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Going North.P65 R 2001:6 Going North Going Going North Peripheral Tourism in Canada and Sweden Editor: Bengt Sahlberg Peripheral Tourism in Canada and Sweden in Canada Tourism Peripheral ETOUR, SE-831 25 Östersund Tel +46 63-19 58 00 Fax +46 63-19 58 10 E-mail [email protected] Website www.etour.mh.se RAPPORTSERIEN Bengt Sahlberg Bengt ISBN 91-973902-8-3 ISSN 1403-4220 Going North Peripheral Tourism in Canada and Sweden Editor: Bengt Sahlberg Contributors: Olle Melander Jan O. J. Lundgren John S. Hull John Selwood & Stephanie Heidenreich Tom Hinch Peter Fredman, Lars Emmelin, Thomas A. Heberlein & Tuomas Vuorio Robert Pettersson & Dieter K. Müller ETOUR European Tourism Research Institute 1 ETOUR European Tourism Research Institute Mid-Sweden University SE 831 25 Östersund, Sweden Tel + 46 63 19 58 00 Fax + 46 63 19 58 10 E-mail [email protected] Website www.etour.mh.se ISBN 91-973902-8-3 ISSN 1403-4220 ETOURs rapportserie R 2001:6 Omslag know it Openeye, Östersund Tryck Ågrens Tryckeri AB, Örnsköldsvik 2001 2 Contents Contributors . 5 Preface Olle Melander . 7 Arctic Tourism Prologue Jan O. J. Lundgren . 9 1 Canadian Tourism Going North An Overview with Comparative Scandinavian Perspectives Jan O. J. Lundgren . 13 2Opening Up the Big Land to the World The Role of the Public Sector in Adventure Tourism Development in Labrador John S. Hull . 47 3 The Manitoba-Hudson Bay Northern Tourism Corridor John Selwood & Stephanie Heidenreich . 79 4 Tourism in Canadas Northwest Tom Hinch . 105 5 Tourism in the Swedish Mountain Region Peter Fredman, Lars Emmelin, Thomas A. Heberlein & Tuomas Vuorio . 123 6 Sami Tourism Resources in Northern Sweden An Overview with Canadian Comparisons Robert Pettersson och Dieter K. Müller . 147 3 4 Contributors Lars Emmelin is Professor of Environmental Impact Assessment in the Department of Spatial Planning at Blekinge Institute of Technology in Karlskrona. He has worked at ETOUR as programme director for the Nature and Natural Resources programme and is now scientific adviser to ETOUR. His previous work includes research and teaching on environmental management in the Scandinavian mountain region and on Svalbard in the Arctic. Peter Fredman is Program Director of the Nature & Natural Resources research program at ETOUR. Peter has a Ph.D. in Forest Economics from the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. His main research interest is in economic analyses, attitudes, planning and development of nature-based tourism. He is currently involved in a project studying mountain tourism in Sweden. Thomas A. Heberlein is a Rural Sociologist and Professor Emeritus at the University of Wisconsin, Madison USA. His research has focused on environmental attitudes, crowding in outdoor recreation, human dimensions of wildlife, valuation of non-market goods, and the social psychology of nature-based outdoor recreation. He is currently working on panel surveys of visitors to a US National Park, attitudes toward wolves and hunting in Sweden, and visitors to the Swedish mountains. Stephanie Heidenreich has studied Geography at the University of Winnipeg, and is currently working as a researcher at the Institute of Urban Studies in Winnipeg. She holds a B.A. Honours degree in English Literature from McGill University and intends to continue her studies in the field of Cultural Geography. Tom Hinch is Associate Professor at the Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta. His research interests cover four main areas: tourism development in Canadas north, tourism and indigenous peoples, sport-based tourism, and seasonality in tourism. Common themes across all of these program areas include sustainable tourism, questions related to a sense of place, and topics related to community - especially tourism destination communities. John S. Hull is a geographer who received his Ph.D. from McGill University. He is the program director of the Sustainable Communities Program at the Quebec-Labrador Foundation in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. His research has focused on heritage tour- ism development, the relationships between protected areas and local people, and destination development in Canadas eastern polar regions. His recent project work includes research projects with UNESCO on sustainable tourism development in the Circumpolar North, parks and local people projects in the Middle East, Africa and New Zealand and heritage corridor development in eastern Canada. 5 Professor Jan O. J. Lundgren, Geography Department, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, has, throughout his career, been studying and researching the tourism phenomenon in different geographic contexts. He has spent most of his time at McGill, where both his teaching and research focused upon tourism impacting and the tourism development process in developing countries in the Caribbean islands. But also in metropolitan hinterland situations such as those in Montreal and its surroundings, and in comparative northbound and northern tourism developments, both in northern and Arctic Canada on one hand and the Scandinavian North on the other. Dieter K. Müller holds a Ph.D. in Social and Economic Geography, and until 2001 he worked as a researcher at ETOUR. Now he is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Social and Economic Geography, Umeå University. He is interested in a wide range of issues concerning tourism in peripheral areas. His main field of research is, however, the geography of second home tourism. Robert Pettersson. M.Sc. in Human Geography. Registered as a Ph.D. student at the Department of Social and Economic Geography, Umeå University. Currently working at ETOUR on mapmaking and his dissertation on tourism connected to Sami and Sami culture. Has also been studying camping and second-home tourism. Dr. John Selwood is a Professor of Geography at the University of Winnipeg, Canada. He has a diverse range of academic research interests focusing on Central Canada and Western Australia that span geographical aspects of the sex trade, studies of urban and regional settlement, vacation homes, domestic holidaymaking and tourism development. Tuomas Vuorio. M.Sc. in forestry and a Ph.D. student in spatial planning at Blekinge Institute of Technology. He is working at ETOUR on tourism planning and management in mountain environments. ETOUR (European Tourism Research Institute) is a research institute which develops knowledge about tourism and travelling and contributes to the tourism industry´s development and growth, mainly in northern Sweden. The institute was founded by the Mid-Sweden University, the Swedish Tourist Authority and the Swedish Travel and Tourist Federation. The research is conducted within four programme areas: Business Development, Destination Development, Culture and Cultural Environment and Nature and Natural Resources. The results of the research is communicated to the tourism industry via the program unit Transfer of Know-How. 6 Preface Olle Melander European Tourism Research Institute, ETOUR Travel is crucial to the economic and cultural development of the world. On a global basis, several hundred million people are occupied in the travel and tourism industry and the turnover is astronomical. The twentieth century represents a major breakthrough in the development of tourism, and this is only the beginning. The potential for expansion is enormous. Three quarters of the worlds population have never traveled beyond the borders of their own countries and only three percent travel abroad each year. The travel and tourism industry is part of and a precondition for much of what characterizes the emerging experience society. The experience industry is expected to be the dominant growth sector of the twenty-first century. The experience and tour- ism industries are intimately connected. However, in order to be considered as part of tourism, these experiences have to be consumed in places other than the home environment. By definition, the difference is that while residents gain their experiences in their home area, tourists experience the same things in a non-native environment. The United Nations World Tourism Organization has defined tourism as follows: Tour- ism covers the activities of people when they travel to and visit places outside their normal environment for a period of less than one year, for leisure, business or other purposes. In many cases business trips constitute the economic basis of the travel and tourism industry. Major features of the present tourism infrastructure have been developed in order to ease trade within and between nations and to facilitate the journeys arising out of that trade. Today we know something, though far from enough, of the basic needs of human beings to move from one environment to another in a search for stimulation and experiences. In looking more closely at the incentives people have for traveling we find a complex mix of variations. In a wider context we can say that all travel is concerned 7 with an encounter. It can mean an encounter with our cultural roots, with nature and the countryside and even an encounter with ourselves in a different place and situation. It can also be an encounter with something new and unexpected. Explorers of the past justified their title by discovering new areas never previously mapped. The modern equivalent of an explorer is the tourist who seeks to extend her/his own mental horizons and widen his/her sense of the present. For generations, the need for environmental change to other climatic zones has been a driving force behind travel. For Scandinavians this has meant travelling to meet the sun, but people who live in the more southerly latitudes can be equally fascinated by the snow, ice and extreme cold of the North. Experiencing the midnight sun and the northern lights in an exotic and exclusive natural environment is something completely different from the experiences contemporary urban dwellers are normally exposed to. It is this northern area of tourism that is covered in this book. One of ETOURs objectives is to increase peoples knowledge of tourism in the northern half of Sweden and make research results available to a wider public.
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