METROPOLITAN DESIGN CENTER

University District Alliance URBAN DESIGN FRAMEWORK PHASE III Transforming the SEMI into a New Innovation District

New University of Minnesota Innovation Campus The urge to preserve certain cities, or certain buildings and streets within them, has something in it of the instinct to preserve family records… [Cities] are live, changing things-–not hard artifacts in need of prettification and calculated revisions. We need to respect their rhythms and to recognize that the life of the city form must lie loosely somewhere between total control and total freedom of action. Spiro Kostof The Architect: Chapters on the History of the Profession, 1977

A Special Thanks Funding for this Direct Design Assistance project is provided through generous support from the McKnight Foundation and the Dayton Hudson Endowment. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sentinels of Memory: Maintaining the Sense of Place in a Landscape of Cultural History 02 Acknowledging the Legacy of Innovation in Minnesota’s Growth Economy 06 Thinking Beyond Property Lines: Land Reorganization and Value Capture in Transforming Post-Industrial Sites 10 Regenerative Site Plan 14 Innovation District - Detail Views 18

APPENDIX Restoring the Site: The Promise of Bio- and 22 The GD III Graduate Urban Design Studio: Testing Regenerative Principles for the SEMI Area 28 Project Participants 36 References 37 Sentinels of Memory:

Maintaining the Sense of Place in a Landscape of Cultural History Twin Cities, 1875 To Winnipeg, To Duluth (Red River Valley)

Kasota Ave SE

24th Ave SEAve 24th

To 5th St SE The Urban landscape is not a text to be read, but a repository of To Breckenridge, MN (Red River Valley)

SEMI Hwy 280 environmental memories far richer than any verbal code. Working 4th St SE 6th St SE

18th Ave SE with an inclusive urban landscape history can connect diverse Oak St SE To Iowa Energy Park Dr

people, places, and communities, without losing a focus on the University Ave SE Electric Steel , 1906 process of shaping the city.

Dolores Hayden, Beacon St SE 23rd Ave SE

Intercampus Transit

Walnut St SE Walnut 4th St SE

The Power of Place, 1997 Washington Ave SE 25th Ave SE Huron St SE

Delaware St SE 5th St SE Delaware St SE Delaware St SE

Oak St SE

The few buildings and industrial activities that remain today in the southeastern portion of Harvard St SE Essex St SE

29th Ave SE Ave 29th

26th Ave SE the SEMI district are the surviving structures of what not so long ago was one of ’ Williams Ave SE 30th Ave SE N Eustis St

27th Ave SE Malcolm Ave SE

Erie St SE Fulton St SE St SE 4th St SE regional, economic, and industrial powerhouses in the region. Around the turn of the 20th Dr Westgate

Huron St E River Rd To Iowa University Ave SE To Chicago Century, an early industry supported the lumber and milling for which Minneapolis Sidney Pl Miles Railroad map of the Twin Cities with SEMI in orange, 1875 0 1.5 3 6 Feet became famous. Huge and towers stored excess and mills processed 0250 500 1,000 ° wheat into flour, into malt for beer, and flax into linseed oil for paint products. As mills SEMI, 1953 Kasota Ave SE and railroad declined and the population moved out to the suburbs in the mid-20th Spencer Kellogg and Sons (linseed oil), 1930

century, many businesses left the district. SEAve 24th

Over the years, land expansion by the City of Minneapolis and the University of Minnesota

has transformed the western portion of the SEMI district. But a major portion of the land is 5th St SE still occupied by the BNSF rail yards that played a vital economic role in transforming the

city of Minneapolis along with a few towering silos that stand as sentinels of memories from Hwy 280 4th St SE 6th St SE a previous era. Prior to this early industrial transformation, the landscape of the SEMI district

18th Ave SE was part of a vast system of hydrologically linked wetlands draining to the by Oak St SE Energy Park Dr three creeks. Today, fragile remnants of these wetlands are still present and efforts to recover University Ave SE Electric Steel Grain Silos one of its creeks—Bridal Veil — is under discussion.

Beacon St SE 23rd Ave SE

Intercampus Transit

Walnut St SE Walnut 4th St SE

Washington Ave SE 25th Ave SE The Growth of Industry and Railroads in Minneapolis Huron St SE

Delaware St SE 5th St SE Delaware St SE Delaware St SE SEMI industries, 1948

Between 1860 and 1920, railroads completely changed not only American society, but the Oak St SE

American landscape as well. Railroads guided how Minneapolis and the surrounding region Harvard St SE Essex St SE

29th Ave SE Ave 29th

26th Ave SE developed, spurring the dramatic growth of both industry and population during this time. It Williams Ave SE 30th Ave SE N Eustis St

27th Ave SE Malcolm Ave SE

Erie St SE

Fulton St SE Ontario St SE 4th St SE Westgate Dr Westgate

was a combination of the great hydroelectric potential of St. Anthony Falls, the vast stands of Huron St E River Rd University Ave SE pine to the north, and the fertile soil of the to the west, that attracted lumber production Sidney Pl 1953 aerial photograph, U.S. Department of Agriculture Feet and flour milling to Minneapolis as early as the 1820s. In Minneapolis, rails corridors were built 0250 500 1,000 ° first by the millers to serve their facilities on the riverfront allowing Minneapolis to become an SEMI, 1991 Kasota Ave SE international powerhouse in lumber and flour by the 1880s.

24th Ave SEAve 24th

Grain Silos

The collective impact of railways on the national fabric was 5th St SE nothing less than dramatic ...Rails overcame geographic

Hwy 280 challenges, offered reliable service with calculated periodicity, 4th St SE 6th St SE Kurth Malting, 1958

18th Ave SE had an almost limitless capacity, and quickly became the Oak St SE Energy Park Dr nation’s basic means of transport. Railroads also became University Ave SE America’s first big business. They simultaneously gave rise to all sorts of manufacturing and commerce, changed Beacon St SE 23rd Ave SE

Intercampus Transit

Walnut St SE Walnut 4th St SE

Washington Ave SE 25th Ave SE warehouse traditions, and spawned regionally specialized Huron St SE

factory production. The net result was an integrated national Delaware St SE 5th St SE Delaware St SE Delaware St SE economy blending city and countryside into one. Oak St SE

Harvard St SE Essex St SE SE Ave 29th 26th Ave SE Williams Ave SE 30th Ave SE N Eustis St

27th Ave SE Malcolm Ave SE

Erie St SE

Fulton St SE Ontario St SE 4th St SE Westgate Dr Westgate

Huron St Don L. Hofsommer, E River Rd University Ave SE Sidney Pl Delmar I Grain Elevator Minneapolis and the Age of Railways, 2005 1991 aerial photograph, U.S. Geological Survey Feet Crescent Grain Elevator under demolition, 1978 0250 500 1,000 °

2 3 The first rail line in Minnesota, the St. Paul & Pacific, was finally built Development of the SEMI District SEMI and Surrounding Area, 2012 in 1862 with a ten-mile track connecting the town of St. Anthony (later part of Minneapolis) to the steamboat docks in St. Paul. Soon, Detailed city atlases from the early 1900s are particularly revealing the St. Paul & Pacific extended northwest along the river, making its in telling the story of early industry development in the SEMI. It COMO NEIGHBORHOOD way toward the Red River Valley. As the capacity of the lumber and begins slowly in the 1890s with a few elevators, lumberyards, and MARCY-HOLMES Elm St SE flour mills at St. Anthony Falls increased, the millers began to feel the foundries dotting the district. Over time, additional elevators, linseed NEIGHBORHOOD negative effects of not having their own railroads. In response, millers oil mills, and machine shops crop up, and by 1914 the site became in Minneapolis begin organizing their own railroads infrastructure to clearly established as the home to silos and elevators, mills, and bypass the Chicago market. The first was the Minneapolis and Saint manufacturing complexes. The height of industry, judging from Kasota Ave SE Louis Railway, built in 1869, with hopes of ultimately connecting south aerial photographs, appears to be between the 1920s and the to St. Louis and north to Duluth. In 1871, a track was built to White Bear 1950s, indicating a dense zone filled with grain silos and rail yards Lake, connecting to an existing line to Duluth, giving Minneapolis surrounded by the expansion of the city of Minneapolis to the west access to shipping. The southern line ran south to and south. Beginning in the 1960s, however, structures and train Albert Lea in 1877 and finally to Fort Dodge, Iowa by 1878. This line tracks were removed and the empty land was used as parking lots. 15th Ave SE brought Minneapolis lumber to the south and grain from southern By the mid 2000s, we see the University of Minnesota campus Minnesota and coal from Iowa back to Minneapolis. Eventually the expanding eastward including the TCF Stadium and biotech buildings line did connect to rails to St. Louis, giving Minneapolis millers access occupying the area where mills and foundries once stood. to alternative markets. According to Charlene Roise’s account, the SEMI was one of the SEMI area By 1920, twenty-nine railroad lines served the city. Railroads locations in the Twin Cities where a concentration of grain-storage transformed the landscape of the city, especially near St. Anthony facilities were developed. Wood was the earliest construction Falls, with the building of dozens of large-scale infrastructure projects, material used in grain elevators, with lumber readily available from BNSF Rail Yards such the Stone Arch Bridge in 1883. Railroads also facilitated a large sawmills in Minneapolis. Some were sheathed in metal siding but population growth in Minneapolis, which finally surpassed St. Paul over time wood proved to be impractical due to its flammable nature. TCF Bank Stadium in 1880. In 1870, Minneapolis’ population was 13,000 and by 1890, it The St. Anthony elevator constructed in 1901 used tile, a material that had grown to nearly 165,000. By the end of World War I, flour milling Minnesota engineers helped to develop. Over time, improvement on began to decline in Minneapolis, with the railroad not far behind. the design of grain silos and elevator towers included the uses of Adding to this decline was Minnesotans pressing the legislature to electric operation and the design of circular bins, which proved to be UNIVERSITY OF pay attention to the needs for road construction –a move away from more practical than square storage facilities. PAUL ST. MINNESOTA University Avenue the monopolistic practices of railroad politics. In compliance with the MINNEAPOLIS federal Highway act, the Minnesota legislation passed the Highway Bill in 1917 and by 1921 a second highway bill passed the legislature Concrete quickly came to dominate all providing the legality for the construction of a highway system of 4th St SE communications, which allowed trucks to compete with rails for other construction materials chosen for commercial and passenger traffic. terminal elevators and grain bins in the SE St Huron SEMI. From at least 1909 until the last

grain bin was constructed in 1957, nearly Oak St SE PROSPECT PARK Grain elevators [that] dominated the [SEMI] every new elevator and storage bin was NEIGHBORHOOD area ...reflected the symbiotic relationship made out of reinforced concrete.... between urban and rural: farmers needed Mississippi River the grain companies and grain silos Charlene Roise, The Junction of Industry and Freight: operators to market their products, while the Development of the Southeast Minneapolis Industrial Area, 2003 trade centers relied on the flow of grain to SEMI area boundary Feet Neighborhood boundary ° nurture their economic well-being. Over 0 500 1,000 2,000 the years, the SEMI included examples of In addition to flour, the SEMI district gave birth to several other 2012 aerial photograph, U.S Geological Survey important industrial aggregates such as in the production of linseed nearly every grain elevator design popular oil (derived from the milling of flax grain), which made Minneapolis a in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, national leader controlling 35% of the mill capacity in the USA. The oil was shipped around the world and used to make paint, linoleum, though only two types, steel and reinforced varnish, enamel, oilcloth, printing inks, and patent leather. The concrete, are present today. Archer-Daniels-Miller (ADM) “Delmar” elevators were built between 1925 and 1931, creating what was “the largest elevator facility in the Charlene Roise, The Junction of Industry and Freight: the country” at that time. Delmar elevators #1 and #4 are still standing. Development of the Southeast Minneapolis Industrial Area, Starting in the 1950s there was a shift from oil-based to latex paints. 2003 ADM switched to soybeans and sunflowers to make up for the lack of demand. While two ADM elevators still remain, the plant was demolished. The Spencer Kellogg mill, once located on the corner of present-day 25th Avenue and 6th Street, was also demolished and a parking lot stands in its place. In essence, the decline of flour milling and rail transportation in Minneapolis led to the decline of grain storage and industrial production in the SEMI district triggering the unfortunate destruction of most of the grain silos and mills, beginning in the 1960s.

Birdseye View of Grain Elevators and SEMI Industrial Area, 2013

4 5 Acknowledging the Legacy of Innovation in Minnesota’s Growth Economy As we stride on the thresholds of the 21st century, one can only think On average, the rate of patenting is with some degree of certainty that our future metropolitan growth and development will again be created by investing in human capital positively related to the employment and local resources to stimulate the development of new innovation density of an urbanized area. Specifically, industries and economies. But contrary to our previous national the rate of patenting is 20 to 30 percent Minneapolis expanded rapidly between 1860 efforts of siting innovation centers in industrial parks away from greater in a metropolitan area with an and 1900. Industries were formed, infrastructure urban centers today, leading companies are looking for new districts of innovation in cities adjacent to and in cooperation with academic employment density twice that of another was established, and the population grew institutions. The goal is to foment greater proximity, greater level of metro area. These findings confirm that exponentially. In the span of 40 years, Minneapolis human interactions where knowledge can be transferred allowing for the creation of ideas to flourish. As Peter Hall recognized in his the location density plays an important transformed from a small, quiet village into a studies, cities and their metropolitan regions are being recognized role in creating the flow of ideas that bustling cosmopolitan center. again today by the quality of the ideas they generate, the innovations they bring forward, and the quality and intensity of urban life they generates information and growth. Soderstrom, Sauerwein, and Suess, have created to attract greater numbers of talented individuals, expanding new territories of knowledge and economies. Gerald A. Carlino et al, Knowledge Spillovers Minneapolis: Currents of Change, 2005 and the New Economy of Cities, 2001 Another change in trajectory is that most new established hubs of As illustrated in the chart on the following pages, the decades World War II established Minnesota as a center of high-technology innovation are developing independently from Washington programs leading to the 20th century were marked by a great period of industry. The war also brought investments that launched many high- and initiatives. This new trend is supported by many examples industrial and population growth in the Twin Cities, a transformation tech manufacturing corporations including radar, computers, and indicating that as a result of our last financial recession, cities and metropolitan regions across the country are making a vital shift renewable energy, fashion, and industrial design. However, not that was founded in great part by the development of the railroads. atomic science requiring the most advanced scientific knowledge all is about work and business in Innovation Districts. All of them As the region’s first rail hub, St. Paul became home to many rail of the day. By the 1960s, the Twin Cities had become an important to become more independent from Washington strings by taking control of their own problems while creating new destinies. emphasize the development of a collaborative atmosphere with the company headquarters, and the banks that financed their continental center for the computer and electronics industries, with companies motto that encourages “Work-Live-Play” in a physically attractive, expansions. Rails in Minneapolis connected the industrial hub to like Control Data Corporation (CDC) and Cray Research that once sustainable urban context that encapsulates the values of innovative quickly expanding agricultural lands and boosted the industries of competed with industry giants like IBM. By 1970, 175 electronics site planning, the harvesting and recycling of water and implementing milling, manufacturing, warehousing, and wholesaling. Many of the companies made their home in the Twin Cities metro area. As a result of a federal leadership vacuum, renewable energy systems, fostering a community ethic. smaller mills began to consolidate during this time, creating the cities around the country have had to tackle household names of Pillsbury and Washburn-Crosby (later General But the years following WW II brought a new stimulus to innovation. Bearing this in mind, the Urban Design Framework--Phase III is Mills). This time the interest developed from the advances made in the our economic problems largely on our own. proposing the dedication and development of a new Innovation health sciences including the manufacturing of medical devices. Local elected officials are responsible for District to be acquired in collaboration and partnership among the Expansion of industry during this time brought a prosperity that Medtronic began in 1949 in northeast Minneapolis and many other doing, not debating. For innovating, not City of Minneapolis, the University of Minnesota, Hennepin County allowed the Twin Cities to seriously invest in public works and to medical technology companies made their home in the Twin Cities and the Prospect Park community (among others). The selected site establish institutions of higher learning, health, and the arts. Many area, including Starkey Laboratories, the world’s major manufacturer arguing. For pragmatism not partisanship. utilizes a portion of the SEMI industrial context next to the University public and private institutions opened at this time such as the of hearing aids, and Boston’s Scientific’s Cardiovascular Group. We have to deliver results at the local of Minnesota and Prospect Park neighborhood along two new LRT University of Minnesota, followed by Augsburg, Hamline, Macalester, These advances in innovation sciences have made the Twin Cities to transit stations and totaling approximately 240 acres. Currently, the St. Thomas, Concordia and St. Catherine colleges --all of them open be the second largest medical device-manufacturing center in North {metropolitan} level. site presents itself as a partially abandoned industrial landscape to academic instruction by 1905. As Minneapolis thrived in financial America. comprising the striking presence of several enormous grain silos, an and industrial strength, many important farsighted ideas were put Mayor Michael Bloomberg, The State of the Economy: Four active BNSF rail corridor amid a terrain that still has the ecological The research and development impetus that allowed so many Twin into practice to improve the quality of urban life, which included the Years After Onset of Financial Crisis, 2012 remnants of several important but fragile wetland ecosystems. investment and construction of an extensive network of streetcar Cities’ corporations to diversify, innovate, and grow in the mid-20th corridors. By 1900 Minneapolis flourished, and successful business century continued during the second half of the century. The state’s leaders used their wealth to establish a trend in philanthropic success in medical technology has allowed Minnesota to move into activities giving birth to libraries, art and establishing the the emerging field of bioscience. Today, Minnesota is home to two of As such, Metropolitan regions across the nation are investing in the city’s renowned Metropolitan Park System. By the end of the century, the world’s leading research centers, the University of Minnesota and promotion of start-up companies allowing for the greatest proximity Minneapolis reached a population of 202,718 becoming the 19th Rochester’s Mayo Clinic. Partnerships between these institutions and to academic institutions, bringing partnerships with leading research Employment Change by Industry Sector, largest city in the . private companies have advanced new technologies and patents and venture-capital firms while sharing ideas in the production Twin Cities Region, 2000 - 2010 often leading to new business ventures, further expanding the of new knowledge. In addition, these new hubs of innovation are As milling began to decline in the 1920s, companies began to regional economy as is the case with the development of Discovery often located in dense urban centers with easy access to public diversify their products to ensure further growth. By marketing to Genomics, a young company that advances gene therapies, using transportation, surrounded by walkable and lively public spaces the increasingly urban populations, flour mills were able to convince technologies developed at the University of Minnesota. maximizing the integration of activities and informal encounters. their loyal consumers to purchase other food products, such as These new clusters of research activity are known today as ‘Innovation breakfast and baking mixes. Manufacturing companies Districts” where the density of jobs per square mile is twice as in followed suit. Former lumber mills turned to manufacturing paper and the regular metropolitan areas. The realization is that increasing job other products. Research and development allowed large innovative density is an important criterion when planning innovation districts aiming at bringing entrepreneurial creativity. corporations, such as Honeywell and 3M, to find new products to Looking Ahead: manufacture, giving them an edge over their smaller competitors. Transforming the SEMI as a New Today, innovation districts can be found in cities such as Boston, New York, San Francisco, Pittsburgh, Syracuse, Portland, Toronto, By 1940, the transition was well underway Innovation District for Minneapolis and Barcelona, the latter perhaps being the best known innovation from an urban economy that relied on district to today. All of them are created to support the growth of new start-up companies either in information management technologies, agriculture to a metropolitan economy that Innovations and big cultural transformations biotechnologies, health care sciences, green technologies, robotics, relied on manufacturing and service… take place in cities …they have throughout Henceforth the Twin Cities would look to a history, been the places that have ignited new set of industries for their growth and the “sacred flame” of human imagination prosperity. and creativity. Adams and Van Drasek, Sir Peter Hall, Minneapolis-St. Paul: People, Place, and Public Life, 1993 Cities in Civilization, 1998

6 7 Evolution of Innovation in the Twin Cities

Municipal Incorporation in the Twin Cities Metro, 1860 - 2020

Incorporated places 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 Recent incorporations

Population Distribution in the Twin Cities Metro, 1959 - 2020 Higher density 1959 1980 2000 2020

Lower density

Industry and Population Growth in the Twin Cities Metro, 1820 - 2010 3,000,000 7-County Metro area HIGH TECHNOLOGY & BIOSCIENCE 2010 population: 1942: Hormel 1949: Medtronic 1957: Control 1967: Starkey 1976: St. Jude 2000: Discovery • Institute opens • founded • Data Corp. opens • Labs opens • Medical founded • Genomics founded 3,005,000 (bioscience) (medical devices) (computers) (hearing aids) (medical devices) (gene therapy) RETAIL 1902: Dayton’s 1924: First 1956: Dayton’s 1962: Dayton’s 1966: Best 1992: Mall of • opens Goodfellows • Supervalu store • opens world’s • opens first • Buy opens • America opens store in Minneapolis opens in Mpls first mall: Southdale Target store in St. Paul in Bloomington 2,500,000 FOOD PROCESSING 1886: South St. 1891: Hormel 1909: 1921: Land-O- 1928: General 1998: CHS established • Paul stockyards • founded in • headquarters • Lakes founded • Mills founded • in Inver Grove Heights founded St. Paul in Minneapolis in St. Paul in Minneapolis ARTS & PHILANTHRONPY 1883: Minnesota 1903: Minnesota 1915: Minneapolis 1927: Walker Art 1946: Target 1953: McKnight 1963: Guthrie 1978: Medtronic 1981: First • Institute of Arts • Orchestra gives • Foundation • Center opens in • Corp. begins • Foundation • Theater opens • establishes • Avenue 2,000,000 established first performance established Minneapolis donating profits endowed in Minneapolis charity foundation established HEALTH CARE 1882: Abbott 1889: Mayo 1911: University 1915: University 1942: Sister Kenny 1968: World’s first 1983: University of •Northwestern • Clinic opens • Hospital founded • partners with • Institute lays ground- • bone marrow transplant • MN Heart and Lung Hospital opens in Rochester Mayo Clinic work for physical therapy performed (U-MN) Institute established WAREHOUSING/WHOLESALE 1860s: St. Paul builds 1890: Minneapolis 1920s/30s: Warehousing 1992: Rainbow Foods, in • warehouses assoc. • surpasses St. Paul • declines in the inner city • Hopkins, becomes nation’s 1,500,000 with transportation in wholesale trade and moves out to suburbs largest food wholesaler RAILROADS 1854: Rail 1861: First railroad 1893: Great Northern RR 1910s: Peak of WWII: Trains • connects Chicago • in Minnesota built • completes transcontinental • passenger rail • requisitioned for to Mississippi River route to West Coast traffic military purposes MANUFACTURING 1860s: Machinery, textile, 1886: Honeywell 1890s: Crown 1906: 3M moves 1923: Ecolab, Inc 1924: Ford opens WWII: Large MN 1970: Valspar • furniture, and paper • opens in Mpls • Iron Works • from Duluth to • (chemicals) • plant in St. Paul • corporations provide • moves to Mpls 1,000,000 shops open at SAF (thermostats) opens St. Paul opens in St. Paul (cars) wartime manufacturing (paint) FLOUR MILLING 1854: First merchant 1870s: Minnesota 1880: Minneapolis 1881: Largest 1916: Peak of 1920s/30s: Flour 1930: Buffalo, NY 1965: Last • flour mill built at • technology improves • leads the nation • flour mill in the • flour production • companies diversify • surpasses Mpls • operating mill St. Anthony Falls flour quality in flour milling world constructed in Minneapolis with food processing in flour production at Falls closes EDUCATION 1851: University 1866: Central High 1872: Augsburg 1880: Hamline 1885: Macalester 1893: Concordia 1905: St. Catherine 1970: U of M alumni Norman 1999: Stem Cell • of Minnesota • School founded • College opens • University opens • and St. Thomas ••University opens University opens • Borlaug receives Nobel Peace • Institute founded 500,000 established in St. Paul in Minneapolis in St. Paul open in St. Paul in St. Paul in St. Paul Prize for agricultural research Minneapolis 2010 at UMN population: 382,578 LUMBER MILLING (12.7% of Metro) 1848: First merchant 1854: Water 1880s: Lumber mills 1899: Minneapolis 1910s: Northern 1919: Last lumber • saw mill built at • power companies • move from Falls • is the leading lumber • pine forests • mill in Minneapolis St. Paul 2010 St. Anthony Falls incorporated to north Minneapolis market in the world depleted closes population: 285,068 (9.5% of Metro)

1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

8 9 Thinking Beyond Property Lines: Land Reorganization and Value Capture in Transforming Post-Industrial Sites As the gap between the infrastructure our Transforming the SEMI Landscape cities need and the money we have to fund into an Innovation District it continues to widen, more cities are aiming to implement ‘value capture’. Value capture, From the visual perspective, the landscape of the SEMI district may an idea long in vogue with economists and be labeled as the residual clutter of a former industrial chaos that for sure existed amidst lumber, flour mills, grain elevators, and active rail While the recycling of derelict industrial lands to alternative policy wonks, is now starting to bleed slowly yards a by-product of an industry that made Minneapolis famous at urban uses has been an accepted practice for many years, it has into City Halls, changing the way we pay for the turn of the century. But the land, upon which this industry was our cities. built, had a previous physical history. This mostly-flat terrain (prime frequently been accompanied by developments that have too often for laying out rail transportation) corresponds to the reaches of a done little to enrich the environments they have replaced. Those broad fluvial terrace (second terrace) of the Mississippi River. Over attending renewal conferences may be forgiven for wondering Mark Bergen, the years, a good percentage of the land surrounding the SEMI How Can Cities Recapture Investment in Public became part of a larger marsh ecosystem eventually draining to the why the “before” photos of the site so frequently looked more Infrastructure, 2012 Mississippi River. interesting and alive than the built form that emerged. At present, remnant wetlands still exist among abandoned rail Michael Hough, alignments such as the Corridor and in greater numbers along the Kasota Springs a location that is planned to be the future Cities and Natural Process, 1995 Another difficulty with post-industrial sites is assembling public and connection to the Minneapolis Grand Rounds park system. Evidence private land particularly in urban centers where property boundaries of from multiple sources is clear and finding an and easements are revered. Yet, scholars are finding new innovative appropriate solution to evaluate and mitigate the different levels methods of land-assembly (land sharing or land pooling) under of contamination will be a necessary first stage in the remediation the new concept of land readjustment that eventually distributes process of the site. Several vacant grain silos are still on the site and economic benefits to a wider urban economy with spillover effects efforts to stop any further demolition of these landmarks should be that allow for the creation of a new social life in the city (see Lincoln considered in order to maintain the historical presence and cultural Grand Round Connection Institute of Land Policy 2007). meaning of the site.

Along with applying new tools for Land Readjustment, new methods As such, a land restructuring system is proposed based on the of economic land valuation are being developed to examine in premise that a land reorganization (land sharing or land pooling) is greatest detail the potential spillover outcomes of restructuring possible, and then aims to conserve the historic and cultural value land beyond value-creation known as Value Capture. The urban inherent in the site that no doubt will greatly increase the value East Gateway capture at a later date. Of course having the site in close proximity Kasota Springs planning literature is extensive with respect to investments in land District improvements using the TIF method (among others) to attract to a major research university will add to the potential research Proposed Granary City development while recovering the initial investment cost via future outcomes that can be anticipated for an Innovation District. As Park tax revenues. Yet only recently we are finding out that major public such, the transformative approach is grounded on six different but LRT investments (transit for instance) creates value not only along the integrated landscape systems: University Intercampus Transitway corridor, but also produces an economic spillover effect (proximity competition) to a wider urban periphery whose value should be Regenerative Landscapes captured and evaluated. Value Capture models (VCM) however, should not be measured in monetary rate-of-returns only. Investing Ecological Landscapes in good streets, public parks, and great public spaces have all been Greenways and Open Space Corridors important signature producing significant value capture as measured Productive Landscapes Stadium Village University Avenue Masterplan SEMI District by the quality-of-life and social vitality of a city. Neighborhood Commercial LRT Innovation Campus District High Density Green Urban Development

Prospect Development Zone This approach to reconfiguring the SEMI lands to create an innovation New programs for design emerge when district will require a community organization structure capable of Huron Boulevard design practice shifts its attention formally drafting a land sharing agreement among all the stakeholders in Gateway District solving perceived problems to identifying favor of implementing the desired land use and infrastructure plan. This may result in modifying somewhat the current land ownership actions that support expressions of social boundaries in order to accomplish a greatest purpose and future life. These programs reveal and celebrate economical value for the district. the new forms of urbanity emerging out of today’s political economy and its culture. So Transforming post-industrial sites into new and productive urban In general, the difficulties of restoring post-industrial sites emerge districts is a complex and often challenging process resulting from from having to remediate contaminated soils and dealing with doing, metropolitan urbanism opens new the difficulties that emerge in the process of reforming the site to dilapidated infrastructure and abandoned rail yards and buildings territories for design consideration. It stakes its new urban identity. Fortunately, the practice of restoring post- while being engaged with the legal and regulatory agencies that have industrial sites to alternative uses is not without some encouraging jurisdiction over the remediation process. Other times, the difficulties out new sites of operations, introduces new history. One example that is closely related to the SEMI site is the come from trying to find transformative solutions using a planning methods of working, and identifies new transformation of the Mission Bay District in San Francisco from a approach that is accustomed to deal with site-specific boundaries clients. former dilapidated Southern Pacific railyards into a high density or from relying on an economic-based master planning process that residential and medical innovation campus developed by the is often at odds with restoring the site laden with cultural memories University of California Medical School. prior to transforming the site to accommodate new buildings and Jacqueline Tatom, programs. Programs for Metropolitan Urbanism, 2009

10 11 Toward a New Land Use Model Based on a Landscape Systems Approach

1. The Granary Greenway Corridor Links to Grand Rounds 4. Ecological Landscapes: Wetland Revitalization The SEMI area’s centralized urban location The SEMI area contains the remnants of a makes it a critical hub for connecting open former large wetland. Recovering some of space and trails to regional parks, greenways, these wetlands can not only provide new wildlife habitat but also introduce attractive, To St. Anthony Main/ trails, and ecological landscapes, which Stone Arch Bridge provides exponential benefits for urban innovative, and effective urban stormwater living. The Granary corridor greenway can management. link to St. Anthony Main along an abandoned rail line, connecting remnant wetlands and fulfilling the “missing link” of the Grand Rounds.

View of Downtown Minneapolis

Feet Feet 0200 400 800 1200 0200 400 800 1200

To Mississippi River/Grand Rounds

2. Regenerative Landscapes: Phytoremediation 5. Innovation Campus Major portions of the SEMI area can As the grain elevators of former industry be dedicated to the study of bio- and are decommissioned, the SEMI area steps phytoremediation as a strategy to clean into a new role - to regenerate dynamic low levels of soil contamination. Using innovations in sustainable technologies. native plants and grasses these transitional Its proximity to the University of Minnesota landscapes can recover original landscape makes this site prime for development and biomes allowing for the development of new investment of a new campus dedicated forms of landscapes for social and cultural Existing BioTech to foster the incubation of new innovation enrichment. Research Campus technology.

Feet Feet 0200 400 800 1200 0200 400 800 1200

3. Urban Green Infrastructure 6. Productive Landscapes: Wind, Solar, and Urban Agriculture New urban development in and around the Large sections of the extensive SEMI SEMI provides an opportunity for introducing landscape can be dedicated to generating multifunctional green infrastructure. The new areas of research including wind and urban landscape can clean and store solar energy microgrids, urban agriculture, stormwater using pervious surfaces, water and soil research. retention swales, water storage, and infiltration ponds.

Feet Feet 0200 400 800 1200 0200 400 800 1200

12 13 To Ridgway Parkway/Grand Rounds

Kasota Ave SE

Grand Rounds “Missing Link” ThinkingStormwater Beyond Property Lines Retention Basins

To St. Anthony Main/ Stone Arch Bridge

Hwy 280 Granary Greenway Connection

Proposed Bridge Connection Ecological Landscapes

Wetlands University of Minnesota Kasota Ave SE Biomedical Discovery District Granary Greenway Mariuchi Arena BNSF Railyards

6th St SE

Stormwater Retention Basins 4

Williams Arena

University of Minnesota Football Stadium Proposed SE 23rd Ave Proposed Granary Productive Amtrak Station City Park Landscapes

Ecological

University Ave SE Landscapes

Wind Turbines LRT Transit Oriented Open Theater Kasota Springs Development

4th St SE 2 1 Productive Wind Turbines Hwy 280 Landscapes Proposed Bridge Productive Connection View of Downtown Minneapolis 3 Landscapes Community Open Space Stadium Village Masterplan 4th Street Prospect Park SE 6th St Development District

Washington Ave SE SE 25th Ave Incubator Existing Laboratories Proposed Surly Brewery Development Site

29th Ave SE University Intercampus Transitway SE 5th St Future Urban Development of Green Infrastructure To St. Paul

SE Oak St 4th St SE Existing

Huron Blvd SE Blvd Huron University Ave SE

LRT Transit Oriented University Intercampus Transitway Development Westgate Business Center

Westgate Dr

30th Ave SE 27th Ave SE

Malcolm Avenue Jefferson Student Housing

Overall Site Plan Feet 0 100 200 400 600 To Mississippi River/Grand Rounds 14 15 Developing Frontiers of Knowledge

University of Minnesota Campus

BNSF Rail Line

4th Street Redevelopment Area Wetlands and Bio- Ammex Silos Phytoremediation DelMar IV Silos DelMar I Silos New LRT Station

Como Neighborhood

University of Minnesota Intercampus Transitway Ecological Landscapes

New Incubators & Labs BNSF Railyards

Wind Turbines

Community Open Space

Productive Landscapes

Terrace Gardens

New University of Minnesota Future Surly Brew- Innovation Campus pub Development

16 17 View of Historic Silos Landscape After Bio-Phytoremediation Courtyard View of a Modular Incubator Unit

High efficiency polycrystalline Del Mar I Silos Dabiri’s 3.5 Kilowatt modular solar panels vertical turbines

Modular Units DelMar IV Silos

3 1 Modular Incubators are elevated from the ground floor even in areas where the phytoremediation processes have cleaned the soils. New research and development ventures owe much of their success to supporting programs that nurture innovation. These programs rely on developing specific sites dedicated as “incubators” where the innovation capabilities can be tested through the multiple cycles that are required to “graduate” corporate ventures. The historic Grain Elevator Site at Prospect Park can be the ideal place to nurture multiple ventures in close proximity to the University of Minnesota. High-efficiency Polycrystalline Modular Incubators Modular Solar Panels

Regeneration of Wetlands Connecting with the Kasota Springs and DelMar I Silos Probable Location for Stormwater Infiltration or Retention Basins

Kurth Silos

Productive Landscapes Ecological Landscapes Wetland Recovery 2 4

18 19 APPENDIX Restoring the Site: The Promise of Bio- and Phytoremediation Community Involvement Lessons Learned from Research

Remediation and redevelopment of polluted sites can be a sensitive 1. Know the contaminants – remediation cannot be planned community issue. Because community support is critical for the before a thorough investigation of site contaminants has been success of the project, the community should be involved in the completed. Phytoremediation is an emerging technology that uses various decision-making process from the beginning. Phytoremediation has 2. A combination of remediation technologies may have to be plants to degrade, extract, contain, or immobilize contaminants two advantages that may make it easier for a community to accept employed. It is unlikely that only phytoremediation will clean as part of the redevelopment process. One, the process is easily up a site – excavation of “hot spots” and other remediation from soil and water. This technology has been receiving attention understood, and two, the introduction of plants on the site may result technologies may have to be planned in conjunction with lately as an innovative, cost-effective alternative to the more in visual or aesthetic improvements to the area. to fulfill clean up regulations. established treatment methods used at site. 3. Work with a team of experts and cultivate public-private partnerships. Because of the many stakeholders involved, Contaminants and site conditions are perhaps the technical challenges of remediation, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the most important factors in the design and complications of working with brownfield sites, it is important to Introduction to Phytoremediation, 2000 employ a wide range of experts. Public-private partnerships can success of a phytoremediation system. provide needed funding and make the process of remediation and development run more smoothly. United States Environmental Protection Agency, 4. Be prepared for surprises. Even with soil testing, contaminant Why Use Bioremediation and 4. Phytoremediation can also be used as a temporary solution to Brownfields Technology Primer: Selecting and investigation, and careful planning, brownfields are complicated contain the spread of contamination or as the first step in a more Using Phytoremediation for Site Cleanup 2001 sites. It is likely that unexpected contamination will be found on Phytoremediation intensive treatment process. the site during remediation Bioremediation is a relatively established group of remediation 5. Phytoremediation can cost less than conventional technologies. technologies that uses the same biodegradation processes that Utilizing natural processes, such as plant water uptake and solar Considerations/Limitations of occur in nature to clean up polluted soils or water. Bioremediation energy, means that sophisticated equipment is not needed to Phytoremediation Application introduces these processes to a contaminated site or enhances the install or upkeep phytoremediation systems. Phytoremediation Phytoremediation existing processes by providing microbes with fertilizer, oxygen, reduces up-front and long-term costs as compared to technology- Phytoremediation, like any remediation technology, has limitations Phytoremediation has been utilized and monitored for and other conditions that encourage their growth and allow them to intensive methods of remediation. that must be understood and considered before selection. There remediation at a variety of industrial sites, from agricultural fields break down more quickly. 6. Phytoremediation can be integrated into the landscape and are many technical considerations to consider when planning to gas stations to . While still being tested for effectiveness, be aesthetically pleasing. The addition of plants enhances the and designing remediation systems. Because of this the EPA phytoremediation has been shown to be particularly well-suited for physical appearance of a brownfields site, which can bring added recommends employing an “experienced multidisciplinary team” of brownfield remediation because these sites are often characterized benefits to the surrounding community as well as garnering scientists, engineers, designers, consultants, and regulators to guide by wide-spread contaminants at low concentrations. Plants utilized Types of Bioremediation support for the project. the process. for phytoremediation are characterized by rapid growth, deep roots, relatively high biomass, and a high transpiration rate. A - Microbes are injected into contaminated soil 7. Phytoremediation can be one element of a larger treatment- • Bioaugmentation comprehensive list of plants and the contaminants they treat is to introduce biodegradation. train. Different treatment strategies can be combined for cost- 1. The type and level of contamination is the most critical • Biostimulation - Amendments (nutrients, oxygen, or fertilizers) are savings and effective cleanup of various contaminants. consideration for remediation decisions. Different contaminants included in the following pages. Phytoremediation describes a broad range of physical and biological processes that plants use to extract, injected into the soil to enhance existing microbial biodegradation. 8. Plants, especially trees, provide numerous additional benefits require different types of remediation and in some cases, • Mycoremediation - Fungi are introduced to contaminated soil and contain, or destroy contaminants in soil, water, and sediment. These in urban areas. They improve air quality, capture greenhouse contaminant levels may be too high for plants to grow. allowed to grow. mechanisms are described in the adjacent table. gases, and help to mitigate the effect. Some Phytoremediation works best at sites characterized by wide- • Biopiles/composting/land farming - Contaminated soil is spread contamination at low concentrations and shallow depths. contained in controlled areas and treated as needed to stimulate plants provide much-needed habitat to animals, birds, and microbial degradation. insects. 2. The level of clean-up required for the site, which is dependent • Phytoremediation - Contaminants are degraded, extracted, on the type of development that will be built, is another factor contained, or immobilized through natural plant processes. that will indicate whether phytoremediation can be utilized. Phytoremediation has been attempted on a Environmental regulations for contaminant levels vary depending on what type of development is being considered for the site. full- or demonstration-scale basis at more Related Uses of Plants Clean-up levels required for residential development may be than 200 sites nationwide…. As the number much higher than those for light industrial. of successful demonstration projects grows Advantages of Phytoremediation The plants used in phytoremediation can also perform additional environmental protection in other applications on a site. Riparian 3. Site properties, such as soil type, water table depth, and geology, and new information about the application of need to be considered before a remediation method is chosen. Decision-makers should consider the needs and conditions of the buffers, or vegetated areas installed along the edges of water phytoremediation becomes available, the use site, as well as impacts to the surrounding community, when deciding bodies, not only provide protection from non-point source pollution, 4. Phytoremediation may require a longer amount of time for which of the many different available remediation technologies to but also act as critical habitat for birds and animals, as well as prevent remediation than the development plans for a site allow. Growth of phytoremediation as a treatment technology employ. Phytoremediation in particular can offer many additional soil erosion. rate of plant species, as well as the length of the growing season, is increasing because the technology has been social and environmental benefits that conventional technologies affects the amount of time required to clean up a site. Complete proven an efficient and effective approach at cannot. clean up could require several growing seasons to be effective, whereas traditional methods may only require a few weeks or brownfields sites. 1. Phytoremediation can treat a wide variety of contaminants. This Studies indicate that phytoremediation is months. is especially useful on brownfield sites, which are often made up competitive with other treatment alternatives, 5. Phytoremediation may not provide adequate protection from United States Environmental Protection Agency, of a collection of former industrial sites and can leave behind risks involved. Plant cultivation and soil amendments may have as costs are approximately 50 to 80 percent of Brownfields Technology Primer: Selecting and many different types of pollutants. unintended consequences on the mobility of contaminants. For Using Phytoremediation for Site Cleanup, 2001 2. Treatment takes place on site. This can not only cut down on the the costs associated with physical, chemical, or example, contaminants below ground may accidentally transfer costs of hauling soils for dumping in a , but also produces thermal techniques at applicable sites. to nearby food plants or transpire into the air. fewer noise or traffic disturbances to local residents. 6. There are costs involved with the required monitoring and 3. Phytoremediation offers aneffective and permanent solution maintaining of the phytoremediation process. In general, to site contaminants, leaving very little residual contamination. United States Environmental Protection Agency, phytoremediation is lower in cost than other methods; however This complete clean-up can make a site more appealing to Brownfields Technology Primer: Selecting and the monitoring costs could be higher depending on the level of developers. Using Phytoremediation for Site Cleanup, 2001 contamination and cleanup rates.

22 23 Phytoremediation Mechanisms Phytoremediation Decision Table

CONTAMINANT MECHANISM MEDIA CONTAMINANTS PLANTS STATUS Phytodegradation Hydraulic Control GOAL Plants take up contaminants from Plants take up groundwater to Metals: Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Indian mustard, pennycress, Laboratory, pilot, and the soil or groundwater and break contain contaminants and prevent Phytoextraction Extraction and capture Soil, sediment, sludges Ni, Pb, Zn; Radionuclides: 90Sr, 137Cs, 239Pu, 238,234 alyssum, sunflowers, hybrid poplars field applications them down completely within the their further migration. U plant. Groundwater, surface Sunflowers, Indian mustard, water Laboratory and pilot- Rhizofiltration Extraction and capture Metals, radionuclides Phytoextraction water hyacinth scale Phytovolatization Plants extract heavy metals from Indian mustard, hybrid poplars, Phytostabilization Containment Soil, sediment, sludges Metals: As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hs, Pb, Zn Field application Plants take up contaminants the soil and concentrate them grasses and release them (or a modified in their roots and above ground Soil, sediment, sludges, Organic compounds (TPH, PAHs, Red mulberry, grasses, hybrid poplar, Rhizodegradation Destruction Field application form) into the atmosphere via shoots. Plants are later harvested groundwater chlorinated solvents, PCBs) cattail, rice transpiration. and the metals recycled or Soil, sediment, sludges, Organic compounds chlorinated solvents, Algae, stonewort, hybrid poplar, Phytodegradation Destruction groundwater, surface Field demonstration destroyed. phenols, , munitions black willow, bald cypress Rhizodegradation water In this plant-assisted Extraction from media Soil, sediment, sludges, Chlorinated solvents, some inorganics (Se, Poplars, alfalfa black locust, Indian Laboratory and field Phytostabilization Phytovolatilization bioremediation, contaminants and release to air groundwater Hg, and As) mustard application Plants stabilize pollutants in the soil, Hydraulic control (plume Degradation or Groundwater, surface in the soil are broken down by Water-soluble organics and inorganics Hybrid poplar, cottonwood, willow Field demonstration microbial activity in the root zone. converting them to less bioavailable control) containment water forms and preventing the mobility Vegetative cover Containment, erosion (evapotranspiration Soil, sediment, sludges Organic and inorganic compounds Poplars, grasses Field application Rhizofiltration of contaminants associated with control erosion. cover) Plant roots remove and Riparian corridors (non- Groundwater, surface Destruction Water-soluble organics and inorganics Poplars Field application concentrate metal contaminants point source control) water from surface water or groundwater. Often used in wetlands. Adapted from “Introduction to Phytoremediation”, United States Environmental Protection Agency, February 2000.

Possible Strategies 1 SEEDING OF PLANT MIX FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION: Because biological processes are ultimately solar-driven, phytoremediation is on MINIMAL INTERVENTION average tenfold cheaper than engineering-based remediation methods such as soil excavation, soil washing or burning, or pump-and-treat systems. The fact that phytoremediation is usually carried out in situ contributes to its cost-effectiveness • Removal of pavement and building slabs • Minimal soil removal and may reduce exposure of the polluted substrate to humans, wildlife, and the • Add soil amendments environment. Plants • Hydroseed phytoremediation mix • Plant trees to reach deep soil levels Elizabeth Pilon-Smits, • Phytoremediation occurs over time Phytoremediation: Annual review of plant biology, 2005 • Monitoring of soil over time

The Significance of Time in the Phytoremediation Process COMBINATION OF PARKING SPACES AND PLANTED AREAS: 2 MEDIUM INTERVENTION

Plants

• Removal of pavement and building slabs • Minimal soil removal to accommodate parking spaces Permeable materials • Install pervious materials for parking and soil aeration for parking • Hydroseed phytoremediation mix • Plant trees to reach deep soil levels 0’ • Phytoremediation occurs over time Soil • Monitoring of soil over time 2’ Soil PHYTOREMEDIATION AND INFILTRATION: 4’ Soil 3 HIGHEST INTERVENTION

8’ Waste Waste

Plants 60’ Waste • Removal of pavement and building slabs • Major soil removal and infill of clean soil T = 0 T = 1 T = Mature Infiltration • Combination of hydroseeding and planting of rain gardens Trees planted Tree roots penetrate waste Soil created methods • Infiltration occurs through rain gardens in areas with clean soil Remediation Water balance established • Phytoremediation occurs over time • Monitoring of soil over time Adapted from “Introduction to Phytoremediation”, United States Environmental Protection Agency, February 2000.

24 25 Phytoremediation Plant List

GRASSES AQUATIC PLANTS Native to Minnesota Contaminant Contaminants in italics are suspected to be remediated by this plant Mechanism Notes Source Native to Minnesota Contaminant Mechanism Notes Source Switchgrass anthracene, PAH (total), PAH (total priority), pyrene Rhizodegradation PAH (total): -29.7%/6 mo.; PAH (total priority) -56.9%/6 mo. ITRC, 2009. Duckweed anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, phenanthrene Phytosequestration Rates not calculable due to lack of initial contamination reporting; post-experi- PhytoPet. Panicum virgatum anthracene, PAHs, pyrene Rhizodegradation PAH: 57% decrease in 6 mo. PhytoPet. Lemna gibba ment comparisons of plant uptake in different media available in appendix. benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, dibenz(a)anthracene Unknown -97.3%, -89.3%, -93.6%, -45.3% decrease in each contaminant in 219 days.

Little bluestem PAH (total), PAH (total priority) Rhizodegradation PAH (total): -47.3%/6 mo.; PAH (total priority) -8.9%/6 mo. ITRC, 2009. Cattail diesel range organics, oil, gasoline Constructed Wetland 99% reduction of sediment concentrations in 20 hours hydraulic residence time ITRC, 2009. Schizachyrium scoparium PAHs Unknown PAH: 47% decrease in 6 mo. PhytoPet. Typha spp. copper, manganese, chromium, lead, selenium Phytosequestration 77% reduction of chromium at effluent; accumulations of metals in plant tissues benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, dibenz(a)anthracene Unknown -97.3%, -89.3%, -93.6%, -45.3% decrease in each contaminant in 219 days.

Big bluestem benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, dibenz(a)anthracene Unknown -97.3%, -89.3%, -93.6%, -45.3% decrease in each contaminant in 219 days. PhytoPet. GRASSES Andropogon gerardi Introduced to Minnesota Contaminant Mechanism Notes Source Perennial ryegrass acenaphthene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, Rhizodegradation contaminant concentrations reductions ranged between 23.8%-100% for ITRC, 2009. individual contaminants during 258-day test period. Lolium perenne benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, Phytosequestration chrysene, fluoranthene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, fluoranthene: 95.6% reduction in 11 months; pyrene: 94.2% reduction in 11 indeno(1,2,3,c,d)pyrene, naphthalene, pyrene months. anthracene, PAHs Unknown After 40 days, adsorbed 0.006-0.11%, and red. 36-66% by unknown mechanismPhytoPet. Indiangrass benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, dibenz(a)anthracene Unknown -97.3%, -89.3%, -93.6%, -45.3% decrease in each contaminant in 219 days. PhytoPet. diesel, PAH mixture (pristane, hexadecane, phenanthrene, anthracene, Rhizodegradation diesel: after 84 days, contaminants degraded 89.5% ; PAH mixture: after 22 Sorghastrum nutans fluoranthene, pyrene weeks,contaminants degraded 97.2% Kleingrass benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, fluorene, naphthalene, Unknown Rates not calculable due to no initial contamination reporting; end-test concen- PhytoPet. Panicum coloratum phenanthrene, pyrene tration comparisons of planted soil to unplanted control available in appendix.

Canada wild- benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, dibenz(a)anthracene Unknown -97.3%, -89.3%, -93.6%, -45.3% decrease in each contaminant in 219 days. PhytoPet. Elymus canadensis Bermuda grass fluoranthene, phenanthrene, pyrene, TPH Rhizodegradation fluoranthene: -35%/23 mos.; phenanthrene: -55%/23 mos.; pyrene: -45%/23 ITRC, 2009. Cynodon dactylon mos.; TPH: -41%/26 mos. fluoranthene, phenanthrene, pyrene Phytoextraction

Side oats grama benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, dibenz(a)anthracene Unknown -97.3%, -89.3%, -93.6%, -45.3% decrease in each contaminant in 219 days. PhytoPet. Bouteloua curtipendula Slender oat grass phenanthrene Rhizodegradation 99% reduced after 42 days. PhytoPet. Avena barbata

Western wheatgrass benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, dibenz(a)anthracene Unknown -97.3%, -89.3%, -93.6%, -45.3% decrease in each contaminant in 219 days. PhytoPet. Agropyron smithii Winter rye pyrene, TPH Rhizodegradation pyrene: 46% concentration reduction in 26 weeks; ITRC, 2009. Secale cereale TPH: 20% concentration reduction in 26 weeks.

Blue grama benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, dibenz(a)anthracene Unknown -97.3%, -89.3%, -93.6%, -45.3% decrease in each contaminant in 219 days. PhytoPet. Bouteloua gracilis FLOWERING PLANTS Introduced to Minnesota Contaminant Contaminants in italics are suspected to be remediated by this plant Mechanism Notes Source Alfalfa anthracene, ethylene glycol, phenol, PAH (total priority), PAH (total), Rhizodegradation anthracene: -99.4%/24 weeks, pyrene: -98.3%/24 weeks, PAH (total priority): ITRC, 2009. Medicago sativa pyrene, toluene, TPH -14%/6 mo., PAH (total): -56.5%/6 mo. buffalograss fluorene, naphthalene, phenanthrene Unknown naphthalene: 75%-96.8% decrease in 1045 days (2.8 years) PhytoPet. benzene Phytodegradation Buchloe dactyloides MTBE Phytovolatilization MTBE, cadmium, chromium, lead, nickel Phytoextraction No information provided on rates of contaminant uptake for metals. cadmium, chromium, lead, nickel Phytosequestration anthracene, phenol, pyrene Rhizodegradation anthracene: -99%/ 4 wks., phenol: -100%/3 wks., pyrene: -99%/24 weeks; with PhytoPet. microbes: -73%/30 days, without microbes: -96%/30 days. naphthalene Phytosequestration contaminant adsorption improved with age of plant Red fescue crude oil, diesel Rhizodegradation crude oil: 77.4% decrease in 640 days PhytoPet. crude oil, PAHs, anthracene, pyrene, phenanthrene, hexadecane Unknown No information provided on rates of contaminant uptake. Festuca rubra diesel: 91.6% decrease in 640 days. tetramethylpentadecane, White clover fluoranthene, phenanthrene, pyrene, TPH Rhizodegradation fluoranthene: -35%/23 mos.; phenanthrene: -70%/23 mos.; pyrene: -55%/23 ITRC, 2009. Trifolium repens Phytoextraction mos.; TPH: -50%/26 mos.

Reed canary grass pyrene Rhizodegradation pyrene: 96% decrease in 6 months PhytoPet. Phalaris INVASIVE arundinacea Flat pea pyrene Rhizodegradation concentrations reduced by 73% when degradation was supplemented with PhytoPet. Lathyrus sylvestris microbes, 96% reduced without microbes.

Reed grass bitumen and tar Unknown 40% reduction in 16- and 68-week studies PhytoPet. Phragmites australis Queen Anne’s Lace PAHs (total) Phytosequestration 200 μg/kg accumulated in carrot root peel after 82 days, initial concentrations at PhytoPet. Daucus carota INVASIVE 17.22 mg/kg.

FLOWERING PLANTS Native to Minnesota Contaminant Mechanism Notes Source Sunflower Cadmium, Chromium Rhizofiltration Cadmium: 100% decrease in solution in 24 hrs. ITRC, 2009. GRASSES Chromium: 100% decrease in solution in 24 hrs. Helianthus annuus Not Native to Minnesota Lead, Nickel Phytoextraction Nickel: 85% decrease in solution in 24 hrs. Contaminant Contaminants in italics are suspected to be remediated by this plant Mechanism Notes Source Fescue anthracene, ethylene glycol, fluoranthene, phenanthrene, pyrene, TPH Rhizodegradation anthracene: -99%/24 wks.; ethylene glycol: -41%/28 days; fluoranthene: -55%/23 ITRC, 2009. Lead Phytosequestration Festuca arundinacea fluoranthene, phenanthrene, pyrene Phytoextraction mos.; phenanthrene: -60%/23 mos.; pyrene: -70%/23 mos.; TPH: -45%/26 mos. anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, pyrene Rhizodegradation anthracene: -99%/4 weeks; benzo(a)pyrene: -55.8%/6 mos.; pyrene: -87%/4 PhytoPet. benzo(a)pyrene, naphthalene, naphthalene Phytosequestration TREES weeks; pyrene: reduced by 73% when supplemented with microbes, 96% benzo(a)pyrene Phytovolatilization reduced without microbes; naphthalene: adsorption varies with age of plant Native to Minnesota Contaminant Mechanism Notes Source Willow ITRC, 2009. diesel range organics Rhizodegradation DROs: 40-90% reduction in 24 weeks Sudangrass anthracene, pyrene Rhizodegradation anthracene: -99%/24 weeks; pyrene: -98%/24 weeks. ITRC, 2009. Phytoextraction Salix spp. arsenic, lead arsenic and lead: 40% sequestered in 1 month Sorghum vulgare Phytosequestration anthracene, pyrene Rhizodegradation anthracene: -99%/4 weeks; pyrene: -98%/24 weeks. PhytoPet. diesel range organics Unknown DROs: 40-90% reduction of 40-50,000 mg/kg concentration in 2 years PhytoPet.

Eastern cottonwood diesel range organics, PCE, TCE Rhizodegradation DROs: 88% reduction in 2 years; ITRC, 2009. Deer tongue pyrene Rhizodegradation concentrations reduced by 73% when degradation was supplemented with PhytoPet. Populus deltoides Phytoextraction TCE: 9.8% decrease in 7 months, with an increase in DCE Phytovolatilization Dicanthelium microbes, 96% reduced without microbes. clandestinum

Lombardy poplar diesel range organics, TCE Rhizodegradation DROs: 88% reduction in 2 years; ITRC, 2009. Sericea lespedeza TCE Rhizodegradation 30% of 14C-TCE mineralized to 14CO in 32 days in soil, measured 1.3% of total ITRC, 2009. Phytoextraction 2 Populus nigra TCE: 9.8% decrease in 7 months, with an increase in DCE Lespedeza cuneata Phytodegradation 14C in plant tissues, 0.2% in air Phytovolatilization Phytoextraction Phytovolatilization pyrene Rhizodegradation reduced 73% with microbes, and 96% without microbes PhytoPet.

Poplar hybrid aniline, benzene, ethylbenzene, phenol, toluene, Phytoextraction 3-6 day test period, contaminants were volatilized, accumulated in leave, stems, ITRC, 2009. St. Augustine grass Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) Rhizodegradation 50% reduction in various concentrations in 9 months ITRC, 2009. Phytovolatilization Populus deltoides x nigra m-xylene, pentachlorophenol, 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene, TCE or roots depending on compound Stenotaphrum TCE Rhizodegradation secundatum TCE Phytodegradation

26 27 The GD III Graduate Urban Design Studio: Testing Regenerative Principles for the SEMI Area IDEA #1: Bioremediation, Stormwater Management, and Habitat Restoration

SITE ANALYSIS: HISTORIC GRAIN ELEVATORS

The Urban Design Studio (GD III) makes use of the Twin Cities Urban Design Certificate or MS in Metropolitan Design program from metropolitan region as a laboratory of investigation and as an inquiry the College of Design should take this course as a requirement. for studying the role of urban design in transforming contemporary The overarching goal of urban design is to think of cities within a American cities. The Studio selects a complex and often controversial historical process of transformation. Any design interventions should urban site within the Twin Cities region to be used as a focus for take place as a regenerative process that brings forward new urban investigations and is open to graduate students in architecture, manifestations of successful urban living, while providing a notable landscape architecture, or urban planning. Students enrolling in the degree of revitalization impetus to the surrounding districts.

PHYTOREMEDIATION CASE STUDY: BRUCE VENTO NATURE SANCTUARY

Bruce Vento Nature Sanctuary wetlands Bruce Vento Nature Sanctuary

Graduate students in the Urban Design Studio present their projects to the community in December 2012 Phytoremediation concept for SEMI Rendering of phytoremediation in SEMI By David McKay

28 29 IDEA #2: Fourth Street Corridor: Dense Mixed-Use Infill Development MANAGING STORMWATER

INITIAL SITE ANALYSIS

DENSITY STUDIES

View corridors

Site section axon highlighting stormwater Stormwater plan CAMPUS BLOCK EXPLORATIONS

Proposed site movement SITE PLAN

View of wetlands from trails

Green/open spaces

FOURTH STREET VITALITY

Site plan

Building massing

CASE STUDY: UCSF MISSION BAY

Rendered site plan Dimensioned site plan

View of campus mall Dimensioned building Building massing massing volumes By Shona Mositees By Eric Lindner

30 31 RESIDENTIAL BLOCK: MULTI-FAMILY HOUSING FOURTH STREET CORRIDOR

View B: 4th Street looking NW View C: 29th Ave looking North from above View C: 29th Ave looking North Housing concepts

Solar access

Fourth Street Bird’s Eye

Open spaces within residential buildings

RETAIL & OFFICE SPACE

Fourth Street Plan

Section AA: Northwest to Southeast Mixed Use Housing 29th Mixed Use Housing 30th Hotel / Convention Malcolm Model

By Pardees Azodanloo By Aaron Regla Breton

32 33 IDEA #3: Creating the University Innovation Campus

FOURTH STREET: LIVING STREET / WOONERF ARCHITECTURAL TYPOLOGY

Modular unit system configuration Sun conditions based on module layout and seasons

High Point Drainage Diagram by SvR Design Company FOURTH STREET: COMPLETE STREET View of phytoremediation and modules

Typical configuration of modular units

Historic grain silos with new building type

Night views of SEMI

LRT station at 29th Avenue

Fourth Street Cultural Center LRT station and surrounding development View east from Stadium Village LRT station By David McKay By Joey Larson

34 35 PROJECT PARTICIPANTS REFERENCES

Sentinels of Memory: Maintaining the Sense of Place in a Thinking Beyond Property Lines: Land Reorganization and Prospect Park East River Road Improvement Stakeholders Landscape of Social History Value Capture in Transforming Post-Industrial Sites Association The Wall Companies • Anfinson, J. O. (2003). River of History: A Historic Resources Study • Bergen, M. (2012, August 12). How Can Cities Recapture Investment Christina Larson, President John Wall of the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area. St. Paul, MN: in Public Infrastructure? The Next City. Retrieved from http://nextcity. Tamara Johson, Chair, Master Planning Committee Fred Wall U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District. org/forefront/view/money-grab. The Cornerstone Group • Francaviglia, R. V. (2002). The Historic and Geographic Importance • Hong, Y. & Needham, B. (editors) (2007). Analyzing Land Colleen Carey, President of Railroads in Minnesota. In A. J. Aby, (Ed.), The North Star State: Readjustment: Economics, Law, and Collective Action. Cambridge, Prospect Park 2020, Inc. A Minnesota History Reader (181-187). St. Paul, MN: Minnesota MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Beth Pfeifer, Director of Development Historical Society Press. • Hough, M. (1995). Cities and Natural Process. London, UK: Richard Gilyard, President • Hart, J. F., & Ziegler, S. S. (2008). Landscapes of Minnesota: A Routledge. Dick Poppele, Vice President Geography. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press. • Kostof, S. (1977). The Architect: Chapters in the History of the John DeWitt, Secretary University of Minnesota Foundation • Hofsommer, D. L. (2005). Minneapolis and the Age of Railways. Profession. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Ray Harris, Board Member Pierre Willette, Economic & Community Development Manager • Kane, L. M. (1987). The Falls of St. Anthony: The Waterfall the Built Nan Skelton, Board Member Minneapolis. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press. Restoring the Site: Nan Kari, Board Member • Pearson, M. (2009). Rapids, Reins, Rails: Transportation on the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency The Promise of Bio- and Phytoremediation Brian Golberg, Manager Minneapolis Riverfront. Minneapolis, MN: Hess, Roise, and Company Mark Ferrey, Environmental Scientist for the St. Anthony Falls Heritage Board. • Barr Engineering Company. (1993). Basis for sinkhole treatment • Pennefeather, S. M. (2003). Mill City: A Visual History of the designs. Minneapolis, MN. University District Alliance Minneapolis Mill District. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society. • Cornell University and Penn State University, Environmental Inquiry. ARCADIS-US • Roise, C., & Weaver Olson, N. (2003). The Junction of Industry and (2009). Bioremediation. Retrieved from http://ei.cornell.edu/biodeg/ Ted Tucker, President Freight: the Development of the Southeast Minneapolis Industrial bioremed/index.html Denice Nelson, Principal Remediation Engineer Vision and Planning Committee Members Area - A National Register Assessment. Minneapolis, MN: Hess, • Gadd, G.M. (2001). Fungi in Bioremediation. New York, NY: Roise and Company for the Minneapolis Community Development Richard Gilyard, Chair Cambridge University Press. Agency. • Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council (ITRC) (2009). Dick Poppele University of Minnesota, College of Design • St. Anthony Falls Heritage Board (2011). History of St. Anthony Falls. Phytotechnology Technical and Regulatory Guidance and John Kari Retrieved from http://www.mnhs.org/places/safhb/history_railroads. Benjamin Ibarra Seville, Assistant Professor, School of Architecture Decision Trees, Revised. Retrieved from: http://www.itrcweb.org/ Julie Wallace shtml guidancedocument.asp?tid=63 Eric Amel • Pilon Smits, E. (2005). Phytoremediation. Annual review of plant biology, 56(1), 15. Mark Johnson ARCH 8255: GD III Urban Design Studio, Fall 2012, University of Minnesota Acknowledging the Role of Innovation in Minnesota’s • Suthersan, Suthan S. (1997). Remediation Engineering: Design Phillip Kelly Growth Economy Concepts. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Ian Baebenroth Pardees Azodanloo • University of Saskatchewan, Department of Soil Sciences. PhytoPet Peg Wolff Niko Kubota • Adams, J. S., & VanDrasek, B. J. (1993). Minneapolis-St. Paul: online plant database. http://phytopet.usask.ca/mainpg.php People, Place, and Public Life. Minneapolis, MN: University of • USDA PLANTS National Database (2012). http://plants.usda.gov/java/ Haila Maze Joey Larson Minnesota Press. • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2001). Brownfields

Jan Morlock Eric Lindner • Carlino, G.A., Chetterjee, S., & Hunt, R. (2001). Knowledge Spillovers Technology Primer: Selecting and Using Phytoremediation for Site David McKay and the New Economy of Cities. Business Review (Federal Reserve Cleanup (EPA 542-R-01-006). Washington, DC: Office of Solid Waste Shona Mositees Bank of Philadelphia) Q4, pp. 17-24. and Emergency Response. City of Minneapolis, Community Planning and Gelbach, D. (2005). Minnesota: Shaped by the Land. Sun Valley, CA: • US EPA. (2000). Introduction to Phytoremediation Ben Newby • Economic Development American Historical Press. (EPA/600/R-99/107). Cincinnati, : National Risk Management Aaron Regla Breton • Hayden, D. (1997). The Power of Place: Urban Landscapes as Public Research Laboratory. Director of Long Range Planning Kjersti Monson, Samaneh Vahaji History. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. • US EPA. (2010). Phytotechnologies for Site Cleanup (EPA 542-F- • Jeffrey, Kirk (1989). The Major Manufacturers: From Food and Forest 10-009). Washington, DC: Office of Superfund Remediation and Products to High Technology. In C. E. Clark, Jr. (Ed.), Minnesota in a Technology Innovation. Century of Change: The State and Its People Since 1900 (223 – 259). • US EPA. (2010). Green Remediation Best Management Practices: St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press. Bioremediation. (EPA 542-F-10-006). Washington, DC: Office of • Katz, B., & Wagner J. (2012). How Colleges can Foster Development Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation. Zones. The Atlantic Cities. Retrieved from http://www.theatlanticcities. • US EPA. (2011). Technologies: Remediation web portal. com/jobs-and-economy/2012/02/how-colleges-can-foster- Contaminated Site Clean-Up Information. Retrieved from: http://www. development-zones/1209/ clu-in.org/remediation/ • Metropolitan Council (1999). Maintaining our competitive edge for • US EPA. (2012). Green Remediation Focus web portal. Contaminated the 21st century: The State of the Region. St. Paul, MN: Metropolitan Site Clean-Up Information. Retrieved from: http://www.clu-in.org/ Council. greenremediation/ • Soderstrom, M., Sauerwein, K., & Suess, P. (2005). Minneapolis: Currents of Change. Encino, CA: Cherbo Publishing Group, Inc. • Office of Business Development, Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development. (2010). Economic Overview and Industry Strengths of Minneapolis/St. Paul. Retrieved from www.PositivelyMinnesota.com/business

36 37 METROPOLITAN DESIGN CENTER

Ignacio San Martin, Dayton Hudson Professor, Chair of Urban Design and Director of the Metropolitan Design Center Adrienne Bockheim, MLA, Research Fellow, DDA Program Coordinator Peter Crandall, MArch, Research Fellow

2013

The University of Minnesota is committed to the policy that all persons shall have equal access to its programs, facilities, and employment without regard to race, color, creed, religion, national origin, sex, age, marital status, disability, public assistance status, veteran status, or sexual orientation. This publication/material is available in alternative formats upon request. Please contact Ignacio San Martin, 612-625-9000. © 2013 University of Minnesota, Metropolitan Design Center, College of Design Printed on 100 percent post-consumer fiber, processed chlorine free, FSC recycled certified, and manufactured using biogas energy.

For additional information contact

METROPOLITAN DESIGN CENTER COLLEGE OF DESIGN University of Minnesota 1 Ralph Rapson Hall, 89 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 [email protected]