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Selection of Sustainability Indicators for Wastewater Treatment Technologies Anupama Regmi Chalise A Thesis in The Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science (Civil Engineering) at Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada 2014 © Anupama Chalise, 2014 CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Anupama Regmi Chalise Entitled: Selection of Sustainability Indicators for Wastewater Treatment Technologies And submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science (Civil and Environment Engineering) Complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final examining committee: ________________________________________Chair/ BCEE Examiner Dr. R. Zmeureanu ________________________________________BCEE, Supervisor Dr. C. Mulligan ________________________________________ CES, External-to-Program Dr. G. Gopakumar ________________________________________ BCEE Examiner Dr. Z. Chen Approved By_____________________________________________________________ Chair of the BCEE Department ____________2012________________________________________________________ Dean of Engineering ABSTRACT Selection of Sustainability Indicators for Wastewater Treatment Technologies Anupama Regmi Chalise, 2014 Wastewater treatment systems must be measured and assessed in terms of its sustainability performance and to enable continuous improvement over the long term. This work involves the selection of indicators and methodologies used for incorporating sustainability consideration into the design of wastewater treatment module. The GoldSET is a decision support tool for development and implementation of sustainability in engineering projects. Following the findings of the indicators for a new wastewater treatment module, this thesis aims to contribute to these activities for the development of sustainable indicators as the tool for assessment improvements. These indicators are developed especially for the industrial wastewater treatment module but may be also suitable for municipal wastewater treatment. It proposes a general framework with a relatively simple, yet comprehensive set of indicators for identification of more sustainable practises for WWTP. The framework consists of a number of qualitative and quantitative indicators comprising the four dimensions of sustainability: environment, society, economy and technology. It then describes the weighing scheme which provides a mechanism to assess the performance of each option with respect to indicator. The largest and most balanced square with respect to the four apexes of environment, social, economic and technical performances gives the most sustainable option. Thus, it serves as a tool which can assist companies in accessing their performance regarding their goals and objectives in the field of sustainable development. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Dr. Catherine Mulligan for the continuous support of my MASc study and research, for her patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. Her guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my MASc study. My sincere thanks also go to Dr. Mahmood Alimahmoodi for his guidance and support throughout the project. Furthermore I would like to thank Robert Noel-de-Tilly, Vaughn Grey, Stephanie Dumais, and the staff members of Golder Associates, Montreal for helping in GoldSET software and enlightening me for the first glance of research. I would like to thank my loved ones, who have supported me throughout entire process. I will be grateful forever for your love. iv Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................. viii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... x Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Problem statement ................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Objectives ............................................................................................................. 5 1.2.1 Main objectives ............................................................................................. 5 1.2.2 Detailed objectives ........................................................................................ 5 1.3 Thesis Organization .............................................................................................. 6 Chapter 2 Literature Review ........................................................................................ 7 2.1 Wastewater and Industry ...................................................................................... 8 2.2 Wastewater treatment systems ............................................................................ 9 2.3 Difficulties and challenges in wastewater treatment system .............................. 11 2.4 Sustainable Development ................................................................................... 13 2.5 Sustainable development in wastewater ............................................................. 21 v 2.6 Sustainable development indicators ................................................................... 23 2.7 Sustainable development indicators in wastewater ............................................ 25 Chapter 3 Methodology .............................................................................................. 27 3.1 Five steps of development of indicators for GoldSET ....................................... 28 3.1.1 Site description ............................................................................................ 28 3.1.2 Generating Options ..................................................................................... 28 3.1.3 Selecting indicators ..................................................................................... 29 3.1.4 Scoring of indicators ................................................................................... 29 3.1.5 Interpreting Data ......................................................................................... 30 3.2 Selection of indicators ........................................................................................ 31 3.2.1 Environmental dimension ........................................................................... 35 3.2.1.1 Input to the treatment system ............................................................... 37 3.2.1.2 Impact of the treatment system ............................................................ 44 3.2.1.3 Output from the treatment system ....................................................... 51 3.2.2 Social Dimension ........................................................................................ 63 vi 3.2.3 Economic Dimension .................................................................................. 73 3.2.4 Technical Dimension .................................................................................. 80 Chapter 4 Results ....................................................................................................... 90 Results and output module ............................................................................................ 92 Chapter 5 Case Study .................................................................................................. 94 Step 1- Project Description: Conceptualization of the site conditions ...................... 95 Step 2-Option Development ...................................................................................... 95 Step 3a-Indicator Selection ........................................................................................ 98 Step 3b-Indicator Weighting ...................................................................................... 99 Step 4a-Quantitative Evaluation .............................................................................. 101 Step 4b-Qualitative Evaluation ................................................................................ 107 Step 5- Interpretation and decision making ............................................................. 114 Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations ..................................................... 116 Recommendations ....................................................................................................... 118 Thesis Contribution ..................................................................................................... 119 vii List of Figures Figure 2.1 Wastewater treatment systems and discharge pathways .............................. 10 Figure 2.2 View of community as three separated unrelated parts: society, economy and environment................................................................................................. 17 Figure 2.3 Commonly used three ring sectors of sustainability .................................... 19 Figure 2.4 A view of community as three concentric circle-economy dependent on society and both economy and society is dependent of environment ....................
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