See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/32894187

Neolithic Dispersals from the Levantine Corridor: a Mediterranean Perspective

Article in Levant · January 2001 DOI: 10.1179/007589101790217300 · Source: OAI

CITATIONS READS 72 945

6 authors, including:

Edgar Peltenburg Sue Colledge The University of Edinburgh University College London

43 PUBLICATIONS 412 CITATIONS 67 PUBLICATIONS 3,166 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Paul Croft Carole J. Mccartney University of Cyprus University of Cyprus

21 PUBLICATIONS 363 CITATIONS 9 PUBLICATIONS 240 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Chlorakas-Palloures, Leiden University View project

Elaborating Early Neolithic Cyprus View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Sue Colledge on 20 May 2014.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant place prompt radiocarbon Middle times tenth There part Anatolia communities The Yosef N Corridor. especially appeared cereals Paulcroft@cytanet. Meadows process Levantine England of the In Pottery Neolithic understanding characteristics (Bar-Yosef 3 2 Scotland Perspective LEVANT Cauvin sition the Edgar Corridor Carole 1 The Lemba Institute Department ear a Late the Dead earliest flurry corridor of and in East, from Neolithic re-configuration millennia is and Pre-Pottery and and Euphrates the et (e.g. 33 a Corridor. the 1 Archaeological (see as U.1<. Sea as U. that [All agro-pastoralists Peltenburg, after of growing of at. 1995; 2001 and McCartney3 other of foraging Late much I<'. corridor of . emphasis years the Archaeology) Belfer-Cohen recent Early-Middle is Fig. to Bar-Yosef a dates of 1998; the B farming that Dispersals Meadows a Pp. S. E. regional the the to Archaeology) geographical narrow Agricultural Pre-Pottery Neolithic BP triggers Byrd crops [email protected]. Peltenburg@ed. BP; as 1 adjacent 35-64 consensus in com. reviews in Balikh of which demographic establishment Garrard to a for and several this spread millennium north is E, variant 1992; began and agricultural of cy. belt Research 1993; the B. placed 1995; M inland the paper River only that Pre-Pottery University life of mechanics Carole@spidernet. Recent elements 1989; of Near and Neolithic sake Syria of beyond that 1999; focus evidence here Sue Cauvin and initially University land Harris 1998a; the from regions, shows animal are and on L ac. East discoveries the Centre) of later, PPNB expansion uk. of in of Bar-Yosef 2 PPNB and societies stretching in of Harris of uk. the Mary the Colledge, convenience). the spread this agro-pastoral cultivation the College are precocious 1998). the uncalibrated only 1989, B]. [email protected]. this for 1988c; Neolithic the at husbandry great Ajackson@hsy1. and, south-east Levantine model. generally Levantine of eleventh- 8260 northern the different reaching from = on seminal 1996a). Edinburgh) Early, in It in Cyprus, 1997; London) Levantine com. bend Anne from tran- took Bar- was They neolithic and a this the Lemba) of held broader B the cy discrete 35 also far to Mediterranean Paul recognise waves. dispersals. in the the low these Leaving which an already einkorn appearance towards EPPNB model and added south coasts still expansion (Garrard Cauvin Murray2 31-34 have provide to context, Paphos Old Cauvin areas core ssc. the uneven within Bar-Yosef important Levantine emerged 3 models ephemeral Levant west High ed. Croft, zone saw and a Gordon for Corridor: Whatever evidence fresh in et aside Europe towards and adjacent et ac. fourth the District) of series the ale in the (1989; this coast at. movement took the School) of in the uk data barley patchiness the in are questions a corridor, for 1996). 1998, and domestic-type EPPNB, core Square) issue the dispersal. of narrow arid Early for (cf. Corridor, episode the of in place Adam to the Syria settlement Cyprus. Meadows zone, 1997) movements MPPNB an Edinburgh Van at our north, the zone 62, It Pre- of sequence westwards a Jilat by may followed about London of from present Levantine demonstrate initial Andel at 64). Mediterranean According has the in into Jackson rather 7 be the· and (1995, the types grains archaeological in Ozdogan with north more suggested into EH1 and south-east neolithic and by state end WC1H the arid LPPNB through Corridor, than migration of Runnels areas 41) Mediterranean mechanics, prudent in 1LT) domestic-type to of Syria of how 1 diffusion, zone the (1997) who his the knowledge , OP~ bordering particular dispersals Anatolia, a Anatolia (cf. tenuous Jordan, PPNA, model, in record PPNB 1995). stadial to hence prefer to also fol- has the the the all Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant graphic that integrity than reflection from that survey. around after Figure sedentism, dam doubt. eral concept other 36 Mylouthkla In •.• Bar-Yosef zone sites MEDITERRANEAN manner. LEVANT past what the pristine -Erbaba areas The Suberde 1. - In expansion the during that Site Map of impetus reality. . is of is cultivation short, discovery corridor more along may the the .•. 23.? a centres 1998a. 33 Indeed, of widely .• the 2001 the current have Arkosyko Akanthou corridor - the Shillourokambos - the following for the - northern - PPNA-EPPNB Catal" can is been and result and exclusiveness debated if this Euphrates so Kalavasos only concentration the •• occupied agriculture. excavatio~ itself poorly mainland movement the of ? be Asprokremnos archaeological -Can issue, rescue advent ••.• addressed must during SEA Tenta known, Hasan than Levant may of many of excavation According be the ••.•. of one of was key .• be systematic increased fieldwork •.• and then in in or contend corridor more sites record demo- more a Cyprus some gen- the to in in phases a during Yosef Thus, migration ing research territories, this agriculture distribution contextual evident density stimulus 1992, [cereal] of this the the view, period 53). Pre-Pottery 1998c, "there of that species PPNB in diffusion, we large and spread the evidence is see of we are o i is 60) lacking. p. PPNA-EPPNB south sites from are its are Neolithic no 56. dealing throughout and although causes, as Area still or clear for Levant the Cafer."- insufficient yet In "the B poorly initial with Levantine of picture period, spite undemonstrated" Levantine such and mechanisms empirical the migration sites neolithic informed c. Syro-Anatolia, of Site Corridor Levantine MPPNB EPPNB LPPNB Period fertile as of size 9500-8000 Corridor" that much Corridor Location the stress of evidence Levant rather will dispersals. sustaining about spread by Cayonu •••• valuable 250km .• • _ • (shaded) due supply BP. which (Byrd (Bar- than dur- i • it the For for to of is Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant hints the have after, much remained Bhasing at cally that underlying ture the Cyprus. Khirokitian. buildings his lower graphically of structures. before Fig. west poor radiocarbon nature caution one at the This cave belated Neolithic arrival coastal dispersal clearly period tive to tion had As eighth-seventh a problems The case (Cherry 1987, 4C Claims blank Kalavasos- the a neolithic sometimes mid-1980s site, 80s, Period transition dates, the from little linked could as in 3, Syrian Cypriot discrete the lacuna followed Aetokremnos) of area. earlier, flint Khirokitia. rock 173-8). put of prior of Greece Syria and two To 'top that early episode, aceramic Simmons 1990). pre- canvas island sites the beyond for to in hunter-gatherer a comes farmers Todd reason, The unconnected According forward not to be 5, archaeological assemblages shelter possibility. rejected dates dispersals. He helped of offer phases an was to Tenta Khirokitian perhaps earlier and arrangement Cypriot, the background stages as happens that his sure, when comprised On site' millennium c. be the second, of was More area because from discordant occurring attributed the lower 8000 from to sites after the However, and much attribution, earlier concludes could Cyprus. the of by (hereafter, to fully-fledged settlement humans occupation but, of at exclude dates Ian debates known in to tenth Akrotiri-Aetokremnos certain reinforce corridor and Cauvin because unexpected pains with in basis BP Maps Aceramic Nonetheless, that the area Todd's the with the Todd certainly further in remain sedentary research, there to than highlights for record exiguous to of BP Until site only eleventh his these prevailing circular to and he millennium with agricultural had the as to of concerning other that conveying the some circular, evidence Tenta) (1989) was (e.g. leaving published of Khirokitia. treated Cyprus. point the final of 'top to Period were the could island that reached Khirokitian west in Neolithic three his (Hansen second. be now, highly structures these Cyprus not new structures the quarters, dates extent LeBrun the argument occupation stone traces the millennium of ascribed publication an most site out, that that no orthodoxy at the be only or stratigraphi- 2, E. stone-based west 'top site', light emerged Cyprus The earlier LPPNB precocious societies anomalous the the phasing, BP the a Franchthi leave PEL The Aceramic equivocal shown consisted however, based first architec- dated included neolithic also, 1992). For scholars deposits series of of elusive forma- (Todd in to 1989). transi- on earlier island (here- was TENBURG strati- of in to most first, with date post site' it this this the the has the the the old on BP on of to of or in in in of as a a between probably no basic PPN As extension cal tence, In adjusted action that presence been carry who that the and "when of culture, character deposits of recent migrate. the timing Levantine Mediterranean tenth established lishes BP, belong renewed remained of sheep they the foragers sesses anticipate, altered 1993). on Cyprus 1998, 1999, ET So That Our the signs Near indicators wild AL. Bar-Yosef this island the motives to cultigens domestic these and may with close building millennium depended identified mainlanders technology, 9). the domestic and date case evidence This 319-23). and sphere farmers Neolithic understanding such in to claim that island progenitors only and to the Eastern in found faunal It mainland combined study have uninhabited of when as the presence them were Corridor, goat, the direction there are indigenous more some of antiquity, would does diffusion the and the the the apparent stayed and grains that Cyprus, preferences (Fig. 1990s and adopted Dispersals the island tenth-ninth which move and it cereals the has of native diacritical archaeologically Aetokremnos seed and became appears not earliest array widely Cypro- abilities groups BP. to In six settlement participation hunter-gatherers seem chipped cultural emigrated indigenous Meadows and allowed of evidence for of 2) be of were provides preclude The domestic as sum, stocks, in but was subsistence into sites until to cultural einkorn of lack taxa in the early morphologically a from depopulated support agriculture from the PPNB and a to island Cypriot that is short the it of the all extinct existence this result imported a markers and close standard be are the and would millennia EPPNB, the evident stone (e.g. of us neolithic much new the domesticated organisation, later result intents from the new agro-pastoralism rock no to Cypriot (1995, pig, hiatus and megafauna time realities. Levantine lithic facies to indigenous Khirokitian. in now that economic the of parallels earliest in recorded Zohary territory neolithic possibility the think tenth (Simmons the seem assemblages. earlier insights of and shelter. emmer animals two excavations also of of into and did from early since argument prehistories technologies". far recognised we dispersals Figure of and the island. was BP, such PPNB 81) Corridor the millennium (e.g. wild Pleistocene in sites more not outside abandoned the the farmers and view than in migration the there one on ideologi- they deposits, purposes evidence have affinities animals, Further, the radically material assume, an foragers into absence of subsis- survive 2 island. PPNB Harris on cattle, estab- which inter- et They likely Hopf were array PPN their even later pos- that this was will and and not are the the To 37 al. to to of a Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant Ahmar: Payne Payne No. Project Figure 38 additions. 20. wheat; 64, fig. No. 22. LEVANT 1983, 1983, 2. archive). 6. 18. Stordeur 2. Parekklisha-Shillourokambos Two-rowed No. 5. Selected Kissonerga-Mylouthkia 668,fig. No. 652, 26. 33 No. 1999, 20. fig. Growfoot-Payne 2001 2 parallels barley; 24. Nemrik: 293. 278.10. S.w. 142, Khirokitia: No.6. l 3. fig. and ASIA 3 Mazurowski Wild Nos 8b. interactions Gauvin 1983, (Lemba 'y lentil; 9-12. Dikaios No. ~4 (Guilaine 700, 15. From 4. 1974, Archaeological 1997, Wildflax). 1953, between Atlit-Yam: fig. EXCHANGE Fig. 434, et '"' pI. 330.4. ~ ~ ~ SUBSISTENCE TECHNOLOGY 26 306, al. 9. IDEOLOGY fig. 26. the 8 1998a, No. VanZeist fig. Galili PPN 3. 3:7. No. Project ... No. NETWORK 13. 107. No.7. 27. of 37). et G6bekli: 21. archive). 1988, south-west No. From al. No. Tell Growfoot-Payne 1993, 25. 9 Fig. 66, Abu . Beile-Bohn 23. after No. figs 141, Asia 9. I<'issonerga-Mylouthkia Hureyra: 2 ftD M.-G. 2,3; trY 19. W10 fig. '\ ) and CYPRUS Jerf Zohary et 10. 1983, Gauvin the el Moore al. Nos Ahmar: Gypro-PPNB. 1998, 663,fig. and 16, ~1 et et \y 25 Hopf ~4 al. Jamous al. 48, 17. 1975, 291:4. 1998, fig. 1993. (Lemba Tenta: Nosl-4. and 20. fig. 65, No.8. No.5. '"' ~ Todd ~ ~ No. Stordeur Archaeological fig. 7a, (1. 14. Growfoot- Growfoot- 9. 334, 1987, 10-17. Ear Jerf 1999, with fig. of el Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant AMS nearby The fills. surviving for tenth with early of vated), Aceramic short-lived I<'issonerga-Mylouthkia Project University As the Kissonerga-Mylouthkia strip and quarrying some (Fig. The is migration ical ticularly unfolding a distinctive the better the that undetected to 100 trast far hence probably argue cultures and fers Cypriot similar (see brief warranted. Before the operate Cauvin south-west as a new three widespread and in Pistacia m. adaptations grains denuded also the Cypro-PPNB between to Neolithic 3). millennium dates result founder homeland knowledge that the introduction c. Period nine to is Guilaine from Aceramic a zooarchaeological enhance in similarities sequence. Peltenburg Period 8 top pits. investigating no Cauvin's and Neolithic: turning testimony, important and social semi-subterranean (cf. to come of cereal the m. the west of sp. of mixture discrete the of old include the The IB the Edinburgh's of principles M.-C. the deep development of Upper/Middle nutlets Cypro-PPNB distribution a to the practices et lA traditions Syria the from our present well ground of BP. 21-25 Neolithic spread Cyprus grains watching features at. to a concept late In to sites sites with et well shaft respect wells island different understanding five These we with in and the 133. (2000) doing at. negative as populations and some entities ninth (hereafter, his m. surface. in of of outline coastline inland deep forthcoming AMS 116 sites and water in J. (Cauvin evidence, yielded were These Lotium native occur (Fig. was of the colonising recent early contours Lemba that data of Cauvin brief so, rubble at who inferences has environment a on millennium curvilinear Euphrates evolved and as Euphrates features the derived Taurus belonging modified dated the we wells regions there 1). in Prolific salient the farming. appeared seeds 3.7 foragers barley maintain sp. since treatment datable on their (see Mylouthkia) a 1997, PPNB They of concentrate and Archaeological since coastal 1993). archaeobotan- c. located seeds m. gentle a). was the communities (three to from facies, 200 were E. from revealed below) chronology features are fills clayey below and 1989, from valley, only PELTENBURG consist 220-26). valley. Although the they structure nature But little BP and material and are too provide m. that to In site due recov- of PPNB slopes of as about other it exca- from inso- later first, long con- seen par- two late that this and and the the our the dif- the silt the yet we by on in of of to of of ninth specific should from least Upstanding plaster(?) together however tenth the continent. still inside that pits, stockade Late entry Early the divided of occur Parekklisha-Shillourokambos ing). carbon settlement continental km. In by extensive one ples claimed Details tinuously bly the They at. on example most icate (Fig. (Fig. their Since ered 1995, (below; ET c. farmers the forthcoming the island. AL. site world. also form by Phase. from 2 of The morphologically wells essentially post-hole almost· 3 timber probably millennium 1). millennium material there side Phase are a trapezoidal Mediterranean 1998a, late ha. Neolithic and be dates the is chronological of hereafter curving neolithic these, the occurs with poorly suggest Since for array tenth based or thus figurine, an by Mylouthkia Penning along who the Contemporary drift 80s Late careful Early is Vigne PPNB Early curvilinear exist intermittently A, 2 animals aceramic to which side, no enclosure abundant 1998b, deliberately m. like Dispersals of amongst south - and 1992, possessed Shillourokambos, undisturbed at alignments, a north-west understood, on Early stone-based palisade, Phase, that intrusive an ninth Shillourokambos) BP. Phase distinctive and dates BP Atlit-Yam Phase et not below tells, at 76 of some pits a of early interfluve. point at. Mylouthkia animal that Jean Thus, markers 2 coast human coast. forthcoming 2000; vertically animals, Phase using are Parekklisha-Shillourokambos wild, m. stone millennium remains to in for from A with and the and faunal the 13 90s B a may material be features comprises to were press). reported Guilaine's for packed flint tradition to enclosure, near the The fills there features charcoal-derived earliest it and (Galili Vigne includes architecture control dated permanent into features, building entrances. B, provides extant stone a skull, south-east since at have is The Levantine some French recently superimposed and scatter included Middle into possible dates least was Settlement modern palisade the is in has which at b. to BP et et in and excavators functioned wall timber known a of the lip probable lithic lacking these (Guilaine abandonment. of excavations the at. occupied four chronology mechanics general at. Peltenburg a mediums a although well-digging. and sites perhaps revealed survey Corridor an which a of millennium The brought occupation 1993), wells Phase appears in are end well fragments forthcom- to intact later wells Limassol remains. the trenches the periods: is wells insight, an some discern on phases proba- multi- radio- of wells, trend likely as team were PPN have sam- et with were well. con- area as and also del- and the the we set on at. an 39 as to of at of in at et a 5 Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant 40 tions: Figure (Akrotiri-Vounarouthkia y ~±~5B~ ' IPS ! IPS 'J;S ~~;~3:;:~~f,~::70BP-~~~ t:~! i--t----+-t--+----<-- ! t-+--~------r----+- i IKMyl IKMlOXA'-7460 PS PS j LEVANT OxCal LYfn-S Ly' Lybn-289 Ly Ly 3. Calibrated i AA-33129 n-S73 n-2~~]t~~ n-6 n-m version 33 '8825±~OOBP 8725± 2001 '920~±7SBP' 3.4). 91lQ±90BP 876 calendar ton ~ I<'T ±80BP OOBP 31S±60BP 110±70BP Lamion (Kalavasos- probability 9000BC East). I Calibrated I I. I I.~ Cypro-PPNB Tenta), age ~:i: ' ! UCL-307 _.~. ~I ranges , _~ , KMyl 8000BC ~ date for is •••• I corrected (Kissonerga-Mylouthkia), 14C I--+--- ~_ determinations .. 7000BC from Reservoir from 6000BC Effectfrom the l'iWl PS Cypro-PPNB ~~. 'l' " " period / .------BP. Mainland on Middle PPNB Early Late Cyprus (calibra- Site 23 Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant from tures P-2554, floors. samples nated taining cursors, archy size We I<'alavasos- right, for ramifications, 'top small cular curvilinear cells Khirokitian. ones in to Cypro- Figure (=Period 142, a have the and jig. wooded of have flanked the that structure it hill is contiguous and LPPNB, The 4. site' re-dating consists pillars. 8b been evident each located complexity. 2973-4). timber 2) on Comparative place and Tenta already buildings contemporary has settlement. ninth Acceptance which by environment. of used so Todd with This of from its with charcoal which Period rows in it of structures There an millennium is at the distinctive noted the 1987, three Period That edifice possible imposing, necessary plans with traces any of had latest site 5 With of jig. relatively are derived concentric (Fig. newly this oj that single these adjacent was exceptional 2. of by crowned no 20. PPNA of extension the settlement As was two to 3: BP virtue c. other founded, Tenta the dates founded pre-8000 rooms, 12 shown P-2785, exception amplify thin-walled, Jeif an equally dates dominant m. walls units dates the of enduring has el red into 'top diameter E. topography, Ahmar in plan so some were top settlement arguments significant and 2972), large PELTENBURG BP from plastered Figure the (Fig. it of of of domi- in struc- dates, radial dates small from hier- early (left) con- pre- site' this cir- the the all 3: 4 and Tishreen in between core tlements ninth strikingly form pertinent existed acteristic from the preliminary tradict publication Cypro-PPNB. dates regarded Although interpretation, fact Shillourokambos carbon stratigraphically dates other Cypro-PPNB ET \ \ Three \ \ the \ AL. 'top \ later \ structure \ than timber (Todd \ millennium come secure \ \ the Neolithic Levantine , dates in of "'" the implications Dam renders as similar Todd circular than here. is the site' suggested of assessments from Kalavasos-Tenta contemporary "'" forthcoming). evident to dates remarkable are finds Second, PPNA which one Cypro- the Dispersals settlement First, proposed stone-based unconnected ...... hierarchical Middle more consistent the BP building Corridor from from 'Lower in at Cypro- is date 'Lower site, PPNB it of which it Shillourokambos. plausible of from circular, the endorses the demonstrates the Phase. 'top that chipped we derived with for South (right). plan ______relevant LPPNB the and site architecture layout re-dating (Fig. in South Tenta with also the of a Todd's Levantine Mylouthkia While a are they of site' disproportionately a 'top After the Slope', from have stone more 4 the of meaningful the Tenta Slope' later. 'top chronology left). J allow general plan of that Period of we erf Stordeur 'top a Corridor radiocarbon Khirokitian do site' 5m articulated within Third, distinctive Tenta the of These el await the contexts, which not and At of another IB Ahmar 1 site' was 1 radio- 2 I trend char- I "1999, site'. con- I that link I set- and the the full the I are for 41 11 in is is Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant many large that wide bolism. become In more The linear which requirements tectural radial millennia roofs. land vectors were Tenta recurrence resentations the that provide ture the demanded argues granary smaller 2.13 organisation 42 sures Much force. skeumorphs lar north of origin Syria ancestry on and other surveyed of sites (Hauptmann Other (hereafter, Similarities many a Cyprus building association fact, significance in wider other occur LEVANT prototypes, that walls and chipped with and executed or sites, sites completely cells, Mesopotamia. pillars connections Redundancy capitals from pillars (Todd that less terms of buildings. So (Stordeur less prehistorians, for delayed structurally settings inland Kozlowski belong in south-east island these radial support collective much reasons Asprokremnos) the but is it of as has similarity the Syro-Anatolian the of are since plans of distant occurred may and 33 known 1999, 1987, of stone human singles extend enormous here settlement. in not people Cypriot of 2001 island found at site the of cells at is archaism return to disproportionate excavated suggest have Danielle paint they, pillars for roofs. to 1999, evident and account in this Nemrik, and survived fig. figs this grab labour Anatolia. re-dating precursors of 1992, Thus, G6bekli about redundant be in or and representations the but inside colonies. beyond at served and Ayia storage 39). distinctive Aceramic at settlement mec;hanisms 13A-B, and form period. rather In pairs size discussed, G6bekli with controlling 145). sample Cypriot Tenta when is J that from 29, allowed and intramural Stordeur, erf one the for animals 'top Varvara-Asprokremnos the interaction flanked probably not More buildings. of in has Of of in highly el fig point asks and Risk their the the than of other for the part One 16, surpass McCartney's taken pillars the Ahmar on of Tenta the course, Neolithic from four been and the 16), examples architectural pillar organisation central her remarkable identical 23, site' if, the elements elaborate general on as authorities. by reducing Cyprus possibility are retention walls, to in the Nevali charged three earliest on Nemrik together pillars, because with of for a the to are the 29) is an claim their a relief Such was decoration communal structures. attested to sphere excavator, functional a the variety date that example. structure undoing ultimate tentpole its in pillar recently support infer Cypriot and implies part spatial pillars where main- circu- archi- shafts north seven study recti- small gains as mea- sym- (Fig. have ~ori with over they they it rep- was fea- the are an in of to of in at at vey bone, Tatlisu-Ciftlikduzu) Aceramic period multi-period the the that There Background E/MPPNB may has pre-Khirokitian tion promising flints, Turkey, material west The than forthcoming E/MPPNB imported distant Picrolite populations Epipalaeolithic, began dence, sativum), objects date Cyprus. progenitors culinaris), occum), opmental archaeobotanical origins resulted centrated cultivation spanning Zohary usitatissimum) (Triticum 'domestication 12,500 1996b, Akrotiri and pre-Khirokitian been and introduced (Fig. other hitherto be miniature Asia including and has rests like to localities and hulled 5-7; trial may and 1996). prodigious in from must chick Long monococcum), Neolithic the shown c. on 3 chronological obsidian. bitter is domestic Troulli been aceramic changes occupation primarily and peninsula of 8000 (Briois suggested of of evolution trenches (Harris Heun b; particularly entity a mapping suspected time barley be (Zohary events' pea sites species have the third wild see PPNA picrolite Simmons a a known traits on that research vetch domesticated Much BP. Byblos I, long exchange et (Cicer during locality, 'founder below). quantities whose et (McCartney strains These may in the been sites (Hordeum took al. site on (~evketoglu 1996b). species has Genetic high is may of locations in al. the on and emmer history the (cf. 1996, that (Vicia in the 1997; island, scientific on cups to belong markers arietinum) domestic the on point, has et with the which obtained recently 1997; distributions all claim have first proportions place Peltenburg Akanthou-Arkosyko features PPNB This Levant identification those al. crops', archaeologists the items same point probability focussed studies with of (e.g. site. 143-4). Valko Archaeological sativum), ervilia), wheat of 1999, evolved. high hence taken to plants and where obsidian 1998). hallmark northern 2000, to Peltenburg it research with throughout debate an periods, hatched of crops For areas and is and grasses/cereals) from un in yielded belong einkorn are to obsidian a of 254-8). earlier (Triticum place thought the the radiocarbon on 1979). These occupations 72-9, pea of present the flax et example, of return The lentil Site a south-east essentially have a from of in relatively al. sites has obsidian picrolite the suggests coast into deflated decora- from Cypro- Cypro- (Linum (Harris earliest certain to (Pisum period as south- 23 devel- wheat More et cattle 1998; 117). (Lens have inci- con- wild that sur- sur- and and this day dic- the the (or for on al. an of c. it Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant have priate problems presence monococcum beyond. the times ment these rounded This shape emmer), of early chaff ancient from involved Zohary is tication Specht subsequent domestic of of communities crops' 55-59). cultivars sent eral progenitors." very which pulses was mance domestications the appear already invented, each of cereals, after Charting " the "Yet crucial his charred ... distribution scholars grain knowledge , issue securely subsistence significant Near fundamental has two hypothesis and of and few no allocation had crop) the the concluded, once plant events', they and Misidentification Current 1998, the to the under (or pulses status whose based agriculture cereals existing need to formed underlying such 'founder size) Eastern available and is undergone grains/seeds support first spread the flax by dispersion examination absence) later issue the to - the contentious in dated remains, a (Zohary the events." for cultivation and first are be at of evolution 270; einkorn non-shattering single Zohary south-west in on (Harris implications overall understanding debates, for of spread systems. technology domesticates. the (Harris domesticated arc different the of repeated the unresolvable each episodes very crop' flax appeared, of data in occupation wild archaeobotanical single, 'how in domestication the basis of Nesbitt earliest Southwest hypothesis domestication. 1996, (Zohary agriculture throughout appeared, in found species into a states, similar, taxa - gross 1996c, glume and and or manner however, and and became accurate of particular many For 1998, fragmentary localities domestication of Asia. or that Europe: 156) domestic they of with these accurate crops for our and is in forms spread at but Triticum 1996, morphologies example, In and wheats levels. crop Asia on distinction 555-6). of that times' led their considered probably most similar samples In 6; interpretations decisive, correctly other knowledge by event easily taxa and the have the the identification and not of and to a 156) was the Samuel the Hammer cultivation superior diffusion This of wheats, recent The evidence identification status few, as (i.e. the basis dynamics the Levant, E. by to also or or development words, agricultural dicoccum highlighted triggered the in at In germinating grains of spread they PEL recovered the at additional and inappro- reported develop- question different 'founder between assigned the Triticum 'domes- the support by of most earliest of paper, would perfor- TENBURG barley, way (grain about 1996, of are their there soon case pre- sev- over wild and and and has was the (in by of of of in - - Jordan wheat viously - tic bound glume phologies order ority. tions In lentils processed the In logical niques become hensive records the the forms samples of suffix added contained from equally sifications chio Samples able domestic examined of ancestral east occurred completed 8). (G. Glume (Triticum (338) (particularly (Lathyrus/Vicia The ET The Of hulled the the total, status the AL. It ancient PPNA 12 Mylouthkia Turkey, plant (Pistacia Hillman well are As significance is is to identifications and third wheats. wheats to samples growing to Neolithic and and ValleylDamascus have following traits grains problematic. are an archaeological agreed, contained from 900 many clearer. inevitably of justify (Lens species species be barley), the spp.) in of 116, and items that assigned period acknowledgement one grains more these and grains patchy 'founder been differentiation wild present a litres required the by sp.), names both pers. degree this Determination Dispersals were four as spp.), that the consensus from samples and any however, and more the of will taxa refined section used grasses) sp.), More south-central can possible to nuts, (Garrard closely of whole volume the and based these and from overall to yielded identifications hulled comm.; early that day 67.7 of also crop' this examined deposit a linseed/flax was, of be to to tenth the samples surveys possible from it roots/tubers, the uncertainty sophisticated difficult. assessment Basin) taxa well two large the distinguish have chaff and on enable enhance present and is that ml. is tenth resemble of therefore, species produced cereal sequence plant between the barley cereals. 1999, likely that and knowledge the from suffix of cereals, Nesbitt of fragmentary and, 133, of wood been the Levantine and and the Levant are building of millennium the and ninth wood domestication criteria recognition seeded (Linum remains, Likewise, (Hordeum study as 82; our archaeobotanical level. two 13 as (Hordeum that tentative 'type' made. excavations wild The of about possibly between glume charcoal. their an recovered wild/weed more 2,642 these of as such, measured samples Harris millennia knowledge. and dating the charcoal. from Corridor obvious of well were (i.e. which events is The sp.), or identifica- fill has domestic five the any morpho- grains compre- that legumes the identifi- sativum there Samuel can domes- wheats pit BP, as nature south- glume of (340). upper spp.), made pista- 1998, 'type' tech- mor- been were were clas- wild pre- taxa that first pri- and will fills the the BP are Of 43 be in of in is Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant Roller Erbaba Figure sus is dimensions ridges grains Shamra identified with Mylouthkia features and apical eral 44. characteristics. domestic of einkorn an Tell 185-191). 1996, S :E E Jll: •.. CJ s::: Q) en en based Many apical attempt tetraploid Aswad, 0.50 2.00 2.50 0.00 3.00 1.50 1.00 compression dorsal LEVANT more 1991-92); (i.e. and has 0.00 tend 5. 58; (van as partly alone authors and and of ------~------Glume 'notches', minimum no wild Tell subjective their grains embryo to samples. surfaces van Zeist Differentiation to record 33 diploid (e.g. Ghoraife emmer WadiJilat on emmer substantiate On be it wheat 2001 0.50 symmetry from and of Zeist have the is thickness of 'thinner' Tn'ticum the the 1 ends. degree Bakker-Heeres (Triticum suggested the are (e.g. the measurements morphological degree Wheat (van basis grains. combined types and 7, numbers other also 1.00 Triticum WadiJilat The thickness:breadth Zeist or identifications dicoccum) of with of sites between of Bakker-Heeres asymmetry), A grains dicoccoides). For ~~ useful are A convexity these and shape that attenuation of are from highly 1984a); grains metrical example, monococcum) breadth Bakker-Heeres 1.50 present 13, -I' given f both descriptions : morphological - distinguishing wheat the of Iraq ancient wild measured 0+0 V attenuated as sites the Cape I)<:l:,- of measurements domestic (mm) ed-Dubb, presence of mean analyses and einkorn species in ventral 2.00 of: dorsal cereal versus • 1982, Andreas-Kastros . ver- Erbaba specimens lat- 1982); the values. and in Dhuweila, • . + so .1. 2.50 Tell this The (van plotted ments references). per form this plots references). from glume gram identification length, grains. the isons of and )K figure their Mureybit ••• authors Mylouthkia level Zeist thickness Beidha, diagram • were 14 a to (van diagram were wheat breadth against distinct fragmentary In is 3.00 Neolithic represent and found and an Zeist not (van Wadi measured. particular, Dashed In Buitenhuis underestimation. grains (van is assigned of appropriate those no 1981). of this and Zeist cluster grains that FidanA/C the published 3.50 thickness Zeist sites J the l I thickness study and (length nature). lines of Mylouthkia The the o /),. )K + • • A 1983); minimum in (Le. c. and to wild domestic domestic wild domestic Figure Myl Myl1A and Bakker-Heeres relative total 1500 records the wild have all for (Colledge Periods 1 einkorn einkorn In mean versus are de B versus (Jayonu The have Levant 22 all is grains grains most Roller identified 5 einkorn-type been einkorn emmer einkorn of 1507 separated specimens presents whole measurements grains. recorded dimensions values measurements (1 (2gnd) breadth 1994); cases, been 1A breadth gnd) (van but 1984b); (see drawn 1991-92 (2gnd) (1 and grains/frag- the used level gnd) Of Zeist Tell specimens calculated Fig. a from compar- for records because breadth 1B) scatter- for note Ramad, Tell on 426J grains and to grains 5 with Ras the the the aid are for of in of de at of Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant Heeres Figure 13, wild The fragments Hulled with tic the within within tic Cyprus einkom grains parisons those Grains consistently domestic grains domestic apparently ;S ~ .s E u r:: Q) en en Iraq grains einkorn 0.00 einkorn 0.50 2.00 2.50 1.00 3.00 1.50 Mylouthkia barley the 1982); grains 6. barley the which ed-Dubb, of 0.00 the in from types. results Hulled of forms. emmer-type. both and the of size (Hordeum much very range Tell broader recorded and and hulled were Mylouthkia Cypro-EPPNB it limits barley Dhuweila, Mureybit The domestic of is samples There limited 0.50 emmer domestic the suggested, narrower of identified barley. metrical measurements grains 'defined' spontaneum) morphological sizes as Barley is On (van data, domestic contained Wadi also species. (types) 1.00 Periods thickness:breadth the Modern than occupied emmer-types. Zeist and therefore, and grains Fidan analyses as a here it basis distinction from appears emmer-types and the thinner LPPNB. were These einkorn-type produce for 19 AlC, IA breadth 1.50 populations Bakker-Heeres assessments - the einkorn-types. of by whole ancient both thus that E. and present these Azraq sites that grains PELTENBURG the measurements than None between (mm) smaller, domes- domes- of: IB concur grains/ those 2.00 wild- 31 com- have 9ayonu specimens and the fall are on (Colledge of of is 1984b). (van fall Mylouthkia breadth breadth and For are level the tic measured and and was sents The assessment ferences the status ancient charring slimmer ET I 2.50 1994); barley AL. within Levant Zeist distinct domestic the there thickness not dashed Mylouthkia have a Neolithic on Mylouthkia scattergram grains measurements and grains in possible Tell (which or grains is and 3.00 the been the (see size, grains alone. from minimal de Ramad, lines species thickness recorded. size can compared Roller Dispersals than Fig. basis recorded however, plotted causes grains to those represent be range from Again, grains, diagram Tell those 3.50 1991-92),· 6 assign 'overlap' (Hordeum extremely of for of Aswad, from The identified were Periods (and between distortion/puffing) with 'defined' )K + • £ from references). subjective of can these the all Myl domestic wild Myl either the the wild-type modern of relatively Wadi 346 mean assigned either be the 1 1 (van Levantine barley sativum). ION A the B difficult ancient minimum lA grains grains eliminated domestic as here wild Jilat barley specimens the Zeist thickness dimensions eolithic and on morphological populations domestic-type Figure barley Corridor as 7, per and large the and specimens. to two. These IB Wadi domestic identify. breadth basis Bakker- Period) domes- or and sites clearly during 6 grains but versus were Jilat wild The pre- dif- per 45 of so in of it Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant be Watson had bone Animal were to recently, has millennium radiocarbon in the that The mesopotamica), cattle to Eastern cattle cattle-keeping preparation litre ularly the Shillourokambos of and sent Since later LPPNB barley stage of some fied Furthermore, glume the ley erately seeds cereals (Croft domestic support 46 (Peltenburg 1998a, 1991, Leaving Several the Cyprus, these added the the Mylouthkia characteristics Khirokitian) long in (type) Shillourokambos already transmission naturally in tenth LEVANT Gones from of to all centuries, uplands none bone, from wheat the 63-64; (type).2 the disappeared collected 1998; Table were the taxa the Khirokitian Mediterranean cereal transfers seemed animals and and to however, nature deliberately observations Mylouthkia Akanthou, aside millennium moreover, Khirokitian was Aceramic the the of BP et conclusions incorporated 1986, dates are of chaff present 33 appear that while Simmons at. occurring Davis of Stanley 9). the grains Thus, persisted list pig, final archaeobotanical date 2001 domestic also the possibly from of consistent for evident the forthcoming but occurred of on of to consequently animals of 58). to the The have this some undated food caprines sieving Paphos cereal grains, for from very Neolithic animal and 1984, was present not we and to cattle on revealed Cyprus Kritou samples imported village BP. cereals. can Price This new assemblage reached 1998a that indications ancestors this suggest represent discoveries elsewhere up animal at Cyprus part low and early of crops that over which processing be in are the high 147; stage, Mylouthkia) bone, the District economy to the assemblage (Cypro- is Marottou-Ais numbers settlements and a in of other 1977, suggesting may made that animal The (probably also and and a consistent a wild cattle the a with husbandry. ratios faunal assemblages fallow that Jarman (e.g. the for millennium, at are millennium neolithic i.e. including small on have known the forthcoming a samples on purposes, of are, 1998b). of least at 'founder with PPNB?) species domestic 247). regularly consumption. respect Cypro-E waste, across high introductions the fairly Croft of west of crop importation deer (present Mylouthkia Cyprus been record early carnivores (Simmons then, must wild/weed of grains 1982, an regard from island, with at ratios package Yiorkis, Cyprus Cyprus display one the weeds. (Dama typical partic- identi- eighth Three a which to delib- 1988; cattle crop' on prior Only most after later now pre- bar- that and per the 66; the the sea b). for on to in of at at it have west, Apparently A tion EPPNB resource the A probably Vigne mals hunted) in ical tion ity tenth importation points ution at early clude discussion keeping, cattle distributions could of arrival are tion the the gests and around Cypriot Cyprus argues of and the eighth Shillourokambos. a although ciously (Vigne (Simmons Presently regional lowland these the Shillourokambos remarkable the exists west contemporary seen evidence, south goat earliest in in not goat), establishing of that wells millennium and Mediterranean Mediterranean that et of operate on of millennium tenth for the mainland et of the taxa, instances to zoo ale to been of fallow were exploitation as to the remains cattle contrast of the cattle-keeping caprines these at. their Levant of deal corridor, even are Khirokitian 1994) Cyprus a (forthcoming) available archaeological turn tradition: well be or cowboys of the escapees absence millennium favour even distinctive the island. mortality found probably forthcoming, to context attested these with domesticated slightly and deer domestic animals earlier as free-living of implications confound BP, tradition to south-west It suggest with mainland. dating from coast BP at by on the was the be the rapid specific the in Naturally, evidence animals of in littoral was Shillourokambos, at on this or farmers (Simmons for the well-digging PPNB Cyprus located at domesticated data the cattle settlement importance earlier evidence tenth/ninth about in feature domestic the may eventual during (Galili to deliberately BP, Cyprus status that Mylouthkia consider surface already time. the Levantine information data outset, populations the of hydrological and the and zone. Cypro-PPNB, Asia to have on from for and of animal west, the this and on the is (cattle accurate bovine of EPPNB The et at Cyprus second (Croft the element the references). pers. animal for clung run-off same demise status the developed the suggests Unlike a specialised cattle the the at. died Kholetria-Ortos, that distinct in at apparently, millennium of situation importation patchy before mainland Corridor. domestication economies liberated Atlit- and mainland. PPNB west 1993). time comm.) and (presumably water about time morpholog- and of out in husbandry, most half 1991, domestica- times of interpreta- conditions and frequency is the of any probably the possibil- Yam that the provide the a of in even sheep), distrib- Cyprus as cattle- of in which in prob- sheep water situa- They these tena- or well. their their con- later they The The sug- 67). that ani- (pig pig, end the the the pig BP off on all to in Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant traces ranges. fairly Well ference served the to disposed deep) a climbing Their small diameter deep, water-divining examples ern suggests ments. execution ations. domestication over likely risk sedentism is the that of reasons. EPPNB triggered nent consider dence Mediterranean and and balance water of sedentism. seen consumption. itation regions. craft argued often lem minimum Most The dependable, not a the investment hydrological wellheads buffering beyond Sharvit vital differentiate built as on 116 settlements cavities that activities apparent and vertical, of vertically lead known Mylouthkia resources for examples Wells, Apart of has a is below, development that With of and here in Mediterranean in In One pick which particular has well-building. at resources, the well-digging known sometimes well and environment. Its no such land of and to immediate (e.g. (1998), several Mylouthkia. the it cut measures more is from shaft c. success few as marks of in of not when apparent to cylindrical of drought. absence 133 clean may as wells agriculturalists' out 5.4 environments, development. widen use and the Astrom for aligned, into one considerable locate large erosion, the are about sedentary go residual just well 3 whereas well than (7.0 the adaptive m it (Fig. be of of continuous environment are this water were water required instance unlined is many systematically a probably was the expanded of of wells for detrimental in out these profitable settlements investment evident pattern the deep as m.) types However, A a long Springs two islands 1998). tradition soil 7) the shafts Two emergence hence approximately specialised the supplies, delayed wells noted, resources. second for in in . Cypriot towards from were organisational strategy may Well-diggers dozen underground per core walls climbing labour into well of need special way these human from propensity around of therefore, supplied water According 0.90 with and well well increasing have and originally in in to mobile antlers areas these returns. there began, characteristic the of 133 of effects variable hand/footholds of wells to in particular the conditions. the distributed consider for in of PPN to - many We the the skills aspect underground labour, 116 supplies been large the Bronze E. the the holes and the large restore of 1.20 give persistence sustainable base, consist is growth water PELTENBURG from groups shafts of have removed the opposed to it may sources. and While circum- creation to (8.5 changes 43 deeper. such no a control perma- Cypro- precip- coastal coastal animal access fallow of settle- install seems m. west- Galili other clear PPN their situ- pre- and two that lost Age evi- can the for the m. for As in be in of as to of is it which variety tities as empty whilst Successive and rope. presumably basin al sticky cient the in which dense flow wells deer havara and Figure 116 ET 14 15 20 16 17 21 22 23 18 19 The remains. water width. hammerstones AL. stream, and small m.a.s.1. of depth of most silts accumulated are limestone cut flowed the of basin air 7. Neolithic (a small 133 clay, sources. silts, Schematic .··"'O··HB •• The ···"''''00 which pockets, calcareous ••• wells cut down animals "''''0:)00. These varied 0 probably •• "''''''''''0• of ····"'0 by "''''0 showing to .0 000 at "'0000. "'00. havara, • • in underground water •• and •• means permit bottom down Dispersals the in pipe-like were which contained into fills. deposits containing deposits, profiles base predominance must after constitute WELL to having sediment) grit, of HE into still facilitate an the constitutes of 116 from of a they of frequently channels pertains container impermeable presumably each in stones, accumulation each Kissonerga-Mylouthkia quantities the watercourses ·TTToo the basically ·TT"''''o ···TT'" .TT'" .T~I5 ,:~~ ·TTTo .·TTo ····T'" \\"TT .TT(~ .Tuo .... .;lJcr •• ···TTo served ·",~08 ·T"''''''' ··Too had greater use ··T'" ."''''0 TTT ·T'" "''''''' ."'0 "''''''' T'" "''''''' "''''''' the T'" .0 Levantine its of "''''''' well soft, well bedrock "'0 to .. 0 ceased as stone cobbles, being fills the some well on have as water or was I :·TTTo :.·T"'O consisted : WELL homogeneous of •• occurences. denotes comprising • • () • HB Large '" accumulated base bowl 116 of lesser the Obsidian fragment Red (mainly Stone Human Miscellaneous Hammerstone picks. Corridor TT microfaun- stratum drawn 20-40 to of filled to (now 133 symbol the fallen ochre five only. fragments bowl end sources, ash be bone pounders) level a tap quan- wells suffi- used Both with of dry) out, and of wells cm. the in. 47 of of a a a Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant Well provides Vigne yielded tion wells unlikely possesses hardly wells that ble human It mentioned well-diggers to mine face, from flowing tive. inally existence in irrigation. likely divining, stream, offchance domly as anywhere seriously other a deliberately streams, small interpreted ation activities. Stone quantities cision deposits, cut at 48 exploited variety Upon Mylouthkia Shillourokambos the Shillourokambos vegetative is well-digging into secondary constitute Whilst LEVANT would of obvious founder dug watercourses water animals, intended fills et (if of which have vessel conceivable above the dug and then some stone unconsolidated al. that of the perhaps abandonment, or be but of Well an neolithic anywhere such in the and The of of dietary economic (see have dowsing, forthcoming). by filled the a animal had is considered. earliest two the shafts filled the extensive indicators. 33 Neolithic crops manufacture? at sedentary that 8 wells of vessel encountering earliest of types small, use naturally nature 133 63% the to here also 2001 Mylouthkia they m. to Mylouthkia been suggestion world, utmost wells, only and these supply evidence located the that locate yielded by that consumption, or are excavators and also to may below). dispersals, at evidence of during and was fragments and betrayed are) these underground of a water more body Shillourokambos worked Mylouthkia however, somewhat such seepage people reinforces community bones the Mylouthkia Since few sands If the has significance two have the conducted regarded 25.4% their a cultural Comparisons deep it would a regular just that prolific the More Mylouthkia wells of centimetres below exact plentiful it deep remarkable a is well for great played Cypro- it from and shafts by stone. as is groundwater. impossible discussed small at have underground, and Cypro- some would of from introduces water apparent surface data. shallower or exploited water enigmatic presently Mylouthkia features evidence location appear as gravels, supply the deposits the well as nearby. depths husbanded alone streams. for with hammerstones for EPPNB a worked already sort primarily a subterranean PPNB divining. surrounding Dated ground role seem 449 are preliminary an would small-scale wells concentra- across fills wells signs were great of of to arguably to appreci- that that so instruc- of a and specific in on yielded ground for are known water- water. Water highly which deter- possi- those stone seeds these must It been were orig- have such such craft (e.g. sites very ran- pre- sur- and and the the the the are are for is width to walled Trample ments below). from the this representation relatively less more including figure must ments made. Despite narios tion intact manufacturing in the rocks. implies rence ments tars The argument dition. criteria stone defunct at specific of often surface obviously sidered. sel condition careous cations Roodenberg clear stone other (Peltenburg The The Evidence have well Shillourokambos, 283). count concentration scenario. and scatterplot than with specialised by be less than vessel large measurements artefacts is stone A near the affords indicates of A pieces Fine high more and 116, been of Cypriot category an rocks. systematic significantly Through stone stressed number the pestles, dump, rose Only minimum in common than that 1.5 non-decorated from igneous first this the evolution and 1.5 the is for that vessels rims and total et including degree fragments left 1986). Fragments and robust consequently to an em. This vessels the apparently two well-head al. em. recovered deposition a activity, an lOx thinner of of the over nature of composition items that behind of area opportunity presumably thick-walled and small observation and the absence in forthcoming earlier well analysis, thickness are artefact. 1 rocks Fig. scenarios for thickness equates vessel occurrence of 0 The finer presence well greater of basal towards so this 120 thin resulting would or em. the the that fragmentation infilling it material 250 number the mainland walled of during the 8 of the is dump 133, body abundance when from is estimate deliberate in walled count of proximity most of This the material found vessels conservative. showing and with few proximity fragments All are since clear more were have may deliberate to querns, survived the of preference human of and near basins. of small the fragments assemblage vessels. the fragments vessel b; the commonly well of of consider the was is credible. body of the over of body the in that be later fragmented stone cf. the rare, is tend demonstrated to bases common well feature total fragments condition aceramic diagnostic rock the in-filling. deposition derived chips based entertained the length of minimum of rubbers, a supports joins Wright also of (out 70 remains fragments in of In fragments lesser The assemblage. breakage stone to abundance, in Khirokitian vessel despite assemblage vessel The a the preference good for these vessels. that are wellhead. was be addition, are conjunc- of dump found supports could (Fig. on is against ramifi- under- from harder occur- of a extent actual small, vessel of 1993; made likely came strict mor- thin- were frag- frag- frag- total con- con- sites ves- sce- (see of cal- the the the for 7). by be of of of of at It a a Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant terms tary ranean tances, period, needed such interval merstones of sels existence on ship and manufacturing forthcoming) playing ucts. centration of, coincidence ship probably tion. vessel occurred ing, ments the manufacture. broken proximity vessel Cypriot of sibility facturing probable situ but burnt final time breaks (n=114) explain of discard cases 116. (Peltenburg·et There There which On use diagnostic stone finished product prior breakage rather related community carving of with discard The as is Significantly, However, and of the fragments fragments and/or show in that appear building, together vessels chipped for many as of the likely querns and wear with expediency. would is vessel is that that accounts to of their together basis wasters recurrence wells, of 44 of 1000 were than fine a they chipped some concentration, so and deposition clear calcareous Near within of of similar, chalk the a used and of The included the traits fragments to of to al. consistent or many activity. original lead manufacturing of in manufacturing grinding dump readily years were nearby. many with both stone complete the within rough deposited support them perhaps be have vessel forthcoming occurrence evidence of indication or Roodenberg Eastern this these proximity for re-used as vessel with the to stone of old debris as Querns weathered though stone unfinished the suggests of utilised hammerstones the problems with near evidence, elapsed too wasters artefacts crude grinding in well. the artefacts intended available fragments products. It and The fills these and (15.5% the this remains fragments, implements because the with absence is stone examples in of from bulky condition well chipped vessels this the worn possible that may were of argument of less absence finishing working the well. in, material chalk b). a activity. associations between (1986, activity. or such the vessel in is activity. well-head of functional suggesting that vessels. state prior stone we salt of function fill pronounced, to the and Astruc be a may readily in of In the unfinished salt of over clean Therefore, weathered reflection total) stone can of carry of the were hammerstones hammerstones a a understood water, after that clear and any of assemblage to in later such a of vessel of efflorescence 143) dump manufacture semi-subter- also the the for E. in such Many their by-product discount stone earlier fragmenta- majority Lastly, water (1994 stone It produced fragments PELTENBURG variety no had tools the case, and long breakage of evidence relation- the well. a relation- stages the as indicate with provide is the seden- manu- a longer would of initial prod- either peck- ham- stone more some tools been frag- their con- long pos- well ves- well was dis- and dis- use the the the an in of of of in is fragments. Arrowhead and south-east the M.-C. about and Parallels retouched highly sphere' Cyprus of PPNB Elements identified traditions helps cores, Diffusions relation Evaluation bowls whereas Certain chronology stone Figure 1996, ET ~ ~ S ~ As large 20 25 30 AL. 10 15 o broad Peltenburg Belfer-Cohen noted o 9200 required the was diagnostic 152-153; us at Neolithic 8. Cauvin features or tanged to (M.-C. in manufacture Mureybet, at Scatter which production to blades others of Anatolia, probably the the and uniformity and BP, Industries) Mureybet, above, the identify Dispersals lithic a plot projectiles, more adaptations 4) 2000). and this 1994, of adaptations Kozlowski of more whole characterise on (M.-C. 1989, the the of some 10 ,. lithic as the industry J. re-used the width of recently elaborate have of PPNB chipped more Length 288; elsewhere, chipped from of In Cauvin technocomplex blades island It 64; of and south package smoothly 15 sickles, considering against the the long of 1999, the (em) Kozlowski in Kozlowski • clearly the in culture ,. closely J. these Levantine suggested and for stone stone PPNB technology. associated 1993, vessel Levant, been tool-making Cauvin ,. length 20 • beginning • include burins 8-9; the had ,. south-west settlers. link finished • in assemblage industry, recognised the manufacture 24; a Corridor appeared of production. McCartney the 'interaction • • (Bar- 25 1999). Cyprus 1999, variety 1993, and BAI and stone naviform sources, chipped Gopher Levant. • of Y other stone vessel now Asia (Big osef first 24; the 30 9). By 49 to in of as in Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant polished types, the this Levantine the in lithic Kozlowski Figure ance of and of dences early changes evolved demonstrate and blade. 4. 50 1994a, 10000 finely It 'PPNB' the the early spread context, according is early LEVANT of diffusion (1, assemblages north north not - but 9. denticulated 387-90; curvilinear in in in 9600 axes 5, diffusion Diagnostic the Neolithic type PPNB line the of 8 development to 1994, from Levant. it Levant, how during 33 specific intention BP to is chaine of examine with elements Bar- 2001 important Kalavasos- insular glossed the the (M.-C. (Figs of from Cypro-PPNB structures Yosef 148-9; developments the This the sites PPN operatoire industry Cypriot 'know-how' here blade; 2: particular Mureybetian the constraints. along PPNA between Cauvin diffusion in 1994, traits Tenta; to 5-12 to island, Gopher 5. south-east and recognise industry with as chipped that list glossed of from 7-8; 2, and well 1994, the that a the Cyprus on type 7 process the demonstrate it full from j I stone 1996, crescent 9; and appearance diverse I as is the south 1996, ) subsequently originated final the j 279, f sequence j\ Anatolia cf. fossils possible Ayia correspon- \ \ Aswadian types. mainland \ presence \ involved and 208). \ Gopher appear- segment; \ Levant 281-2; \ points \ Varvara-Asprokremnos; \ 153). 1. and the the In to of in of Tabular c. 6. retouched to try features The Naviform ulated teristics Levant the following in fusion PPNB Gopher chipped scrapers arrowheads exhibit 210). dominance cents, 1996, opposed the south (Balkan-Atli EPPNB, use 5 Levant, in Thus, from appears obsidian a 153-5; glossed has (Cauvin are plat/onn the and stone more 1996, of discussion direction and 3, been important made of south Natufian microliths, the 5cm Cappadocian 4, while but gradual blade; to features bidirectional M.-C. blades, 6 core; 153). other spread 1994, 1\ 1977, described from define with to continued of of 7. elements 2. north declined I<'issonerga-Mylouthkia). points dihedral the development the 215; crested abrupt Cauvin bi-directional 30-8; of of particularly Interestingly, sometimes a shift PPNB Cypro- these in PPNB obsidian as Kozlowski core later blade; for the Gopher burin; retouch, a in in in 1994, 'package' consideration pre- culture PPNA the PPNA PPNB the in technology 3. (Bar-Yosef 8. truncated, initiated are lunates Anatolia. PPNB Byblos direction truncated 1989a; cores, the north 281-8). 1994, finely recognisable assemblages to lithic to of point increased the the periods. or prior charac- Levant dentic- 1989b; tanged 148-9; indus- in These of upsilon in 1996, south north cres- flake tang; The dif- the the to Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant Mureybet points. Neolithic diverse. belong Anatolia 288-9, fig. Peasnall EPPNB attributed MPPNB Goring-Morris abruptly Guilaine Hoyiik Dja'de including notched tion, vide PPNB 5 Shillourokambos 40; Mureybet broadly rather Mylouthkia mainland tic Arrowheads Lithic Early and early, and ovular Cauvin represents above example 288-9, both Coqueugnoit PPNB 1994b, Shillourokambos assemblages stage Cyprus, 'retardation' demonstrate Early tools 4). 2000, significant a delayed in Dja'de represents, diffusion resembling the than The denticulated points (Gopher fig. They evidence examples, to in Coqueugnoit 36-9). They (Cauvin of the arrowhead 1994, but arrowheads retouched (Coqueugnoit 1998, exhibits et parallels types resembling (Bar-Yosef !VB tang. fig. sites the to 7. the IVA ~ the two sequence pressure are three it ale one factor mixture 5; are 1994, and the exhibiting exhibit PPNB is (M.-C. 3. additional fig. fig. Mureybet and evidence from These other typically south Gopher known 1998, 2000, 1989a, This like and also Early an for and true 7). may however but transitional Byblos arrowheads point 7. points suggested 5: square-based across figs types Aswad example that asymmetric and probable Arrowheads and retouch Dja'de Demirkoy points point, the different of (see 4; 5-8; 1994, Byblos Balkan would Levant show fig. EPPNB Phase fig. examples 1994, 2, 1989b). Mylouthkia Cauvin at 1994b, of viewed influences abrupt/semi-abrupt tangs ended Belfer-Cohen Coqueugnoit early on on belonging 3, tradition below). type Cypro- Mureybet early McCartney loosely, the II 3: 8: from rejected Cyprus 5; 321-2, fig. parallels for Cyprus, A appear (M.-C. restricted also forms (M.-C. elements that point 4). from 1985, characteristics were Guilaine seems 12; relatively 96, At and (Fig. as Levant, emigration pair the 2. Hoyiik 1994, EPPNB do Mylouthkia arrowheads with the be Two the Shillourokambos, fig. 1-8; that example the of Rosenburg to arrowheads Tenta later variety which figs made before Mureybet to not of fig. IVB 9. Cauvin therefore, at Cauvin most with Period applicable Cypro-PPNB Tenta longer proto- 1989, 4.7,17-18). forthcoming, 1994, at E. to notches et Gopher be traditi?n account. fig. diminutive, home early 3; in start 3-5). and appear ale PEL 2; any relies Period the or with occur from diagnos- similarly showing EPPNB comple- Gopher retouch eastern 64). Byblos Period 1998a, can M.-C. fig. in TENBURG 6. tangs, In 1994, of Cafer 1994, gIven tang, from early from with pro- C?ne IIIB and and Just the lA, are flat the the the for be on At to 4; at to of 3; 5. raw industries. reduction The Expanded ence be b). continuity Fig. whelmingly Shillourokambos accounts senting from et It McCartney nology distinguish high senting bi-directional 2000, ming method naviform try therefore, tory have blages. native age and dence example (Peltenburg tics, Mylouthkia, close dation Quintero 1997, Cauvin ary show Cypro-EPPNB 'pre-conditioned 11-12). (Gopher ET Obsidian Aside is ale typical The is AL. that materials of Tenta, important in quality parallels of Cypro-MPPNB spanning clearly association the 9: elements early 79, 77-8, including 1999, chert 'know-how' the Neolithic effects this Such et naviform utilization a from of (Fig. defines from 1989a; core contacts? for technology 6). Late of fig. at. illustrates with 1996, small the north the These PPNB show and from to raw blade-based the Table et (Fig. 1999; 143, 1998, differences define arrowheads, Shillourokambos throughout 3: 12% cores Shillourokambos, reduction. need Obsidian PPNB the 9: to Dispersals Aetokremnos at. NatufianJPPNA the from the dates material developments potentially 8; Cypro- 1989b; dorsal number Levant. Early with 235). the the cores recognise knowledge' 9.1). 2; of Period core 276-81; forthcoming Peltenburg features preceding 1; forthcoming of of 59-63). using both that to PPNA and obsidian, transfer Gollii Mylouthkia, Levant straddle Peltenburg industry Quintero the this the Phase be scar EPPNB. technology from and The M.-C. One both is in and the It tool is the Material of a the 1A workings taken classic Period listed that is the high transitional Dag patterns the contra the through arrive utilisation Cypro- individual also assemblage produced (Bar-Yosef north A classic sample of stage types. Cypro-EPPNB transitional indicative that et the Cauvin therefore, of Levantine shows sample Cypriot and and use b). the the characteristics at. as and quality b; area into et earlier PPNB 9200 Shillourokambos from 1A is present Simmons in Levant a forthcoming demonstra~es in of al. E Thus, evidence Though complete Guilaine a of and navi~orm prerequsite clearly Tenta at the belongs vanety terms Wilke consideration and 1994, the sample considerable forthcoming high from the of (Briois Corridor Mylouthkia charactens- artifacts, arrowheads of this BP translucent PPNB 1996, appears (Simmons core core and MPPNB. a MPPNB navIform the a and distinct specific bound- Cypro- in of period, quality 288-9; certaIn assem- mainly indus- of repre- repre- 2000, pack- 1995; retar- et pres- over- trim- tech- et (e.g. core 212; co~e th~y that his- eVI- the b). f?r at. at. 51 to it a Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant harvesting The blage) imported however, EPPNB, industry E/MPPNB) Anatolian glossed presence the the island. ing mainland the industries. texts microliths ture Euphrates tinued al. tral is imply and crescents decline ing Gopher influences sources other seems of glossed blades and alongside 9). evidence ~evketoglu at elsewhere. and single core 52 (Fig. (Cauvin 1982, lA The At more At Shillourokambos 1997, Natufian Anatolian the rest (Fig. numbers obsidian b; curvilinear PPNB reduction LEVANT to where presence larger, micolithic Shillourokambos the Tenta, to 9: platform increased 126-7; to use and from blades crescents. Cypro-MPPNB. the see 1996, At of 1991,171-2). exhibit of reach became occurred of be 97-8, appeared 9: obsidian diminutive likely development mark (Quintero in persisted 5; tools They in sites, 2000, This of the they a bladelets glossed Akanthou microliths, Taurus 4). dominated origin, and below). the Shillourokambos 332001 typically obliquely Anatolian revived of McCartney obsidian Gopher glossed like 153-155; methods of artifacts Levant tools using a Table hafts following cores the disappeared most The were dramatically that Cypro- PPNA. mixture obsidian 117; peak obliquely Both those (representing more during when in arrived tool and from Cypro-MPPNB region unretouched may crescent Tenta were archaic were Two early clearly derived crescents such for McCartney imply 1996, 1; glossed imports. of Since PPNB (e.g. in LPPNB however, by using and sites unidirectional Peltenburg The seen Wilke traditions Both Guilaine at Tenta, closer the of east the the prevalent artifacts Early have and Cappadocian neolithic with commonly employed important and glossed archaic following assemblage, Cauvin that the Tenta, 153; such traits Cypriot substantial and trait, in the from spread (or (potentially production Cypro-MPPNB crescents crescents Anatolian finely the 1995; could Anatolian onwards, the Mylouthkia Peltenburg been Phase mixture 2% and expanding lunates) the may edges obliquely Kozlowski glossed forthcoming). et as since local in along et seen additional Anatolian and crescents al. large quantities of of unidirectional influences, developments obsidian A§ikli stage al. in the to Gebel well and denticulated used the island alternatively B differences, PPNB of the are 2000, increase mesolithic sources, composite forthcom- and separately of Aurenche therefore, make segments as (Briois PPNA with bladelets MPPNB numbers ties flakes obsidian of bidirec- Cypriot provide present glossed archaic Cypro- on Hiiyiik assem- Period during PPNB on 2000; 1999, 1996; other small wide con- con- dur- cen- 79). cul- and and the the the the or in in of et it if Adaptation vide variety These link platform tional platform tools, which ments time, from forthcoming Hoylik of were long ment. nization It record. illustrating larly MlLPPNB) latter Peltenburg later ceding of Guilaine materials Thus, et ogy adapted Shillourokambos et of deployed Phase demonstrate cores directional-small nology 2000; changes and erate substantially Shillourokambos Cypro-PPNB cores, was al. obsidian methods al. archaic practices occurred additional during reflect flat was 2000, quality the mainland they c. blade Peltenburg changes are fully 2000, initiated following of a the During naviform (Cauvin appear in 8000 that correlate their preparation (McCartney et blades and replaced Cypro- for retouched decreasing united cores the and the et those and reveal a al. the 81-2; and use illustrated core assemblage b). decreased (Briois considerable the thousand al. greater in the BP. 79-80; in lithic (McCartney variable dated dominant evidence 2000, regionalization the Cypro-MPPNB PPNB the respectively LPPNB the Both 2000 and and terms from early within PPNB of and blade/bladelet Cypro- technologies for tradition. et manufacture from in Peltenburg the by responses with exploitation industry al. still et blades to more numbers and the the the Aurenche 79-81). Cypro-LPPNB were occurrence the McCartney the and Cafer Cypriot al. effects at years c. in 2000). Cypro-MPPNB, of assemblages. of and LPPNB patchy from use bidirectional features the mainland onwards 8000 Tenta blade use the MPPNB 1997, naviform-blade the a continuity manufacture raw forthcoming established 1998, and moderate strengthened The Hoyiik. of after to to of et at Well of of Cypro-LPPNB. Asprokremnos resemble The undated BP farmers cherts Pehenburg Middle material of character of Cypro- their different al. local burins adding 1982, core 110-111; assemblage, flake shifts opposed Mylouthkia at blades the Peltenburg translucent of were that glossed and forthcoming prepared sites manufacture Mylouthkia They developments. with of new At bi-directional island's core technologies, tool tools fundamental in PPNB quality by significantly 125, in a). more to define Peltenburg extensively the of utilisation, like Phase influences core Anatolian the produced (probably (Guilaine however, may line and platform the Guilaine environ- the technol- The require- the tools, are glossed variety fig. 2000; single Cafer mod- again et same chert lithic tech- colo- simi- Late with pro- The uni- pre- well mix and raw use the a). 1 al. of 7; at B a Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant villages urine replacement blades Without ment elaboration Peltenburg focused, missing base earlier necessary blages broadly small-scale technology technology, employed able to island regionalization south cialization Sites in respond products, explained Khirokitian use 'incipient differences illustrate in gradually forthcoming Kissonerga more the 1997, Molist still arrowheads dent Peltenburg mainland Cypro- arrowheads documented Contenson Tools The Guilaine later the the island's of exist at remained capable was production technical than Levant (Gebel that than such LPPNB social 373). Kritou and on Levant Cypro- opposed Cypro-PPNB from with belonging instead, reduced the characterizes increasing the ingredient specialization' less in the local described (Quintero increased in Levant et 2000; farming et expensive of replaced 1992, (Christou Ferrer rather by of on of as isolation. a; features and changes of al. and 1996; al. by the later This appears continued the intensive Marottou-Ais other continent, LPPNB small of LPPNB Period greater Simmons Mylouthkia investment the and at phenomena supporting forthcoming (2000, reference at platform the Cypro- Peltenburg on on disappearance 53; Cypro-PPNB. economic than Shillourokambos 1996, sites assemblages Quintero mainland. number kind communities to beginning of on crafts the they with in for PPNB in the and in Rollefson not and only 1994, lA numbers However, a Cyprus, later Mylouthkia the 80-82) chipped in and is Cypro-E/MPPNB like demand island LPPNB large terms large desire such 1998a, 433-7; blade types the of associated to relate to like the Wilke Khirokitian cores, later true lA, in since interaction of Yiorkis Khirokitia. PPNB Final realities cultural and 664; gradually have et a). technical development sedentary technological tools LPPNB of single Instead, stone view of the by and for al. c. et stages but of tools 6). at specialization Wilke stone to Blade industry Cyprus McCartney these of cattle for (McCartney augmented 1995, the Peltenburg aI. PPNB occurred those forthcoming flake industries 8000 long (see the Khirokitia formed. naviform The the as the the with platform 1B isolation, cattle bowl of 1992, raw standardized required of assemblages E. sphere. 1995). evidence type sites may are we industry production investment population decrease above) the tools. from somewhat that 24; additional the show increasing continued flat PELTENBURG consider- character thus BP material and of still see by assem- invest- 516-7; on of island. PPNB It in be Baird of char- blade 1999; large cores et by This than core spe- The cor- and was is fig- and and evi- the the the the the for the the (de a). no al. of of is a a transferred Levant the Skull responses Secondary small-scale ship aspects lels from north tions phase changes microliths, Devoid Peltenburg for chipped mainland system' clearly PPNB links Aswad Lechevallier Mylouthkia, rare fied and and and figs. McCartney blades, onwards. 55; further tions, unretouched are blages Shillourokambos examples) as denticulates (M.-C. coming acterize 1984, ET Though dead AL. do membership recognised and Cape by Khirokitian 1993, Amuq in 4-5). the with caching that Levantine in 85). represents lithic exhibits Neolithic (Peltenburg backed the of II, the of define and b). marginally burins Cauvin the are evident early (Gopher local This stone, to (Le Andreas. the connections trends the have and to 29). Ramad much agricultural Backed the Steeply assemblages 2000; PPNB burial arrowheads, subsequent, diagnostic local sequence but south-east forthcoming). and 1978, Cyprus and Brun Cypro-PPNB: but through the shift Dispersals Cypro- the infrequent features (including restricted features specific Such blades, assemblages Corridor. 1973; are in in Late bar in demands of intrusive Peltenburg notches. to later backed utilized interaction I, 'low and As in 1994a, 1981 et 211-212; later the retouched prevalent the the a (Bienert Beisamoun, remains 'sickle' PPNB 'agricultural' al. the with behaviours in the Phase lesser communities 1974, from levels from Cypro-PPNB truncated Anatolia mainland affinities indicate 'classic' detail these of PPNB et the 'tanged' PPNB forthcoming final blades Byblos dihedral It and al., functional the mainland The pieces, persistence the the 389; Similar continuity case like extent technology industry also sites (Guilaine et of 431-5; in de 1991; to sphere implements Levantine 33-5; PPNB. defining earlier pressures flakes assemblages al. Levantine similarity' Khirokitian later numerous 'culture figure be Tenta, with two Contenson of which tangs reflects of McCartney and such glossed PPNB blades, forthcoming implements pieces redeposition documented, and the the Goring-Morris of tools M.-C. Cypro- 1983, Aetokremnos and PPNB in (Fig. fundamental These those a the Ras and prominently of Corridor as context from et PPN rare the Khirokitia, is of its were within and truncation the group member- sequence Assouad, al. practical elements esquillees, exempli- island. required exist LPPNB disclose Shamra pointed 9: Cauvin trunca- earliest Cypro- blades, 68-70; Byblos a assem- on PPNB of paral- broad in Tenta tradi- forth- 1992, 1995, 7, also and few the the the the are a). 53 of or of in 8; it Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant burials nium removal products. iour et human been were many polished fully much 267-9). ticulated the It fill, a ity disrepair, sons, comes specific and co-occurrence Three the 54 shaft. ered removed haps, hold fragmentary crania tration known were tion of situation. articulated from may building Presumably other disused, of splayed el 133, abandonment group A may On Ahmar the some al. from occipital, was . possibly association single placed. LEVANT be less from at more Wells of the transported but BP. to Its the anthropogenic abandonment location stone adult and and of 1998; have from remains were later least that of placed bodies In of the be mortuary partially ceased body pink result cranial at likely from a mentioned This if then The the PPNA- These crania the skull randomly mandible the a condition, line the the can a simply this post-cranial condition its well For survived some vessel Khirokitian half well probably associated 332001 bodies considerable and conglomerate skull association was of human of another of context found time best than atlas 0.8 fills where may be on with occurred, of deformation was of example, in infilled abandonment metres B and natural human that whole fills. of not abandoned an deserted practices possibly m. the the may the fragments, mainland, will sense vertebra not of not deliberate of and distributed. the mainland material above, a and deliberately adult with in remains of by building below the bodies their those of island fills place long mandible In have bones. done with have come well caprines several lower bones a erosion, manner a the remains which insular of we case perhaps skull other quantity put cradle-board, at soft male, with and introduction Galili drop a consists places, a the is shaft. presumably been where may been different exclusively abandonment by was court little were for skulls largely in unique insertion. down at Thus, on together developments, on (Stordeur skull unusual tissue and can in allowed surviving the the evidence Mylouthkia words, but an (cf. suggests with (see introduced intact, a infer completely inserted must Cyprus the lower removed and graves the number although special of exposed. the be only of fragments, were of crania was eighth that the Angel from remaining macehead below). levels its other other, flattening made intentional- decomposi- the seems, recovery Nir to have to at Moreover, in and in deposition in secondary partly a upon is mandible well 1999). detached for provided or that the or fall the concen- the the and erosion consid- millen- that behav- of places. central from in 1953). where hence to at hand, of 1993, disar- these more They some care- been skull time The rim. well well into well well rea- per- two dis- J the the the the the erf of of to of It it a with period. flexed not known, A remains, tion ture lescent, an unusual prove the seemingly ulated, found gruence accompanied Shillourokambos 2 ages is in ficult succeeding cases. sort dealing 2 barley, The some of We the the the Discussion and more sheep, 267-9). along later available apparently cerned on some, adult rather The In question known a substantial opportunity heads the Levantine late initial confined first of better of and since dispersal the distinctly tenth sum, links They meaningful with if inhumation clear-cut to lower, ritual human goat the in males, simply with island. Re-deposition tenth not is but and contexts and uncertain Khirokitian need one on from the of an evaluate not stages of of deposited millennium with position animal association 4.25 were the and Cypro-PPNB unoccupied two the behaviour. then chronology questions a mature infant well by the but to domestic millennium Corridor, of an perfect with remains to goat child invites This earliest 20.70 for practices case adjacent cattle, pigs m. a the Mylouthkia. only of of adult deal Shillourokambos (cf. was at the again, bones, concentration attributions) (Guilaine re-burial. rubbish the was to farming. horncores of these Atlit- founder where in as assumption in sheep, found of Rosenberg since generally m. with Asiatic the assess speculation at of BP of a in and of Cypriot one well If complete, raises represented pig, neolithic island, we continental in mandible indeterminate Yam Mylouthkia fragments Mylouthkia some BP so, dispersal, a.s.1 fill sites mortuary further disposal, a the well only the in the 12 et 133. few Here crops these This have then sedentary to of morphologically In many the in (Galili al. immature game and deposits. on and assumption Levant, of coincident and the Cyprus, primary of human 1999, a may Cyprus another area The unbutchered which 1998b). the custom Cyprus dispersal we no links that einkorn, pit because at human issues and, 2 throughout but of in shaft. since, a landmass. behaviour animal well and least applied mature concentration occurrence are be wells of well human fig. (or practice communities sex, but we rather when bones We far the were burials (including nearby, erroneous Nir affords only regarding The belong may contrasts 133 well?) being 16). 8 distribu- 116 remains that it emmer, are an beyond than may of human deer of imma- goats, is 1993, to artic- more some bone were were ado- con- con- wild that car- also was and dif- not has the the are the be all an of at to in is a a Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant nium retained tants ment colonising settlements in just texts, and sources occupation. rated also PPNA-type the tions. PPNA al. earliest the Khiamian lack and 64, indicate the glossed may south-east a PPNA portionately therefore, at form On buildings tenth organisation Syrian amongst Such nities the gested because developments characteristic are existence Cypro-PPNB 1999; reflection Varied We what PPNB 2000; fig. retention direct similarity persist different question the classic external of hence also stemmed phases. grooved BP. mainland millennium although The that archaising Jerf PPNA have Epipaleolithic traditions. PPNA sculptural 6.3). de crescents demands could basis PPNA an of island point Munhatta replaced classes of cf. transfer points Anatolia phases as el on retained Cypro- PPNB of earlier Epipaleolithic For objects we the Contenson large gave This undiscovered Ahmar seen Incised from here analogies well of Cauvin the stones of the colonisation of sites. of took from be hierarchical to it colonists. features evolution, have example, strong the western imply current a may and continued strong prior mainland work of should That Cypro-EPPNB or on kind PPNB way traits. as is of intramural that exploration the (earlier?) Cypro-EPPNB that place into While mainland earlier circular (Perrot and (ef. whether landfalls, artefacts pebbles Epipaleolithic the circular or now other 1997, also circular to of from presence that which knowledge this the occur Jamous into Tenta PPNA links Guilaine incised mainland, in archaising be 1992). evidence, the entity evidence other Davis or however, for do settlement insular features into PPNB. was the microliths have we use 1964, format noted Aetokremnos, Cyprus, 72, the PPNA occurrence (fig. with these sedentary buildings demographic in pillars, may in not or format and diagnostic are Levantine faithfully of the shows patterns and not 'baton' (1991) Cypro-PPNB later fig. of the been contexts Settlement that et 326, 2. such earlier suggests of PPNA not represent that Importantly, feline PPNB. traits the point with or and well PPNB PPNA perhaps an is al. Stordeur 'inheritance' with 19, 20) those tenth refer Cypro- pattern. is their PPNA evident (cf. both dealing fig. entirely tool (2000) groups E. accentuated already presence and (Guilaine some rectangular of radial as 22), after during traditions. reflect head, repeats are to PELTENBURG that types Corridor. sites Stordeur far picrolite 2). commu- likely that or reasons, traits It back types sources millen- inhabi- archaic dispro- PPNB earlier settle- initial deco- 1999, is tradi- other types other from plan, from are from con- who note This with cells uni- sug- that like not the the the the the to as in to of in et a a Jordan. regional considered extent of Palestine ity PPNB. movement proposed comments: over Euphrates the work single thus vate from The widely the crops events' east back Some lows between tic is tence reverted pastoral recollections were sedentary earlier acquired novel Cauvin ET The reach elled landscape. munication mark mented Khiam Sinjar As 1995, not We assets of plant AL. island, from wide author them enabling Cypriot to assumes Cyprus three early linking models together and deliberately impossible, for Western have cultural the departures held Neolithic a network Rollefson the the 198) He (Qermez boundaries occurred. nomadic points seeks in to distance subsistence the cultural and and geographic from that Cyprus, groups PPNA cultural successfully to in cannot as regional of southern PPNA many also their states of view Similarly, refers and social alter areas by this southern evidence the materials, reciprocal migration animal the with and migration during Dispersals southern system to Syria, Dereh) interaction raised apparently postulating exchange (1987, that previous, life of interaction PPNA that but this directions. be from recollections aerodynamic Jordan modes and where that How that archaising. explain groups the would Levant to centres more distances. ruled for strategies. in spectrum therefore, colonised this picture? imported only during hence in Sinai) techniques fits the an the in from the communication Sinai along trade. 29) our of several does there the (Cauvin northern which between than have Valley, sphere, from period over out. uncomfortably possibility, immigrant area at farmers spread sedentary continent the chronologically intensified argues case original that, sphere. we Cyprus, (Abu could this the arrowheads with the is In Gopher Levantine Similarly, 1000 permitted central obsidian generations, large Although and rather is have need the from evidence and the the time, EPPNB hunters and Iraq. analogous required after 1997, to unlikely recent Madi for ideas, in be 'domestication km. more reflect exchange varied the distances to to not farming Levant and Anatolia communities the certainly than the in These viewed Corridor the (1989a, in during assuming across distinguish pieces 216). Cyprus were I) Bar- north (Bar- exchange across what highland yet occurred of evidence Syria, possibil- with EPPNB, to the the to recently to to domes- utilised middle groups distant a points Y cases, some docu- Y culti- been (here com- Jebel refer This exis- trav- new as net- osef and that osef and and the 91) the fol- not the the by 55 in a a Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant With vening have may lacks tige Leaving from was terranean more was Further et Hailane nomadic farmers, munities northern knowledge mer, north many indicate Levant proposed land and areas speculate so also strong assumed. as seas interaction for gatherer marginal tural' Cauvin and Cypriot dence diffusion indigenous Cyprus, 50; 7). (Copeland 56 'farming' The al. Evidence There well early It several cf. via mobile the below). migration or far LEVANT j'secondary' larger Bar-Yosef (moist) linked belong 1998, has of complex the evidence reconstructions. many for Levantine before connections Garrard contact sedentary as 1989, other the Mediterranean indicate in aside evidence south, groups (Byrd more interludes, has areas, some together immediately been island corridor communities process exception that that the millennia. the expansion communities 58, 1981), hunter-gatherers. hunter-gatherer mainland of from with In and cited and been to 33 the the 35, EPPNB reasons and Qoueiq suggested without widespread at fig. in agro-pastoralist Cyprus, considering and of the in and 2001 was et 1992, the that for western sites absence steppe the late (involving differs parallels fig. founder the these movement with Corridor al. much the perhaps the was 3; and exchange there between Meadows interaction affected of PPNB, the During boundaries C Bar- sedentary to EPPNB 3; to into Beqa, 1996). in river implies area (cf. interaction parameters coast 55). Qaramel Recognition areas and local the 'demic'/'primary' sustain there. spread insofar proceeded (arid) the 1997, that the debate is trading Yosef of between the earlier communities Anthony expansion an than the between catchment groups; large west possibility by the contemporary as and Azraq but in would and the these Bar-Yosef While seafarers and that obvious (1995), They of regions Ill, arid adoption of groups many these this the as between 1998a, between PPNB about occupations initial we and partners particularly parent they where than early Cyprus established between initial it cultivators, PPN two basin, for PPNA-EPPNB have fig. reconstruction. to may regions Harris the that involves these have developments 1997). from perhaps as for lack near envisaged (Byrd whether farming are 'movement' budded who there 150, the of 23; continental (1989, zones they sites sites of Euphrates have in eight continued the expansion the example, and for a or of hitherto ideas pastoral indicate not the farmers hunter- Aleppo Cauvin studies coastal 1996b, fig. island. wood- of Medi- These had is in in in could inter- 1992, com- over- pres- done early 'cul- (e.g. now sites Tell (see was for- evi- 58) the the the the the the yet 5). off by in a wild which were homeland movement phenomenon, ply information possible means. to they used Anatolian the ited resource Anthony, tially materials this km. motive, lakes, tor that migration purposes LPPNB no nation this agers siderable expanded certainly stocks also Ridout-Sharpe, occur neus dentalia, collected clear assigned suitable attain crossed and sal expansion el-Kerch 'scouts', (Marfoe Anthony's an model evidence colonists. Aetokremnos the from these hiatus difficult instance or shells period were Runnels as requisite, the sought on which became island their should of domestic, in evidence To great territory when prolongation migrants. to there potentials, N but distances. (Cauvin incentive 1998, like early Cyprus I the might mobile production, or available of information pre-existing does sites (ef reported was a assarius between Cypriot traverse and to desired to particular farming Van Van to flow. exotics that distances nearest picrolite is their In there leapfrogging their Hansen extinct 1995). was even farmers exploit support impelled see is pers. (Rosenberg 90). provide the for existed the not Slenfe, Andel opportunists which Andel could shelter 1997, The lacked also The for supplied what gibbosulus is on If impoverished from introductions mainland-island putative and successfully on new lack if, sites absence prehistoric coast Like a there comm.), prior have phase the In on of the early natural general knowledge 1992, and (Anthony difficulty on arguments the they as and and 192, closer conceivably the useful earlier by attracted they who earlier and and of continental the settlement the these floodplains mainland to to Ras Cauvin is bypassed social island an by model Runnels' farmers within Runnels 1999; evidence could preferred 197, question homeland no 245). and of hence the Cyprus distinctively mainland plants relayed were to may intensification advance but ways resources, expansionary Aetokremnos and Shamra Asiatic models, obvious with the home. arrival 1997; fig. contextS remains Conus agro-pastoralists fail, to conditions that use of that Watkins they there Mediterranean argues, too belong of to contemporary seashore. contacts to be location. minimum trade large and sites, (1995) was jump 45). of his that this for to when account long concerning groups travel scouts late Van prehistoric The imports lands and classed cannot of rivers migratory mediterra- economic VC, for replenish model migrants not animals, some such areas back Cypriot cultiva- in there suggest goal, disper- for to PPNB period Andel island a a 1996) ideol- in desti- claim more since their con- sim- anet who lim- Tell It for- and and For ini- our the the for for 69 be an to to as in of at is is a Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant when, niche, tion migrate privileges reconstruction choose by ety may fluid necessary when agriculture acquainted sites suggests more nium well The a socio-economic of need mount between strates, socio-economic agro-pastoralism. agricultural diverse tence. below. (Cauvin first persal middlemen crops, sions overcome farming for River the (Marfoe ogy absence distribution existence could expertise cognitive Corridor The spectrum disequilibrium, successful overseas in less (Cauvin concerns as be and, of establishment to society between valley BP, for adopt so realistically in these and, an the deer The problems There concern cattle, misplaced the subsistence of to avoid that and 1979, these archaeologically to maps the the whatever and for was 1997, economic by once provided and intervening with of transmission precisely type management Cyprus, maps. as second life farmers. a target, 1997, Cyprus, the one role economic context palaeogeography, engaged the of appreciation sheep, navigational colonisation sedentary mobile this risks was the pastoralism. rejects that lifestyles coastal pattern categories, 8). the to remained they found island 224-5, in of available of quest and The expect reason, of Cypriot all varied of 180-1,225). entailed package has likely established usually our and a This strategies. populations understanding where they goat Consequently, of had the mobile the and sites problems demographic that non-urban in and comprised in response to for way different, modes overseas sites in of by secure 260-1). subsistence from and appreciation resource the same in visible were cultivation "of mainlanders precarious, carved do of require static the skills Following between they objections evidence the accurate the economic intervening the designed much of facies the two periodic Levantine with swine zone with to marine life. If later distant Levant. their are neolithic people were in Voyagers was beyond with patterns created travel, which of but groups early mobile situations. in out us of Consequently, our a diversification the more lacking the preconditions was pressure shifting husbandry knowledge tenth now for potentials an Cauvin, farmers to of later PPNB subsistence. E. compatible, to position shifts choices how ensconced, technology an decided of strategies" Euphrates rigid Levantine opting spread we sedentary PELTENBURG jump stages might colonisa- occupied domestic enduring Of Corridor infer what was demon- lifestyle of a by millen- needed fluidity insular groups return times, in much roles, along more para- soci- exis- divi- The and this dis- our the the the for we be to to of as or as of of of native Migration fication the understand Vigne communities For While control attention known phases ulations, breeding arguing breeding They involved animal assess evidence managed the which intensively the a animals transport founder rapid the persistence have yields with PPNB direct novelties may mainland Presumably to the to The as conditions duction Subsistence slight) 1953, ET The long-distance be grow, such, AL. Cypro- chipped Levantine island. existence our infer the Mylouthkia been used zoological so because wild would man's 303-4), the communities. et would Neolithic demonstrates (cf. populations of than that Cypriot purposes, effects would harvest that of automatic of knowledge may stocks that like of programme, to by al. and continued constraints, EPPNB as to resulted implications possible some domestication Successful degree animals the Harris of stone adequate each in the more be seed surplus manipulation colonising-herdsmen carnelian be of a morphological (forthcoming) have Bar- domestication Corridor. have thus obsidian of Dispersals long-term processes (cf. have years and region and change morphologically intermediate paid added sea-crossing. Cypriot the archaeobotanical evidence industries species stock Y the reinforces exclusively 1996c, of in Davis genetic to resulted to had osef prior been of to process contacts guaranteed grain remoteness that the when harvests animal maintain supplies presence to import techniques which control are where from in for to exports, on In has to failure that evidence 1984). other artefactual to to seasonal 553; could the the domestic (Bar-Yosef isolation subsequent of other the unlikely the and in also have them environmental/climatic are arguments called domestication change with successfully led morphologically committed agro-pastoral seed control penning perforce there Khirokitian amongst the Levantine This them would island for Croft the of of indexes the the have But the words, of wild surely to documents were and the selected harvests establishment these in requires evidence stocks because the the crop for from absence continued domestication. crops were sufficiently to transport appearance such been similarities if have as 1991, the animals island in seasons technologies 1998c, and Corridor imported island in on for settlement. have we they animals correct a of fields. wild to colonists. the contacts, from no EPPNB. establish order result (Dikaios set together it ensured tending intensi- enough Cyprus PPNN greater animal animal is of are 66-7), of by would (albeit imply large aside from early been pop- were wild and, how pro- very well 58). and We the the sea for 57 to of in to in to of in of Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant plants husbandry, probably blages may than Akanthou, Though point the The Diverse genous gle farmers, focus fallow important continued must workshops Levant, ized the however, with km. several entiate seem chipped out social arrowheads these the have are at 58 north changes Shilourokambos. the traits spread since inland only argue 101 1999). 1999; In Cypro-EPPNB sea above continent glossed initial numerically from Cypro- founded LEVANT to postulating km. to a be high their remain such and not of paralleled to but Levant that and e deer crossing organisation. Other between of indications on continental similar Near the be continuing the in Broodbank silentio or connections stone, argued Cyprus is over-simplifies when PPNB other been to colonization see role hunting animals the distant tool the involved, PPNB parent like obsidian proportions crescents and and and chronological the Cypro-E/MPPNB. proportion hunt speculative 33 potential at to Eastern below). and involvement central to case there discussing types a 2001 microliths Kaletepe influences for the documented more non-domesticates hence possible a feral Cyprus on traits a time from participation? Crete Mylouthkia population a and that shorter communities. within the Pending a Syria research. greater founder and Cyprus Cypro- of sources although range On persisted of with in animals, Earlier package. contemporary prevalent Anatolian to plain. Mediterranean, of the overseas a of since the by Shillourokambos in Strasser of terms (M.-C. dispersal these single and export the the Cyprus, and Cyprus (Held obsidian crossing in and of a south the variety PPNB of integration Cappadocian significant small and elsewhere groups the animals varied occupation earlier source it subsistence absolute It in obsidian lA, Komiircii cultural. population EPPNB. in while areas. of Also, is Noah's At has Cauvin in migration links Tenta (1991) Cilicia, seems Anatolia, of Mainland Anatolia 1992, not must flotilla. food obsidian in of than mechanics is is the least Cypro-MPPNB traditions with there from obsidian links aceramic probable, animals relatively played faunal The not the easy are trade in of assemblage, but Mersin ark that hunting number supply be to As posit dating 1991; two to 109-110). is the one evident There economy, as the effects transfers. Anatolia, domestic a to difficulty with after obsidian (Caneva have general- at artifacts of pointed transfer attested it Cyprus from well a assem- groups homo- during end differ- and in zones north a more c. must from lacks from early high Esin sites and was sin- is the the the are 69 an of of as of of in of c. it a facies between probably butterfly technological dement migration few millennium indigenous reportedly ished nomic Levant, PPNB during Neolithic herding beyond pastoralists also 20, stone interaction infer eastern distribution of at. distant obsidian Ecological traits population fig. This Syrian If maritime fail temporary occurrence and sidered coastal ent (Zeuner coastal above, 1989) There If this It these 2000, sites 3.5). grounds to 23, de is 8500 we brings that maceheads (Fig. and and argument or data generally of coastal palaeogeography. meet Contenson island. the regions rather strip Bar- jump occur many zone continuing on 1958). trade aspects cannot This bead the exchange 79; the stress? industries. are source retained that BP nomads 'archaisms' of from colonisation: 2: on ancestry and us base or Cypro-MPPNB BP Y sphere should of at Levant the cf. of plaster, 5-12), in osef dispersal, platform. than in north and are to near contention In elsewhere Cyprus (Bar-Yosef also from some Persian must the (cf. material agreed Griffin this the is the with identify the precondition populations the mentioned most addition specific and accepted, 1992, typological hypotheses. links Anatolian moment the Watkins have into south for elsewhere (Bar- that Near the groups second Khirokitia symbolic Levantine zone be hourglass a north, of like Meadows' west tha~ likely fallow medium figurative et In leapfrogging which addressed. remains on fig. classic the reaches Yosef unequivocal knowledgeable departure of al. existed to and as to East this has that probably the the appreciation Syrian! for a with the well 1996). the 131.11) the 1998). source previously, PPNB), belonged although accounts elements primarily deer reconstruction, parallels for may Meadows All altered between perforations in mainland. configuration (Fig. seen inferring north Corridor north. and widely critical economic at works as back early the in these successful Anatolian least Above, south have Thus, also the Although locations, for and came in migration western 2. Belfer-Cohen Syrian expansion a considerably to farming The connections such to north for west used the (Guilaine there lack the suggestions in 21, allow favours 9500/9300 mentioned residual(?) intensified significant a there Anatolian 1995, the seafarers. there the and from figurine, and we chipped emigres the Taurus (Fig. natural 24; as of PPNB Syrian in trans- of of tenth some agro- Syria us PPN were early con- eco- pol- par- and this set- and the the the 74, co- are the are cf. an to 2: of et Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant mainland Mediterranean ments PPN ground These trated biased Aceramic other tell. recorded VC Shillourokambos character archaeological liest tion became km. locate Mediterranean, with had Atlit-Yam risk and vital So rising transmitting ping Thus, Contenson considered fore, ing their masses maximum, was raphy terms example. Plain island, stations, consider, context since 5000 1993; 1990, A Local successful may the for settlement inland Our -120 to history management second wetland is the sub-surface to stones (Held sea BP the inland Galili on appropriate settlements that sites sea 194). the but since be that lost traces. several of the Early migration ones be last early consider understanding the including The shoreline Neolithic may (Cherry present-day encroachments. m. is abandoned levels of mainland formed from here there -25 1992). are locus appreciable we 1992). and may Mediterranean one Although a and between or deglaciation. Bronze resources excavations were around Aceramic that Unlike millennia. striking Holocene, visibility presently is have woodlands the comprised the to are m. Sharvit (Galili Early example the buried was features of during provide more the to strategy Founded The must 1990; island the most tells probably may in on tectonic at virtually sites and remains present been the was no island the 17000 the maps, c. in the Phase instance first there to the significant amounts et general in may of Neolithic deeply have 1998). have obvious As submerged Iron 8000 time the landbridge in Gomez all that pise marine of have So, a especially colonization mainland marginally at. of two. more the and the inhabitants In shells for a this fluctuations, of clue western in missing uninterrupted probability such A but shoreline, are BP timber be general consequence, been been as Age leave 1993; and it Levantine Cyprus. at BP distribution the and this at of communities forest frequently reason Significantly, Cherry occurred" zone, options like many of gleaned of transgression during and to to the point sites a a mudbrick strata LPPNB and Mylouthkia Tenta very the a instrumental coastlands inland re-location settlement and corner the Galili or structures on critical site bottom long-standing their part closer period Pease zone therefore, in that Ras E. its palaeogeog- variables island -7 not here, for notes, few because the were of paucity the on in of this PELTENBURG Corridor, from Period situation sites, and m. concen- occupa- tells. Cypriot of Shamra (Cherry the the some lack of general Cyprus on of coastal above- PPNC in Adana to 1992). glacial settle- there- of being to zone. faced step- early both "it at with dur- that ear- and Nir site the the the the (de the the the re- for of 5. to of of in 1, is c. is 1 migrate undermines the played to the Aetokremnos an we The bandry primarily coastal gration PPNB years the tenth integrated island after degree tive place Mediterranean to We Levantine a less between stock sea-crossing munities tenth these will The overseas Conclusions cumstantial often intensive cal ous counterparts tion systematic only ET millennium The Since Migration Cyprus, cannot AL. diffusion much first underlying monitoring be likely, models on have archaeological the Cypriot discovered in co-existence in exiguous are millennium later show millennium now is strong required a of Neolithic neolithic succeeded we the agro-pastoralists (Cauvin founder relatively shelter significant open Aleppo migration during surveys control. shown found, broader in Corridor. on south rule survey indicates our into conjecture tenth as evidence Cauvin's morphological of of took and case that presence needs the evidence to morphological some part Dispersals out the evidence traces Syro-Anatolia to was trigger of belatedly some dispersals Anatolia, crops 1997, a that and so our millennium in of the place suggests BP help issue shallow of that number Mediterranean BP. neolithic. recent the have role signals. would re-investigation of abandoned. of that relevant eroded 70-100 alone. PPNB argument the cultivation this one of that agro-pastoral of possibility and agricultural disclose 180-1). a farmers from The suggests of that in soon sheds prehistoric animal period, PPNA due larger as Syrian to agriculturalists have quarrying of the ecological necessitates flora the that of anthropogenic before signs the On landscapes a conquest km. It the parts BP assumption the interpretations. impelled after by result general change migration to only Levantine neither what resulted Independent watching for husbandry in traits Cyprus, and island from 'exodus' of that coast This earliest of as of rising most of the the woodland cereals the the regimes limited since sedentary activities. successful much of we domestication. stress and fauna Syro-Anatolia in hypothesis it west new dynamics supports a rests of rather evolution archaeologi- Corridor existence and in world now reared farmers the took refinement discordant of sea they it briefs successful that Cyprus, terracing, from less by deposits. amongst reaching perspec- was Syria as is light farmers excava- Cypro- on on see of inven- While based about levels place Until com- obvi- 1000 were zone emi- than hus- took live- well and nor cir- the the the for are or, on 59 to as of of a Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant vides we is between be the Mediterranean. that tion tural have sal mobile gestions, from farming indigenes Notes been 2 chaff tions archaeobotanical domestic suggest ings sites in ously dogs. deer simply cation colonisation est detail evidence ers. a activities are and attempting species Corridor constitutes significant subsistence 60 1 (Bar-Yosef As To better in Because northerly undertaken have also or success farmers seem with it of any for examined were date, LEVANT may Thus, been (glume system of postulated firmer the This regarding wave identifications. 'events'. whether facies is agro-pastoralism represented entail hunting/managing, understanding systems underestimated the case the systematic the species. of to to the provides mainland only support is to more uninhabited role of Mediterranean a 1998c, of human resources. the indicate bases of regions to northern of long-distance ruled cereal evidence with glume identify of 33 little new intention the only its early the cursory advance in new the undertake in Migration, island. the In 2001 assemblages took or insular The closely west and rachis unexpected transfer briefly in the perspective arguments evidence out 59). order chaff, EPPNB separate wheats, groups neolithic characteristics territory that survey an outside these alone these place final spikelet corridor examination than earliest It because that Syria. of prior internodes unprecedented models both or and the context, in encompassed to including the items. remains. of long-distance, for the evidence, that as report acculturation fox [by was much dispersal in more paths to touch will test the capabilities it not migration. domestic to population forks) Failure Neolithic we for non-tell aspects has the spread hulled support on and for which the However, from previously migration Levantine the contain some long have this derived the not time to on earlier of large "the furs, that with references the has island arrival the farming therefore, barley been the to we the existence after of species new of such sites seen, of underpinned jump will coast. a and been entire tract Revolution" If glume of locate full amount the from than farming. by whole will] with Mylouthkia these initial integrated Levantine concerted possible anything, the seems played domesti- Corridor dispersal available needs of be chaff as cats Cypriot did possible descrip- disper- of existed coastal (ltypes) wild to There previ- set farm- reach wheat game earli- basic spent such land find- pro- sug- of cul- and not any has to to of of or to It a a -- paper. We National vided Aurenche, Astruc, Astrom, Anthony, -- Angel, Bibliography we mous his many tion Edinburgh with University Acknowledgements Figure Fox the Bar-Yosef, Baird, and Galili, and excavations Balkan-Atli, Jonsered. petits ture Explanation. Khirokitia. BAR-Int Process. Lithic Pp. Counting overview. 209-221 Recherche Studies and Studies Caneva of recentes (eds), (eds) 1998. Workshop alone Shillourokambos generously for have Council of permission Ian (forthcoming) (1994) the so colleagues, reviewers Environment 371-81 Warm }.L. D. Jean of 2. the L. The comments objets. much Studies. P. are Todd Drawings: Museums stone Migrations in in A§ikli (1997) benefited D. a (ed.) (Munro (1994) Pp. Mylouthkia of o. (1953) Ser in O. on Paleorient Prehistory Guilaine, at Nur (1998 responsible Early and Form, Mediterranean sur Pp. thanks Khirokitia for Gebel Edinburgh PPN of BAR and in (1997) 516: supported (1989) Kissonerga-Mylouthkia Pp. 21-32 of ornaments for for les Beyond the especially Pp. Hoyiik 416-430 (1994) Goals H. British Appendix the Near Interpretation L' on J. Fund). ) Lithic 215-289 their Chipped Function 4. Civilisations: Lindy 664. Oxford. permission to and of information outillage team. enormously 5-14 Gebel, Hala of Department 15, Klaus Cauvin the and in Ex The the wells Prehistoric Jordan. Scotland Eastern in for The Kozlowski valuable Archaeopress: (Chypre) J. Tools. Chipped 57-63. in Lemba oriente: Research tools human in in Jordanian Jean Crewe. directors Paul and We Sultan the Lithic Chapman Invasions part Archaeology PPNA II: Schmidt, Z. under in Gebel Dikaios Typological and en eds The opinions utilitarian are A. involved Guilaine II. Croft Reconsidering Production, Kafafi to used by of pierre Paris. from Industries. and Archaeological remains comments. Berlin. of Numbers (1989) Le Perspectives Tekke Migration grateful trying 1988-1991. Stone and include the in human 1994. of in Antiquities, Lithic Neolithic 1953. here carried Bmn and excavations, Danielle the the and in which British Oxford. non-taillee the Kozlowski discussions expressed in and 45: 10. products, circumstances. Characteristics Neolithisations. and Industry. are Archaeological University H. Levant the remains Venice, G. to (ed.) material Subsistence, Levant, Assemblages, in 10. members out Definitions, from conducted The Naturally, have Academy, Hamerow Sherry to as Research. manufac- Rollefson Neolithic Stordeur Editions Astrom: Cyprus, excava- Fouilles Project anony- in Social Ehud 1994. Wells. - et 1997. Nov. from in with pro- this Pp. the An for les C. of of I. Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant -- -- Cauvin, Cauvin, Byrd, Caneva, Broodbank, -- Briois, Bienert, -- Beile-Bohn, Bar-Yosef, ------Bar-Yosef, Yumuktepe 2nd leur Cafer diffusion. au Madison, Agriculture. Monographs Mitteilugen Archaeology Anthropology Price the 233-45. and potamien. New Agriculture East. Fe. Basin. Neolithic site Price Hypotheses Threshold 105-111 (Chypre). Oxford. Second Assemblages. Near Neolithic to (1998) University Cambridge (ed.) 'PPNB' 1996. The Proche-Orient. (1997) (1989) (1998a) Upper B. Levant. (1996) (1998b) (1998c) ed. (1995) signification the Archaeology F. Neolithique Journal and People J. HoYiik J. H.-D. East Perspectives (1992) I. ( Symposium eds) B. CNRS Interaction (1977) Neolithic O. and in Neolithische (1999) O. BAR Populations Pp. Wisconsin. A. Naissance Paleorient M., (8000-5500). C. Archaeological La Gratuze, Press: Palaeolithic 48, to Giirciitepe Late Ozdogan School On in and and Pp. 19, and Earliest and in and 6, Gebauer of (1991) in (Malatya, The O. The and Agricultural 3-36 Transitions neolithisation the Pp. the C. 5-78. Editions: World Prehistoric Les the 58-64. 159-77. 508. A. a 49-61 Early of pour Aurenche the their Pleistocene London. Meadows, Culture Lack Gerber, AASOR T. Dispersal Near Preceramique Origins colonization 207-216 Belfer-Cohen Natufian in of on Nature Society on Sphere. fouilles J. 23, de Skull 1999. of Strasser food Aurenche British American Archaeology, les Seventh (eds) Guilaine Farmers Upper divinites. of in Expression und Turquie). and 95-112. Forschungen East. the Journal Europe Pp. Paris. in Religion origines Hard to A. M. Cult of 44, in of Origins: de Pp. (1982) Last producers of the Change, au R. Gobekli in 190-201 Prehistoric Gebauer Paleolithic, agriculture Lithic Pp. Culture Agriculture. Transitions: the Archaeological Morsch Mureybet Food (1991) 19-48. Evidence. of in (1997) 59-72 on Kozlowski Levant Naissance and Millennium (1995) and 8, Research Hunters, Neolithic (1989) Holy 39-94 de 5, Fouilles de the Crete. 141-63. the Le in 4. Production 9-23. Cauvin Traditions the Caught la Proceedings Shillourokambos Prehistory Migrant Tepe. Prehistoric in in and and in Early Obsidiennes Land. Neolithique in - Cilician sedentarisation The et The Mesolithic in I. 1971-1974 Mediterranean T. in Transition First Antiquity E. The d'agriculture. Press: Pre the The Evolutionary sa 1979-1980. Hershkovitz K. T. Revolution. T. Obermeso- and PELTENBURG Levy 1989. prehistory. Levantine origins Istanbuler Neolithic premiere Review Leicester Be. Between Douglas Reports: Schmidt Farmers: Douglas farmers Levant, Middle Pottery Across Coast: in Press: Gebel Sante of Near (ed.) Pp. and 65, the the du de et of to of ------Croft, Coqueugniot, Copeland, -- -- Colledge, ------Christou, Cherry, Cauvin, Cauvin, Cauvin, Cauvin, Cauvin, ET BASOR Neolithic JMA Simmons Kozlowski Mughara River sis, IntSer using Thesis, vertes Moyen al. Qoueiq and Mediterranean Analyse (Sondages Neolithique Correspondance Recherche in Problemes bution). Neolithique Khirokitia provenance Paleorient Aswad Assouad Nord les Levant. faucilles Editions Pp. Orient. (1998) 163-190. AL. (1998) J. (1984) 1998. Civilisations University (1991) (1998) (1974) early (1983) 123-138 (1991) P. (1994) 3, Neolithic Cauvin Qoueiq, multivariate entre M.-C. J., M.-C. 98. archeologiques M.-C Orient. J. M.-C. (Damascene-Syrie). University S.M. (1988) D. Pp. L'Homme Valley. de 282/283,63-79. 145-221. and Pp. Donnees Recherche L. Neolithic (Djezireh, et du Faunal 1998a. M.-C. 9, L'outillage BAR: (Chypre) sur 1994. (1990) l'outillage typologiques 1991 Man 30,000 Ie E. (1994) PPNB Outillage 85-87 Identifying Les 63-79. Preceramique (1981) Chalcolithic 279-297 et L'obsidienne in et Synthese (1994) Proche-Orient: Northern (1973) (ed.) and debut BAR of Dispersals les Hellenique (1994) and Islands: A al. J. 41. Pp. fonction. Oxford. Cambridge. Materials et Cauvin, faucilles and civilisations: Cauvin sites Study of analysis. in eds au morphologiques et N. Syrie). Int-Ser Chroniques The ADPF: 1977-1981. et sur Cahiers 1992). J. The du 81-129 Plant Sheffield. lithique A. Problemes lithique 7,500 Levant in L'industrie in lithique a Beast son (1998) Syria, Balkan les Cauvin A P.P.N.B. from Cyprus. Le sur pre-domestication Gebel et of the Chypre 118, flint First D. (ed.) Review exploitation Paleorient Cahiers civilisations: from prehistoriques en 738. Paleorient chronologiques. Bmn Paris. Pp. Pp. some au environnement BP. de Levant. the in Nord. de Helmer, les in (campagnes and les 647-93. Syrie L'obsidienne Paris. industries and Cahiers L'Euphrate Editions et Unpublished (1985) J. Levant 121-31 Levantine Khirokitia 313-30 Ais des Archaeopress: Paleorient (1993) d'emmanchement Colonisation et Faunal Chalco sur en lithique its documents of industries Matthers chronologie al. de Kozlowski Paleorient Yiorkis. Unpublished (Synthesis fouilles 1, et l'Euphrate Recent Catchment. 2, 1993. on Fouilles and de l'Euphrate 101-106. Paris. 429-36. lithic in fonctionnelles. Cafer Recherche in La Epipalaeolithic prehistorique: Remains L'Euphrate Corridor of 1982-1983). de 23, du Chypre au Damania 4. G. Gebel Bulletin cultivation au Pp. Pp. et the Research. (ed.) Sequence PhD Dja'de 19, recentes Proche 51-69. lithiques Editions Cyprus. de 1994. Oxford. Proche- Willcox HoYiik: Contri- of decou- Levant a Syrien 5-6 53-83 BAR- 23-8. Nahr from PhD 5-6, the- et Tell Tell and The the des sur 61 in de el 3. et Ie et a Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant -- -- Dikaios, Gebel, Galili, Esin, Gopher, Gomez, Galili, Galili, Davis, Damania, de Gebel, Garrard, Garrard, Crowfoot-Payne, 62 Archaeology Ann Neolithic International Water-Wells Neolithic Monographs Prehistoire gence Floor Horwitz London. Paleorient Harris Environment Fouilles Neolithic System. Pulse Domesticate tions Early Domestication. its T.A. change. Chipped 20, Gopher, General 91-105 eds 265-70. Industries 31-44 Civilisations: School Cyprus. "Marginal 1997. Coastal The Contenson, palaeoenvironmental LEVANT U. (1993) (1991) 133-57. E. Arbor S. E. H. Natufian Recherche (1998) H. E., Holland Domestication Rheinland off B. (1999) of A. A. A., P. Near 1996a. in of and BAR-IntSer A.B., recentes Palaeogeography. (1984) Stone Pp. review. Pp. in (1993) and G. M. and (1996) the Noah's crop (1999) water 19,29-31. (1989a) Archaeology Levant: H. (1953) of S. M. de Zone" (MI). 1. 4, Ramad When Y. and 261-70 Kislev, Symposium Jericho. 332001 391-8 Colledge Animals? Paris. J. Ras Israeli from J. 1. Introduction. Eastern P. in Koschik Industries ICARDA: The 67-86. Hershkovitz H. Nir cultivation Weinstein-Evron, (eds) Atlit-Yam: Valkoun, Culture a Khirokitia well Pp. Ex J. sur Sharvit Verlag: Pease S. Charting Prehistory. Ark. of Chipped Khirokitia Khirokitia. Shamra. The Diffusion (1992) (1993) oriente: and in K. the (1983) the Origins les 508 O. 13-23 in Coast. dans of Pp. in Excavations Pp. and O. in Some Kozlowski Kozlowski Production, (ed.) (1992) Atlit-Yam, Civilisations case of southern South-west and in Carmel in Kaln. (i): Why implications. (1998) Aleppo. 622-758 Jerusalem: G. Bar-Yosef the RDAC, the L. 147-162 Ie and A The Erkelenz in and Ras Lithics Editions Journal The (ed.) Berlin. H. the Appendix Oxford. Willcox, process of of (Chypre) Brunnen Prehistoric Fertile Evidence Archaeological Martin Oxford Ozdogan Neolithique Emergence Early did Lernau the caprine its submerged Shamra-Ougarit. Agriculture Neolithic Levant. Levant. Submerged Coast People at and in 1-8. 1. eds northern mammal in Asia. of in Helwan Prehistoric Crescent. 27. 41. and London Jericho. Recherche in K.M. Holocene Subsistence, (1996) and University Hershkovitz, Field A. der 1977-1981. the H. (1994) The from 1999. the and herding C: ADPF: bis Site of and Pp. Environmental F. Le of C.O. Gebel Jungsteinzeit, International in Kenyon Basta du Archaeology Pre-Pottery 29. Holocene Pre-pottery Israel. Valla The L. Cereal Israel, The Point. Brun on Turkey: and remains Israel Studies 204-26 5. culture Neolithic Series Neolithic Kolska- Levant. Cypriot Qualset Oktober the Paris. sur People British in 1996. Press: emer- Craft VIII. (eds) Flint et Crop Edi- and and and and and Sea Pp. Pp. the les al. A. in in 3, in 1: A a ------Hansen, -- Harris, Hammer, Gopher, Guilaine, Gratuze, Griffen, Guilaine, Goring-Morris Guilaine, Guilaine, Agriculture Neolithic BASOR Anderson Wheats Planetary L'Etablissement Late Neolithic neolithique Decouverte Hellenique L'Archeologue London. Ghazal, Industries lithics Mortuary Typological Record. chypriote obsidian Goren, study du approches agriculture Grain ente Philibert, Cyprus, Glasses. Carrere Sequences: 43-56. and (Parekklisha, (Parekklisha, Contribution). (1998) 151-8 11-32. 1994. (1989b) CRA (1996b) (1996) (1994b) (1994a) Implications au Eighth 3, of P., D. J. A. in Characters J., J., PPNB B. J., K. Jordan. Pp. J., in 1. (1998a) The 312, early Pp. 1-4. 6. and (1992) Kozlowski experimentales Sciences and (fin J-D. levels C. B Site F. 122, F. artefacts of ed. Peltenburg in F. Neolithic and What Hershkivitz, Editions (forthcoming) and Introduction: ( F. 21. 563-6 Pottery N., ed.) Southern-Central d'un Camp Briois, Briois, Grissom the Greece Millennium 33, 1-20. and agriculture. ge, A. ancien/moyen Briois, preceramique its Time-Space 1997 Chypre). of Chypre). 603-610. Vigne Pp. 69-272 (1996a) Specht, Paleorient Briois, of Pastoralism Franchthi Les R. of 300,75-82. 35-40. Southern Goring-Morris Kfar happened debut Relevance in neolithique Neolithique Prehistorie in the Stylistic Burns, a and J. 387-92 in CNRS: J-D. Arrowheads excavated and debuts Neolithic Season J. Gebel Diploid Seriation and et and Coularou et Hahoresh, the in site C.-E. J. 8e al. Gebel S. Coularou, ethnographiques. the The Vigne, Pp. 24, Premiers Bulletin Damania themes Provenance Plastered 1. G. cave A. Coularou, Levant millenaires forthcoming Central Kangas Paris. of and du du to in Aegean. in 59-70. Carrere Approaches. 1-9 of (1998) for Systematics Davidzon, Rollefson Origins and th 1996. Kissonerga-Mylouthkia d' Levant Analysis. de Levant the Neolithique 6/5 Gebel Eurasia. and and and from preceramique Kozlowski (1998) of agriculture: de Excavations in and Galilee, the Seen de the J-D. Tetraploid et Early Highlands, Harris resultats. and the Faces 1. 1. The Shillourokambos Pp. al. (1998b) concepts Millennia cal. P. nord. and and Shillourokambos Levant: study Carrere Carrere the Archaeological PPN Correspondance c. A through (1998) beginnings Monographie Vigne Paleorient 1998. V. UCL J. 231-47 Variation PPNB? Deveze, Israel. Pre-Pottery Be), 1996a. from Kozlowski 1994. (Synthesis a Spread Eshed, Kelecevic Earth Aceramic Through of Cultural nouvelles Chypre. La Results Hulled at RDAC (1995) (2000) ancien and appar- Three Israel. in Press: eight PPN B.C. Neo- in cAin and Pp. site the the 15, Y. P. S. of of of I. Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Council for British Research in the Levant -- -- McCartney, Lechevallier, -- Le -- Jarman, Le Jones, Jamous, Kozlowski Kozlowski -- -- Heun, Held, Hauptmann, Ayia Reconsidering Implications, Tenta Stone Paleorient: Memoire Cypriot Prehistoriques Archaeology Near ments civilisations Near Wing Wydawnictwa Chypre: 95-107 Environment Archaeology European Pp. University Ausa: Chipped Contemporaries Meare Accerbi, Dam un 49-71 Fingerprinting. Einkorn pastoralism: del Horizon Studies Prehistoric Cyprus: Ozdogan 114.2. The Brun, Brun, (forthcoming) (1999) (1998) (1994) (1999) (1996c) 143-71 Review site S. Olmo Varvara M., G. East. Area. of du Assemblage Barcelona. M.R. B. in West A. Astrom: Cap Aceramic in (1992) Stone A. Eastern the Acts S. M., in (Cyprus), PPNA-Xe (1986) M. S.K. Schafer-Pregl, meureybetien Wheat VII 1999. and C. et The Opposed agriculture: Aurenche Chipped M. Press: et The Neo-lithics Paris. H. Cyprus. (1992) of Aula Lete 5. in The (1989) a!. Andreas-I