Wastewater Treatment: Overview and Background
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A Combined Vermifiltration-Hydroponic System
applied sciences Article A Combined Vermifiltration-Hydroponic System for Swine Wastewater Treatment Kirill Ispolnov 1,*, Luis M. I. Aires 1,Nídia D. Lourenço 2 and Judite S. Vieira 1 1 Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), School of Technology and Management (ESTG), Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal; [email protected] (L.M.I.A.); [email protected] (J.S.V.) 2 Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit (UCIBIO)-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT), NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Intensive swine farming causes strong local environmental impacts by generating ef- fluents rich in solids, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and pathogenic bacteria. Insufficient treatment of hog farm effluents has been reported for common technologies, and vermifiltration is considered a promising treatment alternative that, however, requires additional processes to remove nitrate and phosphorus. This work aimed to study the use of vermifiltration with a downstream hydroponic culture to treat hog farm effluents. A treatment system comprising a vermifilter and a downstream deep-water culture hydroponic unit was built. The treated effluent was reused to dilute raw wastewater. Electrical conductivity, pH, and changes in BOD5, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, phosphorus, and coliform bacteria were assessed. Plants were monitored throughout the experiment. Electrical conductivity increased due to vermifiltration; pH stayed within a neutral to mild alkaline range. Vermifiltration removed 83% of BOD5, 99% of ammonia and nitrite, and increased nitrate by Citation: Ispolnov, K.; Aires, L.M.I.; 11%. -
Reuse: a Safe and Effective Way to Save Water
SOUTH FLORIDA WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT Water Reuse: A safe and effective way to save water ON THE INSIDE The demand for water is projected to increase over the long term in n Reclaimed water and reuse explained South Florida. Urban populations, agricultural operations and the environment depend on adequate water supplies. Fresh ground n Reuse success stories water and surface water will not be sufficient to satisfy all future n Reuse on a regional level demands. Meeting this growing thirst hinges on efforts to develop How water is reclaimed n alternative water sources. This brochure looks at one of the ways to n Purple pipes signify conserve Florida’s water resources — reclaiming water for reuse. reclaimed water Consider what happens to the water used inside the home. Once down the drain, this water is piped to the local wastewater treatment plant where it undergoes treatment to meet state standards for disposal. Historically, most of the water was disposed by injecting it deep underground or by discharging to surrounding waters or to the ocean. This is a wasteful way to treat such a valuable resource. More and more communities are finding that wastewater need not be wasted. They are reclaiming this water for irrigation of residential lots, golf courses, sports fields and orange groves; industrial cooling; car washing; fire protection; and Reclaimed water sign in Collier County groundwater recharge. Reuse is also beneficial to the environment. Success Stories During times of drought, reclaimed water •Pompano Beach – The city takes is a dependable source of water because wastewater being piped to the ocean, its availability is not dependent on rainfall. -
The Biological Treatment Method for Landfill Leachate
E3S Web of Conferences 202, 06006 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020206006 ICENIS 2020 The biological treatment method for landfill leachate Siti Ilhami Firiyal Imtinan1*, P. Purwanto1,2, Bambang Yulianto1,3 1Master Program of Environmental Science, School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro University, Semarang - Indonesia 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang - Indonesia 3Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang - Indonesia Abstract. Currently, waste generation in Indonesia is increasing; the amount of waste generated in a year is around 67.8 million tons. Increasing the amount of waste generation can cause other problems, namely water from the decay of waste called leachate. Leachate can contaminate surface water, groundwater, or soil if it is streamed directly into the environment without treatment. Between physical and chemical, biological methods, and leachate transfer, the most effective treatment is the biological method. The purpose of this article is to understand the biological method for leachate treatment in landfills. It can be concluded that each method has different treatment results because it depends on the leachate characteristics and the treatment method. These biological methods used to treat leachate, even with various leachate characteristics, also can be combined to produce effluent from leachate treatment below the established standards. Keywords. Leachate treatment; biological method; landfill leachate. 1. Introduction Waste generation in Indonesia is increasing, as stated by the Minister of Environment and Forestry, which recognizes the challenges of waste problems in Indonesia are still very large. The amount of waste generated in a year is around 67.8 million tons and will continue to grow in line with population growth [1]. -
Wastewater Irrigation on Farms Contaminates Food
Wastewater Irrigation on Farms Contaminates Food The use of recycled wastewater in agricultural fields has implications for human health and the environment by Nikita Naik of information on the chronic effects of CEC exposure on human health, their persistence in and effects on the environment, the ef- The use of recycled wastewater, an increasingly attractive op- fectiveness of various treatments in removing these contaminants tion in face of growing water shortages and droughts in the U.S. from wastewater effluents, lack of analytical detection methods, and abroad for uses such as agriculture, landscaping, and drink- and more. Additionally, the cost of decontamination, if techno- ing water, raises serious questions about dietary exposure to logically feasible, is typically left to taxpayers and local water and toxic chemicals such as antibacterial pesticides. Concerns about sewage authorities. chemical exposure through the food supply are being raised just as water recycling is being advanced as a sound environmental Background alternative that reduces strain on water resources and vulnerable The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) describes the ecosystems, decreases wastewater discharge, and cuts down on recycling of wastewater or “water recycling” as “reusing treated pollution. wastewater for beneficial purposes such as agricultural and land- scape irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing, and replen- Recycled wastewater presents a risk to human health and the en- ishing a ground water basin.”2 While the terms “water recycling” vironment due to contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) that and “water reuse” may seem redundant since all water is reused are not removed even by high level water treatment processes, in one way or another within the water cycle, the distinction sug- and can persist in the water for long periods of time, especially gests the use of technology to hasten the reuse process or mul- when used for agricultural irrigation. -
Industrial Wastewater Treatment Technologies Fitxategia
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES Image by Frauke Feind from Pixabay licensed under CC0 Estibaliz Saez de Camara Oleaga & Eduardo de la Torre Pascual Faculty of Engineering Bilbao (UPV/EHU) Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Industrial Wastewaters (IWW) means the water or liquid that carries waste from industrial or processes, if it is distinct from domestic wastewater. Desalination plant “Rambla Morales desalination plant (Almería - Spain)” by David Martínez Vicente from Flickr licensed under CC BY 2.0 IWW may result from any process or activity of industry which uses water as a reactant or for transportation of heat or materials. 2 Characteristics of wastewater from industrial sources vary with the type and the size of the facility and the on-site treatment methods, if any. Because of this variation, it is often difficult to define typical operating conditions for industrial activities. Options available for the treatment of IWW are summarized briefly in next figure. To introduce in a logical order in the description of treatment techniques, the relationship between pollutants and respective typical treatment technology is taken as reference. 1. Removal of suspended solids and insoluble liquids 2. Removal of inorganic, non-biodegradable or poorly degradable soluble content 3. Removal of biodegradable soluble content 3 Range of wastewater treatments in relation to type of contaminants. Source: BREF http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/ 4 3.1. CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS CLASSIFICATION OF EFFLUENTS -
Community Wastewater Treatment by Using Vermifiltration Technique
International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology. ISSN 0974-3154 Volume 10, Number 1 (2017) © International Research Publication House http://www.irphouse.com Community Wastewater Treatment By Using Vermifiltration Technique Author 1 Nandini Misal Assistant Professor,Department of Civil Engineering,D.Y .Patil College of Engineering and Technology, KasabaBawada,Kolhapur Author 2 Mr.NitishA.Mohite Assistant Professor,Department of Civil Engineering,D.Y .Patil College of Engineering and Technology, KasabaBawada,Kolhapur Abstract cowdung,clay and loaded with vermis-Eisenia fetida Now-a-days many developing countries cannot afford the earthworms. wastewater treatment processes as they are costly,need more The wastewater is allowed to pass through the filter,the space to construct the treatment plant and in addition use of earthworms consume and metabolise oils,fats and other chemicals for the treatment.They need some more options at compounds.The water percolating through is collected in low cost,space saving and ecofriendly another container.Earlier report of Sinha et.al(2008) have techniques.Vermifiltration is one of the simple,low proved that the body of earthworms works as a “biofilter”and cost,ecofriendly,chemical free technique used to treat the the body walls absorbs the solids from wastewater.It has been canteen wastewater using the Eisenia fetida earthworm observed that the earthworms are potentially capable of species.The earthworms are potentially capable of digesting digesting the waste organic material and remove the 5days the waste organic material and reduce it through ingestion.It is BOD5 near about 90%,COD by 85-90%, TS by 90-95%,TDS considered to be an innovative ecofriendly technology that by 95%,TSS by 95-98%. -
14 Industrial Wastewater Treatment with Electron Beam
JP0150463 JAERI-Conf 2001-005 14 Industrial Wastewater Treatment with Electron Beam Bumsoo HAN, Jaeln Ko, JinKyu KIM, Yuri KIM, WooHo Chung Central Research Institute of Samsung Heavy Industries Co. 103-6 Munji-dong Yusung-ku, Taejon 305-380, Korea (rep. of) Abstract Global withdrawals of water to satisfy human demands have grown dramatically in this century. Between 1900 and 1995, water consumption increased by over six times, more than double the rate of population growth. This rapid growth in water demand is due to the increasing reliance on irrigation to achieve food security, the growth of industrial uses, and the increasing use per capita for domestic purposes. Given the seriousness of the situation and future risk of crises, there is an urgent need to develop the water-efficient technologies including economical treatment methods of wastewater and polluted water. In the Central Research Institute of Samsung Heavy Industries (SHI), many industrial wastewater including leachate from landfill area, wastewater from papermill, dyeing complex, petrochemical processes, etc. are under investigation with electron beam irradiation. For the study of treating dyeing wastewater combined with conventional facilities, an electron beam pilot plant for treating l,000m3/day of wastewater from 8O,OOOm3/day of total dyeing wastewater has constructed and operated in Taegu Dyeing Industrial Complex. A commercial plant for re-circulation of wastewater from Papermill Company is also designed for S-paper Co. in Cheongwon City, and after the successful installation, up to 80% of wastewater could be re- used in paper producing process. 1. Introduction Samsung Heavy Industries (SHI) was established in 1974 and has managed to enter a wide range of successful business areas. -
Glossary of Wastewater Terms
Glossary of Wastewater Terms Activated Sludge Sludge that has undergone flocculation forming a bacterial culture typically carried out in tanks. Can be extended with aeration. Advanced Primary Treatment The use of special additives to raw wastewater to cause flocculation or clumping to help settling before the primary treatment such as screening. Advanced Wastewater Treatment Any advanced process used above and beyond the defacto typical minimum primary and secondary wastewater treatment. Aerobic Wastewater Treatment Oxygen dependent wastewater treatment requiring the presence of oxygen for aerobic bacterial breakdown of waste. Alkalinity A measure of a substances ability to neutralize acid. Water containing carbonates, bicarbonates, hydroxides, and occasionally borates, silicates, and phosphates can be alkaline. Alkaline substances have a pH value over 7 Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment Wastewater treatment in the absence of oxygen, anaerobic bacteria breakdown waste. Bacteria Single cell microscopic living organisms lacking chlorophyll, which digest many organic and inorganic substances. An essential part of the ecosystem including within human beings. Bioengineering The use of living plants as part of the system, be it wastewater treatment, erosion control, water polishing, habitat repair and on. Biosolids Rich organic material leftover from aerobic wastewater treatment, essentially dewatered sludge that can be re-used. BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand Since oxygen is required in the breakdown or decomposition process of wastewater, its "demand" or BOD, is a measure of the concentration of organics in the wastewater. Clarifier A piece of wastewater treatment equipment used to "clarify" the wastewater, usually some sort of holding tank that allows settling. Used when solids have a specific gravity greater than 1. -
Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture Safe Use of Safe Wastewater in Agriculture Proceedings No
A UN-Water project with the following members and partners: UNU-INWEH Proceedings of the UN-Water project on the Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture Wastewater Safe of Use Proceedings No. 11 No. Proceedings | UNW-DPC Publication SeriesUNW-DPC Coordinated by the UN-Water Decade Programme on Capacity Development (UNW-DPC) Editors: Jens Liebe, Reza Ardakanian Editors: Jens Liebe, Reza Ardakanian (UNW-DPC) Compiling Assistant: Henrik Bours (UNW-DPC) Graphic Design: Katja Cloud (UNW-DPC) Copy Editor: Lis Mullin Bernhardt (UNW-DPC) Cover Photo: Untited Nations University/UNW-DPC UN-Water Decade Programme on Capacity Development (UNW-DPC) United Nations University UN Campus Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1 53113 Bonn Germany Tel +49-228-815-0652 Fax +49-228-815-0655 www.unwater.unu.edu [email protected] All rights reserved. Publication does not imply endorsement. This publication was printed and bound in Germany on FSC certified paper. Proceedings Series No. 11 Published by UNW-DPC, Bonn, Germany August 2013 © UNW-DPC, 2013 Disclaimer The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the agencies cooperating in this project. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the UN, UNW-DPC or UNU concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Unless otherwise indicated, the ideas and opinions expressed by the authors do not necessarily represent the views of their employers. -
Integrated Landfill Leachate Management
Integrated Landfill Leachate Management Delivering safe, innovative, and sustainable leachate management solutions Leading with Science®, Delivering Innovation Tetra Tech is an international leader in solid waste management. Our team of planners, engineers, designers, and environmental specialists have the skills and resources to address the wide-ranging needs of the municipal solid waste and renewable energy management markets. We support clients through the full life cycle of solid waste facility planning, design, construction, operation, and closure. We have consulted with the largest private waste management companies in the world, the largest public solid waste agencies in the United States, and regional, medium-sized, and small solid waste management companies and communities. Design and Planning The first priority to managing leachate is to minimize the volume produced. Tetra Tech analyzes and designs the site development plan, size of proposed cells, and intercell berms on the baseliner in order to reduce potential leachate generation following construction. We design leachate collection and removal systems to maintain the proper leachate depth on the landfill liner system so the facility is in compliance with their operating permit. As filling progresses, Tetra Tech supports facility management with development of fill sequence plans that keeps the active landfill working area as small as practical to minimize the volume of precipitation that may become contact water. Updates to the fill sequence plan minimize potential infiltration and allow for safe and efficient vehicle movement, unloading, spreading, and compaction of waste. Conveyance Tetra Tech provides site-specific, innovative solutions to the challenges associated with conveyance on landfill sites. Our experts select equipment that meets the changing needs of landfill environments, such as pumps with variable frequency drives. -
Technical Support Document for Industrial Wastewater Treatment: Final Rule for Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases
TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENT FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT: FINAL RULE FOR MANDATORY REPORTING OF GREENHOUSE GASES Climate Change Division Office of Atmospheric Programs U.S. Environmental Protection Agency June 2010 CONTENTS Page 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ..................................................................................1-1 2. INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................................2-1 2.1 Industrial Wastewater Treatment.........................................................................2-1 2.2 Reporting Rule Applicability...............................................................................2-3 2.2.1 Processes Included in the Reporting Rule ...............................................2-3 2.2.2 Industries Included in the Reporting Rule ...............................................2-4 3. EMISSION ESTIMATES .......................................................................................................3-1 3.1 Pulp and Paper Mills............................................................................................3-1 3.2 Food Processing Facilities ...................................................................................3-2 3.3 Ethanol Production Facilities...............................................................................3-5 3.4 Petroleum Refineries............................................................................................3-6 3.5 Summary..............................................................................................................3-7 -
Water Filtration Background
Water Filtration Background Water Filtration It's a modern-day engineering challenge to remove human-made contaminants from drinking water. After a quick review of the treatment processes that municipal water goes through before it comes from the tap you will learn about the still-present measurable contamination of drinking water due to anthropogenic (human-made) chemicals. Substances such as prescription medication, pesticides and hormones are detected in the drinking water supplies of American and European metropolitan cities. The engineering design process can be used to design solutions for a real-world problem (contaminated water) that could affect health. Engineering Connection The water that comes from our faucets has passed through a complex system designed by many different types of engineers. Civil, chemical, electrical, environmental, geotechnical, hydraulic, structural and architectural engineers all play roles in the design, development and implementation of municipalities' drinking water supplies and delivery systems. Hydraulic engineers design systems that safely filter the water at a rate needed to supply a specific region and population. Chemical engineers precisely determine the amounts and types of chemicals added to source water for coagulation and decontamination to make the water safe to drink and not taste bad. Even so, modern pharmaceutical and agricultural practices persist in contaminating our water supplies. 1 Water Filtration Background Treating the Public Water Supply: What Is In Your Water, and How Is It Made Safe to Drink? Human Use of Freshwater Humans' Need for Clean Freshwater Water is perhaps the most important nutrient in our diets. In fact, a human adult needs to drink approximately 2 liters (8 glasses) of water every day to replenish the water that is lost from the body through the skin, respiratory tract, and urine.