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Carlow College

Carlow College

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{ ~l natp C u l,•< J 1 Journal of the Old Carlow Society 1992/1993 lrisleabhar Chumann Seanda Chatharlocha £1

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1992/93 No.40 ( ic..~' •• :::z-:\'~ ~ Editor: Tomas MacGabhann ' . Contents Printed by Xpress Printing, Carlow. & [ cu.,, Carh• ) Typesetting: Nationalist Leinster Times. 1 I.S.S.N. 0790-0813 1eJ Carlow College ...... 2

William Prendergast ...... 9

Famine Irish National FAMINE stalks the world, in particular the Third Foresters ...... 10 World. Much of it is caused by warring factions, and is man-made. A recent visit by our President, Mrs. Carlow Courts ...... 12 Mary Robinson, chaperoned by Minister David From the Chair ...... 15 Andrews, to Somalia and thereafter to the United Nations, did much to bring the suffering and "Mountain 15 hardship to the notice of the world and world Dew" ...... powers. Hopefully, it will cause reaction that will ease the lot ofthe sufferers. It may even succeed in Carlow reducing our food mountains and drink lakes. Miscellany ...... 16-17 Generosity and charity could come into their own Bret of and supplant greed and selfishness. It has been said Craanluskey ...... 18 that Christianity has failed. It has also been said that it was never tried. Change seems to be called for and, Brother indeed, there appears to be movement ip. that O'Connor ...... 20 direction. In ,. Germany is re-united, but Secretary's Russia is disintegrating and in these one perceives the Report ...... 23 strong element of individualism. Communal effort and the hand of friendship and reconciliation are Anniversaries ...... 24 needed. Certainly in our own land we could benefit Museum from the application of these virtues. Our. physical Report ...... 24 famine - Black '47 - has passed us and doubtless left its scars, but can we hope for removal of violence John Tyndall ...... 25 and slaughter by the passage of time? One can hope so and pray for that end .. There is a belief "Plus ca Officers and change, plus c'est la meme chose" -the more things Members ...... 30 change, the more they are the same.· Go dtugfaidh

Dia shin agu.s trean sinn as. We acknowledge with grateful thanks the efforts of our contributors written Tomas MacGabhann, and photographic, and sponsors. In Eargarth6ir. especial we thank The Nati-Ona.list & Leinster Times for access to its files 1992. and allowing helpful extracts.

This year's cover is designed by Father_ Tom McDonnell of St. Patrick's College, Carlow. The etcJain& o/ 'IM college appeared in. the ''Dublin Penny Joarnal", &,,t.emJ,er- 1832. Stt page 2. Carlow College - two hundred years of education By Father John McEvoy

T Patrick's College, Carlow opened its Carlow was at the end of the eighteenth century doors to its first students on 1st October, the largest centre of population in the diocese of 1793. The story of the college, however, Leighlin. The Church oflreland , begins concretely in 1782. The decisive Leighlin and Ferns was resident in Kilkenny. The S Roman Catholic was resident relaxation of the relating to the establishment of schools by Catholics and to the in Tullow. Since 1678, the dioceses of and education of Catholic youth in literature and Leighlin had been amalgamated. The seventh religion occurred through the passing of the and Leighlin, Gardiner Act of 1782. Hence a true understanding [1737-1751], was transferred from the diocese of of the significance of the founding of Carlow Raphoe, where he had served as Bishop since 1725. College requires an appreciation of the He resided at the Kildare end of the united atmosphere of eighteenth century Catholic dioceses. Tradition has it that, while living in the . Bog of Allen, near Kilmeague, Co. Kildare, he conducted a sort of seminary in his house, where The Gardiner Act of 1 7821 was the first measure aspirants to the priesthood were given a of relief from the Penal Laws on Education. This grounding in disciplines, to prepare them for one of Act provided that an Irish Catholic might teach if the Continental Colleges which during the Penal he took the oath of allegiance in open court, and if Law era supplied the Irish Church with priests. thereafter he could induce the Protestant Bishop of Comerford's history of the Parish of Allen the diocese to grant him a licence to teach, such includes: 'In a Government Return made on the licence to be revocable at will and without reason 27th November 1731, it is stated that - "In the assigned, by the of the State Church. The parish of Kilmaogue there is a Mass-house, built passing of Gardiner's Act enabled the opening of since the first year of King George I, one officiating Catholic Boarding Schools in Ireland. Wealthy Popish Priest in the Wood of Allen, in the said Catholic families had been able to send their parish, and a Friary of three or four Friars". The children to be educated in France or other so-called Friary was most probably the little European centres during the eighteenth century. community composed of the Bishop and those Contact with the French thought of the age of the ecclesiastics whom he was preparing for the future Enlightenment was perceived as unfavourable to duties of the mission.5 Catholic ideals in education. Viewing the almost completed but yet unopened Carlow College, Lord Carlow said to Topham Bowden: "All the principal The College Catholics would prefer it to a foreign college, Founders especially as France, to which they had hitherto The successor of Bishop James Gallagher in the sent their children to preserve them from See of Kildare and Leighlin was James Keeffe, Protestanism, tainted them with deistical eight Bishop of Kildare and Leighlin.6 He had been principles" .2 parish priest of Tullow in Co .. Carlow. When he By 1793 Carlow College had taken on two aims: became bishop in 1752, he continued to reside the education of Catholic youth and the training of there. In 1782, Bishop James Keeffe had already Catholic clergy. Some later references suggest that guided his diocese for thirty years and was aged the aim of seminary training may not have been eighty. He was now feeble and had almost lost his present at the outset. We do not have eye-sight. He knew his death was near. However contemporary statements by the founders he lived for five further years. During this time he themselves. It is difficult to know how to interpret made a resolute decision against all the odds to accounts which are written ten years or more after establish in his diocese a College for the training of the opening of the College. In any case the Catholic youth and for seminary education. He preparation of Carlow College for its educational first sought a suitable site in Tullow. None was project during the 1780's was providential in the available. The local landlords in Tullow were two light of developments which saw the destruction of families: Doynes and Wolseleys. The Doyne House the continental seminaries. A report of the was on the site of the Augustinian Abbey ofTullow. proposed College in the Leinster Journal of 4th Wolseleys occupied what is now the Patrician November, 1 786 gives evidence as to the original Brothers residence, Mount St. Joseph's. Failing to aim of Carlow's foundation: "the best of find a suitable site in Tullow, Bishop Keeffe was consequences must flow from the establishment of successfulin finding a four-acre field on the edge of a College in Carlow for the education of Roman Carlow town, Winnet's Field, part of the Catholic youth".3 Topham Bowden, writing five Fishbourne estate. A large part of the town of years later, states the aim of the College as follows: Carlow then made up the Fishbourne estate. "A very fine structure has lately been erected for A condition of the Gardiner Act regarding the the education of Roman Catholic youth; the object opening of Catholic schools was the obtaining of a of this I understand, was to do away with the licence to conduct such a school from the local necessity of sending young gentlemen abroad by Protestant Bishop. The Bishop afforc.ing them a suitable education at home" .4 living in Kilkenny was not willing to give such a 2 permit to Bishop James Keeffe, except for the teaching of classics.7 This did not deter him from persevering with his plan of building a college from the ground. Dr. Keeffe moved to live in Brown Street in Carlow so that he might more closely supervise the great project. "Having formed and put into operation a plan for collecting weekly contributions to defray the expenses to be incurred, he laid the foundation of our Diocesan College, and thus prepared for his own Diocese, nay, for the Irish Church, one of the most valuable establishments of which any country can boast" .8 Bishop James Keeffe died on 18th September 1787. He had the satisfaction of knowing that the project of Carlow College was well advanced', even if the obstacles against its opening still had to be removed. He was interred among the poor of Carlow, according to his own wishes, in the burial­ place overlooking the Barrow known as "The Graves". Whatever was the aim of Bishop James Keeffe when he conceived the idea of a College at Carlow, the two-fold aim ofrunning both a seminary and a lay college was clearly formulated by opening date: 1st. October 1793. Most notable among recent developments were the passing of further relief Acts in 1792 and 1793 - eliminating the need to obtain the permission of the Protestant Bishop to open a Catholic school and making the oath of allegiance no longer necessary. Bishop John Bishop Daniel Delaney, coadjutor to Bishop from a portrait by J. P. Haverty Keeffe since 1783, succeeded him and continued to Photo courtesy St. Patrick's College reside in Tullow. Along with Father Henry Staunton, Parish Priest of Carlow, he brought the College project to completion. Furnishing and recreation and laying out of and staffing it were major problems. By the will of parkland. Bishop James Keeffe, his holding in Carlow under Fr. Henry Staunton, while continuing to be William Fishboume, that is the College, became of the parish of Carlow, was appointed first the property of his coadjutor Bishop, Daniel President of Carlow College. He was to continue to Delaney of Tullow and of Rev. Henry Staunton, exercise this dual role until his death in 1814. The P.P. of Graignamanagh, whom he also appointed building programme over which Fr. Staunton had administrators and executors. It is more than presided during his ministry in Carlow was probable that on Dr. Keeffe's death, Fr. Staunton, considerable. In the Castlereagh Report of 1800, as legal owner, went to live in the College, if he had Bishop Delaney described the Carlow Chapel built not been there already.9 by Staunton as 'very elegant' and states that the cost of building the central block of the college, the Bishop Keeffe signed Infirmary, the College boundary wall and the chapel was little short of £6,000.11 999 year lease In its first year Carlow College had thirty-seven students; thirty-one of these returned the second The site of St. Patrick's College in the town of year when there were also twenty-nine freshmen, Carlow is now quite central with the present making a total of sixty.12 Rev. John Kelly D.D. was boundaries of the urban area. It calls for some the first Professor of Theology. He was paid £30 imagination to visualise the position in 1785, when per annum, but actually stayed only until 16th the building of the Middle House of the College was March 1794. Mr. James Walsh, a teacher, earned in progress. In 1786 Bishop Keeffe signed a 999 £20 per annum until 1795 and £30 per annum after year lease from theFishbourne Estate for Winnet's 1795. A writing-master, Mr. Peter Phelan earned Field, upon which the central original building of £15 per annum until 16 January 1795 and during the College stands. The area involved was about the following five years £20 per annum. In the four acres.1° Further plots bounding on Winnet's second year the staff was increased; there were five Field were bought as they became available. As Professors in addition to the President. Three the building is built to face College Street [then French emigre priests came on the 15th November named Chapel Lane], there was presumably an 1 794 and were paid 10 guiheas for the first year of entrance from the start about the position of the teaching. One of them, Rev. Mr. N ogier, died at the present main entrance. Traditions relating to the College in January, 1798.13 The other two, Rev. Mr. happenings in 1798 in the town of Carlow, La Brune and Rev. Mr. Chabaux were still in the particularly connected with the Battle of Carlow in College in September 1801. In the year 1795-6, which six hundred rebels died, suggest that there there was in addition a teaching staff of six was also an approach into the College from Tullow masters. street in the area now occupied by Dempseys' yard. Some idea of the educational activity carried out It would seem that by the early lBOO's the area at in Carlow College is gained from the earliest the College's disposal had increased to about 12-13 prospectus of the "Roman Catholic College of St.. acres - allowing ample space for forms of Patrick, Carlow: opened in 1793, for the Education 3 of Ecclesiastical Stwtenta, the Preparation of seminarians. Day pupils were mainly from Carlow Young Gentlemen for other learned Professions, town and within a ten mile radius of the town. and fitting them for Bwriness".14 The Carlow Boarders came from all parts of the country. A Prospectus gives a listing of all Professors and particularly large number came from Dublin City assistants and an indication of the subjects taught and from the Counties of Munster. by each. Very Rev. Dean Staunton is listed as Middle House was the only part of the College in President. Probably he did not teach systematic existence at the time of its opening. To complete courses. In the seminary department three the architectural plan on the style of the Country Professors are listed: Rev. Andrew Fitzgerald 0.P. House, two additional wings would eventually be (Sacred Scripture); Rev. Kieran Marum, T.B. added. The Southern Wing was completed in 1819. (Theology and Natural Philosophy); Rev. Michael This addition was destined to house the Lay Slattery A.B. [T.C.D.] (Logic, Metaphysics and college from then until 1892. In fact one of the first Ethics). In the Lay Department the teaching of uses made of the fine ground-floor Study Hall was Classics must have predominated as Rev. Andrew the holding of a reception to mark the Fitzgerald 0.P. was Superintendent of Classics, of the thirty-three year old Bishop while Rev. Nicholas O'Connor was Professor of James Doyle, who had for the previous six years Classics and there were two assistants: Mr. Tyrrell been a Professor in the College. and Mr. Patrick Brennan. Rev. Joseph De Raftery was Professor of French Geography etc. and Mr. Bartholomew Delany taught Accounts, Writing, Carlovians make their mark Reading etc. on different Continents The prospectus includes also details of the John England15, born in 1786, was sent. to scholastic year. "Studies commence on the 1st of Carlow, by Dr. Francis Moylan, in September, and end on the 30th of June. The 1803. He was ordained in 1808 - after a very months of July and August are . Only a distinguished scholastic career. Having been week ofrecess is allowed after each examination of twelve years in pastoral work in the diocese of Christmas and Easter". Cork and a few years as Parish Priest of Bandon, Finantial terms were as follows: Twenty-five he was made first bishop of the new diocese of Guineas per annum of Business, Five Guineas Charleston in America, consisting of three States, Entrance - Washing charge separately; Music, the two Carolinas and Georgia. For the following Dancing, Drawing etc. separate charges. The twenty-two years of his episcopate until his death material studied in Carlow Lay College on 11 April 1842 at the age of fifty six, he had a corresponds to that of the typical Boarding School remarkable influence not only in Charleston but in of the time. A good grounding in Latin and Greek the entire American Church. language and literature was the accepted The years 1812-1816 witnessed the presence in foundation for further progress in the professions. Carlow of another notable Cork student who was ordained for Cork diocese: John Therry16• In 1820 he volunteered to serve in the Australian colony, Early Difficulties where he served as one of the first official Catholic The opening of the Royal College of Maynooth in priests. His long mission lasted until 1864. His 1795 was an event of extreme importance for the remarkably b:r:ave ministry was also speckled with history of Irish Catholicism. It resulted from an amount of controversy, particularly in , Government concern for the domestic training of where he incurred a large debt in connection with Irish clergy. As it grew all the dioceses oflreland building and development. He built the first St. sent candidates for the priesthood there for their Mary's Church in on the site of the present training. Carlow was supported mainly by the Cathedral. His tomb, decorated with Celtic dioceses in the Dublin and Cashel metropolitan designs, is in the Cathedral crypt. The study of the provinces; particularly by Ferns, Cashel, Killaloe, early in is very much Cloyne, Cork and Dublin. The home diocese of interwoven with the lives of Therry and other Kildare and Leighlin naturally sent most of its pioneering figures. He was eighteen years in ecclesiastical students to Carlow for at least some Australia before the arrival of the first resident of their studies. Carlow students in those early Bishop, Dr. Bede Polding, O.S.B. years frequently transferred to Maynooth for the Much has been written on these two Cork men final years of studies leading to ordination. The and they were truly gigantic figures in the Church fact of Maynooth's opening therefore had a and civil life of the Continents of their adoption. significant impact on Carlow's early history, The awareness of their achievements was a source when all ecclesiastical students belonged to Irish of pride and challenge for successive generations dioceses and thus were destined for home of Carlow students and staff. missions. The impact was negative in ,the development of Carlow as a centre of theological J .K.L. and his learning. The attractiveness of Maynooth was great as grants were paid by the Government to Influence assist the growth of the College. Students could be Many non-historians mentally associate with educated in Maynooth without the payment of a the foundation of Carlow College the figures of fee by the sponsoring bishop. Carlow by contrast James Doyle, O.S.A., the famed bishop of Kildare had no such endowment and depended for its and Leighlin [J .K.L.]. In fact he was born in 1786, a maintenance and development on the fees year after the building of Middle House had acquired yearly for students. commenced. Thus he was a mere seven years of In the light of this, it is easy to appreciate how age at the opening of the College. His association important the Lay College was for the overall with the College began in 1813, when he was running of the institution. The annual fee for invited to take a Professorship in Carlow. Dean Carlow lay scholars was £25 for boarders and £5 Staunton, President, interviewed him and for day pupils. 25 guineas was the fee for appointed him to re_place Dr. Andrew Fitzgerald, 4 who had left the College as a result of a dispute. In fact, Dr. Fitzgerald returned to the College and Dr. 17 Doyle was offered a new Chair of Rhetoric , so anxious was Dean Staunton to hold on to such an obvious talent. Dean Staunton died the following year, Dr. Fitzgerald became the second President and Dr. Doyle continued on the College staff for a further five years. Then in 1819, Bishop Michael Corcoran of Kildare and Leighlin died and was succeeded by Dr. James Doyle. For the following years, J.K.L. was Bishop of Kildare and Leighlin and a figure of national importance. His interest in the fortunes of Carlow College was intense. Some early students Amont the students in Carlow college in its early years were: John England, first bishop of Charleston in the U.S. and champion of human rights; Peter Kenney, S.J., founder of Clongowes Wood College; John Joseph Therry, the Cork-born Apostle of Australia; John Fitzpatrick, the pastor who oversaw the building of 's St. Patrick's Cathedral; Thomas Power, first President of Clonliffe College. Eminent among the students of Carlow Lay college were: Paul Cullen, future ; James Fintan Lalor; the poet Richard D' Alton Williams; the journalist and editor Maurice Lenihan. ********** I single out three developments as being decisive for the growth of Carlow College in the mid­ nineteenth century: the benefits of linking with London University, the establishment of the Foreign Mission Fund and the acquisition of Knockbeg as the future St. Mary's Preparatory School. Father John Terry Apostle of Australia The London University Photo courtesy St. Patrick's College Link 1844, sanctioned by Most Rev. Francis Haly, Carlow College affiliated to London University Bishop of Kildare and Leighlin. It was often in 1840. A wide range of subjects was examined by referred to as the Kearney Fund. The reference is to the London University for its degrees. The Arts Very Rev. Maurice Kearney whose large bequest degree required a wide mastery of Latin and Greek enabled the setting up of the Fund. classics. Lesser time was devoted to the many Maurice Kearney was born in Lorum, other subjects which were examined. English Bagenalstown parish, Co. Carlow. He was a language and literature were naturally given student in Carlow College in 1800-1801. He entered prominence. The study of history, ancient and Maynooth college then and was ordained in 1806. modern, was included. Also included were subjects He was P.P. in Carbury, Co. Kildare (1816-1821), such as geography, natural philosophy, zoology, Administrator of Graignamanagh, Co. Kilkenny anatomy and book-keeping. Tutors were employed (1821-1824) and finally P.P. in Clane, Co. Kildare by the College to prepare students to sit the (1824-1842). When he died on 19th October 1842, he London examinations. Besides the Arts Degree, was interred in the parish Church, Clane. '~By his which many Carlow students attained in the will he left a large sum - accumulated chiefly following decades, a number of students also sat through successful traffic in cattle-dealing - to successfully for the Law degree of London Carlow College, for the education of priests for the University, LL.B. foreign missions" .18 The cash value of the Kearney Foreign Mission Burse was about £8,350. It was The Foreign Mission allocated to the College Foreign Mission Fund in 1844. The College, through investing this sum, was Fund in a position to invite Bishops in foreign Missions Prior to 1835 the students for the priesthood in to adopt students who could avail of Mission Carlow seem to be all preparing for the Irish Burses in Carlow. mission. A change is noted in the years that follow. In the academic year 1845-46 the ecclesiastical Thus in the years 1839 to 1843 one new Carlow student total of 77 included 22 for foreign Missions. priest per year was for a foreign mission. A big In the 1850's 50% of the ecclesiastical students are change is noted in the academic year 1844-1845, for foreign dioceses. The students for foreign when there are 10 Foreign Mission students in the dioceses in the early 1880's outnumber those for house. The change was enabled through the Irish dioceses_ establishment of the Foreign Mission Fund in Studying the numbers of Carlow students who 5 reach ordination reveals interesting patterns. In school. The preparatory school component the six years &om ISM to 1849 I have traced 46 survived in Knockbeg in small numbers for a ordinations: 35 for Irish dioceses, 11 for foreign further while - but eventually that aspect of destinations. Six of the latter went to the U.S.A. Carlow College's service was discontinued.21 and one each to Trinidad, to Hyderabad, India, t~ England, to Canada and to Australia. In the ten Notable Teachers years of the following decade a total of 109 new Carlow priests included 38 who went abroad. Their Carlow owed a lot of its fine reputation as a destinations were as follows: U.S. (15), England College in the nineteenth century to the quality of (4), Scotland (1), Australia (6), Canada (5), New its teachers. I wish to single out a few, who made Zealand (1), British Guiana (2), Trinidad (1) an outstanding impact in the College's first Hyderabad, India (1), uncertain (2). In the 1860'~ hundred years. Their standing played no small the total number of ordinations increased to 162, role in making Carlow an educational institution made up as follows: 114 for Irish dioceses [36 of of national importance. Many of them were these being for the local diocese of Kildare and involved in letter-writing to Irish and English Leighlin] and 48 for foreign dioceses. Twenty of newspapers on a frequent basis. I have no doubt these went to the U.S. and sixteen to Australia. that they generated some excitement about the Three Kearneys are among those ordained for College which made it a desirable place for the Pittsburgh in Carlow with the assistance of the education of the sons of alert catholics. Foreign Mission Fund. Two of them, Denis and *Dr.Andrew Fitzgerald [1800-1843] through his Jerome, also from Lorum, Bagenalstown were intelligence, encouragement and sheer length of brothers and ordained in 1856. They were most service was a giant among Carlow's teachers. likely grand-nephews of Fr. Maurice Kearney. Fr. * Dr. Michael Slattery of Cashel diocese [1809- James Kearney, a Carlow student from 1844 to 1815] was greatly esteemed by the Carlow 1847, played .an important role in welcoming students. An address to him by the students on his Mercy Sisters to Pittsburgh.19 The pioneer Mercy departure in 1815 survives. He became Archbishop sisters in"the'U.S. were a group who travelled from of Cashel and Emly from 1833 to 1857. St. Leo's Convent, Carlow. Carlow College in Interestingly his education was in Trinity College, Pittsburgh is a major institute of education, still Dublin [A.B.1805] and Carlow College [theology]. directed by the Mercy Sisters. He is the founder of St. Patrick's College, Thurles. A notable student in Carlow form 1847 to 1852 * Dr. James Doyle O.S.A. [1813-1819]. Better was Patrick John Ryan, ordained for the known in history as J.K.L., Dr. Doyle was very Archdiocese of St. Louis. He was a bishop for 39 influential as a teacher in Rhetoric and later of years (1872-1911) and Archbishop of Philadelphia Theology. Through his election as Bishop of for 27 of those (1884-1911). Kildare and Leighlin at the age of 33 in 1819, his influence as teacher continued through his Knockbeg remarkable episcopate until his death in 1834 aged In June 1847, Carlow College acquired a 48. For some time as Bishop he resided in the mansion at Knockbeg, about three miles from College. His energetic presence greatly influenced Carlow. Overlooking the Barrow, it was the students. His association with Carlow College pleasantly located and had been the residence of enhanced the image of the institution nationwide. the Carruthers and earlier of the Bests.20 In 1848 it * Dr.James Kavanagh, native of Annacurragh, was opened in connection with Carlow Lay Co. Wicklow, was a Professor in Carlow from 1850 College as a preparatory school and was known as to 1880 with the exception of 1853-54. He taught St. Mary's Preparatory Institute. The mansion Natural Philosophy. There was a well-equipped was fitted to serve as a School and had Physics Hall in the College at that period. His accommodation in the early years for about 16 or published works include treatises on Astronomy 18 boys under the age of twelve. The youngest and Solar Physics. It is of interest that some pupils then in St. Mary's were generally about alumni of Carlow Lay College, who proceeded to eight years old. Fr. James Nolan, Dean of the studies elsewhere were of note in the world of Carlow Lay College was appointed first at astronomy. Knockbeg. He held the position until his death in Two bishops of Ossory were among Carlow's 1875. His uncle, , had been early Prof~ssors: Kieran Marum [1803-1810, Professor and Vice-President in Carlow College Bishop 1812-1827] and William Kinsella [Professor (1819-1834) and successor to J .K.L. as Bishop of 1818-1829, Bishop 1829-1845]. Kildare and Leighlin (1834-1837). The decision of the College Trustees to move the Priestly Training Lay College Department out of St. Patrick's College to Knockbeg allowed greater space to in Carlow conduct the various activities of the seminary. By People often wonder how many priests have 1892 the number of seminarians had grown passed through Carlow in the course of their considerably - to more than one hundred. The training. An absolutely accurate number of those transition seems to have been fairly smooth. The ordained from among the students of Carlow numbers in the Lay College were no longer very College is difficult to reach. I have already been large. Thanks to the additional wing completed in able to account for almost three thousand in the 1878, Knockbeg was large enough to house the Lay course of the two hundred years of the College College. The benefits of separating the two history. Unfortunately there is no complete departments (lay and seminary) were seen to be Register of ordinands in the College Records. The considerable. The way was opened for the eventual researcher depends on a variety of sources for expansion of St. Mary's College through further putting data together. The Ordination Registers extensions. Proximity to the River Barrow and its record ordinations of students in Carlow from 1864 extensive grounds made Knockbeg a most to the present day. Those who were ordained attractive location for a boarding secondary earlier or who finished their training elsewhere or 6 who went to their diocese for ordination are more difficult to account for. In the first fifty years of the College History I have accounted for a total of about three hundred Carlow priests, i.e. an average of six per year. My suspicion is that further research will show that well over three hundred Carlow students were ordained prior to 1844. In the period from 1845 to 1992 over 2,700 Carlow priests have been ordained, ..n. [El·· i.e. an average of more than 18 per year. ijij- -. During much of the nineteenth century the ' ~ number of ecclesiastical students in Carlow seems to remain between forty and ~ighty. Likewise the !t ~WY number of boarding students of the Lay College ~~(~..... _,.,.., ~ fluctuates· between fifty and ninety. The transfer * of the Lay College to Knockbeg left St. Patrick's College from 1892 onwards exclusively geared towards the education of seminarians. The period from 1892 to 1978 included the era when Irish vocations to the priesthood were most numerous. The College Motto is "Rescissa V egetior The normal complete course of formation in the Assurgit"; It can be translated: "Pruned training of priests took six years. Two years of back, it grows up more fruitfully". Its philosophy were followed by four years of appropriateness in relation to the experience theology. In some cases a student was required to of the Penal Laws preceding the opening of spend one year in Rhetoric Class before beginning the College in 1793 is clear. Many moments of philosophy. This year was mainly focussed on difficulty have occurred in the course of the providing better proficiency in English and Latin. College's two hundred years. Each new The manuals, which constituted the text-books for generation of students learns the meaning of many of the subjects were of course written in the Motto in terms of the circumstances of the Latin. In some cases oral examinations were also age. conducted in Latin. Destination of Carlow Peru; James McGuinness in Nottingham, England and Edmond Carmody in Tyler, Texas. Priests Almost three hundred of the Carlow priests The priests ordained at Carlow have ministered minister in the . in the whole English-speaking world. Prior to 1840 The period from 1900 to 1970 was the period of most of the Carlow priests were ordained for Irish most intensive activity in Carlow seminary. dioceses. A number of them are found offering Ordination classes averaged about 25 per year. their services for foreign missions. Thus John The vast majority who were ordained in this period Therry ministers for 44 years in Australia. From travelled to serve in foreign missions. The College 1820 John England is bishop of Charleston, U.S. A was mainly staffed by priests of the diocese of certain Jeremiah O'Callaghan, who studied in Kildare and Leighlin. Many priest professors gave Carlow is known as the 'Apostle of Vermont'. He almost thirty years of their ministry on the staff of was one of the few priests in New England in the St. Patrick's College. In the first part of this period 1820-40. He achieved notoriety through his century Dr. John Foley was outstanding for his writings in opposition to usury. A William years of service. Having joined the staff in 1886, he Gubbins of Limerick who studied in Carlow is one became President in 1896 in succession to his of the priests of the Midland District in England brother, Patrick, who became bishop of the prior to 1850. diocese. Dr. John reigned as President until his In all about one thousand of the Carlow priests death in 1937. Others who gave long service were have been ordained for Irish dioceses. Twice as Monsignor James Conway, Fr. Thomas Browne, many have spent their lives as priests in foreign Bishop Fatrick Lennon, Fr. Robert Prendergast, missions. Over one thousand were ordained for the and Fr. P. J. Brophy. dioceses of the United States. Over three hundred served in Australia. Over 450 have served in the dioceses of England, Wales and Scotland. New Developments since the Zealand accounted for 42; Canada for 36; South Second Vatican Council Africa for 10. A few more unusual destinations are: The Second Vatican Council called for a Agen diocese in France; Trinidad; British Guiana; Renewal of the method of training priests. Carlow Gibraltar; Mauritius; Hyderbad in India; New like all other seminaries underwent major Guinea. A good number of Carlow students later adaptations since 1965. A notable change has been joined various religious orders: Redemptorists, the development of pastoral experience during the Carmelites, Jesuits, Rosminians, Columbans. A period of formation. Catechetical and preaching good number of early Kiltegan students did part of experiences are gained in the student years. The their studies in Carlow. At present Capuchin academic programmes also underwent thorough students and Discalced Carmelites study in St. revamping to make them more in tune with the Patrick's College. task of the Church in the modem world. As the College prepares to celebrate its 1978 saw an interesting development in St. Bicentenary during 1993, a total of over 700 priests Patrick's College, Carlow. The Irish Institute of who studied in Carlow continue to extend God's Pastoral Liturgy, which since its foundation in kingdom in many parts of the Globe. Three of them 1974 had been located. in Mount St. Anne's are Bishops: Dermot Molloy in Huancavelica, Presentation House, Killena:nl, Portarlington. Co. 7 j Laois, sought a new home and was welcomed into Resident Academic Staff St. Patrick's College. Thus a one-year specialised course in pastoral liturgy has since then been 1992-1993 available in Carlow. To date over 600 students President: Fr. John McDonald. from several countries in all continents have Vice-President: Fr. Eugene Mangan. availed of the course. A one-year diploma in Director of Liturgy Institute: Fr. Patrick Jones. Liturgy is granted on the completion of the course. Those who avail of the course are equipped to Director of Students: Fr. Thomas McDonnell. exercise leadership in the liturgical renewal of the Bursar: Fr. John McEvoy. Church. Many seek personal renewal and an Other Resident Seminary Staff: opportunity for sabbatical study in the Institute of Fr. Gerard S. Byrne, Fr. Kevin O'Neill. Liturgy. Normally between twenty-five and thirty Liturgy Institute Staff: liturgy students attend Carlow in a given year. Sr. Gerard McLaughlin, St. Deirdre O'Neill. The College became in the last fifteen years a Carmelite Fathers: place for Adult Education. People seeking an enriched understanding of their faith have been Fr. John Grennan, Fr. Nicholas Madden, able to do Night Diploma Courses. Fr. . The years since 1988 have seen further adaptations. The day courses have been made available to interested extern students. New courses have been devised in service of the parishes, which now feel the need to develop teams of parish ministers: priests in collaboration with ********** many lay people. In its two hundred years Carlow College has had a varied and rich history. It has been the venue of REFERENCES: important diocesan events. In our own day many 1. 21 and 22 Geo. III c. 62. Carlow town residents enjoy a walk through the 2. Topham Bowden, A Tour through Ireland, Dublin 1791, 99-100. grounds. The College is the venue for many 3. I.E.R., Nov. 1941, 433. 4. Op. cit., 95. meetings and sporting events. It is almost 5. Comerford II, 60. A Ms. Book of Theology was uncovered in the forgotten that for much of its history, one could not vicinity of Dr. Gallagher's residence in 1853 and given to Dr. John McGee of St. Patrick's College, Carlow. This has been regarded as a enter the College gates without definite business remnant of the "Bog of Allen" Seminary of the eighteenth century. there. The College now has a new look thanks to It is held in the National Library, Dublin, Ms.? major exterior renovations carried out in 1991- 6. For an account of his episcopacy, see Comerford, I, 82-87. 7. It is interesting to note that the predecessor of St. Kieran's College, 1992. Such work is surely an indication of faith in Kilkenny was opened and conducted as a catholic school form 1782 the future of the College. in an existing house in the city - Burrell's Hall. Studies in philosophy and theology were not offered there prior to 1792. ********** 8. Comerford, I, 84-85. 9. Knockbeg Centenary Book, 10. 10. The most evocative description of the atmosphere of Carlow at the Presidents of St. Patrick's College beginning of the College's history is to be found in an article by Fr. Laurence Kehoe, P.P. Clane and published by the Nationalist and 1793-1892 Leinster Times for St. Patrick's Day, 1934. Fr. Kehoe during his time as College Bursar had made a detailed study of early documents Henry Staunton ...... 1783-1814 regarding college property. See also Fr. Tom McDonnell's A History of the Buildings of Carlow College: The Carlovian (1992) 9-18. Andrew Fitzgerald O.P...... 1814-1843 11. Memoirs and Correspondence of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry. Edited by his Brother, Charles Vane, James I. Taylor ...... 1843-1850 Marquess of Londonderry, Vol. IV, 1849, 144. ...... 1850-1856 12. The data is readily available in Account Ledger No. 2 in the Carlow College Archives. John Dunne ...... 1856-1864 13. Account Ledger No. I recordsthefollowingexpensesfor8Jan.1798: James B. Kavanagh ...... 1864-1892 Mr. , oak coffin for Mr. Nogier, £114s 1%d. 14. Printed in Religious Repertory, a monthly periodical edited by Rev. ...... 1892-1896 John England in Cork. Vol. 1, July 1809, 107.in a section drawing attention to Catholic Places of Education in Ireland. 15. Cf Biographical Sketch of the late Right Rev. John England, D.D., 1892-1992 Bishop of Charleston, United States: Duffy's Irish Catholic Magazine Sept. 1847: 209-218; Peter Guilday, The Life and Times of John Foley ...... 1896-1937 John England 1786-1842, 2Vols., New York 1927. 16. Comerford, Collections, I, 179-185; Eris O'Brien, Archpriest John Thomas Browne ...... 1937-1941 Therry, Sydney 1924. James Conway ...... 1941-1948 17. Doctor Doyle's famous Rhetoric class of 1813/4 actually included quite a talented group. Some of them played an important role in the Martin Brennan ...... 1948-1956 later history of the College and of the local diocese, e.g. WIiliam ...... 1956-1966 Kinsella and William Clowry. 18. Comerford, Collections, II, 114. Robert Prendergast ...... 1966-1970 19. Sr. Jerome McHale, On the Wing. The Story of the Pittsburgh Sisters of Mercy/1843-1968, New York, 1980, 82. P. J. Brophy ...... 1970-1974 20. Here I am indebted to a short article by Thomas Wall entitled ...... 1974-1980 Outline History of St. Mary's College in Knockbeg Centenary Book [P. Mac Suibhne, Ed.], Carlow, 1948, li4-116. Matthew Kelly ...... 1980-1986 21. The 1901 Census shows that only two Knockbeg pupils were John McDonald ...... 1986- younger than 11 years. AN anecdote told of an old mother who complained that her son was making fun of her. In his last letter from S. Africa (Boer War), he said "they had made three shifts for Ladysmith." His mother's complaint was that, "when he was at home the lazy blackguard was not able to sew on a button, and now he's lettin' on he's making undergarments for the quality." - The Nati-Onalist & Leinster Times, 2014/1901 8 William Prendergast - Patriot and Historian By Ellen Prendergast

Y general accord of those where accommodation would animals while his landless who remember him and have been provided as part of his neighbours with families had those who know some­ recompense. little enough to support life. This thing of his writings, While there he joined the campaign was to be at least WilliamB Prendergastwas one of Gaelic League in 1906 and partially successful - he nature's gentlemen, courteous, Arthur Griffith'spolitical party, himself had not sought to be a elegant, handsome. Sinn Fein, in 1907. Later on beneficiary. He was an idealist, a duine when Griffith launched the ann fein, private and quiet­ national daily newspaper Sinn Political activity spoken; he had a strong sense of Fein, he tells us he subscribed £5, Irishness, .social justice and one third of his annual salary at scholarly instincts. His ideals His political activity was not the time. The paper .floundered always confined to his own did not please everyone but he aftersix months. was prepared to accept the locality. For instance, on the eve His love of things Irish was of the visit of George V of consequepces and did suffer for enduring. He helped to promote his convictions, calmly and England in 1910, he was in the sale of home-manufactured Dublin putting up "about 20 without bitterness. goods as best he could through The enduring legacy of his cross-street flags, painted by his employment. myself, with anti-English life's work is enshrined in his The revival of the Irish writings, preserved forposterity mottoes". After this his language was another of his employer warnedhim that if he in the National Library but as ideals and here it deserves to be yet unpublished. A brief glance continued to antagonise the at his career gives the local police he wouldhave to let background to his work. him go. But "the new spirit of the William was born, fifth and people was something to be last son, of farming parents - reckoned with" he writes, so his William Prendergast and his aspirations were tolerated for wife Ellen (nee Maher, the time being. Ballytarsna) about 1888 at One of the nameplates still in His interests found a more Paulstown, about 2 miles to the position at the Royal Oak Road, urgent outlet when Liam south of the village, Co. Bagenalstown, the manufac­ Mellows visited Muinebheag in Kilkenny. He had one sister, turer's name ·can also be seen, May, 1914 and founded a corps Catherine (Mrs. Hayden). Three Richards,· Carlow. of the Irish Volunteers. As he of his brothers emigrated to the - Photo: W. Ellis. states, he threw himself into the USA, the fourth remained at new movement with enthusiasm. home, all married. remembered that -he was However, that autumn his responsible forhaving the street brother came home from New names in Muinebheag signposted York and insisted that William Evicted from farm in Irish. He negotiated with the go back with him, no doubt to Town Commissioners for save him fromhis indiscretions. The parents had been evicted permission to do this. He He went to New York but fromtheir farm in the adjoining translated the names and had proceeded to write for The Irish townland of Duninga and the the nameplates made in World to keep Irish affairsbefore family must have experienced Carlow - probably at his own the public. poverty; it certainly influenced expense, and in 1911 they were His health was beginning to William, causing him to be erected. become 'indifferent' {his own concerned with the rightsof the Mr. Martin Nevin (Chairman word) and he returnedto Ireland. deprived. He was indeed a 0.C.S.) confirmsthat all but one He got work in Clonmel, again in product of his times and his out of the six are still in place the drapery business, was writings reflect local and and says that no other town in elected Captain of one of the national history, his observa­ Ireland was so endowed. They companies and became engaged tions on rural culture in his were not bilingual and no doubt in newspaper propaganda native Paulstown provide the caused some confusion among again. This time,in July 1918, he basis fora folklifestudy. the local communitycoming into was dismissed from his job. His death occurredin the early market. Some signposts in His health continued to 1950s in sad and lonely English were subsequently deteriorate and he went to circumstances but he had added. Ballymote in Co. Sligo to achieved a major life's work, William's concern for the recuperate, perhaps with working solo all but penniless. deprived and underprivileged is relatives. On his return to Co. After National School exemplified in the campaign he Kilkenny in 1922 he was education in Paulstown village organised in1908 to oppose the he found employment as a fact that a local 'ranch' was draper'sassistantinMuinebheag totally devoted to grazing • c.-,· rtl,.e 11 9 A Short History of the Irish National Foresters By John Smyth

HE Irish National For­ The year 1877 saw the birth of To commemorate our centenar esters Society is an off­ the Irish National Foresters in year, we are belatedly hostini shoot of the Ancient the whole of Ireland. As the annual of th1 Order of Foresters headquarters of the Ancient society in 1993. Branch St formedT in England in the days of t Order were resident in England, Patrick has always played feudal landlordism by the trades communications took too long prominent role in promoting thE people and working classes. and travel to and from ideals of the society. Our brand: Forbidden to meet openly, they conventions were a strain on has given to the order man} retired to dense forests, limited resources, th us the reason illustrious men and women whc arranging their meetings by that Ireland's Foresters became have held with distinction th€ coded language for fear of what today we know as The Irish highest offices on the Executiv€ detection by the ever vigilant National Foresters. The society Council, viz., High Chief sheriffs and henchmen of the spread rapidly throughout the Ranger, High Sub Chief Ranger, ascendancy landlords, who whole of Ireland to towns and General Secretary, Trustees, etc. ruled their territories with an even villages in almost every iron fist. Th us the name county. Foresters derived from having The ravages of our struggle for High Chief to conduct their meetings hidden freedom took its toll. A dark Ranger away in the dense forests period in our history and common at the time in mainland mismanagement of the society We in Branch St. Patrick are Britain. Contrary to a widely by undesirable individuals proud to have spear-headed the held opinion that the 1.N.F. is in forced the society into reunification of our Order with some way associated with trees, liquidation resulting in most of our Nothem brethren. Not for the reality is that the society our branches losing their the first time Branch St. Patrick derives its name from its premises and unavoidably were honoured to have one of its secluded meetings in the forests becoming extinct in this part of members elected as High Chief of Great Britain. our country. Ranger of the southern With the division of our Branches in 1977. country came a division in our Unity, Nationality society. Our Northern brethern and Benevolence formed their own Executive With encouragement from all Council there being no branch members, an approach The titl.es of Chief Ranger, alternative but to register under was made to the then Executive Woodward and Beadle are also the Friendly Societies Act of Council to consider a unification associated with forests and still . The Southern with our brethren in the six remain to this day. For some branches which survived the counties. Regrettably, due to the reason, in the year 1840, the liquidation regrouped and Friendly Societies Acts Ancient Order of Foresters was carried on their charitable pertaining to two jurisdictions, granted a dispensation for the transactions and still do so in we could only become unified in forming of a Court or Branch in accordance with the Friendly accordance with the concepts of Warrenpoint, County Down, Societies Act of the jurisdiction. the two Friendly Societies acts. thus emerging the birth of what With our very receptive was to become a nationwide counterparts in the six counties, society having for its motto the One hundred years we formed an Executive Council words Unity, Nationality and of service comprising members from both Benevolence. The passing of the jurisdictions and entered on a Friendly Societies Act in 1875 trial period of three years. dispelled the fear of secret A dispensation was granted Again, Branch St. Patrick held membership and encouraged by the then Executive Council of the High Sub Chief Ranger and Courts or Branches to conduct the society on 3rd June, 1892 to General Secretary offices on this their affairs in a more regular form a branch in Carlow: the Executive.. manner. The aims and branch with a hundred years of aspirations of the society dedicated service to its members, Having completed a three year appealed to people almost to the society and to the town of trial period of unification, it was worldwide and countries like Carlow is proud and honoured to the unanimous decision of all Australia, New Zealand, United be still an active branch of the branches North and South to States and Canada embraced society, celebrating our remain unified in conformity the concepts of the society and centenary year conscious of the with the rules of the north and formed many branches in those gratitude we owe to the men and south Friendly Societies Acts. countries.Todaythelndependent women of yesteryear, who Order of Foresters is a huge founded the branch and to those Branch St. Patrick were concern in the United States and who have ensured its continued privileged and honoured to have Canada. existep.ce. one of its members, John Smyth, 10

-- ~-- Members ofSt. Patrick's branch of the Irish National Foresters -from left: Michael Brennan, Dick Donovan, Christy Broderick, Bernard Crampton, John Smyth, Tommy Corcoran, Anna Corcoran, Gerry Duggan and Jimmy Dunne. Photo courtesy Anna Corcoran. elected as the first High Chief members of Branch St. Patrick knowledge that, as in the past, Ranger of the reunified body. We for their unstinted and dedicated we will be bringing to our town a are now as a unified society service to the society. I also pageantry which many of you perpetuating the ideals of would lik~ to convey to the have alrea,dy enjoyed and indeed forestry. Branch St. Patrick are people of Carlow the gratitude of haverequesteditsreturn. Weare again privileged to have one of our society in general and in a happy in the knowledge that, as its members elected to the office special way the thanks of our before, you will join with us in of High Chief Ranger. own Branch St. Patrick. making our endeavours a As the present High Chief We are hosting the 1993 success by lending us your Ranger of the I.N.F., I wish in a convention in Carlow. We are support on this auspicious very sincere way to thank the proud to do that in the occasion.

William Prendergast - continued from page 9

arrested and imprisoned by the until he died in the early 1950s. Acknowledgements Free State military. He knew what it was to be hungry and homeless but his There are few details of this I am indebted to the National Library writings made him oblivious of authorities who have given me access to episode but he writes "since then all hardships and the William Prendergast's Mss with I have taken no active part in detrimental effects on his permission t'o publish them; to members politics and have devoted all my health. of my own family who remember him - spare time and humble abilities he was a first cousin of our father, The Library acquired · his Michael of Killure; to my nephew to the compilation of a history manuscripts: his History of Richard Prendergast whose history dealing with a section of my Paulstown is written in his thesis drew heavily on William's native county." genealogy; to Hubert Butler of expressive handwriting, deco­ Maidenhall, Kilkenny· who, 1liscussed His study and writing rated simply in red and black "our Fenian" with me before he occupied him for the rest of his inks. He had endeared himself to published his assessment of him in The life. The reading room in the the staff who had recognised Kilkenny Magazine, 1, 1960. I will what one of them described as a always regret that from the start ofmy National Library provided him career in the National Mumm in with his sources, the staff were "staunch Irishman". His Kildare Street in 1938, I.,.. ma.aware of helpful and in that congenial memory is cherished - mar ni William's plW in the _.t,y environment he passed his days bheidh a leithmd ans ann. N.ailmal libnuy,8Dtil afta-hill tied&. 11 Carlow Courts and Adventures of an Irish R.M. By Roderick P. Murphy

HE following two reports would constitute murder, prisoners. She lives at have been taken from otherwise they would be entitled Ballyhackett which is a very two editions of The Car­ to mitigation. It should be quiet place that is never T low Morning Post of remembered that the deceased disturbed except by Mr. Burgess. March and April 1820. As these was unarmed and not prepared The witness had never been constitute hearsay evidence it is to resist with firearms. rescued by her sons as she had not proposed that one should Judith Griffin was then never been arrested. She deduce too much about the examined by Mr. Farrell. She admitted that there were people administration of justice in that was the widow of the deceased after her but she was never taken period. However they do give who was killed in his own house. as her sons protected her but some indication of the influences The witness and her three that she had heard of a desperate that affected the contemporary brothers-in-law were present riot and of corn being rescued on minds. This is a preliminary together with a servant girl and its way to Tullow. She heard that investigation into these matters another girl. She knew Mr. her sons were charged with the and the · present author does Burgess and had seen him that rescue and that Burgess who propose to examine and morning. Being called on to was present had sought an investigate these matters identify him she appeared examination but had never further to assess the effect of the entirely stupid and could not heard of any warrant against news reports on the attitudes of recognise him. She was not Sylvester Griffin. There might the people at that time. The questioned further. be against her other sons. She results of this study will be believed that the people who reported elsewhere. Men in coloured broke open the door were The first of these concerns the constables, is quite positive that trial of a Mr. Burgess, a Carlow clothing her deceased son was prepared tithe proctor accused of the Sarah Griffin, mother of the to surrender if there was a murder of Sylvester Griffin. deceased was then questioned by magistrate present. Her sons Although the report does not Mr. Cruise. She remembered were armed. Pat had a spade and explicitly state it, the following Laurence and Thomas had two is the judges' instruction to the that on that morning she had little pitchforks (laughter). She jury before the trial. identified Mr. Burgess as the only member of the party whom saw nothing with Sylvester. She she knew but did not know how heard three shots and can't tell Obtained two many there were in the party how long the party was at her decrees that came. There was a party of house. It was a long time before soldiers and men in coloured the house was torn down and she Burgess had claimed tithes clothing. It was between day and supposed that her sons kept from Griffin and was refused so dark but she did not have a them outside. They put a table he filed a bill in Equity. He then watch or clock and supposed across the door but she did not obtained two decrees, one a civil that it was between 5 and 6 in the know for what purpose. She did bill and one on a bond which he morning. When the party came not swear before the coroner that had obtained from them. He they rapped on the door and it was to keep the soldiers out but then made a levy and seizure of demanded admittance. Her son the party remained outside the their goods. These goods were asked if there was a gentleman house a great while. Her son's then sold and when people came or magistrate there and said that house adjoined her own and she to take them away the he would surrender on hearing did not see or hear that her sons neighbours assembled and their authority read out. The beat off the soldiers. How could rescued (Sic) them. Burgess then door was broken open and her she swear to what she had not applied for a Bench Warrant son was stabbed. Before he was seen. She never heard anyone against his assailants which he killed he had desired the witness shouting: "For Ballyhacket and afterwards executed in a most to lie on the bed. When she heard the blue sky over it." efficient manner. He first three shots fired she got up and applied to the Commanding saw her son, Sylvester Griffin A number Officer in Carlow fm; troops and lying dead and her other son, of soldiers to the sh.stiff for constables and Laurence, wounded. Burgess proceeded to the house of the entered the house with a pistol Laurence Griffin examined by deceased. He smashed the and desired that Laurence be Mr. Farrell is the deceased's windows. Then without taking thrown into a carriage. A soldier brother and was in his house precautions ordered the troops to lifted up Laurence and him when he died. He saw Burgess fire, killing Sylvester Griffin and bleeding and said "He's a dead and a number of soldiers, wounding his brother, the man. I'll not bring him." amounting to the best of his current prosecutor. If the facts Cross examined by Mr. Green belief to about 20-21 men. He saw are as stated above and if his witness said she had no all the prisoners at the bar but conduct is due to malignity they recollection of any of the other can't identify any others. The 12 party appeared at his door and that a valuable horse had been rear. The shots which killed his rapped. He demanded to see killed on the occasion of the brother were then fired. There their order and opened the bolt rescue. He didn't believe it but were four brothers, two sisters and they slammed the door open knew that a bench warrant had and their mother in the house. in his face and made breaches in been issued. He never heard that The party said nothing but fired other parts of the house. He any of the persons who had from outside. There were three offered to surrender if there was purchased the seized corn had breaches large enough to admit a gentleman or a magistrate been hurt when they went to a man without firing. He was present and then retreated carry it away. Did not hear that then brought naked to Carlow through an aperture in the wall himself and his brothers were jail. Cross examined by Mr. between his and his brother's requested to open the door before Green witness said that he had house. Burgess got opposite the violence was offered. demanded to know their door and fired a pistol which Question: I ask you upon your authority. He knew the knocked witness down. Witness oath. Will you swear to that? constables and that there was a had had a pitchfork in his hand. Answer: No I will not warrant against his brothers for The ball is still in his body. When (laughter). rescuing the corn. He neither he recovered consciousness he Witness did not hear any saw nor heard any order read but asked for a priest but the party shouting nor the cry "Bally­ saw a paper in Burgess's hand. would not allow a priest to be hacket and the blue sky over it." As Burgess was the most sent for. Burgess and Phil Maher Never heard anyone threaten­ dangerous man in the county then came in. Witness can't tell ed to be shot who would witness did not think it was safe how many minutes elapsed surrender. Never said that to surrender and that it was between his being shot and his Sylvester Griffin was to blame right to give battle (loud brother being shot but don't for surrendering. Heard that one lau_ghter). think it more than five. Saw of the military was wounded Burgess five minutes later near with a pitchfork after the shots his brother's corpse. He took his were fired. No soldier was Corn rescued brother by the hand and shook wounded before Sylvester was by a mob him and let him fall. Witness shot. Witness called out "My asked a soldier to throw him into Lord look to ·the blood of my Hev. J. Whitty is a magistrate the carriage. Witness was innocent brother." who knew the Griffins and said bleeding at the time. He knew Court: That's a good that he could get a warrant Burgess well. Burgess was conclusion to your evidence. served by himself and two acquainted with witness's Francis Byrne, examined by constables. He said that he brother and shortly before had Mr. Walker knew Burgess and thought that Burgess had filed a claimed tithes from him. said he was present at a bill against witness but had conversation between deceased's abandoned it. Heard of valuable brother-in-law and deceased and horse being killed and of corn Heard three heard Burgess say "I am sorry being rescued by a mob and shots fired that you gave your sister to believes there were examinations Griffin as I'll leave her a widow lodged in consequence. Cross examined by Mr. before long. Mr. Dowling Pat Griffin examined by Mr. Graydon he said that Bally­ (brother-in-law) recollects Farrell thinks that a half hour hacket was seven miles from sitting with Burgess when there passed between the shot which Carlow, two from Ricketstown was a dispute between him and wounded his brother and the and two from Newtown. Did not deceased about tithes. On being other two. know if the boys from the two asked if he remembered This witness when cross latter places had combined to anything being said about his examined by Mr. Haydon did not resist any law process. He sister he said "No my Lord." think that any man going to recollected the 17th November Eleanor Griffin was in the execute a warrant would have but not that any of the barn when her brother was anything to fear from the boys of Ricketstown boys were present. killed. When the party came to Ballyhacket. It was a little girl On the morning that his brother the house they broke in the wall who shouted "Ballyhacket for was killed he heard three shots and went in and stabbed three ever etc.... " He recollected the fired, one by Burgess and two brothers, killing one and rescue of the corn. There were more a half an hour later. The handcuffing the other two. They some of the Newtown boys witness was not wounded by the would not give them time to present. He heard that there was first shot and can't tell who fired dress themselves. Thomas a warrant against his brother it. Witness knew Brereton to be a Griffin leaped on the table and and knew Brereton the bailiff. constable. There was a warrant took the book and kissed it before He had heard that some person out against witness but he never he was sworn and examined by in the house had wounded a heard that it was on a charge of Mr. Walker. He was in the house soldier with a pitchfork. Heard felony and he therefore certainly when his brother was killed Burgess was ·wounded but don't went out of the way but can't tell when the soldiers and bailiffs believe it. Party might have been for how long. He knew the forced the door. Doran and an hour outside before shots constables but can't tell how Crowe (prisoners) started were fired. The sergeant wanted many were present when his breaking the wall. Witness and the witness to surrender quietly. mother was rescued in 1814. brother were inside and twenty Witness saw a paper in He had nothing in his hand armed men outside. When the Burgess's hand but he pocketed except a stick. None of the boys wall was nearly down, witness it before showing it. Witness was armed except with and brother retreated to would not take advice from pitchforks. He never saw any adjoining house which was also Burgess and party as he knew pistols in his party but did hear broken open in the front and they had nothing against him. 13 Court: "How many men were ass1stance. Witness saw Burgess magistrate was present and in the party which rescued your take a warrant from his pocket therefore such an instrument mother in that district we have and read it so as to be heard by could only be forged for the got so good a character from the people inside. purpose of cheating the your neighbouring magistrate?" The constable sergeant was Assistant Barrister and the No answer. then examined. He said that public into the opinion that the Question: "Will you swear on there were twelve constables respectability of the Court in your oath that you did not desire armed with short firelocks and Graigue was unquestionable. inside party to hold out as there bayonets. They had come to take Would Col. Rochford at the were 20ff300 coming to your the Griffins under a bench instance of a drunken collier assistance?" "I will not." warrant. The witness said it was · issue a summons (with a view of The prosecution closed. a pity to pull down the house and pocketing the fees) against a For the defence Mr. Rikey advised them to surrender. respectable female shopkeeper proved that he executed a bench Someone inside said that if it of this town and bring her into warrant. was pulled down they would another county and for what, for Dudley Hill examined by Mr. only rebuild it on the morrow. the sum of 3 pence (3d). We Greene. Witness thought that they could answer "No". Would Mr. Q: I believe you were sub sheriff. not be taken quietly. Thomas do it "No". Would such A: I was. His Lordship said that the a summons be issued from the Q: I believe you are well evidence was very suspicious as court of Graigue? "Yes". We acquainted with Co. Carlow. the -witnesses contradicted each shall publish the substance of it. A: Very well. other and directed the court to A collier sold a load of coals, Q: You know Ballyhacket and consider D. Hill's evidence as to delivered them and was paid. heard eulogies pronounced the lawless state of the country Some time later he returned and on it. What is your opinion? and that notwithstanding the said that he was 3 pence short. A: I think it the only improper appearance of the military force The lady insisted that she paid place in the county. I would the execution of a bench warrant for the quantity that she got. The not be afraid to go to any part was openly resisted and fellow set off to seek for justice ... of Co. Carlow except according to the declaration of a Where does he go to? To the next Ballyhacket. witness battle was made. magistrate? No. To the Burgess communicated with On the evidence his Lordship sovereign of Carlow where the witness who sent him to Lt thought that the jury should transaction occurred? No, but to Stackpole who thought it acquit the prisoners. Without Queen's County, to Mr. necessary to send a military leaving the box the jury acquited Jackson's court and pays what detachment. He had a warrant the accused. we suppose is the current price of for riot and rescue and the oldest 10 pence to recover 3 pence. A constable was sent. T. Kirwan An example summons was served on the lady the gaoler proved that he heard in Carlow to appear 'instanter' Pat Griffin regret that he had of "justice" at his office in Queen's County. taken brother Tom's advice and It was not filled in by deputy that ifhe had surrendered things The following is an example of Kilmarnock but by Mr. Jackson would not have turned out as another type of "justice" that himself. Such a summons should they did. one might meet in courts in never come from the hand of a Mr. Pettigrew is a soldier, one Carlow in the same year as that magistrate. We have no of the above party. He said that of the above. It is also an hesitation in saying that such a when they came to the house interesting example of the court is a disgrace to the county. they knocked on the door and workings of the courts of petty The same paper also reports of said that they had a warrant sessions as ruled by resident this magistrate that the chief against the Griffins. Burgess magistrates. In the interests of justice at the Maryborough said that if they did not open the brevity all that is given here is Assizes, the Hon. Baron Smith, door he would break-it. He broke the editorial of the Carlow gave the following judgement on it and received a stab wound and Morning Post of the 17th April Mr. Jackson in a much more again demanded admittance. 1820 regarding the Graigue important case. When this was refused he told Petty Sessions. "If you were actuated as you the soldiers to break down the It must be re.membered that say by a love of justice the best wall. Party inside said that he the Burgess trial took place in way you could satisfy the public would not surrender to any blind the Carlow Assizes which were of it would be by conducting the rascal like Burgess. held twice a year. The prosecution with propriety. No importance of these events can magistrate should interfere be gauged by their frequency. where the case has come before The birds Petty sessions were held once a him unless he has had the had flown week and only tried cases opportunity of employing involving sums of less than five counsel and such interference is When:::.th.e-.wall was broken a pounds. The editorial is as absolutely necessary. woman said: "Here is the nest follows: Mr. Jackson: Will your but the birds have flown." At "We have in our possession lordship allow me to explain. this time one soldier was one of the Graigue documents Baron Smith: Your explana­ wounded.Not a shot was fired up containing a palpable and tion may be of great consequence to this time except one at the known lie on the face of it. It but in my opinion men's lives are thatch. Someone inside called purports to be the adjudication of some consequence and out "Ballyhacket for ever" and of a session of magistrates. therefore sir suppose I proceed to told soldiers to be off as 2-300 Perhaps Mr. Jackson is a session charge the jury and summon you people were coming to their in himself for no other to sit down. 14 From the Chair By Martin Nevin

ST. PATRICK'S COLLEGE published works made the sport TIDY TOWNS of mountaineering respectable In the 35th year of the Although St. Patrick's College at a time when it was considered competition and with 624 of the celebrates the two hundredth reckless. estimated 800 towns and anniversary of its official The irony of the contrast villages in the country taking ,. opening this year part of the between the philosophy part, we can be justly proud of building had been completed underlying the foundation and the Tidy Towns committees some years earlier. It was late work of St. Patrick's College throughoutourcounty.Outofll 1791 before the Protestant appearing in the same issue as entries in 1992 seven of them Bishop gave permission for the the article on Tyndall's obtained 180 marks or better, opening of the College. materialism will not be lost on just 10 to 14 points behind the the readers but perhaps is The primary function of the overall winner. indicative of the breadth of the Congratulations and long college was a seminary for editorial of the Carloviana Catholic clergy. With the may you keep up the good work. outbreak of the French BAGENALSTOWN TWINNING Revolution, it assumed the additional function of a college. Bagenalstown celebrated its two Ten years after the declaration to twin Carlow with the town of One of the few religious· hundredth anniversary last year even though tp.e Bagnal family's Dole in France, the formal buildings in Carlow not twinning Charter was signed on designed by Cobden, he is association with the area goes back over four centuries. While Saturday, 9th May, 1992. The associated with planning the occasion was celebrated with an .north wing with its magnificent the town has some beautiful buildings the development of impressive open air ceremony at stone staircase and other the newly renovated Haymarket. alterations in the 1830s. "the Versailles of the South East" was frustrated when Many dignitaries were present It is now the oldest Catholic contemporary builders turned when the Charter was signed by ecclesiastical institution in the the backyards of houses towards Mayor Barbier of Dole and Mr. English speaking world. the river. Sean Whelan, Chairman of Carlow Urban Council. Two centuries later one may KEEFFE OR O'KEEFFE Once again may I extend my ask if the same scene is being thanks to the officers and repeated along the bank of the members of the society for their Incidentally, both the Freeman's river Burrin in Carlow town. Journal of September 1785, and help and support throughout the Rev. P. J. Brophy in his article Will the legacy of present day year and take this opportunity to "The Birth of Carlow College" Carlow be comparable to that of wish all our readers a joyous and refer to the Bishop as Dr. James Walter Bagnal? happy Christmas. Keeffe. Fr. Matthew Kelly refers to Dr. James O'Keeffe as indeed does the plaque in Browne St. The article on St. Patrick's by ''Mountain Dew'' Fr. John McEvoy provides further insights into its history and development. IN 1930 an illicit poteen still was found in . The previous prosecution of this kind in the County was JOHN TYNDALL when a private still was discovered in Myshall. The brewer Once again Tyndall expert got six months and the still was confiscated and Norman MacMillan reveals transferred to Carlow Jail. some new material which he has uncovered about the famous Shortly afterwards a certain Carlow Maltster was Leighlinbridge scientist, John surprised when the Governor of the Jail sent for a Tyndall. · quantity of malt. His surprise was still greater when a little He describes him as aileading later he was presented with a large jar of poteen .. spokesman of the evolutionists when he developed the It transpired that while the prisoner was serving his philosophical base of scientific sentence he whiled away the time making "mountain materialism to include the dew," which the Governor and officials of the Jail human imagination. thoroughly enjoyed. He further claims that Tyndall through his notable exploits and - The Nationalist & Leinster Times. 813/ 1930. ,15 COUNTY CARLOW M COMPILED AND PHOTOGRAPHS e,

OUR knowledge of the number of stone antiquities in "In Ballycrogue the locals say (1839) that no person County Carlow is growing each year. We have three has been buried in the graveyard for some time past, more examples to catalogue in this issue of Carloviana. since a lady buried a favourite dog in it, with all the See also outside back cover for what we believe is the ceremonies of a christian funeral". first photograph of a Cromlech at Donore. - Ordnance Survey Letters, 1839. Above /eft:This slab with a Latin cross carved in relief is located near the church ruins of Ballycrogue. "The slab measures approx. 3' 2" long by 1' 8" wide and 8" thick. Tommy Clarke in his researches has discovered the following references to Ballycrogue: Above right: A slab with a ringed cross carved in relief "Admission by Matthew, Bishop of Leighlin, of William is small in comparison to the Ballycrogue example. It Occuryn alias Thankart to the rectory of Balycarroke measures approx. 13" high, 1O" at its widest tapering to (Ballycrogue), with mandate to the Archdeacon for 7" at the bottom. No history is attached to this cross, induction, and the latter's certificate. 8 March, 1533-4". other than it is on top of a wall in a farmyard at Aughabeg " - Irish Monastic and Episcopel Deeds". for at least the last 60 years.

WHILE Mr. Martin Kavanagh of Coshill was repairing a fence on his land at Knockscur, he overturned a stone and thereby discovered County Carlow's ...illlllllllll latest addition to its Rock Art "'111111111111 collection. This brings the total to eight in the county. • The other seven examples are at, Ballinkillen; Coolasnaghta; Gowlin; Kilcullen, Tinnecarrig; Knockbrack; Rathgeran and Spahill.

16 m:ELLANY fWll 11.&M ELLIS

IT was always known that Clonmore was one of County Carlow's important historical locations. In 1991 the Royal Irish Academy published a paper by Peter Harbison. M.R.I.A.*, which has enhancedi~importance significantly. The paper is an in-depth study and explanation of the early Christian antiquities at Clonmore. It is recommended reading for anyone interested in the local history of County Carlow. Mr. Harbison in his comments on the site notes that Glendalough is the only other place in South Leinster to have more· cross-decorated slabs. The slab with the ringed cross carved in relief, (pictured right) is singled out as being unique in Ireland. It has carvings representing branches 'growing' out of the shaft.

"... The tree of man's defeat became his tree of victory ... "

Unfortunately the slab has been badly defaced over the years by the addition of inscriptions, . including the date, 1828. -

• Early Christian Antiquities at Oor,more. Co. Carlow by Peter Har.>1son. Royal Irish Academy, •g Dawson Street, Dublin 2. ~,ce £3 plus postage.

17 Brett of Craanluskey and Ballygowan By John Augney, P.P.

HE graveyard at Tomard, with its which I shall give below. It contains some surmise ruined Church, is well worth a visit. but for the most part, it can be backed up by The spot has atmosphere; a meeting records. There are other family members that I place for centuries under a ring of cannot at the moment fit into the above scheme - T Pierce Brett of Rathornan, and Oliver Brett of pleasant hills. It was the centre of a parish called Tomard, Tullocrene or Kilcreene. This parish was Ballinabranna. dedicated to St. Brigid and stretched from Rathornan, near Leighlinbridge to the townland Deeds/transactions re Brett family of Augharue on the Carlow /Kilkenny border. The Lease 4.5.1684 - Not registered - recited in grav·eyard is kept in immaculate condition by a 22282. Richard, Earl of Arran TO Edmund Brett, local committee. On the third Sunday in July each town and lands of Craanlusky and Ballygowan year, Mass is said there for the faithful departed. containing 462 acres. Moiety of Tomard There are many interesting memorials and containing 224 acres. For two lives - Elinor and headstones. I have been particularly interested for Mary Ramsey. some time in a Brett family from the area and you Ballygowan family will find five of their headstones at the eastern end Will of Edmund Brett the Elder 11.7.1702 of the graveyard. Comerford mentions that Philip -Not registered - recited in 22282. Leaves to his Brett of Craanlusky was surety for Rev. Edward son, Edmund, his interest in the town and lands of Kavanagh, ordained in Kilkenny in 1669 (Vol. Ill, Ballygowan. p.100). The last surviving member of the family Lease & Release 23.10.1722, 24.10.1722 - seems to be Brigid Rice (nee Brett) who died in Ref. 37, 173, 22282 - Registry of Deeds. Edmund 1818. The family history, therefore, covers almost Brett, Colmkill, Anne Brett, his wife and Martin 200 years in this area. Brett, Ross TO Arthur Bush, Kilninry, the town The information in the Family Tree (below), and lands of Ballygowan, containing 155 acres. comes mainly from tombstone inscriptions, Index For two lives - Elinor and Mary Ramsey. to Leighlin Administrations Intestate (See Irish Lease 18.7.1751 - Ref. 152-142-101092, Ancestor 1972) and from various Brett deeds Catherine Fitzmaurice of Cregg TO Edmund Brett BRETr FAMILY TREE

EdmundB. - Win. Moore Philip B. Daniel B. - Elinor Long 1637 .. 1702 Craanlusky (1634 _ 1702) (1661 _ 1699) Craanlusky (Surety for Rev. Ballygowan &I (Grant oflands from 1I E. Kavanagh in 1669) Tomard Earl of Arran 1684) * Thomas B.

Pierce B. Edmund == Anne ? Martin B. Philip B. Mabel Blackney Ballygowan (1674 - 1764) ~ (Eldest Son) (1662 - 1730) (1683 - 1735) Ballygowan &~ M. Dobbyn Ballinabranna & Craanlusky Ballycormack Colmkill I (1665 - 1751) New Ross

William B. Edmund B. John (1714 - 1732) Ballygowan Ballygowan Daur: .T Dun Thomas (1715 - 1785) Died 1778 Died 1784 Mary (1716 - 1788) Anne Dun Catherine (1719 - 1735) (1756 - 1763) Judith (1723 - 1783) Elinor (- 1800) * See Will of Rev. Richard Long P.P. Gowran Brigid (- 1818) p.423, Vol. III Carrigan (wife of James Rice, Kellymount)

_lli_ Brett J tombstones in Toma rd Graveyard

Photo: Fr. Aughney.

ofBallygowan, the town and lands of De:rrymoyle, Brett TO Hughes 31-158-18624 containing 85 acres for 29 years. Brett TO Rice 455-52-291201 Agreement 16.4.1752 - Ref. 154-326-103899. Fitzmaurice TO Brett 152-143-101093 Between William Brett of Ballygowan, Gent and Brett TO Fitzpatrick 48-150-31165 Edmund Brett of Ballygowan, gent. Edmund to Brett TO Kelly 241-276-158847 have Derrymoyle and Ardateggle. William to have Brett TO Hutchinson 241-277-158848 lands of Ballygowan, also, the Mansion House and Blackney TO Phelan 392-199-258608 out-offices of Ballygowan for 3 years and other Brett TO Phelan 485-117-303275 lands to be decided by father and uncle. Brett TO Marsh 42-212-26156 Deed of Trust Craanlusky family (Laurence Rice) 390-13-262214 Lease 18.3.1708 - Ref. 29-203-31583. Philip Brett of Craanlusky TO Thomas Brett, Clothier, The Dublin families Dublin and Pierce Brett of Ballygowan, Gent, most At the same period, there was a number of Brett of Craanlusky for 99 years. families in the Coombe, Francis Street area, who Deed of Assignment 19.3.1710-Ref.17.158- were connected to the Carlow families. One family 8485. Thomas Brett, Clothier TO Pierce Brett, of particular interest is the family of Florence Dublin, Gent. The lands of Craanlusky as in above Brett, Clothier and his wife, Margaret ofFordam's lease. Alley. The famly pedigree is given (G.O. M.S. 176 Lease 28.10.1725 - Ref. 47-179-30063. Philip PP 141, 2 Positive 8306) and I came across three Brett of Craanlusky TO John. Brett of the same, queries about them: part of Craanlusky for 31 years. - Genealogists Magazine Vol. 10, No. 6, June 1948. Lease 25.5.1786 - Not registered, recited in - Ibid Vol. 12, No. 12, December 1957. 262214. Walter Blackney, James Rice, Mary Brett, - Irish Genealogist Vol. 2, No. 5, October 1947. Elinor Brett TO Laurence Rice of Kellymount, 92 They are referred to as Brett of Ballygowan. acres of Ballygowan and 3 holdings. Also 29 acres They belonged to the parish of St. Nicholas of Craanlusky for 24 years. Without and are buried with a fine headstone in a Lease 10.6.1787 - Ref. 397-211-264043. David disused graveyard called "the cabbage patch" - Latouche, John Latouche, Peter Latouche TO now a people's park off Kevin Street. They Mary Brett and Elinor Brett, Ballygowan belonged to the Church of Ireland. This might containing 65 acres for 37 years. explain the feeling one gets of a certain "distance" Lease 29.5.1789- Ref. 453-407-291200. Elinor between themselves and the Carlow families. Brett of Crane TO Bridget Brett, otherwise Rice of Finally, a couple of questions for another day or Kellymount, Ballygowan'; the Mill Quarter, possibly for one of our readers - How were the containing 43 acres for 38 years. · families buried at Tomard connected with Oliver Deed of Assignment 20.9.1 796- Recited in Brett of Seville, Spain and his scholarly grandson 334359 - Ref. 504-206-26791. Elinor Brett TO the Rev. Daniel W. Cahill D.D. of Arles and the Patrick Dunn & Patrick Rice, Ballygowan and 3 fortunes of the Rice family of Kellymount (family Judgement Debts. of Brigid Brett who died in 1818); they seem to have Deed of Assignment 26.2.1798 - Ref. departed Kellymount circa 1835. 506.578-334359. Recites previous deed and changes In conclusion, we can say that the Brett families it. of Ballygowan and Craanlusky were among the There are a number of other memorials re Brett foremost Catholic families of County Carlow of lands in Tomard, Craanlusky, Ballygowan, in their time. They were connected with some of the Colmkill. Co. Kilkenny and in Co_ Laois: leading families in Carlow and Kilkenny, controlled a sizeable amount of land and we can Bmt TO Meaics 32--96-19064 safely assume that they played an important role I Keating TO Bmt IC-248-99361 in our area in the 17th and 18th century. 19 I/ ' "TWO generations liavegrown up about him since he came among us ... He has devoted a long life and a highly cultivated intellect to the instruction and moral wellbeing of the youth of Galway ... That Brother O'Connor has earned the gratitude of his fellow citizens everyone who krwws a_nything of Galway must be aware; and probably there is no living teacher in whom is concentrated a more widespread and sincere affection. Thousands in other lands who have never seen him here have been taught to mention his name with gratitude.,, (The Galway Vindicator - December 31, 1864). Brother Paul James O'Connor (17f)6-1878) By Brother Kevin M. Ruane

AMES O'Connor was born in Rathornan, chambers the teacher and his monitors might -J Leighlinbridge, Co. Carlow, in 1796. In have up to 400 or 500 boys to teach. However, the 1823 when he was 27 years of age, James numbers in the beginning were not so great, O'Connor joined the Brothers of St. possibly 300 in the whole school. But they were to Patrick at Tullow, where they had been .founded grow, and in the mid-1840s were to reach over just 15 years previously. He was professed in 1825 1,100. The was to reduce this huge and the following year he was chosen by Bishop number and for the remainder of Paul's time the Doyle (of Kildare and Leighlin) to go to Galway numbers seem to have evened out between 600 and- and establish a community of Patrician Brothers 700. Of course attendances were nowhere as there. His journey, of course, was on foot and he regular in those times as would be expected today. arrived there in December, 1826. He was to spend the remainder of his long life in that city. A few months later he was joined by his colleague, and School was operated close friend for many years to come, Brother as a charity Anthony Mogue Redmond from Camolin, Co. Wexford. The Galway Paul O'Connor came to was a The school was operated as a charity and run by poverty-stricken city with a teeming, bursting a committee who had to raise the funds annually to population. Just then efforts were being made by cover all costs, including pay for teachers. Paul the clergy and some businessmen to get some operated the teaching of the school by organising -schools, open to all children, established. Paul's it in the Lancastrian System whereby a small job was to get as many as possible of poor, hungry number of teachers could instruct a large number children off the streets and into the school and give of pupils by the use of monitors. Monitors were just them at least the rudiments of an education. the older leading pupils in the school. Years later, Recently the had begun this one visitor to the school was to refer to Paul's work for the girls and Paul undertook the running "small army" of monitors. of the Boys' Free School in a partly newly-built, After just three years Paul O'Connor came to partly reconstructed former military barracks at realise that the destitution and wretchedness of so Lombard Street. Also part of this former military' many of the school population were just too structure was the accommodation for the teachers, painful to be ignored. How could so many hungry, destined for more than a century to be the home of half-naked children be expected to come to school Brothers' community in Galway. In that with any kind ofregularity, if they came at all; or, 'monastery' Paul lived for the rest of his life. in school, how could they learn anything when they might, at any moment, faint with hunger? Paul established another charity and began Entered monastery on feeding some of the orphan boys attending the January 15, 1827 school. Depending on public benevolence, he canvassed, and continued to do so for the rest of his -days, for donations to his Orphans,' or later, Poor Paul, with one companion, entered the Boys' Breakfast Institute. This began in May, monastery on January 15, 1827, having in his own 1830, and continued seven days a week and 365 words "recited the Te Deum in thanksgiving to the days a year until long after Paul's own time. Almighty." Whatever he was thankful for, it was hardly for anything tha:t might b~ called the Breakfast rather than a later meal was decided luxuries of life - one can imagine the cold on for a number of reasons: to entice recipients to sparsely-furnished quarters on that January day. come to school more regularly; to stay in school On that day he began his Day-Book after putting after the meal; to be able to concentrate better at Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam at the top; he end,ed that lessons. The breakfast -consisted of oatmeal first day's entry with a financial statement: "Cash stirabout, seasoned with some molasses. Later, the on hands on entering the monastery £0.ld." menu would include Indian meal and, sometimes, The school consisted of two large classrooms, rice. Paul always kept down expenses on each 100 ft. long with high ceilings and totally everything else so as to be able to buy as much food - undivided by wall or partition. In each of these as possible. Obtaining the food was never a 20 problem, not even during the Great Famine, as long as he had money to pay for it. On the first morning Paul fed 16 orphan-boys; by the end of that month there were 40 each morning; within a matter of months the number was in l C ,_Id, hundreds rather than dozens. The economic ~,.....,.,. situation in Galway in the pre-Famine years was abysmal and unemployment on a really horrific scale as it was to continue thus right through all the 1800s. As the Famine conditions hardened in the mid-1840s, Paul found himselffeeding an ever­ increasing army of hungry boys each morning. The highest point was reached on a morning in March, 1848, when he fed exactly 1,005. Always meticulous in keeping his Day-Book and recording facts and figures, Paul seemed to have baulked when it came to mentioning deaths of his school children. Only once did such a fact slip through; that was in his Annual Report in May, 1848: "Died during the year: 51." Whenever Paul had any funds to spare in later years when things had eased somewhat, - though even in the best of years the n umher for breakfast rarely fell below 200 - he spent it on clothing for the desperately needy. And as the years went on he devoted a lot of effort to obtaining jobs for boys on finishing school whom he had fed all through their school-life. Promoted a self-help for boys

Also back in the year 1830, Paul tackled another problem. Because of the lack of opportunity, many of his pupils, even very capable boys, would be doomed to a semi-nomadic existence on the city streets after finishing their school career. To provide a self-help outlet for a few of these boys, he promoted a club for them, with a strong religious bent to it, that he called the Aloysian Society (after the patron of youth, St. Aloysius Gonzaga). Its members were taken from the senior boys in the school and they were to continue as members all through their teen years. They were expected to aim at a really high standard of excellence, thus continuing the spiritual formation begun at school. High ideals were set before them in the practice of genuine Christianity for the sake of God and other people. While he left control of the Society's affairs as far as possible in the hands of the boys themselves, Paul established himself as Guardian of the Society; his role was to offer inspiration and provide personal guidance and counselling to the members. Brother Paul's life in Galway was thus, from early on, filled with activity - he ran a big school, where the number to help him was never more than three or four; he operated the Breakfast Institute and he was Guardian to the Aloysian Society. All those roles he continued to the very end of his life. He was also for most of his life head of the community he established in Lombard Street. There the number of Brothers remained

Inscription on front of monument reads: Pray for the soul of Brother Paul O'Connor a member of the ~ Religious Institute of the Brothers of Saint Patrick ~ who departed this life on the 17th of April A.D. 1878 in the 84th year ofhis age and 53rd ofhis Religious Profession. R.I.P. - Photo courtesy: Bill Scanlan, Galway City Museum. 21 L small, taking a long time to reach five or six. When Joseph's Seminary one thing he included was that things improved a little, however, and there were "the language and history of our beloved seven in community in the early 1860s, Paul fatherland will be encouraged and cultivated." launched another foundation. Paul's two schools, although both are on sites With the encouragement and support of the local slightly removed from the originals, are still in bishop, he founded St. Joseph's Catholic operation today - the first one, in Lorn bard Street, Seminary. This was to be different from Paul's a (St. Patrick's School), the other, own monastery school in Lombard Street which in ' , a secondary school (St. Joseph's was a free school aimed at the least well-off section College). The community founded by Paul lived on ofthepopulation.St.Joseph'sinNuns' Island was in the monastery in the old barracks until 1955. to be fee-paying and aimed at the middle classes of Then it moved to a new dwelling in Nuns' Island the city. It was to be developed into a secondary and in 1990 we moved to Kingston which is where school with a "Mercantile and Science Paul is buried. Department" and eventually a "Classical Having lived to see the community purchase Department." It opened in January, 1863 with Kingston House, then on the outskirts of the city, around 200 pupils. Paul, however, did not go to in 1877 with the intention of establishing a teach there; he remained at his post in Lombard novitiate for the Brothers in Ireland, Bro. Paul died Street, satisfying himself with a supervisory role on April 17, 1878. He was buried in a newly­ as director of the new school. prepared cemetery at Kingston House. A great Once every four or five years during the summer many, or as one source put it, "nearly all" the poor break from school, Paul would journey back to of Galway followed Paul's funeral procession the Tullow for a month with, one feels certain, visits to two-mile trek to his final resting place. his native Leighlin. In the early decades all these Immediately, donations came from former pupils trips would be made on foot. to put a proper monument over his grave. Today During his own formative years in Co. Carlow, that monument still reads: Paul must have heard many eye-witness accounts of the events in Leinster in 1798. That, it has been "This cross was erected by the people of Galway said, may explain a note of patriotic fervour in his teaching. One of his pupils, the famous Dominican and by his affectionate pupils in America, preacher, Father Tom Burke, OP, has written of Australia and other distant lands as a memorial Paul: "He taught me that next to God who made of their love for one who devoted his life to the me, I should love the land of my birth." When Paul glory of God in the work of education and in the was drawing up the curriculum of the new St. service of the Poor".

The Muinebeag Gas Company THE Muinebeag Gas Co. have closed down, and from the 8th inst. no supply has been available for consumers. Mr. P. D. O'Mahony, the Manager, has received instructions to have the retorts, etc., dismantled and sold. - The Nationalist & Leinster Times, 22111 I 1930

COUNTY CARLOW MUSEUM l Town Hall, Carlow Open Daily (MONDAY EXCEPTED) 2.30 to 5.30 P .M.

VIEW THE WIDE RANGE OF EXHIBITS

22 t i Secretary's Report By Rose Murphy

1992 has been another successful year for the Old Hacketstown. This area is, according to eminent Carlow Society. The annual general meeting was archaelogists, comparable with Clonmacnoise as held in the Royal Hotel on the 30th January. At an ancient monastic site. St. Mogue's Well was this meeting the chairman, Mr. Martin Nevin said visited and we learned that St. Crone who gave her he was encouraged to see the interest shown by the name to that part of Carlow known as large attendance. He emphasised that the aim of Templecroney came from Clonmore. Mr. Eddie the Society was to foster and encourage interest in ,McDonald, local historian, proved a very history, particularly local history. He also knowledgeable guide. Our summer season ended expressed the hope that young people would join with a visit to Celtworld in Tramore on the 13th the Society. September. Celtworld is a unique method using The officers elected were: chairman, Mr. Martin modern technology to make our Celtic legends Nevin; vice-chairman, Mr. Kevin Kennedy. Miss very real to the viewer. It was a most enjoyable Anna Kearney resigned from her position as trip. treasurer and Mrs. Breda Brady and Mrs. Margaret Minchin were elected joint hon. Carloviana: treasurers. The chairman complimented Miss Our annual journal is now very well known and Kearney on the work she did to keep the accounts is often referred to by researchers and students of which were audited by external auditors and show history. The early editions are now very rare and a sound financial state. Committee members are considered collectors' items. Mr. Thomas elected appear on another page, McGamhann and Mr. Billy Ellis are to be Slide shows by Mr. Seamus Murphy and Mr. congratulated on the fine standard of the present Billy Ellis and a very good lecture by Col. E. D. publication. Doyle (retd.) on the "Emergency" brought the winter season to a close. During the Eigse Festival Mr. John Monahan of Castletown gave an The Museum: interesting talk on field Marshal Wolsley of Mount The Museum was closed for a time this year to Wolsley, Tullow, now the home of the Patrician enable some renovations to be made. A grant from Brothers. the National Lottery has enabled the committee to purchase audio/visual equipment which will Outings enhance the museum and hopefully attract more An afternoon outing on the 17th May was the visitors. start of the summer schedule. This was a visit to During the year the members of the Society were Borris House and Demesne, the home of the saddened to hear of the death of Mr. Bill Kelly. Bill MacMurrough Kavanagh family. Mrs. Tina was a loyal member who gave valued assistance Kavanagh brought the group on a tour of the house when the museum was established. May he rest in and gave us a very interesting account of the peace. various memoers of this famous family. The In concluding this report I should like to thank Kavanagh chalice which is in the Parish Church all who helped during the year: Mrs. Dooley of was also of great interest. Our next stop was the Dooleys Fruit Shop for taking names for the Viaduct where Fr. P. O'Shea, P.P., gave a talk on outings, The Nationalist & Leinster Times for the the origin and construction of this well known publicity they always gave our activities and the landmark. A visit to Carries Museum on the return sponsors who take space in the Society's journal, journey engaged the interest of the party for quite Carloviana. a while as they viewed the agricultural artifacts of a bygone era. The full day annual outing took place on the 21st June to Enniscorthy, Boolavogue and Oulart. Mr. Brian Cleary who is well versed in the history of the Wexford area conducted us on a very enjoyable tour. Our first stop was the museum which is situated in Enniscorthy Castle. Here the curator described the various sections and told us the history of the Castle. A climb to the top of Vinegar Hill brought home to us the vantage point it was in the 1798 Insurrection. At Boolavogue and Oulart Mr. Clery gave an account of the historical events associated with these areas. An afternoon outing took place on the 19th July to "Avondale", home of Charles Stewart Parnell. This estate is now being cued for by Coillte Teo. An audio visual pna!lltation, "Parnell of Avondale," madetbiaCRdinga WQ"enjoyableone. This w~U at Castlemore, Tullow bears an We also visi1ed Awca on thew wlte1-1NJD.. The inscription which reads,_ Saint Kathl.een's Well Aug11st outing ..... to CIGII.BIOre near restored 1870. 23 Noteworthy Anniversaries By William Ellis Father Jrunes 1793 Maher 1993 James Maher was born at Don ore, Catholic Church and upholding the rights of the Bagenalstown, County Carlow on the 24th May, poor. 1 793. Shortly after his birth his family moved to So successful was he in highlighting the Kilrush, County Kildare. He received his early injustice of the Tithe system imposed on Catholics, education at the Quaker school, Ballytore and that the London Times singled him out by name in secondary education at St. Patrick's College, one of its articles condemning those resisting the Carlow. collecting of Tithes. Studying for the priesthood in , he was " ... it is against such priests as Maher who ordained in 1821. Returning to Ireland, his first profane the sacred ministry, that we appointment was as curate in Kildare. After a few have laboured ... " months he was transferred as curate to Carlow Father James Maher died on Holy Thursday, and lived with Bishop Doyle at Old Derrig. He was 1874 after a life of service to the poor and his to remain the Bishop's confidant until Dr. Doyle's country. death. • See also: The Life and Times of Father James Maher, Father Maher was the author of a prodigious Carlouiana, 1957, No. 6. Father James Maher, number of letters defending the teachings of the 1793-1874 by Alec Bums, Carlouiana, 1975, No. 24. Poor Clare 1893 Collettines 1993 1993 also sees the one hundredth anniversary of and Ireland had provided the necessary funds to the coming of the Poor Clare Collettines to Carlow­ build a monastery. Graigue. All obstacles were eventually overcome and the On May 1, 1883 five nuns from Levenshulme, nuns moved to their present monastery in 1900. Manchester, at the invitation of Rev. Daniel " ... It was well for the world that there were Byrne, P.P., with the approval of Bishop Lynch, such women in it. It was well for this age established a convent in the premises (now of ours - this age of selfish motives, this occupied by a newsagents) on Graigue bridge. age of unjust ambition, this age of sordid These premises proved to be unsatisfactory as a ideals - it was well for the world it had convent for a contemplative order of nuns, but they these women to teach it ... " were to remain there for seven years. This quotation is from the sermon preached on It was the lack of a suitable site that prevented the occasion of the blessing of the new monastery. the nuns from having suitable accommodation, as It is even more relevant today. the friends of the Poor Clares in England, Scotland • See also: Carlouiana, 1984, No. 23. Muse~';!v':/fl?.2i'! 1992 ~...f_

ROGRESS hllll been slow. Visitors numbers ,: j P down which is understandable due to the fact hours are possible plus the registration of all that the museum has been closed for most of the artifacts can be brought up to date. Big thanks to year. Reasons being: (1) Setting up of our audio­ the J+).Useum committee, to Mr. Des Lynch and his visual display unit, (2) our Fas employment staff in Fas office (without Fas employment scheme closed in June. schemes over the years, the museum would not The good news is that we have been informed have developed to its present standard), to Carlow ] from Fas that a new scheme can commence this U.D.C. staff for their help, to Mr. James Mulhall, 1 November with two persons. We are again looking our curator/caretaker, for doing a wonderful job, 1 forward to furnishing the service the visitors and finally to all those who helped in so many i expect. With two persons employed longer opening different ways during the year. 1 24 I Tyndall the philosopher John Tyndall (1820?-1893) By Norman McMillan

OHN Tyndall physicist, philosopher and Tyndall warmed to Carlyle's Past and Present evolutionist, was born probably 1820 in with its clarion call for action and new leadership. Leighlinbridge, Co. Carlow, Ireland in a It is an interesting historical paradox that J village adjacent to the birthplace of Tyndall, the man most clearly associated with Berkeley, and on the very edge of the "pale" with Victorian materialism, should have intellectually its cultural clash between families derived from been so closely associated with this man ofletters Cromwellian settlers and the indigenous Catholic whose work sought a new spiritual meaning in people proud of their ancient traditions. (1) His nature. formative influences were shaped considerably by Tyndall led a struggle against the exploitation this family background .. With his fiercely anti­ of the Irish workers in the English Survey which Catholic father schooling him in arguments led to his dismissal. After a period of forced against transubstantiation and other tenets of unemployment, he obtained work as a railway papism, in a county that a mere two decades earlier surveyor in England and began attending classes had seen the bloody beginnings of the 1798 in the local Mechanics Institute in Preston from Rebellion, and that had brought carnage to the which point he developed a lifelong interest in streets ofLeighlinbridge. Itis believed that John's technical education (2). His relationship with mother derived from wealthy Catholic farmers, the Principal of Tulketh Hall School G. the Malones and McAsseys, and it is believed that Edmondson led to his appointment as Tyndall in a letter to his mother enquired whether Superintendent to the Engineering Laboratory in it was true that his great-grandmother had "been Queenwood College in 1847. This Quaker school cut off with a shilling for marrying out of arose like an educational phoenix following upon connexion," that is presumably for marrying into the failure of Robert Owen's last great communist Quaker stock. experiment in establishing Harmony Hall in . Owen had here provided the most lavish educational facilities for vocational training ever seen in England to ensure that the • • • character of those who entered Harmony Hall would be moulded suitably to make them Tyndall was educated in Ireland in four schools, responsible members of the community. In this but he was most considerably influenced by former unique facility Tyndall and his friend Edward "Catholic hedge schoolteacher" John Conwill, Frankland, the Superintendent of the Science who with the ending of the Penal Laws in Ireland Laboratory, carried out probably the first and the Catholic Emancipation movement, experiment in England in practical engineering operated semi-legally from a pay school in and science teaching and developed the Ballyknockan, Leighlinbridge from 1824 and "heuristical method" made famous later in the subsequently with the establishment of the first century by Frankland's disciple H.E. Armstrong state supported schools from 1833 at the (3). Ballinabranna National School. Tyndall may have attended his Ballyknockan school, but certainly and despite the vigorous protest from Dean Barnard Boyle, Protestant rector of • • • Leighlinbridge, young John was sent by his father to Conwill, then reputedly the best teacher in The ambitious Tyndall and Frankland both Leinster, to finish his education from 1836-1839. travelled seeking a professional training in The education provided by Conwill remarkably science to Marburg University in 1848, which was included book-keeping, surveying, mathematics, of special significance to this mature Irish student English and other practical knowledge that as it was here that the English martyr Tyndale marked it out as a t.echnical training of the highest and a supposed ancestor had made .the first quality. translation of the bible into the vernacular. Such Equipped with this background Tyndall joined an education was not available in Britain at this the Ordnance Survey and worked in Carlow and time. Tyndall there studied under the remarkable Youghal, Co. Cork before transferring in 1842 to Robert Bunsen, employing his own savings to the English Survey. During this time in the Irish support himself, and he duly obtained an Survey he adopted a strict regime of self­ impressive education in physics and chemistry, improvement and began reacting among other and obtained in 1851 a PhD from a mathematical things philosophical worbofa rathervaried kind investigation of screw surfaces. The philosophical Much to the distress of his parents. he became influence of Marburg on Tyndall may have been influenced by radical ideas of the Chadiat far greater than here-to-fore appreciated with Movement and the heroic ideas of his age, but regards to his later development of materialism, as particularly those of Thomas Carlyle, with whom Carl Schorlemmer a student of Bunsen who he later developed a very close personal friendship. subsequently worked as an industrial chemist in Owens College, Manchester with Roscoe (a appointed role of propagandist of German science student of Frankland) and there was to become a was continued for many years, and if he could not close political collaborator Engels and thereby find the time himself to translate books and papers Marx. for his German friends, he arranged for this to be Tyndall published his first regular scientific done by others and personally supervised this pieces while a student in Marburg in the local work. The enormous amount of German paper the Carlow Sentinel and thus began his publications in Britain at this time due to career as a populariser of science, an activity that Tyndall's translation and consultative work was to characterise his entire career. These articles considerably shaped the contemporary attitudes show him at this time as a liberal with a wide of the British scientific community and represent interest in current political affairs and most an important philosophical contribution. significantly on the touchstone issue ofrepression Certainly Tyndall saw this work as a contribution in Ireland. In Marburg he clearly became very to philosophy, which was being continually influenced by German materialism and in enriched by the extension of the boundaries of particular the original reductionist programme of natural science. organic physics of 184 7. Tyndall's connection with Tyndall was appointed in 1853 on the this movement was through one of the four leaders recommendation of Michael Faraday to the chair of the organic physics programme C.F.W. Ludwig, of natural philosophy at the Royal Institution of _who was at this time professor (extraordinarius) at GB in direct succession to Thomas Young. He had Marburg. been offered the position after making a sensational debut as a Discourse lecturer at the Royal Institution. Tyndall immediately became a disciple of Faraday adopting entirely his • • • experimental speculative methods and completely forsaking his mathematical training. Tyndall In a collaborative experimental research with H. began his research in London by conducted Knoblauch in Berlin from 1851 following Tyndall's experiments on water jets and notably for the first graduation from Marburg, they established the time showing light guiding in a water jet in 1854, modern theory of diamagnetism. Tyndall while in and he carried forward the glaciological researchs Berlin became acquainted with many of the of Faraday on ice and water, and then developed leading figures of German science and in an interest in meteorological questions and the particular Helmholz, Clausius and Kirchoff are of passage of radiation through the atmosphere. some significance when considering his Tyndall invented new methods of analysing philosophical development after leaving Marburg gases and vapours after introducing the null­ when he worked for a period in Berlin at the centre balance double-beam analyser to instrumentation. of German science. Of the philosophical He eventually delivered four Bakerian Lectures to tendencies in Germany who would have clearly the Royal Society from 1855 to 1881 "On influenced Tyndall, it was the reductionists, with Radiation" in a continuing series of pioneering whom he would have strongly identified because studies that founded the sciences of nephelometry, of their adoption of what was an essentially infra-red analysis, and fluorescence analysis. The sceptical empirical position that fitted very closely origin of these sciences are marked by his with Tyndall's own British background. There can invention of three new instruments. be no doubt that Tyndall was also influenced by the materialists and this is shown by his adoption of materialism from the beginning of his creative career as a maxim of his scientific research, • • • together with his German materialist commitment to popularising science. Tyndall is more properly Tyndall took over as Superintendent of the classified as a reductionist than a materialist in Royal Institution of GB on Faraday's forced the German sense, for example, doing translation retirement and published a memorable biography work for both Clausius and Helmholtz who were of his mentor on his death. Tyndall had in this rivals. Elsewhere Tyndall has been quite wrongly position onerous educational duties and in due classified as an English Materialist (4) when in course became the most celebrated public lecturer fact he should be thought of as an Irish of his day. In 1872, he carried out a lecture evolutionist, whose philosophical views derive programme in the United States and helped raise primarily from his German education. enormous amounts of funds to establish the In his period in Germany, Tyndall witnessed research facilities in Yale, Harvard, Columbia and revolutionary events and he was also caught in Universities to leave perhaps his bloody street fighting in Paris in 1848 while most lasting memorial to science. travelling to Germany. There is little doubt that In Britain, Tyndall was the first Chief Examiner these events tempered his later political attitudes. in physics for both the Military (1857) and School He was particularly influenced by the German Examinations (1859), and in drafting the first poetic Naturphilosophie of Goethe and Fichte and syllabus for the new curriculum school subject, he continued to read widely German material on his effectively defined the discipline of physics in return to Queenwood, which he used as a base from Britain. Professionalism of science had come which to apply for professional positions, while earlier in France and Tyndall's physics was translating the papers of the leading German derived from the French physique, through the physicist of his day for the Philosophical mediation of his experiences in Germany (5). Magazine to earn money for his keep. In this Tyndall subsequently wrote all the most translation work Tyndall not only placed himself influential school books on heat, sound and light, at the forefront of science in his day, but also while he produced lecture notes on electricity and developed significantly his grasp of fundamental magnetism based on lectures at the Royal philosophical questions in science. This self Institution. He thereby shaped fundamentally the 26 thought of English educationists on physics, defence, to advance their professional standing and through his leading role here in the and in other ways to benefit from group support. Examination Refonp. Movement, greatly shaped Tyndall's contribution to the evolutionary debate I the attitudes of British society as they reorganised came after the initial anatomical debates but was their state in the second half of the 19th century to eventually to be profound and very important to I meet the new demands of the Empire. the evolutionists. As the German trained Tyndall began travelling to the Alps in the mid- physicist, Tyndall fought for the atomicist and 1850s for his glaciological researches, but within progressively refining reductionist description of two years was engaged in serious competitive this theory, and this materialist position made II mountaineering and made the first ascent of him the principal target for the religious and their ~ ·i the Weisshorn and the first traverse of the many scientific supporters gathered in the Matterhorn. His Alpine and mountaineering established church. Tyndall developed his books popularised the new sport and his public arguments on several fronts, and in the early lectures on Alpine phenomena made respectable a period while Huxley was engaged in the headline sport believed at the time to be recklessly anti­ gathering anatomical debate, Tyndall was social. The conscious introduction of the ideas of working patiently to establish the experimental Carlyle into the domain of practical sporting description of solar transmission through the activity by Tyndall was in itself a significant atmosphere, in work which pinpointed the philosophical contribution, in developing the importance of water vapour, ozone and carbon ideas of the British Romanticists and their view of compounds in the atmosphere. These studies man against nature. This concept of Carlylian ultimately provided the meteorological data that supernaturalism allowed Tyndall to view nature determined the physics that lay behind life on this without reference to God but also without planet. Tyndall in fact developed a new removing any of the wonder of nature that was philosophical description of experimental attributed by the clergy to God. His many Alpine atomism through these studies. and mountaineering writings perhaps the earliest contribution to the philosophy of sport (6). Tyndall became a role model for Victorian manhood because of his sporting prowess and intellectual • • • achievements. In the philophical development of a new approach to literature and science, Tyndall In 1868 at the British Association in Norwich, contributed here in a very significant way by his Tyndall delivered an Address "On the Limit of the many popular writings on alpine phenomena in Imagination in Science" and this marked the the period from 1857 and through his conflict with beginning of his real contribution to evolutionary Ruskin that developed out of Tyndall's book materialism. He here puts forward the view that Forms of Water (1872). (7) the formation of a crystal, a , or an animal, is a purely mechanical problem that differs only from the other mechanical problems in the smallness of scale. Tyndall links this with the • • • problem of consciousness and he states that materialism will be able to maintain its scientific Tyndall was involved in a series of very position, but that descriptions of molecular acrimonious and public controversies that groupings do not explain· everything and the developed out of his defence of his evolutionary problem of joining body and soul is insoluble. He scientific method and its philosophical principles. looked forward however to the time when ultra­ His career as a controversialist began in the late scientific regions may unfold and resolve 1850s and concerned the theory of glacial motion, themselves at some future day into knowledge. and brought him into conflict with Edinburgh's As the evolutionary debate progressed and J.D. Forbes and the British scientific became more vicious, Tyndall became bolder. The establishment. This battle was ostensibly over need for the evolutionist to ensure publication, and questions of priority to the theory of glacial other diverse reasons, led to the foundation of the motion, but behind this stood the real journal Nature. Tyndall became probably the philosophical battleground over the age of the leading organiser of the X-Club which through its earth, that was crystallised after the publication of activities did much to professionalise British Darwin's "On the Origin of Species" in 1859, into science. an open battle over the theory of evolution. The In the ongoing struggle the religious position of retiring Darwin declined to defend his theory and the London based professional scientists had to be this vacuum was filled by his able lieutenants defined. The actual innovation of the agnostic gathered around the Royal Institution, and led by creed is usually attributed to Huxley and Spencer. Huxley, Hooker and Tyndall. Later controversies In fact Tyndall's contribution here in many ways in which Tyndall was involved dragged out to his was the principal one. It was he who in Britain death, and these saw him scientifically ranged fought to extend the battle of Fichte to debunk against Atkin, Tait, Joule and Ruskin, while Kant "things-in-themselves" and to take on politically he had a long acrimonious dispute with headlong religion in a critique of religious Gladstone. revelation and the efficacy of prayer by his In the complex social developments in the late "prayer test". Tyndall introduced into the 1850s and in the face of such unprecedented public evolutionist sceptical world view a subtle and scientific opposition to the theory of evolution, distinction inherited from the German the London based group of professional scientists, reductionists of the problem of consciousness. In Tyndall, T.H. Huxley, H. Spencer, J. Lubbock, E. his famous lecture delivered at the British Frankland, J. Hooker, G. Busk, T. Hirst and W. Association in 1870 the "On the Scientific Use of Spottiswoode joined together in a clandestine the Imagination", and which notably presaged organisation known as the X-Club for mutual DeBois-Reymond's 1872 lecture on this topic, 27 Tyndall developed this point. Here he enlarged environmental monitoring with his notable substantially his earlier position on imagination researches on both atmospheric and water and its role in science. He began his Address pollution in London. It is probable that Tyndall immediately by defending powerfully the was the first Environmental Scientist. evolutionary position by reference to his own It is perhaps no accident that Tyndall's greatest original researches in particulate physics and his philosophical contribution came the year after the discoveries in Radiation, pointing to the role of the publication of this work in what has become imagination in science as an active force of matter. known as The Belfast Address. This address He gave some very famous examples of the use of was delivered immediately on his return from his imagination in science such as the discovery of triumphant American Tour when he addressed the conical refraction in his native country, and then British Association as its President. Tyndall's presented in an easily understood way, his own earlier battle over glacial theory unfortunately discoveries on scattering and the colours series came back to the fore, as he had just reprinted his which we now call the "Tyndall of Scattering "Glaciers of the Alps", in which he repeated once Series of Colours". He was here embellishing a again all Huxley's allegations concerning Forbes' philosophical discourse with gems of original plagiarism and this above all apparently research and explaining the use of imagination in determined his enemies Tait, Thompson and discovery in science. He then explained that the others, to prepare an outcry to the predictable Darwinian theory was in no way different from the indiscretions of Tyndall in the address. Despite the other scientific theories that were accepted by the­ warnings of his collaborator Huxley, Tyndall body of science without any fuss. He stated that proceeded to give a full exposition of the many who hold the evolutionary hypothesis materialists' basis of the evolutionary theory. assent to the position that at th,is present moment all our philosophy, science and art are potential in the fires of the sun. He pleaded for those who • • • rationally hold this view to be allowed to bring this The Belfast Address began with a cursory hypothesis before the bar of disciplined reason and description ofGreekatomism, and then in a review for science to confront this challenge with courage of Bishop Butler's "Analogy of Religion" which and without prejudice. He concluded his address Tyndall discussed by the Berkelian artifice of a by adopting a Fichtian (modified Kantian) supposed debate between the Bishop and a position in accepting a separation of science, Lucretian, the basic argument of the agnostic of which significantly he defined as containing the impossibility of comprehending the connection within it the speculative theory of evolution, and a between psychic and physical events. However, he world that is, from the world that might be, and then in a survey ofthe Darwinian theory "rejected God, that Tyndall placed outside and beyond the the notion of creative power" and refers the province of science. Since this province was "choicest material of the teleologist" to natural unknowable in a scientific way it could never be causes. Tyndall drew on Spencer's theory of the part of science. Tyndall in his 1870 Address was evolutionary development of the senses and however crossing the threshold of Victorian intelligence through the interaction between the sensibility in refusing to accept the division of organism and its environment. The evolutionary matter that inhabited the real world into the moulding of the organism by "heredity categories of inanimate and spiritually animated, experience" in which experience relation become despite accepting the Kantian dominion of God in automatic in thought and are then inherited. the world outside of science. His sophistry on this Tyndall pointed out that the creation theory of a point did not escape many in the various Christian single, or a few living forms, was as churches who rightly saw this as a veiled attack on anthropomorphic, as the creation of many. He religion that if accepted would deny religion the argued that on the basis of the continuity of nature right to any say in science. it is necessary to proceed with "vision of mind" which sees life, and therefore mind, as latent in the cosmos. He accepted the inability of science to provide experimental justification of the theory of • • • evolution, but required that imagination was a Tyndall arranged for both the British necessary and essential component of science. He Association Addresses of 1868 and 1870 to be warned however of the dangers of religious published in 1870 under the title, "Essays on the sentiment being "mischievous if permitted to Use and Limit of the Imagination in Science" intrude on the region of objective knowledge, over which included reviews of supporters and which it holds no command". Science had to be detractors of these contributions. The religious free to investigate cosmological questions reviewer for the Record, Sept. 23, 1870 linked untrammeled. The response was to put the theory Tyndall specifically with the "avowed atheist of evolution on the front pages of Newspapers Louis Buchner, and his work "Force and Matter", around the world and to produce a massive and from which it had drawn. orchestrated protest from the scientific In 1872 Tyndall published his "Contributions to establishment, the churches and the general Molecular Physics", which provided a substantial public, little of which was to prove too damaging to research platform from which he could draw any of Tyndall's vital interests. In Ireland philosophical conclusions and support in a however, the Bishops' 1875 Pastoral Letter stated fundamental way the theory of evolution with an "that under the name of Science, obtruded impressive array of new and focussed scientific blasphemy upon the Catholic nation" and this fact, all of which had been gathered for the support Pastoral did succeed in making Tyndall a non­ of the Darwinian theory. In this marvellously person in his home country amongst the readable study, Tyndall establishes the basis of predominantly nationalist population. scientific meteorology, but in addition describes Tyndall in The Belfast Address raised the what was urobably the first studies on fundamental philosophical question of 28 r ,e spontaneous generation having perhaps been has lasted up to the present time despite the fact !I' encouraged to think of this problem by his 1871 that official science has for some considerable time ll I,, meeting with Pasteur in Paris. Tyndall had at the given little attention to his researches. Politically time the experimental skills to assist Pasteur, this Irishman's contribution was focussed on the t whose own efforts to prove his germ theory had need to develop a rationalist philosophy for the e been unsuccessful. Tyndall used all his British Empire, but following the First Great War e if experimental knowledge of heat, detecting Tyndall's philosophical legacy was hijacked by s particles of dust, atmospheric monitoring, and the rationaist and socialists. Tyndall's influence s I microscopy to establish the science of bacteriology for example was promoted by G.B. Shaw, whose e by devising the experimental methods of rigorous family roots are in Tyndall's native Carlow, and in s sterilisation that had eluded Pasteur. These Back to Methuselah a metabiological pentateuch 'f researches were published in his book Floating by Bernard Shaw (1921) in particular in an B Matter in the Air in Relation to Putrefaction and extensive 87 page discourse on evolution and e Disease in 1881 and this work proved the Pasteur materialism which makes it possible to gauge ' germ theory and conclusively demonstrated the Tyndall's importance to both socialist and fallacy of the theory of spontaneous generation. freethinkers movements in the 20th century. I Tyndall with Lister and Huxley in collaborative Tyndall's work in combating obscurantism is ' research on germs and infectious processes also ~ even today of considerable importance and in demonstrated in 1876 the attenuating effect of some very surprising places, such as Japan (8). In penicillium some fifty years before Fleming made the 19th century his textbooks on physics were e this discovery. Tyndall also there reports the translated into Japanese and used in schools in invention of the respirator. Huxley and Tyndall that country. In addition his philosophical articles worked closely with Lister from this point to "The constitution of nature", "Scientific promote Pasteur's infectious theory and carried materialism" and others were translated in the forward a campaign for sterile medical practice. 1880s. In the 1930s his mountaineering books were 'f translated and became a focus of a new genre of 'I science-literature to help promote the popular view 1 • • • Tyndall's clinching argument in The Belfast that science was not hostile to literature and !l humanity. However a:(ter the end of the second !l Address was based on the principle of the conservation of energy, which was a discovery Great War, Tyndall's philosophical and ,f mountaineering works were published in an [l whose priority had involved him in a major public controversy in which he had championed the attempt to annihilate irrational, militaristic e spiritualism. In this context it was Tyndall's I claims of the German Mayer, against that of the English scientist Joule. Tyndall claimed that fervent fight against those who opposed scientific e reasoning that was of central importance. l "bringing vital as well as physical phenomena under the dominion of that law of casual Today with the rise of the Environmental ~ Movement and a more critical attitude to the l connection which, so far as human understanding has yet perceived, asserts itself everywhere in history of science, Tyndall's contributions are nature." Those mechanistic connections within a again gaining recognition. It is clear that hermetically sealed system left no place for Tyndall's work on radiation led directly to the supernatural intervention in the real world. discovery by Planck of the quantum theory and Tyndall's philosophical contributions must be that Tyndall's philosophical stance was in accord seen in the combined context of his collaborators, with modern views and was very much against the and in particular those of Huxley whose materialism of the Positivists. philosophical work and critique of Hume, Mill and Tyndall's philosophical· contributions bear others is important, and of course Herbert Spencer testimony to the power of a major philosophical who drew heavily on Tyndall for his monumental idea, in his case, evolutionary theory, to drive the philosophical works. Details of these research of a practising scientist and through this collaborations can be found in the Li{e and Letters philosophical basis at the heart of the research to of both men. enable its relevance to endure that is the real object Later in his life he published in his book of lesson to others. collected essays "Fragments of Science" (Volume II) no less than three essays on the mind body References relationship, and the compatibility of science and The standard text on Tyndall is A.S. Eve and C.H. Creasey, religion which bluntly confronted these questions Life and Work of John Tyndall, MacMillan, 1945. that he had first hedged around in 1868. In 1. John Tyndall: Essays on a Natural Philosopher, Ed. W.H. addition this volume contains The Belfast Address Brock, N.D. McMillan, C. Mollan, Dublin, 1981. 2. N.D. McMillan and J. Meehan, Tyndall the Xemplar of and "An Apology for The Belfast Address" which Scientific and Technological Education, Dublin, 1981 (Printed is a defence of the Address, and a piece from the but withdrawn by author). Fortnightly Review entitled "The Rev James 3. E.Frankland, Personal Reminiscences in The Life and Work of JohnTyndall, Westminster Gazette "Popular" no. 6, Dec. Martineau and the Belfast Address", both of 1993. which underline in more specific detail the points 4. F. Gregory, Scientific Materialism in Nineteenth Century covered in the Address. This collection of popular Germany, D. Reidel, Holland and USA (1976?), p. 155. essays, together with his "New Fragments" 5. N.D. McMillan, British physics - The Irish role in its origin, di{{erentiation and organisation of a profession, Phys. Educ. constitute the important philosophical writing of (1988), 273-278. Tyndall in a popular and easily comprehensible 6. N.D. McMillan, Tyndall in the Mountains, Tyndall form. Mountain Club History, Kilkenny, Ireland (1991). Both Fragments of Science and New Fragments 7. P. Sawyer, "Ruskin and Tyndall" in J. Paradis and T. were widely distributed after Tyndall's death by Postlewait (eds.) Victorian science and Victorian values: litemry perspecitves. Rutgers University Press, 1985. the Rationalist Press and others, and these 8. S. Sugiyama, John Tyndall and Japan, contribution offered contributed significantly to his philosophical in forthcoming Centenary Volume, to be edited by F.A.J.L. importance in both Europe and America, which James and N.D. McMillan. 29 Officers and Members of the Old Carlow Society 1992-93

Patroll Coughlan, Miss Daisy, 104 Montgomery Street, Carlow. His Lordship Most Re\". DL Laurence Ryan, Bishop of Kildare Crombie, Veronica, Pembroke, Carlow. & Leighlin Cummins, Mrs. B. Dublin Road, Carlow. Cunnane, Very Rev. Canon James, Our Lady of the Taper Life Vice-Presidents Church, Cardigan, Wales. \fr. Liam Bergin. The Nationalist & Leinster Times, Tullow Comerford, Patrick, Bahanna, St. Mullins, Co. Carlow. Street, Carlow. Cuddy, Patrick, Staplestown Road, Carlow. Mr. Alec Burns, Bethany House, Carlow.

Chairperson Dalton, Mrs. Brigid, Goolin, Borris. Mr. Martin Nevin. Dalton, Eileen, Conies, Bagenalstown, Co. Carlow. Daly, Ann, 10 Shelton Grove, Terenure, Dublin 6. Vice-Chairperson Darcy, Anthony, Cox's Lane, Carlow. Mr. Kevin Kennedy Darcy, Christy, Tullow Street, Carlow. Darcy, Mary, Tullow Street, Carlow. Treasurers Darcy, Pat, Newstown, Ardattin, Co. Carlow. Mrs. Breda Brady Denieffe, Michael, 40 Oakley Park, Carlow. Mrs. Margaret Minchin Deym, Bernhard Graf Von, Fenagh House, Fenagh, Co. Carlow. Secretary Dobbs, Thomas, "Aclare" Myshall, Co. Carlow. Miss Rose Murphy Doogue, Martin, Baltinglass, Co. Wicklow. Dolan, Hugh, 35 Oakley Park, Tullow Road, Carlow. Editor Dooley, Mary, 14 St. Killian's Crescent, Carlow. Tomas MacGabhann. Doran, Alan and Angela, Leighlinbridge, Co. Carlow. Doran, Peter, Rathanna, Borris, Co. Carlow. Committee Doyle, Mrs. C., 48 Sycamore Road, Rathnapish, Carlow. Miss Iona McLeod, Miss D. Coughlan, Mrs. J. Maddock, Miss Doyle, David Anna Kearney, Mrs. Joan Brennan, Messrs Ml. Brennan, T. Doyle, Nellie, Granby Row, Carlow. Clarke, Ml. Denieffe, J. Moran, S. Murphy, P. O'Neill, T. Doyle, Patrick M., Newtown, Borris, Co. Carlow. McDonald. Doyle, Peadar and lta, Monure, Graiguecullen, Carlow. Doyle, Thomas, Courtnellan, Borris, Co. Carlow. Delegates to the Historical Advisory Committee of Carlow Duggan, K., College Street, Carlow. County Council Dwyer, Edward J., 39 Dillmont Drive, Smithtown, New York Seamus Murphy, Thomas Clarke. 11787. Dooley, Anthony and Phil, Mortarstown, Carlow. Museum Committee Duggan, Sr. Carmel, St. Ursula's, Sandyford, Co. Dublin. Messrs J. Moran, S. Murphy, P. Maddock, K. Kennedy, M. Dunne, Rita, 43 Riverside, Carlow. Denieffe. Ellis, William, Burrin Street, Carlow. Members Alcock, Noel, 46 Staunton Avenue, Graiguecullen, Carlow. Fenlon, Mrs. Mona, "Riverville", Montgomery Street, Alexander, John, Milford House, Milford, Co. Carlow. Carlow. Fennell, Mrs. Eileen, Chapelstown, Carlow. Bagenal, J. S. Leaside, Hertingfordbury, Hertford, Herts., Fitzgerald, George, Hillcrest, Hanover, Carlow. England. Fitzmaurice, Mrs. B. Laurel Lodge, Carlow. Bayliss, Mrs. P., 56A Cl3, R.R. 5 Vernon, British Columbia, Flood, Mary, "Knock", Ballymurphy, Co. Carlow. Canada CVIT6L8. Flynn, Miss Brigid, Burrin Street, Carlow. Boyce, M. J. Braganza, Carlow. Fenriell, Rev. Fr. Tom Sleaty, Carlow. Brady, Matthew and Breda, "Beann Ard, Borris, Co. Carlow. Brady, James, 52 New Oak Estate, Carlow. Governey, Francis, Pollerton Big, Carlow. Brennan, Michael and Joan, 2 Burrin Road, Carlow. Greco!, John, 4273 Metropolitan Drive S.W., N.W. Brennan, Mary, St. Lazarians, Graiguecullen, Carlow. Cleveland, Ohio 44135, U.S.A. Brennan, Mrs. P. Kilcoltrim, Borris, Co. Carlow. Brooks, Walter and Mrs., Highfield Bungalow, Dublin Road, Harding, Rev. B., St. John's, Kilkenny. Carlow. Haughney, Eamon, Pollerton Road, Carlow. Buckley, Anne, Rathvindon, Leighlinbridge, Co. Carlow. Healy, Pat, Pollerton Castle, Carlow. Burns, Alec, Bethany House, Carlow. Healy, Richard, Pollerton Castle, Carlow. Butler, Tom and Mrs., 141 Leytonstone Road, Streatham, Hennessy, Nora, "Cois Abhainn", Borris, Co. Carlow. El5 lLH, England. Herriott, Kathleen, Kilree Street, Bagenalstown, Co. Carlow. Byrne, Annie, Little Barrack Street, Carlow. Holden, Michael, 30 Hanover Road, Carlow. Byrne, Rev. Gerald, St. Patrick's College, Carlow. Hosey, William and Kathleen, Castlemore, Tullow, Co. Byrne, Dr. Joan, 38 Eaton Square, Terenure, Dublin 6. Carlow. Byrne, Larry, Bahanna, St. Mullins, Co. Carlow. Hughes, Betty, Ballinabranna, Milford, Co. Carlow. Byrne, Margaret, 68 Bayside Crescent, Sutton, Dublin. Hennessy, Anna, Ballylighlea, Borris, Co. Carlow. Byrne-Minchin, Margaret, Coolnacuppogue, Carries, · Bagenalstown. Jones, Dr. Patrick, Staplestown Road, Carlow. Barron, Dave, Dun Barrow, 5 Sycamore Road, Carlow, Co. Jordan, Andrew, R.N.T., Myshall, Co. Carlow. Carlow. Jordan, Mrs. M., 177 St. Mary's Park, Carlow. Jordan, Mary, 9 Roncalli Place, Carlow. Carbery, Dan and Mrs. Glencarrig, Green Road, Carlow. Carr, James P., St. Martin's, Springhill, Carlow. Kavanagh, Myles, 10 Royal Oak Road, Bagenalstown, Co. Clarke, Thomas, 57 St. Clare's Road, Graiguecullen, Carlow. Carlow. Coen, Mrs. S. Kilkenny Road, Carlow. Kavanagh, Peter, Main Street, Borris, Co. Carlow. Connolly, Alice, Mageney, Co. Kildare. Keane, Ethel, 6 John Street, Carlow. Conroy, Margaret, St. Mary's Park, Carlow. Kearney, Anna, 104 Green Road, Carlow. Conry, Michael, "Avila", Tullow Road, Carlow. Kearney, Mary, 104 Green Road, Carlow. Coogan, John and Mrs., Castlemore, Tullow, Co. Carlow. Kearney, Simon, Kilnock, Ballon, Co. Carlow. Corcoran, Mrs. B., 102 JKL Avenue, Carlow. Kehoe, Mrs. Josie, Rathvindon, Co. Carlow. 30 Members continued Kehoe. Colette and family, 54 Oakley Park, Tullow Road, O'Dea, Patrick and Mary, "Cill Bharra", Killeshin Road, Carlow. Carlow. li:.ehoe. Thomas, Dublin Street, Carlow. O'Hare, Patrick and Mrs., Glenamoy, Leighlinbridge, Co. li:.ennedy. Kevin, 6 Oakley Park, Graiguecullen, Carlow. Carlow. Keyes. Bridie, 178 Duggan Avenue, Graiguecullen, Carlow. O'Leary, Eileen, "Arus na Greine", Montgomery Street, Kennedy. Edward and Mrs., Kyle Park, Carlow. Carlow. Oliver, Mrs., "Carraig Rua", Kilkenny Road, Carlow. Lennon. Mrs. M .. 121 Tullow Street, Carlow. Oliver, Richard, 1024 Fox River Drive, De Pere, Wisconsin Lillis. Ena. Lumclone House, Fenagh, Co. Carlow. 54115, U.S.A. Little. Mrs. P .. 5 Montgomery Street, Carlow. O'Meara, David, Little Sark, Ansford, Castle Cary, Somerset BA 7 7PD, England. \kDonald. Mrs. A .. 2 Little Barrack Street, Carlow. O'Neill, Ellen, "Broomvilla", Ardattin, Co. Carlow. \kDonald. Edward, Clonmore, Hacketstown, Co. Carlow. O'Neill, Mary, 167 Colclough Avenue, Graiguecullen, \kDonald. Thomas and Anne, Harristown, Co. Carlow. Carlow. \kDonnell. Carmel. ~Bamagree", Tullow Road, Carlow. O'Neill, Maurice, Kilmurray, Ballon, Co. Carlow. \kDonnell. Rev. Thomas, St. Patrick's College, Carlow. O'Neill, Patrick, 21 Bullock Park, Carlow. \kEvoy. Re\·. John. St. Patrick's College, Carlow. O'Shea, Rev. Philip, P.P., Myshall, Co. Carlow. \kKenna. Fay and Mary, "Maryville", Granby Row, Carlow. Prendergast, Mi~s Ellen, Cois Fe6ire, 240 The Sycamores, \kLeod. Miss Iona. Braganza, Carlow. Kilkenny. Purcell, Michael, Kennedy Street, Carlow. \faddock. Patrick and Jane, 173 Fr. Maher Road, Graiiruecullen. Ratusky, Mary, Montgomery Street, Carlow. \fairuirt Eileen, 34 Dublin Road, Carlow. Reddy, Michael, Rathanna, Borris, Co. Carlow. Meily, Fonsie, The Square, Castlecomer, Co. Kilkenny. Reddy, Seamus, 191 Sleatty Street, Graiguecullen, Carlow. \foore, Mrs. A., 14 Montgomery Street, Carlow. Redmond, Mrs. C. "Silverdale", Crossneen, Carlow. ~loran, James, Burrin Street, Carlow. Redmond, Thomas J., Bullock Park, Carlow. ~lulvey, Catherine, Caldwell Avenue, Middle Village 11379, Rice, Miss Mena, Main Street, Borris, Co. Carlow. N.Y., U.S. Rooney, Pat, Ballyellin, Goresbridge. Murphy, Mary, Knockmulderry, Ballymurphy. Borris, Co. Rossiter, Elizabeth, 6 Roncalli Avenue, Carlow. Russell, Mary, 17 The Elms, Carlow. Carlow. Murphy, Moses and Mary, "Slievedurda", Borris, Co. .Seeley, Mrs. James, H294 Hrubetz Road SE, Salem, Oregon, Carlow. 97302, U.S.A. Murphy, Nora, 10 Woodlands, Borris, Co. Carlow. Murphy, Rose, 38 Kennedy Avenue, Carlow. Shaughnessy, Breda, Railway Terrace, Borris, Co. Carlow. Murphy, Simon, Ballybeg, Borris, Co. Carlow. Sheehan, Eileen, 119 Upperfield Road, Welwyn City, Herts., AL7 3LR, England. I Murphy, Seamus and Mrs., Pollerton Little, Carlow. Murray, Madge, 25 Dublin Street, Carlow. Sheehan, Richard, Dunleckney, Bagenalstown, Co. Carlow. I Slater, Val, 39 Sycamore Road, Rathnapish, Carlow. ~ Smyth, Mary, c/o Godvik, 6939 W. Montrose, Harwood f Nevin, Martin, Carlow Road, Leighlinbridge, Co. Carlow. Hts., Ill. 60634, U.S.A. Nolan, Breda, Station Road, Bagenalstown, Co. Carlow. i Smyth, Thomas, "Aughnasheelin", Sleaty, Carlow. Nolan, Brendan and Vicky, 38 Burrin Street, Carlow. Swayne, Msgr. Sean, P.P., Graignamanagh, Co. Kilkenny. I Nolan, Christie and Maura, Graiguecullen, Carlow. Nolan, Crissie, Burrin Street, Carlow. ! Thomas, Peter, The Hermitage, Carlow. Nolan, Kathleen, 32 Kernanstown, Bennekerry, Carlow. Tyrell, Patricia, Main Street, Borris, Co. Carlow. Nolan, Martin, Ballyfoyle, Dunmore, Co. Kilkenny. Nolan, William, The Bungalow, Ballon, Co. Carlow. Walshe, Patrick, The Green Drake, Borris, Co. Carlow. Nolan, John T., 22 East Court Street, Iowa City, Iowa. Walshe, Bridie, The Glass House, Borris, Co. Carlow. Ward, Brendan, Springhill Road, Killeshin, Carlow. O'Brien, Catherine, Knockbarragh, Kildavin, Bunclody. O'Connell, Maureen, Lacken House, Borris, Co. Carlow. Whelan, Sean and Delma, 4 Montgomery Street, Carlow. Wright, Mr. William, Castledermot Road, Tullow, Co. O'Connell, Michael, Lacken House, Borris, Co. Carlow. Carlow. O'Connor, Agnes, Castlecomer Road, Carlow. Wynne, Dr. J. R. W., 2230 Jerferson Avenue, West O'Connor, Eileen, Rosemount, Borris, Co. Carlow. Vancouver, B.C., V7V 2A8, Canada.

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DARCY'S SEAN AND MICHAEL BYRNE Publican and Grocer Furniture and Carpets GLYNN, ST. MULLINS 33-35 TULLOW STREET, CARLOW "Don't Pass, Call"

CATHEDRAL PARISH OFFICE AND SHOP THE NATIONALIST & LEINSTER TIMES COLLEGE STREET, CARLOW (Opposite Cathedral) Hours: 9.30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. Monday-Saturday. Newspaper Publishers, Typesetting and Office Stationery Phone:0503/32132 TULLOW STREET, CARLOW THE IRISHMAN'S BANK OF IRELAND (Prop: J. J. Hargaden) COURT PLACE COURT PLACE, CARLOW. Phone: 0503/31171. Invest in your future - Save with Bank of Ireland today Wines and Spirits. High-Class Lounges and Bars Manager: Eamonn Delaney JAMES JONES LTD. PEADAR DOYLE 30 TULLOW STREET LONDIS SUPERMARKET Top value in Irish made footwear GRAIGUECULLEN. Phone: 0503/31179 always available at keenest prices Open to 6.30 p.m. every day BOSCO'S RATHCROGUE HOUSE, CARLOW 132 TULLOW STREET, CARLOW. Phone: 0503/31093 THE ACACIA ROOMS RESTAURANT Quality Meat, Fish and Poultry. Open Seven Nights 5-Midnight. Also Nite Bite Menu 4 p.m. to 11 p.m. i, We are the specialists. Don't settle for less! SUNDAY LUNCH 12.30 - 3 p.m. O'DWYER'S PHARMACY M. J. REIDY LTD., GARAGE TULLOW STREET, CARLOW DUBLIN ROAD, CARLOW Phone:0503/31467 Toyota and B.M.W. Dealer

Clothing of Traditional Quality and BERNARD JENNINGS, F.A.0.1. Fashionable Look Ophthalmic Optician HANLEY'S 3 DUBLIN STREET, CARLOW. HOUSE for MEN Phone:0503/43808 CARLOW -n! Photograph taken at the Carlow launch of Mr. Nicholas Furlong's book Fr. John Murphy of Boolavogue 1753-1798, at the Tara Arms Hotel, Tullow, November 13, 1991. Sitting (from left): Ms Anna Kearney, Mr. N. Furlong (author), Mr. Martin Nev.in (chairman .Old Carlow Soc;iety) and Ms Rose Murphy (hon. sec., 0. C.S.); back: Mrs. Breda Brady, Mr. T. Smyth, Mr. E. McDonald, Mr. S. Murphy, Mr. S. Whelan (Carlow U.D.C.), Mr. Liam O'Connor (Tullow Historical Society), Mr. P. O'Neill and Mrs. Margaret Minchin. Th(! 'launch was sponsored by the Old Carlow Society. · Photo: Courtesy 'The Nationalist & Leinster Times'

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