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Saints Cyril and Methodius (826-869, 815- 885) Were Two Brothers Who Were Byzantine Christian Theologians and Christian Missionaries

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Saints Cyril and Methodius (826-869, 815- 885) Were Two Brothers Who Were Byzantine Christian Theologians and Christian Missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius (826-869, 815- 885) were two brothers who were Byzantine Christian theologians and Christian missionaries. Through their work they influenced the cultural development of all Slavs, for which they received the title "Apostles to the Slavs". They are credited with devising the Glagolitic alphabet, the original alphabet that they created. After their death, their disciples continued their missionary work among other Slavs. Both brothers are venerated in the Orthodox Church as saints as well as their students. Cyril's mastery of theology and command of both Arabic and Hebrew made him eligible for his first state mission. He was sent to the Arabs to discuss the principle of the Holy Trinity with the Arab theologians, and to improve relations between the Caliphate and the Byzantine Empire. After his return to Constantinople, Cyril assumed the role of professor of philosophy at Magnaura University while his brother had by this time become a significant figure in Byzantine political and administrative affairs, and an abbot of his monastery. 2 In 862, the brothers began the work which would have given them their historical importance. In the same year Prince Rastislav of Great Moravia requested from Emperor Michael III and the Patriarch Photius to send missionaries to evangelize his Slavic subjects. In 863, they began the task of translating the Bible into the language now known as Old Church Slavonic* and travelled to Great Moravia to promote it. They enjoyed considerable success in this endeavour. However, they came into conflict with German ecclesiastics who opposed their efforts to create a specifical Slavic liturgy. For the purpose of this mission, they devised the Glagolitic alphabet, the first alphabet to be used for Slavonic manuscripts. The Glagolitic alphabet was suited to match the specific features of the Slavic language. Its descendant script, the Cyrillic, is still used by many languages today. They wrote the first Slavic Civil Code, which was used in Great Moravia. The language derived from Old Church Slavonic, known as Church Slavonic, is still used in liturgy by several Orthodox Churches and also in some Eastern Catholic churches. 3 In 867, Pope Nicholas I invited the brothers to Rome. They arrived in Rome in 868, where they were warmly received. Their project in Moravia found support from Pope Adrian II, who formally authorized the use of the new Slavic liturgy. Methodius continued the work among the Slavs alone; not only in Great Moravia, but in Pannonia. The Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabets are the oldest known Slavic alphabets, and were created by the two brothers and their students, to translate the Bible and other texts into the Slavic languages. The early Glagolitic alphabet was used in Great Moravia between 863 (the arrival of Cyril and Methodius) and 885 (the expulsion of their students) for government and religious documents and books, and at the Great Moravian Academy founded by Cyril, where followers of Cyril and Methodius were educated, by Methodius himself among others. The early Cyrillic alphabet was developed in the First Bulgarian Empire and later finalized and spread by disciples Kliment and Naum in the Ohrid and Preslav schools of Tsar Boris' Bulgaria as a simplification of the Glagolitic 4 alphabet which more closely resembled the Greek alphabet. It was developed by the disciples of Saints Cyril and Methodius at the Preslav Literary School at the end of the 9th century. After the death of Cyril in 869, Clement of Ohrid accompanied Methodius from Rome to Pannonia and Great Moravia. After the death of Methodius in 885, Clement headed the struggle against the German clergy in Great Moravia along with Gorazd (another disciple of them). After spending some time in jail, he was expelled from Great Moravia, and in 885 or 886 reached the borders of the Bulgarian Empire together with Naum of Preslav, Angelarius, and possibly Gorazd (according to other sources, Gorazd was already dead by that time). The four of them were afterwards sent to the Bulgarian capital of Pliska, where they were commissioned by Tsar Boris I of Bulgaria to instruct the future clergy of the state in the Slavonic language. After the adoption of Christianity in 865, religious ceremonies in Bulgaria were conducted in Greek by clergy sent from the Byzantine Empire. 5 Fearing growing Byzantine influence and weakening of the state, Boris Ist viewed the adoption of the Old Slavonic language as a way to preserve the political independence and stability of Bulgaria, so he established two literary schools (academies), in Pliska and Ohrid, where theology was to be taught in the Slavonic language. While Naum of Preslav stayed in Pliska working on the foundation of the Pliska Literary School, Clement was commissioned by Boris Ist to organise the teaching of theology to future clergymen in Old Church Slavonic at the Ohrid Literary School. For seven years (886-893) Clement taught some 3,500 students in the Slavonic language and the Glagolitic alphabet. In Bulgaria it is celebrated on 24 May and is known as the "Bulgarian Education and Culture, and Slavonic Literature Day", a national holiday celebrating Bulgarian culture and literature as well as the alphabet. It is also known as "Alphabet, Culture, and Education Day". Saints Cyril and Methodius are patrons of the National Library of Bulgaria. There is a monument to them in front of the library. Saints Cyril and 6 Methodius are the most celebrated saints in the Bulgarian Orthodox church, and icons of the two brothers can be found in every church. -------------------- * Old Church Slavonic is, actually, the written Old Bulgarian in Russian edition 7 8 How are you? /kak ste/ Как сте? I`m from ………/az sam ot/ Аз съм от ……….. Hungary /ungarija/ Унгария Germany /germanija/ Германия France /frantsija/ Франция Spain /ispanija/ Испания Belgium /belgija/ Белгия I live in a house / apartment. /az ʒiveja v kɜshta/ apartament/ Аз живея в къща/ апартамент Good morning! /dobro utro/ Добро утро! Good day /dobar den/ Добър ден! Have a nice day /prijaten den/ Приятен ден! Good afternoon / dobar den/ Добър ден! Good evening /dobar vetʃer/ Добър вечер! Good night /leka nosht/ Лека нощ! Are you ready? /gotov li si/ gotovi li ste/ Готов ли си? Готови ли сте? What’s wrong with you? /kakvo ti e/ Какво ти е? I've got a headache. /boli me glavata/ Боли ме глава. What's this? /kakvo e tova/ Какво е това? What's that? /kakvo e onova/ Какво е онова? A cup of coffee. /tshasha kafe/ чаша кафе 9 I have breakfast. /zakusvam/ Закусвам. Some of them /njakoi ot tjah/ Някои от тях. I’ve got a sore throat.. /imam vazpaleno gɜrlo/ Имам възпалено гърло. I am sitting. /az sedja/ Аз седя. You are going to read. /vie shte protʃetete/ Вие ще прочетете. They eat more food than me. /te jadat povetʃe hrana ot mene/ Те ядат повече храна от мен. I am good at... /dobɜr sam po/ — Добър съм по. Maths - Математика /matematika/ History - История /istorija/ Bulgarian - Български език /bɜlgarski ezik/ Literature - Литература /literatura/ Physical education - Физическо възпитание и спорт /fizitʃesko vazpitanie i sport/ You may use my pen if you haven't got one. — Може да използваш моя химикал, ако нямаш такъв. /moʒe da izpolzvaʃ moja himikal ako njamaʃ/ Of us — от нас /ot nas/ Of all — от всички. /ot vsitʃki/ 10 It is morning. — Сутрин е. /sutrin e/ I give some advice. — Давам съвет. /davam savet/ I listen to the theacher. — Слушам учителя. /sluʃam utʃitelja/ I follow an advice. — Следвам съвет. /sledvam savet/ How does that sound? — Как ти се струва? /kak ti se struva/ It won't take long time. — Няма да отнеме много време. /njama da otneme mnogo vreme/ Hurry up! — Побързай! /pobɜrzaj/ Could you do a favour for me? —Можеш ли да ми свършиш една услуга? /moʒe li da mi svɜrʃiʃ edna usluga/ No problem! — Няма проблеми. /njama problemi/ Sure. - Разбира се! /razbira se/ How old are you? — На колко си години? /na kolko si godini/ That'sgreat! — Страхотно е! /strahotno e/ 11 What's your name? - Как се казваш? /kak se kazvaʃ/ Where are you from? - От къде си? /ot kade si/ What do you do? - С какво се занимаваш? /s kakvo se zanimavaʃ/ I'm a student/teacher. - Аз съм ученик/ учител. /az sam utʃenik/utʃitel/ Excuse me, how much is a loaf of bread? - Извинете, колко струва един хляб? /izvinete kolko struva edin hljab/ How much is a bar of chocolate? - Колко струва един шоколад? /kolko struva edin ʃokolad/ A cup of coffee - eдно кафе /edno kafe/ A glass of juice - един сок /edin sok/ A bottle of mineral water - минерална вода /mineralna voda/ I've got a pet. - Аз имам домашен любимец. /az imam domaʃen ljubimets/ My pet is: - Моят домашен любимец е: /mojat domaʃen ljubimets e/ 1.a dog - куче /kutʃe/ 12 2.a cat - коте /kote/ 3. fishes - рибки /ribki/ 4. a parrot - папагал /papagal/ Nice to meet you. - Приятно ми е да се запознаем. /prijatno mi e da se zapoznaem/ I will miss you. - Ще ми липсваш. /Shte mi lipsvaʃ/ I love you. - Обичам те. - /obitʃam te/ We are friends. - Ние сме приятели. /nie sme prijateli/ What are you eating? - Какво ще ядеш? /kakvo shte jadeʃ/ What are you having for breakfast? Какво ще закусваш? /kakvo shte zakusvaʃ/ What are you having for lunch? - Какво ще обядваш? /kakvo shte objadvaʃ/ What are you having for dinner? - Какво ще вечеряш? /kakvo shte vetʃerjaʃ/ I'm eating a sandwich. - Ще ям сандвич. /Shte jam sandvitʃ/ 13 I'm eating a salad. - Ще ям салата. /Shte jam salata/ Well done! - Браво! /bravo/ Thank you. - Благодаря. /blagodarja/ At the moment I live in... - В момента живея в …../v momenta ʒiveja v.../ I will visit..
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