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Transportation Infrastructure and Regional Development in Northern Manitoba

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Transportation Infrastructure and Regional Development in Northern Manitoba Transportation Infrastructure and Regional Development in Northern Manitoba: Realities and Prospects by Stephen Pratte A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Environment and Geography University of Manitoba Winnipeg © 2012 Copyright by Stephen Pratte Abstract The relationship between transportation and economic development is well documented. Two requirements indispensable to this relationship are access (ability to reach a place) and connectivity (relationship of the place to others). The interaction of people and markets via transportation infrastructure facilitates trade and increased social interaction; all vital for development. This thesis examines the nature of access and connectivity of the multi-modal transport network (i.e. road, rail, water and air modes) of Northern Manitoba, a study area characterized by many small communities distributed in a vast area, with some having no year-round overland access, forcing them to rely on the seasonally constructed winter road system. Models of the four modal networks (graph theory) are used to analyze the transportation ’s structure, accessibility and connectivity for specific points in time with a view to network understand network change. Recommendations are offered that would facilitate the integration of transportation planning. i Acknowledgements Several acknowledgements of gratitude are required of those who guided the production of this thesis. First, to my thesis and program advisor Dr. Daniel Todd, whose insight and perspectives on the spheres of transport and development, and the ongoing discussions thereof, have been invaluable, both from a research and professional perspective. Secondly, to the members of my examining committee, Dr. Richard Foster and Dr. Jino Distasio, their time and expertise are greatly appreciated. Lastly, on the home front, to Kaitlan and Ginny. ii Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................ i Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................ii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables .....................................................................................................................vii List of Figures ................................................................................................................... viii 1.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objective of Research ............................................................................................................. 3 1.3 General Organization ............................................................................................................. 5 2.0 Literature Review: Relationship between Transport and Development ................... 8 2.1 Fundamental Principles of the Relationship between Transport and Economic Development .......................................................................................................................... 14 2.1.1 Division of Labour and Economic Specialization ........................................................... 15 2.1.2 Supply and Demand ........................................................................................................ 20 2.1.3 Extents of Markets and Distance ..................................................................................... 25 2.2 Perspectives on the Role of Transport and Economic Development ............................... 28 2.2.1 Supply and Demand-led Perspectives on Transport and Development .......................... 28 2.2.2 Positive, Permissive or Negative Effects of Transport on Development ........................ 32 3.0 Transportation Modes .................................................................................................. 35 3.1 Functions of Transport ........................................................................................................ 38 3.1.1 The Economic Function .................................................................................................. 38 3.1.2 The Social Function ........................................................................................................ 39 3.1.3 The Political Function ..................................................................................................... 40 3.2 Common Elements of Transport Economics / Cost .......................................................... 44 3.3 Road Transport .................................................................................................................... 49 3.2.1 Modal Requirements ....................................................................................................... 50 3.2.1.1 Unit of Carriage ....................................................................................................... 50 3.2.1.2 The Linkage (or Way) .............................................................................................. 53 3.2.1.3 The Node (Terminal) ................................................................................................ 54 3.2.2 Economic Considerations ................................................................................................ 55 3.2.2.1 Costs of Infrastructure ............................................................................................. 58 3.2.2.2 Cost of Usage ........................................................................................................... 58 3.2.3 Spatial Considerations ..................................................................................................... 60 3.2.3.1 Network or System .................................................................................................... 60 3.2.3.2 Speed ........................................................................................................................ 61 3.2.4 Benefits and Disbenefits of Road Transport ................................................................... 61 3.3 Rail Transport ...................................................................................................................... 62 3.3.1 Modal Requirements ....................................................................................................... 63 3.3.1.1 Unit of Carriage....................................................................................................... 63 3.3.1.2 The Linkage (Way) ................................................................................................... 65 3.3.1.3 The Node (Terminal) ................................................................................................ 67 3.3.2 Economic Considerations ................................................................................................ 68 3.3.3 Spatial Considerations ..................................................................................................... 69 3.3.3.1 Network or System ................................................................................................... 69 iii 3.3.3.2 Speed ...................................................................................................................... 69 3.3.4 Benefits and Disbenefits of Rail Transport ..................................................................... 70 3.4 Water Transport ................................................................................................................... 71 3.4.1 Modal Requirements ....................................................................................................... 72 3.4.1.1 Unit of Carriage....................................................................................................... 72 3.4.1.2 The Linkage (Way) ................................................................................................... 74 3.4.1.3 The Node (Terminal) ................................................................................................ 75 3.4.2 Economic Considerations ................................................................................................ 76 3.4.2.1 Cost of Infrastructure............................................................................................... 76 3.4.2.2 Cost of Usage ........................................................................................................... 76 3.4.3 Spatial Considerations ..................................................................................................... 77 3.4.3.1 Network or System ................................................................................................... 77 3.4.3.2 Speed ........................................................................................................................ 77 3.4.4 Benefits and Disbenefits of Water Transport .................................................................. 78 3.5 Air Transport ........................................................................................................................ 79 3.5.1 Modal Requirements ....................................................................................................... 79 3.5.1.1
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