (http:/ / www. cnb. cz/ cs/ verejnost/ pro_media/

harmonogramy/ svatky. html)

• 24 May – The Day Of Slavonic Alphabet, Bulgarian Enlightenment and Culture (http:/ / www. balkanfolk. com/

news. php?id=23)

• Lettera Apostolica (http:/ / www. vatican. va/ holy_father/ john_paul_ii/ apost_letters/ documents/

hf_jp-ii_apl_31121980_egregiae-virtutis_lt. html) Article Sources and Contributors 11 Article Sources and Contributors

Saints Cyril and Methodius Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=622707201 Contributors: 157.228.x.x, 1exec1, 3rdAlcove, 5telios, 7, A Gounaris, A little insignificant, A.Cython, AMC0712, Aesopos, Agh2, AidanP02, AimLook, Alansohn, Aldux, Aleksandar2006, Alex Bakharev, Alex756, Alexander Tendler, Altenmann, Angr, Anothroskon, Ans-mo, Apcbg, Aphaia, Apostolos Margaritis, Aram33, Arinzulej, Astavrou, Asteraki, Athenistan, Auntof6, Aviados, Azoreg, BD2412, Bakersdozen77, Balkanfolk, Belamp, Berrenum, Bez Traga, BillFlis, Billinghurst, Birdoman, Blanicky, Bobo192, Bojin, Boleyn3, Bomac, BorisTM, Borsoka, Boss of bosses, Bossev, Briaboru, Bsod2, Bubbha, BuildMk, Bulgarian96, CDThieme, CRKingston, Caeruleancentaur, CalJW, CambridgeBayWeather, Carbuncle, Carl.bunderson, Catalographer, Cavila, CekoMK, Charles Matthews, Chris Capoccia, ChrisO, Cimmerian praetor, Cirt, Closedmouth, Codex Sinaiticus, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, ConservativeDC, Conversion script, Coolcat64, Coolzrock, Cplakidas, Crculver, Cuchullain, Curps, CuteHappyBrute, Daggerstab, DangerousPanda, Daniel the Monk, Danny, Dbelange, Dedd-morozz, Deevrod, Denpap, Diannaa, Dimadick, Djordjes, Dl2000, Dmitri Lytov, Dodo78, Domitius, Don Alessandro, Dr.K., Drilnoth, E-mail adress, ERK, Ebear422, Edwy, Ehrenkater, Ejdewit, Eleassar, EncycloPetey, Eumix, EunseokLee, Eusebeus, Ev, Evertype, Fadesga, Farragutful, Feerique, Filipvr, FinnBjork, Fireaxe888, Flauto Dolce, ForeignerFromTheEast, Franzy, Freakofnurture, FunkyFly, Future Perfect at Sunrise, GK1973, Gaduser, Gaius Cornelius, Gfoley4, Ghirlandajo, Giorgos Tzimas, Gligan, GoingBatty, Golemokafe, Goranmanevski, Greier, GriefForTheSouth, Grimreaperbg, Gtrmp, Guitardemon666, Hadal, Hectorian, Heron, Hkourtsidis, Hmains, Hudini669, Huysman, IMoski, INkubusse, Iglew, Igorstaniskov, Ilce dzajkovski, In ictu oculi, Ina333, Inawe, InfernoXV, Internedko, Ireland101, Irpen, Iulius25, J.delanoy, Jackturner3, James317a, Jaraalbe, Jerry picker, Jingiby, Jjasi, Jnorton7558, Johan1298, John Carter, John Vandenberg, JohnChrysostom, Johnaldinho, Jonel, Jordiferrer, Joseph Solis in Australia, Josifoski, Jotsko, Jovianeye, Joy, Jungleewan, Juro, Jusdafax, KADMAKRA, KRBN, Kalamaria, Kalamariac, Kcmamu, Ketiltrout, Kibi78704, Killuminator, King makedon, Kodru, Konstantinos, Kostraba, Krali Marko222, Kukini, Kummi, Kwamikagami, LMB, LahmacunKebab, Lanternix, Laveol, Lilweezyfbaby, Lima, LiniShu, Littrans, Liz, Local hero, Logophile, Lord Raptorius, Lucullus19, Ludi, M.V.E.i., M4r51n, Macedon23, Macedonian, MacedonianBoy, Macorules94, Mactruth, Magioladitis, Magyarubal, Majoreditor, Makalp, Makedonia, Makedonija Zasekogas, Mallaccaos, MamaGeri, Man vyi, Mangalias, Maniago, Markewilliams, Marko sk, Materialscientist, MathFacts, Megistias, MfeKB, Michael IX the White, Michalis Famelis, Milata, Milos2904, Mirv, MishaPan, Miskin, Monegasque, Mowsbury, Mpavleski, Mpb eu, Mr. Neutron, Mrhsj, Mundart, MykReeve, Mzajac, N46, Nakon, Necrothesp, Nedko, Neewi, Nicksss93, NikNovi, NikoSilver, Ninio, Nk, NoPuzzleStranger, Noli turbare circulos meos, Ohff, Olivier, Omgee, PFHLai, PIL1987, PMDrive1061, Pariah Lupus, Pastordavid, Paul A, Paul-L, Pauli133, PeGree, Pensionero, PeterisP, Philly jawn, Pigman, Pillarus, Piotrus, Place Clichy, Plxstic Orgasms, Polylerus, Preslav, Ptolion, Qasinka, Qwaal, R'n'B, RJC, RadagastTheBrown, Rago, Razvigor, Redtigerxyz, Reikkonen, RexNL, Rich Farmbrough, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Rjwilmsi, Roltz, Ruziklan, Rwflammang, RxS, SGGH, Saforrest, Salahibnalim, Samolet, SchreiberBike, Scott5834, Seleukosa, Sergivs-en, Shajka, Shisharki, Shmizlicka, Shonk, Shyam, SilentResident, Simanos, Sinistersexy321, Skier Dude, Slovenski Volk, Smartech, Smoovce, Snek01, SoWhy, Spartacus007, StAnselm, Stan Shebs, Stanislavb, Stebunik, Stefanminogue, Steorra, Stephenb, Steven Bao, Stolichanin, Struscle, Stupid girl, Sun Creator, Suruena, Svick, TJ Ryba, Tankred, Tarsacha, Tbhotch, Teaches of peaches, Telex, Template namespace initialisation script, That Guy, From That Show!, The Polar Man, TodorBozhinov, Tom harrison, Tomica, Tonimicho, Tophound, Trekkie4christ, Truthmaniac, Tuomas, Umsbjk, United States Man, Unmerklich, VMORO, Valio subaru, Van100j, Vanisaac, Vanished user 1234567890, Vanished user 9i39j3, Vervin, Volk93, Vslslzrds, Vulgarian, WOL, WVhybrid, Waguy101, Wesley, Wetman, Whitejay251, Wickedpedian, William Allen Simpson, Willthacheerleader18, Wingsk, Witkacy, Woohookitty, Wu1976, X!, Xenovatis, Xligon, Yannismarou, Ymblanter, Youandme, Yuriy Kolodin, ZeaForUs, Zippocar, Δρακόλακκος, ДАБ, Лудольф, Методије, ОйЛ, Саша Стефановић, Святослав Викторович, 725 anonymous edits Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Cyril-methodius-small.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cyril-methodius-small.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Cherubino, Mladifilozof, Shakko File:Cyril and Methodius.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cyril_and_Methodius.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Baciyelmo, Goldfritha, Magnus Manske, Man vyi, Paterm, Shakko, Shyam File:Velehrad.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Velehrad.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Cibtom at cs.wikipedia File:San clemente fresco.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:San_clemente_fresco.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: G.dallorto, Krun, Lalupa, Mattis, Rocket000, Tankred, Willemnabuurs File:Stanislav Dospavski - Saints Cyril and Methodius.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stanislav_Dospavski_-_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Stanislav Dospevski (1823-1878) File:Bascanska ploca.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bascanska_ploca.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Neoneo13 File:Cross Procession in Novosibirsk 04.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cross_Procession_in_Novosibirsk_04.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Testus File:Celebration of Saints Cyril and Methodius Day in Khanty-Mansiysk on 11 May 2006.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Celebration_of_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius_Day_in_Khanty-Mansiysk_on_11_May_2006.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: я автор File:Opening the monument to Saints Cyril and Methodius in Saratov.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Opening_the_monument_to_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius_in_Saratov.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Deevrod File:Cyril and Methodius Thessaloniki.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cyril_and_Methodius_Thessaloniki.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Tilemahos Efthimiadis File:Cyril and Methodius monument Sofia.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cyril_and_Methodius_monument_Sofia.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Contributors: Kiril Kapustin File:Kiril i metodi monument pred NDK Sofia 20090406 002.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kiril_i_metodi_monument_pred_NDK_Sofia_20090406_002.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Apostoloff File:Kiril i metodii.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kiril_i_metodii.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Original uploader was Xsakex at bg.wikipedia File:Sv-Kiril-i-Metodij.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sv-Kiril-i-Metodij.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: ДАБ File:Kiril and Metodij - Skopje.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kiril_and_Metodij_-_Skopje.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Desptop File:Charles Bridge St Cyril&Methodus.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Charles_Bridge_St_Cyril&Methodus.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Zp File:Mikulčice - svatí Cyril a Metoděj.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mikulčice_-_svatí_Cyril_a_Metoděj.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Ben Skála, Daniel Baránek, Mercy, Túrelio File:Holy Trinity Column-Saint Methodius.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Holy_Trinity_Column-Saint_Methodius.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: User:snek01 File:Kirill Mefodij.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kirill_Mefodij.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Yuriy Kolodin (talk) File:The True Cross. Saint Cyril and Methodius.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_True_Cross._Saint_Cyril_and_Methodius.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Милютин Станислав Викторович File:Београд Ћирило и Методије2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Београд_Ћирило_и_Методије2.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was SmirnofLeary at sr.wikipedia File:PD-icon.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PD-icon.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Alex.muller, Anomie, Anonymous Dissident, CBM, MBisanz, PBS, Quadell, Rocket000, Strangerer, Timotheus Canens, 1 anonymous edits Image:wikisource-logo.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wikisource-logo.svg License: logo Contributors: ChrisiPK, Guillom, INeverCry, Jarekt, Leyo, MichaelMaggs, NielsF, Rei-artur, Rocket000, Steinsplitter

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